Blog

Names of Human Bones and Their Functions – What happens if humans don’t have bones?
Certainly, that human wouldn’t be able to move. This is because bones are one of the
important organs in humans that function to move the body. In addition, bones have bone marrow,
bone marrow can produce new blood cells that the body really needs.

Basically, bones not only function as limb movers and produce new blood cells. Bones also have
a very important function, namely to maintain or protect important organs, one part of the body that is
protected by bones is the brain. Have you ever thought, what would happen if the brain was not
protected by bones?

The bones in humans are very diverse and have their own names. In fact, each bone name always
has a different function as well. Therefore, it is important for you to know the names of the
bones in humans. Want to know more clearly the names of the bones in humans and their
functions? Let’s see a more detailed explanation below.

Definition of Bones

Bone in the Big Indonesian Dictionary means skeleton or part of the skeleton of a human or animal body.
In simple terms, bones can be interpreted as the framework of the human body which is composed of
very hard tissues. Basically the bones in humans have almost the same structure even though the
size and shape of human bones vary greatly.

How do bones in humans form? Bones in humans are composed or formed from calcium and
phosphorus. The calcium content in human bones is around 99%. While the phosphorus
content in human bones is as much as 90% of the amount of phosphorus in the body.

The amount of calcium in the bones indicates that the bones are strong and hard. Therefore, if
you hear of someone who has porous or easily broken bones, then you can be sure that the calcium in these
bones is lacking.

Meanwhile, the presence of phosphorus in the bones proves that bones really need mineral content.
This mineral content is very good for maintaining the strength and hardness of the bones.

It’s not only calcium and phosphorus that form bones, collagen fibers also form human bones.
These collagen fibers are very functional to provide flexibility to the bones.

Flexibility in this bone must be maintained properly because if it is not maintained properly, it will be
difficult for us to move our limbs. Members of the body that are difficult to move will cause
pain so it is difficult to move.

Bone Names

1. Skull Bones

The skull bones are the bones that make up the head. In short, in our heads there are
important organs that must be protected by bones. Named the skull bone because this bone is
shaped like a skull head or forms like a face.

The main function of the skull bone is to protect or guard the brain and human vital organs in the face
from very dangerous collisions. In addition, the skull bones have another function, namely
forming facial structures.

The skull bone is made up of several parts where each part is divided into two groups, namely the head
bone, the facial bone. For more details, let’s look at the explanation of the two types of
skull bones.

A. Headbone

a) Parietal Bone (Fountain)

The position of this parietal bone is located on both sides of the head or just behind the forehead bone.
Usually this bone is called the crown bone and there are two of these bones.

b) Frontal Bone (Forehead Bone)

The frontal bone, also known as the forehead bone, is located at the front of the face. This
forehead bone has a flat shape and the function of this bone is to protect the brain and form the structure
of the head which consists of the nasal cavities, eyes, and others.

c) Occipital Bone (Backbone)

Like the forehead bone, the shape of the occipital bone is flat. The occipital bone is also
known as the backbone. Therefore, the location of this bone is at the back of the skull.
The spinal nerves are connected to the brain through the holes in the spinal cord.

The function of the spine is to protect the part of the brain associated with vision. In
addition, this bone has a very important role, especially in regulating body movement and balance.

d) Temporal Bones (Temple Bones)

There are two temporal bones or temple bones. The location of the temple bones is on the left
and right of the skull bone or more precisely right under the fontanel.

Helping to support the structure of the skull, protecting the brain, and protecting the surrounding
membranes are the functions of the temporal bone or temple bones. If you are chewing or
swallowing food, then at that time, the temple bones help to move these muscles.

e) Ethmoid Bone (Sweeping Bone)

The location of the ethmoid bone is in front of the sphenoid bone. The ethmoid bone is also
known as the sieve bone. The function of the ethmoid bones helps to form the structure of the
nasal cavity.

The ethmoid bone has a cavity called the sinus cavity. The function of the sinus cavities is
to produce or produce mucus. This mucus is also very useful for capturing or blocking the
presence of dangerous allergens.

f) Sphenoid Bone (Wedge Bone)

The last bone in the facial bones is the sphenoid bone or wedge. The main function of the
sphenoid bone is to protect or maintain the nerve and brain structures that are in the face.

B. Facial Bones

The next part of the skull is the facial bones. This facial bone consists of several bones.
For more details, let’s see the explanation below.

a) Maxillary Bone

The maxillary bones have a shape similar to a pyramid which is fused in the middle. In
addition, this bone also separates the mouth from the nasal cavity. The jawbone has functions,
such as the place for the growth of the upper teeth, the formation of the face, and the last function is to
help speech and chewing food occur.

b) Lower Jawbone

The lower jawbone has two parts or shapes. First, it is curved horizontally and secondly, it
is curved vertically. The two parts are interconnected on both sides of the body.
The function of the mandibular bone is almost the same as that of the maxillary bone, which is
where the lower teeth grow, forms the lower face, and makes it easier for the mouth to move.

c) Cheekbones

Cheekbones consist of two sides which are located at the bottom of the eyes. This bone has a
rectangular shape and is slightly thicker in front. Brings together the facial bones.
The function of the cheekbones is to support the facial structure and protect the eyes.

d) Nasal Bones

The nose bone is between the forehead bone and the maxilla bone or more precisely it is located in the
middle of the face. As the name implies, the function of this bone is to maintain the shape of
the nose and bind or strengthen the cartilage in the nose.

e) Lacrimal Bone

The lacrimal bone is the bone that functions to maintain the tear production system and the location of
this bone is in the eye socket. The shape of this bone is like a rectangle.

f) Palatine bones

The palatine bone has a shape that is almost similar to or the same as the letter “L” and the location of
this bone is at the bottom of the skull bone. The function of the palatine bones, among other
things, is to house the palatine nerves and give signals to the body when the teeth and mouth are feeling
pain.

2. Collarbone

The collarbone is located above the first rib. The collarbone can be said to be the only bone
in humans that has a horizontally elongated shape.

The collarbone has two functions, the first function is to make the arm easy to move freely.
Second, continue the swaying or movement of the limbs in the upper body to the body’s skeleton
(axial).

3. Upper arm bones

The arm bone is also known as the humerus bone. As the name implies, this bone is also located
in the upper arm or to be more precise, it is between the shoulder joint and the elbow joint.

Several functions of the upper arm bones, such as connecting the swivel joint at the shoulder, raising and
lowering the hand, help to provide movement at the shoulder joint, and so on.

4. Scapula

The scapula has a shape that resembles a triangle and is located at the shoulder. This bone
connects the groin or clavicle with the upper arm or humerus.

The scapula has several functions including as a connecting place for the shoulder joint, sternoclavicular
joint, and acromioclavicular joint; Maintain blood supply to the arm and keep the shoulder as a
whole so that it is always stable; As a place of attachment of muscles and tendons, such as
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, and biceps; As a liaison between the bones in
the shoulder, starting from the sternum, neck bones, and scapula.

5. Ribs

The ribs are long and flat bones and have seven pairs attached to the sternum. The seven ribs
are known as true ribs. In other words, these ribs are located in the middle of the
chest.

Basically, ribs have a fairly good level of flexibility. This flexibility in the ribs serves
to assist the breathing process and maintain or protect the vital organs in the chest from impact.
Therefore, these ribs must be properly guarded so that the vital organs in the chest are
protected.

6. Backbone

The backbone has another name, namely the spine. The spine is composed of various kinds of
small bones consisting of the base of the skull and pelvic bones. This spine is located at the
back of the body.

The spine functions as a support for the head, shoulders and several other parts of the human body so that
it can stand upright. In addition, the spine serves as a protector of the nerves in the
spine.

Actually, everyone should take good care of the spine because the spine contains many vital organs.
By taking care of this spine, you will avoid disturbances that occur in the spine.

7. Pelvic Bones

Basically, the pelvic bones in men and women are slightly different. Therefore, when men or
women have problems with the pelvic bones, the treatment is also different. The pelvic bone
itself has three parts, namely the hipbone, coccyx, and sacrum bone.

The location of the pelvic bones is at the bottom of the abdomen or more precisely between the two hip
bones. While the function of the pelvic bones is to support or support the organs of the
digestive and reproductive systems. Not only that, the pelvic bones function as a link between
the upper body and the lower body.

8. Lifting Bones

The wrists and elbows are the locations of the radius bones. The interosseous ligament or
tissue that has very thick fibers can be said to be the tissue that connects the lifting bone with other
bones.

Some of the functions of the lifting bones include; Serves as a mover on the arm or helps the
arm lift objects or loads up; Serves as an adhesive for the muscles in the arm;
Serves to arrange the framework in the forearm; and others.

9. Sternum

The sternum is also known as the sternum. The sternum is one of the bones that must be taken
care of properly because it protects vital organs, especially those in the chest, such as the lungs and
heart. How would it be if in our body there is no sternum?

The sternum is located in the center of the chest. In addition to protecting vital organs, the
sternum also functions as a frame for the body, helps the respiratory system, and attaches muscles to
bones.

10. Eight Bones

The ulna or also known as the arm bone. The mention of this arm bone because of the position
or ulna is in the human arm, more precisely located on the forearm of the human hand. This bone
can be said to be the connecting bone between the upper arm and the wrist.

The ulna has a major function in the organs of the human body, especially in the human hand.
In other words, this bone plays an important role in the movements that occur in the hand.

11. Finger Bones

As we know that humans have hands and feet where the two parts of the body have fingers.
Inside the fingers are bones that make the fingers stronger and harder.

These finger bones have functions, such as activating the members of the fingers, connecting the joints in the
fingers, and forming the structure of the fingers.

12. Thigh Bone

The longest bone in humans is the femur because it connects the hip to the knee in humans. In
addition, the femur is included in the actuators of the human body and this bone can be classified as a pipe
bone.

Just as the name suggests, this bone is located in the human thigh. As for the function of the
femur, it is like a propulsion device for the human body, especially the lower part, where large muscles are
attached, and a place for producing red blood cells.

13. Calf Bone

This fibula is near the shin. This bone is a bone that can support daily activities because
this bone is the driving force for the lower part of the human body.

The calf bones have several functions, such as protecting the legs so they are strong and not easily injured,
stabilizing the legs, supporting the body’s weight, balancing the body and supporting the shins.

14. Kneecap Bone

The shell bone is located between the tibia and femur. The length of this bone is around 5
centimeters. The tendons in the kneecap bones serve as a protector or wrapper for this bone and
connect the shin bones of the thigh muscles that are under the knee joint.

The main function of the shell bone is to connect the shinbone with the front thigh muscles.
In addition, this bone also maintains the knee joint to function properly.

15. Dry Bones

This shinbone can be said to be one of the largest bones in the leg. This bone is located at
the bottom of the knee and this bone has another name, namely strong bone because the load that this bone
has to support is very heavy.

The shins function as a support for the muscles in the legs, and function to connect the ankle with the
kneecap. Therefore, it must be maintained properly so that the lower limbs can move
optimally.

Conclusion

Basically, human bones are very vital and must be given special attention. Every human bone
has its own function. We as humans must take care of the bones in the body so that there are no
injuries or injuries that can cause the bones to not function properly. So, have you cared for
and cared for the bones in the body?

The Names of Hell in Islam – Islam teaches us to believe in heaven and hell as the final
destination of life in the afterlife. Muslims certainly know the reward for deeds that have
been done in the world.

Hell in Islam is interpreted as a place of reward for those who have bad deeds heavier than good deeds.
The word hell is etymologically derived from the Arabic “al-nar” which means heat, shot, and
fire.

In terms, the word “al-nar” means a terrible place that is provided for people to commit sins and crimes.
Basically, the afterlife means a life of spiritual elevation for man.

Hell is not solely a place of torture by Allah SWT, but a place of healing. Hell is presented
to punish disobedient people, namely disbelievers, polytheists, wicked, hypocrites, and the like.

The people who were considered disobedient earlier will live eternally in hell. Then the
disobedient believer will serve a period of punishment and live temporarily in hell. After
that, they will be issued again by Allah SWT.

The Koran as the holy book of Muslims states that hell has seven different names, namely Jahannam ,
Lazha , Hutamah , Sa’ir , Saqar , Jahim , and
Hawiyah . Each hell is believed to have different torments.

Thorny trees or al-dari and al-zaqum are food for the inhabitants of hell.
While al-hamim, al-ghaslin, and al-ghassaq are the
drinks of the inhabitants of hell. These foods and drinks will not provide any benefits and
enjoyment for the inhabitants of hell.

Hell as a place of torture for those who commit sins and mistakes is known as death al-‘azab. The
term has the meaning of “place of application of torture”. Creatures of Allah who disobey
the Shari’a and deny the Prophet Muhammad are classified as people who commit sins.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Ali-Imran verse 116 regarding the existence of hell which reads:

اِنَّ الَّذِيْنَ كَفَرُوْا لَنْ تُغْنِيَ عَنْهُمْ اَمْوَالُهُمْ وَلَآ اَوْلَادُهُمْ مِّنَ اللّٰهِ شَيْـًٔا ۗ
وَاُولٰۤىِٕكَ اَصْحٰبُ النَّارِ ۚ هُمْ فِيْهَا خٰلِدُوْنَ

Meaning: Verily, those who disbelieve, neither their wealth nor their children, cannot resist the
punishment of Allah in the least. They are the inhabitants of hell (and) they will abide
therein.

In accordance with the words of Rasulullah SAW from HR. At-Tirmizi which means:

Meaning: “There are three judges, two in hell and one in heaven. Judges who know the truth and
decide cases with it, then in heaven; judge who does not know the truth, but he punishes with
stupidity, then he is in hell.”

In accordance with the words of Rasulullah SAW from HR. Bukhari which means:

Meaning: “Every Muslim who liberates a Muslim, surely Allah will free one of His servants from hell.”

Names of Hell in Islam

Hell with its level has a difference of 70 times hotter than the level above it. This level is
adjusted to the bad deeds of humans while living in the world. Check out the full review
below.

1. Hell of Jahannam

Jahannam hell is classified as hell with the highest level and is filled with people who
commit major sins. The word hell jahannam is of Arabic origin and has many
meanings.

Hell jahannam literally means having an evil or gloomy face. Why is it called as hell
jahannam? Because this hell is dark, black, and has a very deep bottom.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Hijr verse 43 regarding the existence of hell , it
reads:

وَاِنَّ جَهَنَّمَ لَمَوْعِدُهُمْ اَجْمَعِيْنَۙ

Meaning: And indeed, Hell is really the (place) that has been promised to them (followers of Satan) all.

In accordance with the words of Rasulullah SAW from HR. Muslim which reads:

Meaning: “We were once with Rasulullah SAW, suddenly there was a sound of something falling.
The Prophet Muhammad SAW then asked, “Do you know what that is?” The companions
answered, “Allah and His Messenger know better.” Prophet Muhammad SAW then explained, “This is
a stone that was thrown into hell since 70 years ago and the stone has only reached the bottom of hell at
this time.” (HR. Muslim)

The inhabitants of Jahannam Hell include people who are big sinners, hypocrites, people who like to follow
Satan’s steps, people who are disobedient to Him, to people who are curmudgeonly or stingy.

2. Hell Lazha

Lazha hell is defined as a hell that is blazing great and burning. Lazha
hell is for people who turn away from the treatise of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, turn their
backs on monotheism, and are reluctant to give charity.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Ma’rij verses 15-16 regarding the existence of hell, reads:

Meaning: Absolutely not! Truly, hell is a turbulent fire, which sloughs off the scalp.

3. Hutamah Hell

The word hutamah means the destruction of something. Hutamah hell will make
its inhabitants experience destruction with fire that breaks and burns from the legs, bones, to the
heart, and throws sparks as big as palaces. This hell will be inhabited by people who like
to criticize, swear, refuse to give alms, and count on others.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Humazah verse 7 which reads:

الَّتِيْ تَطَّلِعُ عَلَى الْاَفْـِٕدَةِۗ

Meaning: that (burns) to the heart.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Mursalat verses 32-33 which reads:

30
_

Meaning: Indeed, (hell) spits out sparks (as big and as high as) palaces, like a yellow camel caravan.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Humazah verses 5-6 regarding the existence of hutamah hell
, reads:

Meaning: And do you know what Hutamah (Hell) is? (That is) the fire (punishment) of Allah
which is ignited.

4. Hell Sa’ir

The word sa’ir comes from the Arabic word which means burning, something that is blazing, and has not been
extinguished since it was created. Sa’ir hell can be interpreted as a hell
with a blazing and burning fire. In the sa’ir hell there are ropes,
chains, snakes, scorpions, and fetters.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Mulk verse 5 regarding the existence of hell sa’ir ,
reads:

وَلَقَدْ زَيَّنَّا السient

Meaning: And indeed, We have decorated the near sky with stars and We made them (the stars) as tools for throwing
Satan, and We have prepared for them the punishment of a burning hell.

The presence of hell sa’ir is a reminder from Allah SWT to humans who do not pay zakat, eat the wealth of
orphans, oppose the da’wah of the prophets and apostles, eat property that is not their right (corruption),
and deny the Day of Judgment.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah An-Nisa verse 10 regarding the existence of hell sa’ir ,
reads:

اِنَّ الَّذِيْنَ يَأْكُلُوْنَ اَمpet

Meaning: Indeed, those who unjustly eat the property of orphans, in fact they swallow fire in their stomachs and
they will enter into a blazing fire (hell).

5. Hell of Saqar

The Koran as the book of Muslims has explained the existence of a hot and burning hell
. Then the Saqar Hell will be inhabited by people who are arrogant, never pray, never
feed the poor, and deny the Koran. Why is it called Saqar Hell ?
Because the hell of saqar only eats the flesh without the bones.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Mudatsir verses 26-29 regarding the saqar hell which
scorches human skin, reads:

Meaning: Later, I will put it in (Hell) Saqar. And do you know what (Hell) Saqar is?
He (Saqar) does not forsake and does not let, which scorch human skin.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Mudatsir verses 42-47 regarding the existence of hell, reads:

Meaning: “What caused you to enter (Hell) Saqar?” They replied, “In the past we were not among
those who prayed, and we (also) did not feed the poor, even we used to talk (for vanity purposes), with
people who talked about it, and we denied the Day of Judgment. until death comes upon us.”

6. Jahim’s Hell

The word jahim comes from Arabic and means a very hot place with very large burning coals.
Jahim hell is hell with a big fire in a ravine or hole. The hell
of ignorance will be inhabited by polytheists, such as liars of His verses, disobeying
Him, and forgetting about the afterlife because of worldly activities.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Hajj verse 51 regarding the existence of hell and its
inhabitants, reads:

وَالَّذِيْنَ سَعَوْا فِيْٓ اٰيٰتِنَا مُعٰجِزِيْنَ اُولٰۤىِٕكَ اَصْحٰبُ الْجَحِيْمِ

Meaning: But those who try to contradict Our verses with the aim of weakening (the will to believe), they are the
inhabitants of the Hell of Jahim.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Koran Surah As-Syura verses 91-92 regarding the existence of an evil hell ,
reads:

Meaning: And Hell of Jahim is shown clearly to those who go astray. And it was said to them,
“Where are the idols that you used to worship.

7. Hell Hawiyah

The word hawiyah comes from Arabic which means falling from the highest place to the lowest place.
Hawiyah hell can be interpreted as anything that is unknown to its crust or
bottom.

In the Qur’an, hawiyah hell has another designation “nar hamiyah” which means hot and blazing
fire. It can be interpreted that the hawiyah hell is a very hot place with a deep
bottom of hell. Hawiyah hell is filled with people whose scales of good
deeds are light.

As the word of Allah SWT in the Qur’an Surah Al-Qariah verses 8-11 regarding the existence of hell hawiyah
and its inhabitants, reads:

Meaning: And as for those whose scales (goodness) are light, then the place of return is the Hawiyah Hell.
And do you know what the Hawiyah Hell is? (That is) a very hot fire.

That is a description of the names of hell in Islam. May we all be spared from the fires of
hell and reach the best place in the hereafter.

• Kinds of Sujud and Prayers
• Prophet Solomon’s Prayers
• Grave Pilgrimage Prayer
• Tayammum Prayers and Procedures
• Prayers and Procedures for Praying the Bodies
• Prayers and Procedures for Midnight Prayer

Names of Days, Months, Years in English Complete with Meanings – When learning English,
the first step you need to take is to know and memorize vocabulary or common vocabulary. An
example is learning English vocabulary from the names of objects that are often used.

No less important, to be proficient in English knowing common vocabulary such as names of days, months and
years is also very important. Because the use of vocabulary names for days, months and years
will often be used in everyday conversation. So that Sinaumed’s can find out more, check out the
names of the days, months and years in English through this article!

Day Names in English

As in Indonesian, there are only 7 days in English, from Monday to Tuesday. Here are the names
of the days in English, along with examples and how to read them.

Indonesian	English	How to read
Monday	monday	/ˈmʌndeɪ/ (mandey)
Tuesday	Tuesday	/ˈtjuːzdeɪ/ (chusdey)
Wednesday	Wednesday	/ˈwɛnzdeɪ/ (wensdey)
Thursday	Thursday	/ˈthərzdē/ (thesday)
Friday	Friday	/ˈfrʌɪdeɪ/ (fraydey)
Saturday	Saturdays	/ˈsatədeɪ/ (saderdey)
Sunday	Sundays	/ˈsʌndeɪ/ (sandey)

Generally, in English, days are always named starting from Sunday. As in the calendar, the
order of mention starts from Sunday. Apart from knowing the names of the days in English,
Sinaumed’s also needs to know how to use the vocabulary of the days in a sentence. The following
is an example of using the vocabulary for the day’s name, when used in a sentence.

Example sentences with the names of
the days in English

1. The market is closed every Sunday
2. My brother and his friends always go to club every Monday ( My brother and his friends always go to club
   every Monday.)
3. They will discuss this later, at Tuesday’s meeting
4. On Wednesday, a mountain erupted in Japan and made people run scared .
5. You must submit your homework on Thursday without exception
6. I’m going to the city park on Friday with my family
7. My family and I will visit the zoo on Saturday to enjoy the weekend together

Month Names in English

Month in English means month, from January to December. The names of the months in English are
not much different from the names of the months in Indonesian, so it will be easier to memorize.
Here are the names of the months in English.

Indonesian	English	Month Names in Abbreviations	How to read
January	january	Jan	/ˈdʒanjʊ(ə)ri/
February	February	Feb	/ˈfɛbrʊəri/
March	march	Mar	/mɑːtʃ/
April	April	Apr	/ˈeɪpr(ɪ)l/
May	may	may	/meɪ/
June	june	Jun	/dʒuːn/
July	July	Jul	/dʒʊˈlʌɪ/
August	August	Aug	/ɔːˈɡʌst/
September	September	Sept	/sɛpˈtɛmbə/
October	October	Oct	/ɒkˈtəʊbə/
November	November	Nov	/nə(ʊ)ˈvɛmbə/
December	December	dec	/dɪˈsɛmbə/

To make it clearer, here is an example of using the names of the months in English in sentences.
Here’s an example.

Example Sentences with Month Names
in English

1. I will go to America in January to continue my studies
2. In February there will be a lantern festival
3. I always visit a temple at the foot of the mountain every March
4. In April, I will visit my grandmother in Bandung .
5. My brother and my dad celebrate their birthday in May
6. Every June we always celebrate my mother’s birthday .
7. I always like July because of the festival that is held near my house
8. In August Indonesia celebrates its independence day
9. My friend will get married in September and have a lavish wedding
10. I always love celebrating Halloween in October
11. In November, my friend will soon give birth to her second child.
12. Finally I will go to Korea in December with my family

There are a number of things to consider when writing month names in sentences in English.
Here’s an explanation.

1. Pay attention to prepositions of time. In English, the prepositions of time used must be
appropriate, the prepositions of time for hours, months, days and even years in English are used
differently.

There are three prepositions of time that need to be considered when writing English sentences with information
about the hour, day, month or year.

• Preposition (at), is used to mention the exact or certain time. For example like at dawn,
  at night, at 9.20 am and so on.
• Preposition (on), is used in sentences that use information about the time of day and the date.
  Examples include on Wednesday, on the 17th of August and so on.
• Preposition (in), finally this preposition is used in sentences that use time information in the form
  of months, years, centuries and even for long periods and seasons. Examples are in
  November, in October, in the future, in summer, in December and so on.

2. Pay attention to the use of abbreviations for mentioning month names in English.

As previously explained, in mentioning the names of the months in English, Sinaumed’s is also allowed to use
abbreviations. However, it is necessary to pay attention to whether the sentence is a formal or
non-formal sentence that is spoken every day to friends.

Then, if you have chosen one of the writing styles of the month, for example formal and complete (January),
Sinaumed’s needs to consistently apply the same writing style in one sentence or discourse until the end.

Those are some things that Sinaumed’s needs to pay attention to when making a sentence using the time of month in
English.

Year Names in English

Like the names of the months, in English the names of the years are the same. For example,
Sinaumed’s simply wrote 2020 to refer to that year. However, the way to read the name of the year
in English is different. That is according to the order of the numbers.

For example, 2020, it can be read two thousand and twenty. Like Indonesian, Sinaumed’s reads the
year 2020 with two thousand and twenty, the difference is that Sinaumed’s here has to mention these numbers in
English.

The following is a more complete explanation, regarding the mention or how to read the name of the year in
English.

1998, read one thousand nine hundred and ninety eight.

How to read 1998 as above, is a way of reading to mention a row of numbers as usual and not to say the name
of the year in English. So, if you want to say it as the name of the year in English, here’s
how to read it.

• 1998, read nineteen ninety eight.
• 1999, read nineteen ninety nine.
• 2000, read two thousand.
• 2001, read two thousand and one.
• 2006, read two thousand and six.
• 1704, read seventeen and four.
• 1990, read nineteen ninety.
• 2016, read two thousand and sixteen.
• 2021, reads two thousand and twenty one.
• That’s how to read the name of the year in English, while to say the year period in a period of 10 years or
  decades you can say it like the 80s by reading it, namely eighties, 90s how to read it nineties.

To be able to read year names in English proficiently, Sinaumed’s must have mastered the vocabulary of numbers
in English. If this number vocabulary has not been mastered, then it will certainly be
difficult for Sinaumed’s to say the name of the year in English. Therefore, Sinaumed’s needs to learn
the names of numbers in English as follows.

Number Names and How to Read Them

In English, there are two types of numbers, namely cardinal numbers such as 1, 2, 3, and so on.
As well as the ordinal number, namely the first, second, third and so on. To be able
to read the name of the year in English, Sinaumed’s only needs to know the cardinal number. Here’s
an explanation.

Number	Indonesian	English
1	One	One
2	Two	Two
3	Three	three
4	Four	Four
5	Five	Five
6	Six	Six
7	Seven	Seven
8	Eight	Eight
9	Nine	nine
10	Ten	Ten
11	Eleven	Eleven
12	Twelve	Twelve
13	Thirteen	thirteen
14	Fourteen	Fourteen
15	Fifteen	Fifteen
16	Sixteen	Sixteen
17	Seventeen	Seventeen
18	Eighteen	Eighteen
19	Nineteen	Nineteen
20	Twenty	Twenty
30	Thirty	Thrirty
40	Forty	fourty
50	Fifty	Fifity
60	Sixty	Sixty
70	Seventy	Seventy
80	Eighty	Eighty
90	Ninety	Ninety
100	One hundred	One hundred
1000	One thousand	One thousand
2000	Two thousand	Two thousand
3000	Three thousand	three thousand

To say the names of numbers in tens, such as 22 is enough twenty two and so on, while for numbers 101 to
thousands you can say 100 and one. Just add ‘and’ and the number name behind it.

The cardinal number is used to state the name of the year, while to mention the name of the date, Sinaumed’s needs
to mention it using an ordinal number.

To make it clearer, here are examples of sentences using the names of numbers in English.

Example Sentences Using
Year Names in English

The following is an example sentence, complete with context and conversation to say the name of the year in
English.

1. A = Hannah invited us to her wedding party (Hannah invited us to her wedding party.)

B = When will Hannah get married? (When will Hannah get married?)

A = Its next Saturday at 8.00 am in the morning, that will be December 22th 2021 mark your calendar that
day. (Next Saturday at 8am, December 22, 2021. Mark your calendars for that day.)

B = Sure, can you pick me up at 7.00 am on that day? (Sure, can you pick me up at 7am that
day?)

A = Yeah, see you on next Saturday. (Yeah, see you next Saturday.)

2. A = This is a great picture, when did you take this picture? (This is a great photo, when
did you take this photo?)

B = Ah it’s on your birthday I think, October 12, 2012.

A = I looked pretty when I was young. (I looked pretty when I was young.)

3. A = Tomorrow we will attend the celebration of Indonesia’s independence day (Tomorrow we will attend the
celebration of Indonesia’s independence day.)

B = Really? When is Indonesia’s Independence Day? I don’t know because I’m not
from here. (Really? When is Indonesia’s independence day? I don’t know because I’m not from
here.)

A = Indonesia became independent on August 17th , 1945, and tomorrow you can see the celebrations.
(Indonesia became independent on August 17th 1945, and tomorrow you can see the
celebration.)

B = That’s great, can you pick me up tomorrow? (That’s great, can you pick me up
tomorrow?)

A = Of course, I’ll pick you up tomorrow at 8:00 pm. See you later. (Of course, I
will pick you up tomorrow at 8:00 pm. See you soon.)

That’s how to write the name of the year in a sentence, according to the needs in the context of the
conversation.

Sinaumed’s can learn more about English vocabulary, or how to read the names of days, months and years in English by
reading the reference books available at sinaumedia.

Apart from looking for books related to learning English, Sinaumed’s can also find books with other
interesting topics at sinaumedia. Examples include novels or comics with Sinaumed’s’ favorite
genre.

Because as #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides quality reference books for Sinaumed’s.
Buy and read the book right now! Happy learning and happy reading Sinaumed’s!

• Examples of Announcement Text, Formulas & Practice Questions
• Definition, Formulas, Examples of Reported Speech
• Definition & Examples of Business Letters
• Definition & Examples of Motivation Letters
• Definition of Verb Phrases: Functions, Formulas, Examples & Problems

Names of Angels and Their Duties – The task of an angel is something that is commanded by
Allah SWT. Allah SWT created angels with various features. But besides that,
angels have tasks given by God. The task of the angel is addressed to all living things in the
world.

This article will discuss the names of angels and their duties. In addition, it will also be
discussed about the characteristics of angels.

Names and Duties of Angels

1. Archangel Gabriel

The name of the first angel is the Archangel Gabriel. Archangel Gabriel has a task for the
apostles. His job is to convey time to the apostles of Allah SWT.

However, behind that there is another task performed by the Archangel Gabriel. The task is to
blow the soul into every fetus in the human body.

The task of the Archangel Gabriel is also to fulfill or hold human duties. In addition, the
Archangel Gabriel is also responsible for bringing grace. This grace is addressed to those who
always maintain their sanctity when death comes.

“Say (Prophet Muhammad), “Who is Gabriel’s enemy?” In fact, it is he who has sent down (the
Qur’an) into your hearts with Allah’s permission as a justification for what (the books) came before, and
guidance and good tidings for those who believe. QS. Al-Baqarah verse 97.

2. Archangel Michael

The task of the Angel Mikail is to provide sustenance to creatures in the world. Then all
creatures on earth will be given sustenance by Allah SWT through the Angel Mikail. So those who
receive sustenance are not only humans, but all living things.

Angel Mikail’s next task is to regulate rain and wind. Apart from that, Angel Mikail is also
in charge of managing the plants. All control regarding these matters is in the hands of
Archangel Michael. Of course with the permission of Allah SWT.

Rasulullah SAW also mentioned the name of the Angel Mikail. Rasulullah SAW said that Angel
Mikail is one of the helpers of Rasulullah SAW from above the sky.

In the hadith of the History of Ibn Abbas, Rasulullah SAW said “Indeed, Allah SWT strengthened me with four
assistants: two of the inhabitants of the sky namely Jibril and Mikail. And two of the
inhabitants of the earth are Abu Bakr and Umar “.

3. Angel Israfil

One of the angels that is well known to many Muslims is the Angel Israfil. Angel Israfil’s job
is to blow the trumpet. When the Day of Judgment arrives, the Angel Israfil will blow the
trumpet.

The trumpet is a kind of trumpet. The trumpet will be blown by the Angel Israfil on orders
from Allah SWT. When doomsday comes, Angel Israfil will blow it. Then, all living
things that have life will die.

Angel Israfil will blow the trumpet several times. After the first blowing is over, Allah SWT
will revive Angel Israfil. Then Allah SWT will give the order to blow the second
trumpet.

After the second blast, Allah SWT will also resurrect all living things that have died. After
this second blow, there will be a day called the Resurrection Day.

In the Al-Quran, precisely in the letter Az-Zumar it is explained:

“The trumpet is blown so that all (creatures) in the heavens and on earth die, except for those whom Allah
SWT wills. Then, he was blown once more. Instantly, they woke up (from their
graves and) waited (for Allah SWT’s decision) “. Verse 68.

4. Angel Azrael

The next angel’s name is Angel Azrael. The angel Azrael has the duty to take the lives of all
living things in the world. All beings who have life will surely taste death.
Death is a process of revocation of life. The angel Azrael is in charge of doing
this.

Angel Izrail is one of the names of angels who are also widely known by Muslims. Angel Azrael
really obeys Allah’s commands. Even if it means destroying anything. He has the
heart to take the lives of living beings. As long as it’s an order from Allah SWT as the
Creator.

“The angel of death entrusted (task) to (take your life) will kill you, then to your Lord you will be
returned”. QS. As-Sajdah verse 11.

5. Munkar Angel

When humans die, humans will be in the grave. Then in the grave, humans will be visited by
angels to be asked. The task of the angel who asks the deceased is the Munkar Angel.

Munkar’s angel will ask about the faith of that human. In addition, the Munkar Angel will come
to someone who has done a lot of bad things during his life on earth. Angel Munkar will start
asking when the burial process is complete. After 70 steps the last person from his grave was
gone.

It is said that the Angel Munkar will come to humans in a scary form. Angel Munkar will come
with a sledgehammer as a weapon. If a human cannot answer the Munkar Angel’s question, then the
sledgehammer will smash his body to pieces.

Then the man was resurrected, and asked the same questions as before. If this question cannot
be answered by humans, then humans will be destroyed again. And so on until the day of
resurrection comes.

6. Angel Nakir

Not only the Munkar Angel whose duty is to come to the grave. This angel’s task is also
performed by Angel Nakir. However, Angel Nakir served otherwise. Angel Nakir has a
duty to come to people who have done good in their lives.

It is said that the Angel Nakir will come to humans in a beautiful and pleasing form to look at.
Apart from that, it is also told that the person visited by the Angel Nakir will enter
heaven.

7. Angel Raqib

Sinaumed’s, don’t hesitate to do good when no one is watching. Your good deeds will still be
recorded. Because this is the duty of Angel Raqib. Angel Raqib will record the
slightest good deed you have done in your life.

8. Angel Atid

The task of Angel Atid is the opposite of Angel Raqib. If Angel Raqib is responsible for
recording good deeds, then Angel Atid is responsible for recording bad deeds. All bad deeds
done by humans will be recorded by Angel Atid.

Even though you are doing a bad deed and it is not seen by anyone, the angel Atid still sees it.
Then it will be recorded in the record of your deeds. All the practices that you have
done will be judged on the last day.

“(Remember) when two angels recorded (his actions). One sits on the right and the other on the
left. Not a single word was uttered, but there was a guardian angel in him who was always ready
(to take notes)”. Qs. Qaf verses 17 and 18.

9. Angel Malik

The ninth angel is the Angel Malik. The duty of the Angel Malik is to guard the gates of hell.
Hell is a place for people who always violate the commands of Allah SWT. Moreover,
those who do not believe will be placed in hell.

“O you who believe, protect yourselves and your families from the fires of hell whose fuel is humans and
stones. Its guardians are angels who are rough and hard. They are not disobedient
to Allah SQT for what He commands them and always do what they are ordered to do. Qs.
At-Tahrim verse 6.

10. Angel Ridwan

Not only the gates of hell are guarded by angels. The gates of heaven are also guarded by the
Angel Ridwan. Heaven is a place for believers. Those who always do good deeds and
follow the orders and prohibitions of Allah SWT will be placed in heaven.

Allah SWT said, “The parable of heaven which is promised to those who are pious (is like a garden), rivers
flow beneath it; always fruitful and shady. That is the final place for those who
are pious. While the last place for those who disbelieve is hell. QS Ar-Ra’d verse
35.

Angel’s characteristics

1. Don’t like to brag

This is the nature of angels that are very different from humans and jinn. If humans and jinn
often boast, this is not the case with angels. Even though an angel has many features, he never
boasts.

Allah SWT says in Surah An Nahl:

وَلِلّٰهِ يَسْجُدُ مَا فِى السient

“And to Allah alone prostrate everything that is in the heavens and all creatures that crawl on the earth
and (also) the angels, while they (angels) are not arrogant.” Verse 49

2. Fear and always obey the commands of Allah SWT

Humans are negligent creatures. So that it often prioritizes other things, compared to orders
from Allah SWT. However, angels are the opposite. Angels will be very afraid if
they don’t immediately carry out what Allah SWT has ordered.

Angels will always comply with what has been assigned by Allah SWT. So that the angels always
obey Allah SWT.

Allah SWT says:

يَخَافُوْنَ رَبَّهُمْ مِّنْ فَوْقِهِمْ وَيَفْعَلُوْنَ مَا يُؤْمَرُوْنَ

“They fear their Lord who has power over them and carry out what is commanded (to them).” QS:
An Nahl verse 50

3. The glorified servant of Allah SWT

Angels have high positions and degrees. That’s because angels are creatures that are glorified
by Allah SWT. Angels are creatures that are very obedient in words and deeds.

Allah SWT says

Amen

“And they said: “The Most Gracious has taken (had) a child,” Glory be to Allah. Actually (the
angels) are glorified servants. In QS. Surah Al Anbiya verse
26

4. Never argue

Angels are creatures that never argue with Allah SWT. They do not utter words in the presence
of Allah SWT. The angels never go against all orders and decisions for them from Allah SWT.
They always do everything they are ordered to do immediately.

Allah SWT says

لَا يَسْبِقُوْنَهٗ بِالْقَوْلِ وَهُمْ بِاَمْرِهٖ يَعْمَلُوْنَ

Meaning: They did not precede Him with words and they carried out His commandments. QS.
Al Anbiya verse 27

5. Never disobedient

Unlike humans, angels are never disobedient to Allah SWT. They will always be ready to carry
out the commands of Allah SWT. In fact, they will not be late in the slightest to do the
task.

Angels are beings who have power. In addition, they also have no weaknesses.
Whatever task is assigned to angels, it will always be done.

Allah SWT says

لَا يَعْصُونَ اللَّهَ مَا أَمَرَهُمْ وَيَفْعَلُونَ مَا يُؤْمَرُونَ

“Those who do not disobey Allah in what He commands them and always do what they are commanded.”
QS At-Tahrim verse 6

6. Always glorify

Angels are creatures that always glorify Allah SWT. They always praise Allah SWT.
Both during the day and at night.

Allah SWT says

وَاِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَلٰۤىِٕكَةِ اِنِّيْ جَاعِلٌ فِى الْاَرْضِ خَلِيْفَةًۗ قَالُوْٓا اَتَجْعَلُ فِيْهَا مَنْ
يُّفْسِدُ فِيْهَا وَيَسْفِكُ الدِّمَاۤءَۚ وَنَحْنُ نُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِكَ وَنُقَدِّسُ لَكَۗ قَالَ اِنِّيْٓ
اَعْلَمُ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُوْنَ

“(Remember) when your Lord said to the angels, “I will make caliphs 13) on earth. “They said,
“Are you going to make people who destroy and shed blood there, while we glorify Your praise and sanctify
Your name?” He said, “Indeed I know what you do not know”. QS Al-Baqarah verse
30.

7. Don’t like the smell of dogs and statues

From Abu Talha radliallahu anhum, Rasulullah SAW said: “Angels will not enter a house in which there are
dogs and statues”. HR. Bukhari no. 5493. Sahih.

8. Do not eat and drink

Unlike humans, angels are creatures that neither eat nor drink

Allah SWT says:

فَلَمَّا رَأَى أَيْدِيَهُمْ لَا تَصِلُ إِلَيْهِ نَكِرَهُمْ وَأَوْجَسَ مِنْهُمْ خِيفَةً قَالُوا لَا تَخَفْ إِنَّا
أُرْسِلْنَا إِلَى قَوْمِ لُوطٍ وَامْرَأَتُهُ قَائِمَةٌ فَضَحِكَتْ

“So when he saw that their hands were not touching him, Ibrahim looked at their actions strangely and was
afraid of them. The angel said, “Don’t be afraid, in fact we are (angels) sent to the people of
Lut.” And his wife was standing (behind the curtain), then he smiled. QS Hud
verses 70 and 71.

9. Able to change shape

Angels are beings who can change their shape or form. Sometimes, angels can turn into humans.
In fact, angels can also transform into horses.

Allah SWT says:

فَاتَّخَذَتْ مِنْ دُوْنِهِمْ حِجَابًاۗ فَاَرْسَلْنَآ اِلَيْهَا رُوْحَنَا فَتَمَثَّلَ لَهَا بَشَْهَا بَشَِْ

“So he made a veil (protecting him) from them, then We sent Our spirit to him, so he incarnated before him
(in the form of) a perfect human.” QS. Maryam verse 17

10. No sex

One of the characteristics of angels is that they are genderless. Unlike humans who are male
and female. Angels are creatures created by Allah SWT without gender

Amen

“And if We had made him a messenger (from) an angel, We would have made him a man and (if We had made him a
man), We would have made them still doubt as they are now doubtful.” QS. Surah Al
An’am verse 9

Those are the names and duties of angels. Angels are noble beings who need to be emulated.
Find similar things at www.sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia as
#FriendsWithoutLimits will always provide interesting articles and recommendations for the best books
for Sinaumed’s.

Source: from various sources

Author: Wida Kurniasih

• Procedure for Ablution
• Definition of Al-Quran and Hadith
• Definition of Morals
• Noble Qualities
• Honest Behavior in Islam
• Definition of Zakat
• Pillars of Hajj
• Understanding Faith In Angels
• Understanding Aurat
• List of 99 Asmaul Husna
• Zakat Fitrah and Zakat Mal
• Meaning of Tablighi
• Definition of Zakat Mal
• The Meaning of the Title Al-Amin Rasulullah SAW
• Definition of Faith in Language and Terms
• Readings of Ayat Kursi and 12 of Its Virtue in Life

Definition of Mutation – Mutation is a change in the genetic material of a cell that is
passed on to its offspring. Mutations can be caused by errors in the replication of genetic
material during cell division caused by radiation, chemicals (mutagens), viruses, or can occur during the
process of meiosis. Check out a more complete explanation of the following mutations,
Sinaumed’s:

A. Definition of Mutation

Mutations are changes that occur in genetic material both at the gene level and at the chromosomal level.

The purpose of mutation is to deal with natural changes that will arise at any time, so that when changes occur,
there are two possibilities that can arise, namely the mutated trait is more adaptable than the original trait,
so that the original character may disappear from circulation.

Another possibility is that the mutated trait is not suitable for the new environment, so that the
individual or population of a species that has it will decrease or become extinct. Based on
this, it can be said that whether or not the mutated individual is suitable or not depends on the area where
the individual or population lives.

Mutations themselves are divided into Big Mutations and Small Mutations, Small Mutations only cause small changes
that are sometimes not obvious in the phenotype or in other words there are variations where the mutated
individual is only slightly different from their parents.

Conversely, large mutations cause obvious changes in the phenotype and cause the phenotype of the offspring
to be abnormal. Major mutations are the basis for a heritable source of variation in living
organisms. Learn about mutations in the book Quantification and Phylogenetics of DNA
Mutations.

B. Causes of Mutations

Mutations are events that change the information contained in DNA. Changes in this information
can occur on a small scale in a few nucleotide bases, or on a chromosomal scale involving millions of
nucleotide bases.

Mutations can cause both good and bad changes and produce genetic variations. Mutations can be
caused by internal and external factors. Mutations in DNA can cause changes in the resulting
protein. Changes to the resulting protein can make a difference in humans.

Several diseases in humans caused by mutations are color blindness and thalassemia. There are
several types of mutations including substitution, deletion, insertion, duplication, inversion,
translocation and others.

The factors that cause mutations come from many aspects of environmental factors. These
factors are known as mutagens. In general, environmental factors that cause mutations
(mutation) are divided into:

1. Physical Factors (Radiation)

Mutagenic agents from physical factors in the form of radiation. Mutagenic radiation, among
others, comes from cosmic rays, ultraviolet rays, gamma rays, X-rays, beta particles, heavy ion emission
neutrons, and other rays that have ionizing power.

Radiation is emitted by materials that are radioactive. A radioactive substance can change
spontaneously into another substance that gives off radiation. There are radiations that cause
ionization, there are those that don’t.

Radiation that causes ionization can penetrate materials, including living tissue, through cells and ionize
the molecules of substances in cells, so that these substances do not function normally or even become
damaged. Visible rays of radio waves and heat from the sun or fire, also form radiation, but
are not destructive.

2. Chemical Factors

Chemical Mutagens, for example colchicine and digitonin substances. Colchicine is a substance
that can inhibit the formation of spindle fibers in the anaphase process and can inhibit cell division
during anaphase. Other substances, for example:

• Pesticides: DDT (agricultural and household insecticides), DDVP (insecticide, fumigam, livestock
  helminthic), Aziridine (used in the textile, wood and paper industries to kill house flies, mutagen in
  wasps, mice, neurospora, E, coli, and bacteriophage T4), TEM (used in textiles and medicine, eradicates
  house flies, mutagens in mice and insects, fungi, aberrations in mice, allium e coli and leukocytes).
• Food and beverages: Caffeine (found in many drinks, coffee, tea, chocolate and lemonade containing cola, in
  the medical field for antihistamines and drugs for dizziness, blood vessel expansion, coronary), cyclamate
  and cyclohexylamine (widely used for flavoring food and beverages , Sodium nitrite and nitric acid (these
  substances are used to preserve meat, fish and cheese).

3. Biological Factors

More than 20 kinds of viruses cause chromosomal damage, for example the hepatitis virus causes aberrations
in the blood and bone marrow. Measles, yellow fever, and smallpox viruses can also cause
aberrations.

C. Types of Mutations

Mutations at the gene level are called point mutations, while mutations at the chromosomal level are
usually called aberrations. Mutations in genes can lead to the emergence of new alleles and
form the basis for new variations within species. Mutations occur at a low frequency in nature,
typically lower than 1:10,000 individuals. Other types of mutations, including:

1. Point mutation

Point mutations are changes to the N base of DNA or RNA. Point mutations are common but their
effects can be mitigated by gene recovery mechanisms.

Point mutations can result in changes in the sequence of amino acids in proteins and changes or loss of
enzyme function. Currently, many technologies use point mutations as markers (also called SNPs)
to study changes that occur in genes and are associated with phenotypic changes.

An example of a gene mutation is the reaction of nitric acid with adenine to form hypoxanthine.
This substance will then take the place of the original adenine and pair with cytosine instead of
thymine. Gene mutations are divided into three types, namely silent mutations, non-sense
mutations, and miss-sense mutations.

Silent mutations or silent mutations are codon changes that do not change the amino acid. This
means that changes in DNA nucleotide bases have no effect on protein structure.

In the figure, the AA nucleotide pairs change to TU, but the amino acids remain. A non-sense
mutation is a meaningless mutation in which the mutation changes the amino acid codon to a stop codon.
The stop codon stops the production of amino acids in the ribosome, so protein cannot be
produced.

Miss-sense mutations are mutations that change the codons of nucleotide bases and cause their amino acids
to change. However, most proteins resulting from missense mutations are still functionally
usable. Frame mutations or frameshift mutations are insertions or deletions of nucleotide
bases. From the figure it can be seen that the T and A bases are removed from the DNA chain
thereby changing the amino acids and making the mutated protein unusable.

2. Big Mutation

Chromosomal mutations, often also called major mutations or chromosomal aberrations, are changes in the
number of chromosomes and the arrangement or sequence of genes in the chromosomes. Chromosomal
mutations often occur due to errors in meiosis and few in mitosis.

3. Aneuploidy

Aneuploidy is a change in the number of n which indicates the number of sets of chromosomes.
For example, human body cells have 2 packages of chromosomes so they are called 2n, where one human
n package has 23 chromosomes. Aneuploidy is divided into two, namely autopolyploidy and
allopolyploidy. In autopolyploidy, the n doubles due to errors in meiosis, while in
allopolyploidy, namely marriage or hybridization between species with different number of sets of
chromosomes.

4. Aneusomy

Aneusomy is a change in the number of chromosomes. The cause is anaphase lag (the event of
spindle threads not attaching to the centromere) and non disjunction (failure to separate).
Aneusomy in humans can cause:

• Klinefelter’s syndrome, karyotype (22 AA+XXY), Trisomic condition of the gonosome chromosomes.
  Sufferers of Klinefelter’s Syndrome are male, but their testicles do not develop (testicular
  dysgenesis) so that they have aspermia and cannot have children (gynaecomastis).
• Jacobs syndrome, karyotype (22AA+XYY), Trisomic condition of the gonosome chromosomes.
  People with this syndrome generally have psychopathic psychological disorders.
  Research itself shows that most of the people who go to prison are people who suffer from
  Jacobs Syndrome.
• Turner syndrome, with a karyotype (22AA+X0, a condition in which the number of chromosomes is 45 and one sex
  chromosome is missing. The patient with Turner Syndrome is female, but the ovum does not develop (ovaricular
  dysgenesis).
• Patau syndrome, karyotype (45A+XX/XY), Trisomic condition on autosomal chromosomes. This
  autosome has an abnormality on chromosome number 13, 14, or 15.
• Edward’s syndrome, karyotype (45A+XX/XY), Trisomic condition on autosomes. Autosomes have
  abnormalities on chromosome number 16,17, or 18. Patients with this syndrome have an oval skull, short
  broad shoulders, slightly downturned ears and abnormal

5. Chromosomal Mutations

Chromosomal mutations are mutations that cause changes in genetic material on a large scale.
According to bbc.co.uk, there are four types of chromosomal mutations, namely deletions,
translocations, inversions and duplications.

Deletion Deletion is the loss of part of a chromosome during meiosis. If the chromosome is
broken or the telomere is damaged, the chromosome will lose many of the genes that are important for the
expression of the individual.

Deletion can lead to death of the individual in the form of a zygote or death at an early age.
In addition to deletions, there are also insertions where chromosomes experience additional pieces
of chromosomes.

• Deletion Deletion is the loss of part of a chromosome during meiosis. If the chromosome
  is broken or the telomere is damaged, the chromosome will lose many of the genes that are important for
  the expression of the individual. Deletion can lead to death of the individual in the form
  of a zygote or death at an early age. In addition to deletions, there are also insertions
  where chromosomes experience additional pieces of chromosomes.
• Translocation Reporting from ThugtCo, translocation is a mutation caused by the attachment of a piece
  of chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. Translocations can cause unexpressed genes to
  become a serious problem.
• Inversion is the event of attaching the broken chromosome back to the original chromosome, but with
  the reverse position. Inversions are called silent mutations because they do not cause
  serious problems in the individual.
• Duplication is a chromosomal mutation in which some chromosomes replicate causing the addition of the same
  gene in one section.

D. Benefits and Disadvantages of Mutations

Mutations are changes that occur in the genetic material, both DNA and RNA. These changes can
occur at the level of the gene sequence (also called point mutations) or at the level of the chromosome
sequence which is called aberration. The probability of a mutation occurring in nature is as
much as 1 in 10,000 individuals.

1. Mutation Benefits

In general, mutations are harmful, the mutants are lethal and homozygous recessive. However,
mutations can also be beneficial, among other things, through mutations, superior polyploid plants can be
created. For example, seedless watermelons, seedless oranges, large strawberries, and so on.
Mutation is also one of the keys to evolution in the world.

We can see this in the evolution that has occurred in humans from time to time which is discussed in the book The
Britannica Education Series: Evolution which is packaged with various illustrations so that learning is fun.

The formation of polyploid plants is beneficial for humans, but detrimental for plants that have mutations,
because these plants become unable to reproduce generatively. Although biologically most
mutations cause disturbances in individual conditions, mutations are actually one of the keys to adapting a
species (species) to a new or ever-changing environment. This positive side is exploited by a
number of fields of applied biology, including:

a. Tumor Therapy

The application of radiotherapy radiation (such as irradiation with X-rays) and chemotherapy is useful in
inhibiting the development of tumor cells and cancer. This therapy functions to induce
mutations in cancer cells. The mutation agent will cause the target cells to stop growing
because they are unable to reproduce themselves.

b. Breeding

Exposure of plants to ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays from Co-60, or to certain chemicals, such as
EMS and DS. In this application, mutations are not intended to kill the cell, but to change the
arrangement of nitrogenous bases in the DNA or to cause segmental mutations. The hope is that
some cells will develop beneficial mutations. These mutations are mostly carried out on
horticultural crops, such as vegetables and ornamental plants.

c. Improved Crop Yield

Seedless fruits, such as watermelons, are produced. If we are going to cultivate watermelons,
it is necessary to pay attention to its production. Watermelon fruit will have a better selling
value if it is large and without seeds.

For that it is necessary to administer colchicine. Colchicine can be purchased at herbal
medicine stores. How to use colchicine can be read on the label instructions for use in plants.
Through the implementation of this mutation, it can provide good business opportunities in
increasing the yields of the crops we plant, so as to increase income.

Through mutation events, ornamental plants that have high economic value can be obtained, for example, what
is popular in society today is the Aglonema ornamental plant. The price of this plant reaches
tens of millions of rupiah. This can be used as a promising business opportunity.
This new variety can be produced by giving colchicine to plants.

Mutations can increase agricultural production, including wheat, tomatoes, polyploid coconuts, polyploid
cabbage, and so on. The yield of antibiotics, such as Penicillium mutants, will increase even
more. Mutation is a very useful process for evolution and genetic variation.

One example we can see in various plant cultivation techniques in the book Basics of Plant Cultivation
Techniques.

2. Negative Impact of Mutations

Besides having several benefits, mutations also have negative impacts, you know . The
negative effects of mutations include impacts on humans, namely the emergence of diseases such as Turner
Syndrome, Klinefelter, Jacob Syndrome, Patau Syndrome, Edward Syndrome, Metafemale, and Sickle Cell
Anemia. The following is a more detailed explanation:

• Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder in women due to a lack of one X chromosome. Usually, women have
  XX sex chromosomes, totaling 46 pieces, but in people with Turner Syndrome, the chromosomes become XO
  and only have 45 pieces. People with Turner Syndrome are also infertile.
• Jacob’s syndrome affects men. Jacob’s syndrome occurs because there is 1 extra Y
  chromosome in males, so the chromosome becomes XYY. Although it causes genetic disorders,
  this syndrome is not hereditary.
• Klinefelter’s syndrome is a disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males. Therefore,
  in Klinefelter’s sufferers, the chromosome becomes XXY. One of the visible physical
  characteristics of sufferers of this syndrome is enlarged breasts. Apart from Klinefelter’s
  syndrome, another disorder caused by imperfect gene mutations is Patau’s syndrome
• Patau Syndrome or Trisomy 13. People with Patau Syndrome have 3 copies of chromosomes and have an
  abnormality on the 13th chromosome. In addition, Patau’s syndrome is a genetic condition,
  so this disease can only be inherited by lineage.
• Edward’s syndrome is also a chromosomal disorder. The chromosome that has abnormalities
  in Edward’s Syndrome is chromosome number 18. One of the characteristics of babies who have Edward’s
  Syndrome is the fingers that overlap with the condition of the palms of the hands clasping.
  The next syndrome caused by chromosomal abnormalities is metafemale syndrome
• Metafemale Syndrome This syndrome is often also called the superwoman syndrome, which causes the
  sufferer to have a larger stature than women in general. This is due to the extra X
  chromosome in the sufferer, so that people with Metafemale Syndrome usually have XXX chromosomes.

Source: from various sources

Find interesting things about mutation through this book:

Recommended Books & Articles Related to Mutations

The definition of Muslim

Mushrik is a term in which a person associates partners with Allah and is contrary to the teachings of
monotheism which unites Allah. The word shirk itself comes from the word syirkah or fellowship,
which is to associate or make a counterpoint to the laws of other teachings apart from the teachings or laws
of Allah.

Shirk is also a moral that goes beyond the limits of the rules and is contrary to the principle of
monotheism, namely serving, obeying consciously, and voluntarily obeying a teaching or order other than the
teachings of Allah. In Islam, shirk is a sin that cannot be forgiven except through repentance
and leaving polytheism as far as possible. polytheism itself is then carried out by following
various teachings other than the teachings of Allah and consciously and voluntarily a person justifies the
teachings of shirk from within and carries them out in action and tries to uphold and maintain the
continuity of these shirk teachings).

Polytheism that occurs socially or communally (congregation or nation) is then explained in Surah Ar-Ruum 31-32:
“…returning to repentance to Him and fearing Him and establish prayer and do not be among those who associate
Allah, (Ar-Rum 30:31).

So group or sectarian fanaticism by being divided from the teachings of Allah which is a great polytheism
because it involves humans socially, including by creating groups or sects that are contrary to various
sources of Islamic law (Hadith and Quran) with the aim of their own group interests and creating rules
(based on the interests of the group). This situation also causes disintegration between
humans, if there is peace then what happens is pseudo peace, so that God’s will for humans cannot be carried
out because of chaos.

The purpose of sending the Apostles themselves is to reintegrate humans from a divided condition, back into
a united Ummah in one Principle or Principle (Rububiyah). One power or Mulkiyah and one
obedience or Uluhiyah. While these principles or principles already exist in this universe
along with the Books of Allah that were sent down as the source of all sources of Islamic law.

Characteristics of polytheists and
verses of the Qur’an about polytheists

The characteristics of a polytheist himself can be seen from how he worships God other than Allah SWT, with
the aim of worshiping other than the Creator, he also often obeys other than Allah SWT in terms of
disobedience and equates him with other than Allah SWT in terms of his love. For example,
polytheistic behavior or worshiping something other than Allah, while the heaviest behavior of polytheists
is worshiping something other than Allah SWT.

For example, in worshiping statues, tombs, stones, wood, or other objects, including humans.
Musyrik people also have the belief that these objects are gods who are able to create good and
evil. He also partners with God. Believing that there are creatures other than
Allah who also have many of the same characteristics as Allah is a polytheistic behavior, besides that
making religious leaders as God is also a polytheistic behavior. In the science of monotheism,
the behavior of deifying or deifying humans is also known as Ghuluw.

After understanding the meaning, find out more about this polytheist through the verses of the Koran.
Consider a number of verses of the Koran as follows:

1. Associating partners with Allah

As previously mentioned, associating partners with Allah SWT is a manifestation of the attitude of
polytheists. The polytheists themselves are placed in hell by Allah SWT. This is
also in accordance with the sound of surah Al-Maidah verse 72 as follows:

لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ ۖ وَقَالَ الْمَسِيحُ يَا بَنِي
إِسْرَائِيلَ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ ۖ إِنَّهُ مَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَقَدْ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ
عَلَيْهِ الْجَنَّةَ وَمَأْوَاهُ النَّارُ ۖ وَمَا لِلظَّالِمِينَ مِنْ أَنْصَارٍ

Meaning: “Surely they have disbelieved those who say: “Indeed Allah is the Messiah son of Maryam”, even
though Al Masih (himself) said: “O Children of Israel, worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord”.
Verily, whoever associates (something with) Allah, then surely Allah has forbidden paradise for
him, and the place is hell, there is no helper for the wrongdoers.” As an illustration,
examples of polytheists are those who ask for help other than Allah, for example asking statues or dead
people.

2. Charity But Riya

Musyrik people also generally do acts of worship with the aim of showing off or showing off.
In Islam this act is included in the minor shirk so that the practice in it is no longer counted as
a reward. In surah Al-Kahf verse 10 itself, Allah SWT says:

إِذْ أَوَى ٱلْفِتْيَةُ إِلَى ٱلْكَهْفِ فَقَالُوا۟ رَبَّنَآ master اتِنَا مِن لَّدُنكَ رَحْمَةign

Meaning: “Whoever hopes to meet his Lord, let him do good deeds and let him not associate anyone in worshiping
his Lord.”

3. Hanging Something Not To God

A Muslim with polytheistic nature will tell all matters to other than Allah SWT. This then
makes them a people abandoned by Him. In surah Al-Israa ‘verse 22 itself Allah SWT then says as
follows:

لَّا تَجْعَلْ مَعَ ٱللَّهِ إِلَٰهًا ءَاخَرَ فَتَقْعُدَ مَذْمُومًا مَّخْذُولًا

Meaning: “Do not set up other gods beside Allah, so that you will not be disgraced and not abandoned (God).”

4. Worship But Not for Allah

Someone who has polytheistic nature can also be diligent in worship. However, the worship he
does is not solely for or because of Allah. In Surah Hud verses 15-16, Allah SWT says, “Whoever
wants the life of this world and its ornaments, We will surely give them a perfect reward for their work in
this world and they will not be harmed in that world. Those are the people who will not get
anything in the Hereafter, except Hell and what they have worked for in this world will disappear and what
they have done will be in vain.”

5. Loving Something Beyond His Love for
Allah

The characteristics of people who are polytheists or associate partners with Allah can also be seen from
what they love. Generally, someone with polytheistic nature will love something excessively
beyond his love for Allah SWT. In fact, true human love is then only intended by God alone.
In surah Al-Baqarah verse 165, Allah SWT then said:

وَمِنَ ٱلنَّاسِ مَن يَتَّخِذُ مِن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ أَندَادًا يُحِبُّونَهُمْ كَحُبِّ ٱللَّهِ ۖ وَٱلَّذِينَ
ءَامَنُوٓا۟ أَشَدُّ حُبًّا لِّلَّهِ ۗ وَلَوْ يَرَى

ٱلَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوٓا۟ إِذْ يَرَوْنَ ٱلْعَذَابَ أَنَّ ٱلْقُوَّةَ ل above

Meaning: “And among humans there are those who worship rivals besides Allah; they love him as
they love Allah. As for those who believe, their love for Allah is exceedingly great.
And if those who commit injustice know when they see the punishment (on the Day of Resurrection),
that all power belongs to Allah, and that Allah is very severe in punishment (they will regret it).”
Allah SWT does not forgive people who are polytheists and polytheists. In surah
An-Nisa verse 48, Allah SWT says:

ِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَنْ يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَنْ يَشَاءُ ۚ وَمَنْ يُشْرِكْ
بِاللَّهِ فَقَدِ افْتَرَىٰ إِثْمًا عَظِيمًا

Meaning: Surely Allah will not forgive the sin of shirk, and He forgives all other sins other than (shirk),
for whom He wills. Whoever associates partners with Allah, he has indeed committed a great
sin.

By understanding how big a sin you should avoid polytheism and polytheism. Thus, we will then
always be under the protection of Allah SWT.

Three Kinds of Mushrik

Musyrik people are those who believe in the existence of Allah SWT, but also still believe in other powers
besides Allah SWT. Sheikh Ibn Hasan Bisry At-Turjani also stated that there are three types of
polytheists. According to some scholars, these three groups include pure polytheists,
polytheists in deeds or believe in magical objects, and polytheists worshiping sacred places, trees, graves,
and taking allegiance to demons or jinns. Check out the more detailed explanation below:

1. Pure polytheists

A pure polytheist is a person whose actions and ways of worship are not in accordance with Islamic
religious beliefs. They deny religion, and prefer to follow acts that are not in accordance
with the faith committed by their ancestors. “From among them there are usually people who are
elders, as spiritual leaders for all the people in a village or village,” he said.

2. Deed polytheists

Deeds polytheists are people who claim to be Muslim, but in their acts of worship do not reflect a
believer. He recited the creed, fasted, prayed, gave alms and went on pilgrimage.
But even so, he also still believes in other things, such as still believing in magical objects,
keris, spears, tosan aji, or other objects that are considered to have supernatural powers. He
also likes to go to shamans or smart people.

3. Worship polytheists

Idolaters are ordinary Muslims who still go to sacred places, such as the graves of saints, not to make
pilgrimages but only to receive blessings. Most of them also do not understand Islamic beliefs,
so besides believing in God, they also believe in caves, trees or other places that are considered sacred.
They also make a pact with the guardian of a sacred place, it is like a mountain which they think
can give wealth. Thus they have also pawned part of their lives to be handed over to the caves
or mountain guardians or those to later receive wealth in return, even though they have to pay offerings, in
the form of sacrifices according to the agreement.

The difference between Musyrik and Shirk

Then what is the difference between Shirk and Musyrik? Musyrik are people who equate Allah SWT
with other than Allah with things related to the specialness of Allah. Mushrik can also be
interpreted as a person who turns something to other than Allah. They are those who associate
partners with Allah not only in I’tikad or beliefs, speech, and deeds. As for the
characteristics of polytheists, they include turning the form of worship to other than Allah SWT with the
aim of obeying other than Allah and equating their love for other creatures which is aligned with their love
for Allah. While Shirk is an act of associating partners with Allah SWT in terms of His
rububiyah, His uluhiyah, Asma (names) and His attributes. The most striking signs of shirk and
in accordance with the words of the Qur’an include walking not in the way of Allah SWT, majesty
and self-humiliation that depend on other than Allah SWT, also carry out laws that are produced other than
Allah SWT. Apart from that, a person who is shirk also runs unions with other than Him, he also
supports activities that are not pleasing to Allah SWT, and is afraid of other than Him, and tries for other
than Allah SWT.

Books Related to Musyrik

1. Live in Prayer

Praying is the nature of man as a servant. Not only aiming to fulfill dreams, prayer is a way
of establishing an intimate relationship with God. Therefore, the strings of words should also
be full of glory. This book of Life in Prayer presents all the beautiful prayers, dhikr,
blessings, and practices to treat anxiety. Starting from prayer for learning, mate, fortune,
self-protection, self-calm, plague, repentance, to many other specific and actual prayers that you need in
navigating the hopes and endeavors of life.

2. Introduction to Fiqh Rules

Fiqh rules occupy a very important position in the study of Islamic law. Fiqh rules are one of
the four important pillars of Islamic law. The fiqh rules are a collection of many fiqh issues
that can provide convenience for experts and practitioners of Islamic law in carrying out the process of
determining the law. Thus, the principles of fiqh can be used as a reference for thinking
(theoretical framework). There are already quite a number of books that discuss fiqh principles
and become a guide for students, especially students of the Sharia faculty, but those that explain in detail
starting from concept, history, comparison to implementation of fiqh principles both basic principles and
general and special fiqh rules are still rare. The book entitled “Introduction to the Rules of
Jurisprudence” can be read by students of the Sharia faculty at a number of universities in Indonesia.
In addition, this book can also be used by academics, researchers, observers and practitioners in
the field of Islamic law.

3. 50 Nabawiyah Rules for Soul and Life

This book is entitled, “50 Nabawiyah Principles” written by DR. Umar bin Abdullah Al-Muqbil.
A scholar as well as a prolific writer. Previously he successfully presented a book,
“50 Rules of the Qur’an.” And, this book is a part of the previous book. The
practical value of this book is a feature of its own, because the author presents implementative
explanations for immediate practice in everyday life. It is very visible that the author
understands the actual world with all its problems. With nabawiyah rules, the complexity can be
explained. With the scattered Nabawiyah rules, they can be put together. With
Nabawiyah rules that are disconnected can be reconnected. And, this is one of the uniqueness
that exists in Islamic law, not found in any religion. This book is presented in a language
that is easy to understand. Inevitably, this book deserves your possession.

4. Common Sense Muslims

The more modern the times do not guarantee that humans will be smarter in thinking and do not guarantee
that humans will become wiser in what they do. In fact, humans are increasingly out of control
and increasingly wild towards themselves (read: lust). Humans often lose their minds.
It doesn’t mean that he doesn’t use his mind, it’s just that his mind is made shallow
(intentionally or not) so that reason (as a collective consciousness) cannot understand carefully,
precisely, and logically when making practical considerations. Ironically, in this chaotic age
people who are not ‘common sense’ are made role models by people who are not ‘common sense’.
So, life is getting chaotic, feet on heads and heads on feet. That’s why this book
comes to the lap of readers as material for reflection. The writings in this book are
accompanied by reflective stories that are hoped to be able to open our collective consciousness, especially
in religion. Also as a response to the ‘templates’ that have recently occurred in society and
are busy on social media, especially those related to religion. There is no intention to
patronize in this book, let alone self-justification. Everything is left to the readers to draw
conclusions. Hopefully the presence of this book can be useful! Everything is left
to the readers to draw conclusions. Hopefully the presence of this book can be useful!
Everything is left to the readers to draw conclusions. Hopefully the presence of this
book can be useful!

Characteristics of a Tropical Climate – Indonesia is part of a country that has a tropical climate. Tropical itself is an adjective from tropics which means “spinning” because the position of the sun changes between two tropics in one period.

Often too many people think climate, season, and weather are the same thing. Though there is a difference between the three. So, so that Sinaumed’s doesn’t misunderstand the difference, he also has deeper knowledge, let’s look at the full explanation below.

Definition of Tropical Climate

Climate is a state of average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time, at least 30 years. This climate can be influenced by air humidity, air temperature, sunlight, atmosphere, rainfall, and of course the equator.

Basically, the climate is divided into four types, namely tropical, subtropical, temperate, and polar climates. This climate difference occurs because of the existence of the equator. In parts of the earth that are close to the equator, usually have tropical and subtropical climates. On the other hand, the parts of the earth that are far from the equator have temperate as well as polar climates.

The tropical climate itself is generally located in areas that are located between the isotherm lines in the northern and southern parts of the earth. Precisely at a position of 23.5 degrees north latitude (°N) and 23.5 degrees south latitude (°S).

There is also a tropical climate that lies right on the equator. In accordance with its natural state, the tropical region is divided into two. The first is dry tropical areas such as steppes, dry savannas and deserts. Then secondly there are humid climates such as savannas, tropical rain forests, and areas with wet seasons.

According to Lippsmeier, Indonesia is included in the tropical rain forest area around the north and south equator. This climate character is usually characterized by precipitation and also high humidity. Followed by a slight wind and exchange. This is caused by high humidity, as well as moderate to strong solar radiation.

In addition, the tropical climate has two seasons each year, namely the dry season and the rainy season. Usually the dry season occurs between March and August, while the rainy season occurs between September and February.

Characteristics of a Tropical Climate

Each climate has unique characteristics or features and can be used to distinguish one climate from another. Below are the characteristics of a tropical climate:

1. Changes in air temperature tend to be normal and not too extreme.
2. Located between the lines 23.5°N and 23.5°S.
3. Evaporation of sea water occurs quite high because there are clouds in the atmosphere.
4. Rainfall is relatively higher and longer each year. This also affects soil fertility in tropical climates.
5. Rainfall is higher and lasts longer than any other climate in the world.
6. The air pressure is low and changes in pressure occur slowly.
7. In dry tropical climates, the air can turn around quickly, this is due to the Earth’s return radiation, which is also fast.
8. Wet tropical areas usually have green and dense vegetation in the forest.
9. It has a small annual amplitude, which is around 1-5 degrees Celsius, except for a larger daily amplitude.
10. The air temperature in a tropical climate is very high. During the day it can reach 45 degrees Celsius, and at night it can reach 10 degrees Celsius.
11. Areas with a tropical climate usually always get sunlight every year because it is located near the equator.
12. The air temperature tends to be high caused by the vertical position of the sun. Usually the temperature is at 20 to 30 degrees Celsius, for some places there are also more than 30 degrees Celsius.
13. If there is a significant change in the tropical climate, then the global climate can be affected.

As previously mentioned, during the day in tropical climates the sun is always full vertically. And not only Indonesia, which feels it. There are also several other countries that have a tropical climate. Are as follows:

1. States of America

• All countries in Central America
• Caribbean Islands Territory
• Nassau in the Bahamas Islands
• Upper South America includes Peru, Bolivia, Suriname, Colombia, Paraguay, Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina and northern Chile.
• Part of Mexico

2. Asian continent

• Southeast Asia
• Hong Kong
• Maldives Islands
• Part of Taiwan
• Parts of Bangladesh
• Southern part of India

3. Countries in the Middle East

• Yemen
• South of Saudi Arabia
• Oman
• United Arab Emirates

Tropical Climate Type

Although in this world the climate has been divided into four, it turns out that tropical climates can be further divided into three types. This division is based on the amount of rainfall in each region. The following is a more detailed explanation of the three.

1. Tropical Savanna Climate

This area with a tropical savanna climate is the driest area because it has less rainfall than other types of tropical climates. In this area quite often drought occurs which can cause flora and fauna to die.

Sudan, East Africa, West Madagascar, South Africa, Central Brazil, Bolivia, Northern Australia, and Paraguay are countries that have a tropical savanna climate.

2. Tropical Monsoon Climate

This type of tropical climate usually averages above 18°C ​​(64.4°F) each month. Because of this, this climate is often also referred to as a climate between wet Af (or tropical rainforest climate) and Aw (or tropical savanna climate).

In addition, this tropical monsoon climate also tends to be exposed to more sunlight than tropical rain forest climates. Therefore, it is not surprising that this climate has warm weather all year round. Countries that enter this tropical monsoon climate include Southeastern Brazil, Sri Lanka, India, Myanmar, Guyana, Southwest Africa, and Bangladesh.

3. Tropical Rain Forest Climate

Tropical rainforest climates are usually found in areas located on the equator at 10-15 degrees LU and LS. In areas with a tropical rain forest climate, the winds are very calm but the rainfall is high. On the other hand, the dry season generally only lasts for two months.

Global warming is enough to affect the cycle of changing the dry season and rainy season in tropical climates. As stated in the book Science of Climate Change by PUTRI SETIANI, ST, MES, PH.D.

In a tropical rain forest, one day and the next can feel very similar. Meanwhile, the temperature changes between daytime and night also tend to be greater. Especially when compared with the average temperature changes that occur throughout the year.

Forests as the lungs of the world certainly have many benefits for human life, including tropical rain forests which can balance the ecosystem in an area. Another benefit of the tropical rain climate is for the defense and also the growth of rainforests in Indonesia and other tropical regions.

Some countries in the world that have a tropical rainforest climate are Indonesia, Congo, Fiji, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, Madagascar, Brunei, Suriname, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Micronesia, Nicaragua, and others. .

Wet Tropical Climate Factors in Indonesia

After knowing several things about the climate to the types of tropical climates, Sinaumed’s came to know that Indonesia actually falls into the tropical rain forest climate type and is categorized as wet tropical.

This is apparently influenced by the shape and geographical location of Indonesia as an archipelagic country surrounded by two oceans, namely the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Forests in Indonesia have many benefits that contribute greatly to the lives of the people around them. Because of that it is fitting for the forest to be protected by applying the concept of Forest Ecology. As stated in the book Forest Ecology by Indriyanto.

The amount of sea evaporation causes an increase in rainfall and makes it humid. There are several other factors that also influence the existence of a wet tropical climate in Indonesia, and there are also three scales that influence Indonesia’s climate.

1. Regional Scale
   At this scale, it means that the Indonesian archipelago is surrounded by five large islands. But that doesn’t include the small islands that spread from the tip of Sabang to Merauke, and are surrounded by seas and straits.

2. Local Scale
   On a local scale, it means that Indonesia has several towering mountains. Meanwhile, mountains have an influence on rainfall, temperature, and climate. This is because mountains have lower temperatures than sea level.

3. Global Scale
   This global scale means that Indonesia is surrounded by the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. As well as directly adjacent to the continents of Asia and Australia. With Indonesia’s location like that, it makes Indonesia have a Wet Tropical Climate.

Tropical Climate Flora and Fauna

Climate differences will give rise to differences in various flora and fauna in each region. This is because each flora and fauna has its own living habitat with a different way of survival. If the environment is no longer suitable for the habitat it should be, the flora and fauna will not be able to survive long in the area.

In addition to climate, the type of soil can also affect the life of flora. While soil fertility is highly dependent on rainfall, temperature conditions and the intensity of sunlight in an area.

For this reason, so that you don’t misunderstand the flora and fauna that can live in a tropical climate, here are the types:

1. Tropical Climate Flora

As we know that flora can grow in the right place or habitat, for example in tropical rain forests in tropical climates. In this type of forest there are homogeneous plants and dense leaves, and forest conditions tend to be darker because the intensity of sunlight is not too much. While the types of flora that can be found in tropical climates are:

a. Meranti (Shorea and Parashorea)

Meranti is a member of the Dipterocarpaceae (meranti-merantian) tribe which consists of large trees which are the main constituent of most of the wet tropical forests in the tropical lowland regions of Asia. A study in Kalimantan found that there were 9 genera (genus), 268 species (species), and 27 sub-species of meranti.

b. Pine or Tusam

Tusam or pine is the name for a group of plants that all join the genus Pinus. In Indonesia alone, trees called pines are usually Sumatran tusam (Pinus Merkusii Jungh. Et deVries).

Pinus merkusii Jungh tree. et de Vriese is a type of pine that was first discovered by a German botanist Dr. FR Junghuhn with the name “Tusam” in the South Tapanuli area. This pine is a pine that grows natively in Indonesia.

c. Keruing (Dipterocarpus)

Keruing is generally a medium to large sized tree. It has a crown height of up to 65 meters and straight stems. When injured, the stems and branches emit a large amount of resin. Twigs on keruing hair, coarse or smooth. The leaves are broad, slightly thick, and wither quickly.

d. Black Wood (Diospyros sp)

Black wood plants originating from the Sulawesi region are known to have stronger wood than similar plants. Its characteristics are variegata (striped) and black with brown stripes. The size of this plant is medium to large and can reach a height of 40 meters. Stem diameter can reach 150 cm. Cylindrical rod shape with a scaly and colored surface.

The selling price of ebony in the market is quite expensive because the amount is rare, hard and also thick. Usually this black wood is used as a material for making quality furniture.

e. Palm (Palmae)

The palm tree is an example of a plant that has strong resistance because it can live in various regions. Palm plants can grow well in various soil characteristics, from fertile to even arid soil. The distribution of palm trees is also very wide and can be found in tropical and subtropical regions.

In addition, palm trees can be found in the highlands and lowlands. Besides being able to adapt in various environments, palm trees are also classified as plants that are easy to care for. Therefore, no need to be surprised if many people use this plant as a decoration because of its beauty and easy maintenance.

f. Ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri)

Ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) or commonly called iron wood is one of the most famous and strongest woods in its habitat, which is in the forests of Kalimantan. There are various regional names for Ulin, including bulian, onglen (South Sumatra), belian, tabulin, bulian rambai, telian, tulian and ironwood (Kalimantan).

Ironwood has a very strong and durable quality. Ironwood or iron wood is also resistant to termite and stem borer attacks, resistant to changes in humidity and temperature and also resistant to sea water. Although this wood is very difficult to nail and saw, it is easy to split.

g. Lime (Dryobalanops)

Lime tree or Dryobalanops aromatica is a plant or flora that can grow in tropical Indonesia. This tree is a producer of camphor or camphor that we usually use everyday.

However, this tree is one of the rare plants in Indonesia, the IUCN Redlist includes it in a vulnerable or vulnerable conservation status (species that are at risk of extinction in the wild in the future).

h. Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis)

Acacia auriculiformis or also known as broad leaf acacia is a plant from the Fabaceae family native to Indonesia, originally from the southern part of Papua. Currently it has spread in Papua New Guinea and northern Australia.

This plant is also often found in dry areas such as savannas and monsoon forests. This plant is tolerant of critical and rocky soils.

2. Fauna of Tropical Climate

Animals or fauna that can survive in tropical climates will also be mentioned below. To find out, let’s look at the reading below.

• Africa’s fauna includes the addax, giraffe, zebra, antelope, gorillas, elephants, pangolins, camels and hippos.
• The Australis fauna as well as the Pacific islands and Eastern Indonesia include birds of paradise, cockatoos, kiwi, platypus and koalas.
• The fauna of Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Indonesia include bears, tigers, rhinos, deer, orangutans, several types of reptiles and fish.
• The fauna of Central America and South Africa includes bats, bulls, jaguars, lemurs and endemic fish such as piranhas.

There are lots of flora and fauna in tropical areas like Indonesia. With a large number of them, the activity of introducing flora and fauna to children or nephews is sure to be much more fun using the book Collection of Exciting Science Facts Around You: The Flora and Fauna Series by Kadewi, Resa Eka Ayu S, Ade Rakhma Novita Sari.

This is a discussion of the characteristics, types, and also the flora and fauna that live in tropical climates. See you in the next article!

Music Arts Medium – Sinaumed’s must be no stranger to the existence of this musical art! Yep, most people on this earth really depend on music for their life. It is even known that music is a form of art that has many fans, inseparable from modern music and traditional music. In addition, music is also another way to express feelings, ideas or emotions, apart from literature.

As with other works of art, this art of music also has its own medium. The art medium of music is what makes something that can be called music and is known by many people. Then actually, what is the medium of the art of music? What is the history of the existence of music that can eventually develop into various kinds of this? What is the function of the art of music which is known in the eyes of the culture and religions on this earth? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands this, let’s look at the following review!

Getting to Know What is a Medium in the Art of Music

If discussing about what the medium of the art of music is, then the answer is tone . Yep, the art of music is present in human life in the form of a unity of rhythm, melody, harmony, form and style, and expression. Sinaumed’s must also know that the art of music doesn’t only have instruments, but also accompanied by vocals. This means, when there is someone who knows how to play a musical instrument or make an instrumental, but does not understand vocal techniques himself, he cannot be called a musician. Meanwhile, in other works of art, for example dance, the medium is the human body.

Understanding the Art of Music

Then if there are more questions about what is the art of music, does Sinaumed’s already know what is the right definition for this?

Since in the term “art of music” there is the word “art” which is synonymous with beauty, pleasure, and recreation, the music that is created will usually be tailored to the tastes of the listeners. But if in the world of education, this art will be closely related to its influence on the mental and physical development of students. Not only that, now that music art education is included in the national education system, which will shape the behavior of students in a better direction because art can also introduce them to the values ​​and norms that exist in society.

According to Jamalus, the art of music has a definition in the form of something that produces a work of art in the form of sound. From that sound, it can then become a song or other composition that shows the ideas and feelings of the creator, through musical elements such as rhythm, harmony, melody, song arrangement, and expression into a single unit. Meanwhile, David Ewen also argues that the art of music is the science and art of combinations of rhythmic and several tones. Both vocal and instrument forms also cover a melody and harmony as a form of expression to be expressed.

So, from some of the experts’ opinions, it can be concluded that this art of music is a work of art whose ideas and feelings are embodied in a song with a composition of musical elements such as rhythm, harmony, melody, and expression into a single unit. You also need to know , Sinaumed’s, that this art of music is a product of beauty from human efforts to create beauty through sound arrangements that are arranged regularly. These efforts are usually carried out deliberately to obtain satisfaction that can be enjoyed by the human sense of hearing.

Types and Characters in the Art of Music

Sinaumed’s must also know that there are various types of music in this hemisphere. Each type of musical art has its own characteristics or characteristics so that each type of musical art has a different character from one another. Well, here are the types and characters that exist in the art of music.

1. Traditional Music

Traditional music is a type of music that originates from a tradition in an area that lives and develops in its community. This traditional music tends to be used as a local culture because it is directly related and seems to integrate into the daily life of the people. This traditional music can also be divided into two types, namely:

1. Folk Traditional: originates from the culture of the community, has a simple form, and integrates with people’s lives.
2. Classical Traditional: the art of folk music that has undergone refinement in the form of an artistic environment, so that the results are more refined and are usually performed by court artists. Examples include karawitan and Javanese gending.

Characteristics of Traditional Music

• Personality : calm and solemn. Because, usually this traditional music will be performed for certain sacred ritual ceremonies.
• Audience : connoisseurs of traditional music and artists.
• Visibility: the distance between the audience and the music is relatively close, and they usually don’t even need loudspeakers anymore.
• Relationship : The staging system between the musicians and the audience only takes place in one direction.
• Spatial Acoustics : Becomes important in order to obtain sound clarity, especially for artists. If there are sound disturbances in the room such as echoes, echoes, and noise, this can reduce comfort when enjoying the show.

2. Modern Music

Modern music is a piece of music that is based on the principles of modernism, namely by emphasizing universalist values. The existence of modern music is easier to find in the development of modern society like today, let’s say there is pop, jazz, rock, EDM, blues, R&B, Rap, Reggae, and many more.

Characteristics of Modern Music

• Personality : free and relaxed. In modern music performances, there are no binding rules, so the musicians improvise more to make their appearance more attractive.
• Audience : general public with various age ranges.
• Visibility : the distance between the musicians and the audience is relatively close and even free. Not infrequently, the audience will be invited to sing along so that the atmosphere becomes more lively.
• Relationship : there is a relationship or 2-way communication between the musician and the audience.
• Spatial Acoustics: Not much of a priority, because the audience is more focused on the appearance of the musicians on stage than the sound produced by the musicians. Therefore, it is not uncommon for musicians to use the lipsync technique .
• Lighting : Using special lighting to liven up the atmosphere. Usually the use of laser light as a stage background , fireworks, and others.

3. Contemporary Music

Contemporary music is a type of music that existed in the post-modern era as a form of returning to seek cultural and social values ​​in art. Usually, this type of music is in the form of traditional music which is then reworked using modern technology to produce a new creation of music.

Characteristics of Contemporary Music

• Personality : calm and relaxed. Even though this music is basically traditional music, through the process of improvisation using modern technology it will produce new music creations that are more relaxed. Not infrequently, his appearance is also more relaxed and free alias not rigid.
• Audience : artists, music observers, and the general public.
• Visibility: there is a distance between the stage and the audience, namely so that the audience can watch towards the stage freely and clearly. Apart from that, the musicians can move around the stage area.
• Relationship : There is often two-way communication between the musicians and the audience in the form of dialogue to break up the atmosphere.
• Spatial Acoustics: Becomes an important thing, because in this type of contemporary music, apart from being enjoyed from the attractions of the stage, it is also the quality of the music.
• Lighting : Being important, especially to support the value of existing music.

4. Classical Music

Basically, classical music is music that was born from European culture around 1750-1825. Classical music is classified in a certain periodization, starting from the classical, baroque, rococo, and romantic periods. Until now, classical music is often associated with its great figures, namely Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, or Haydn. The existence of classical music is often interpreted as a musical genre that is full of beauty and high intellect at all times, whether in the form of Mozart’s symphonies, Bach’s cantatas, or works in the 20th century.

Classical music is often associated with classicism, a style of art, literature, and architecture from Europe, especially in the 18th century. One of the main characteristics of this musical genre is giving more meaning to the instrumental music. In classical music, it has a regular rhythm and pitch, not slanted notes. Even music experts argue that this musical genre can also be used as an educational tool as well as a tool to sharpen human intelligence, because it has 3 elements of balance, namely: melody, rhythm, and timbre ( tone color ).

Examples of classical music works that are still known and played in orchestras, for example:

• Four Seasons Spring, by Antonio Vivaldi
• Canon in D Major, by Johann Pachelbel
• Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, by JS Bach
• Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, by W.A. Mozart
• The Blue Danube, by Johann Strauss II

Characteristics of Classical Music

• Personality : calm and full of concentration. This is because the appearance of this type of music tends to be formal, so that both the musicians and the audience will wear neat and polite clothes.
• Audience : artists, music observers, and the general public.
• Sight Distance : there is a distance between the stage and the audience. This is so that both parties also get the freedom of view.
• Relationship : Communication between the musician and the audience takes place in one direction, so that the audience only enjoys it.
• Spatial Acoustics: This is important, because in this type of music the perfection of performance is the quality of success, so sound disturbances should be avoided as much as possible.
• Lighting : there is a special lighting towards the stage .

Music Art Function

Of course, the existence of the art of music in everyday human life provides many benefits, as is the case with other works of art. Well, here are the functions or benefits of the art of music in human life.

1. As a Means of Self Expression

That is, music can be a vessel especially for musicians to express their feelings. If you want to express happy feelings, musicians usually play rhythms with fast and passionate tempos. Meanwhile, if the musician is feeling sad, then he will play the rhythm at a slow and smooth tempo.

2. As a Commercial Means

Music is also often used as a source of income by artists. This income is obtained by selling recordings of their musical works in the form of CDs (Compact Discs) or cassettes in the market. In fact, not infrequently, their music works will be contracted or purchased directly by film studio houses and advertising agencies as their backsound .

3. As a Means of Communication

In addition to producing sounds that are pleasant to hear, sounds in music also contain rhythmic patterns which have specific aims and objectives. Usually, this music will be used in a special ceremony.

4. As a Means of Creativity

Basically, creativity is a pure nature that exists in every individual and also accompanies personality in order to fulfill needs. Therefore, music can also be used as a container for the fulfillment of human creativity.

5. As a Means of Therapy

Does Sinaumed’s know that music can actually be used as a therapy for patients, especially for those with mental disorders or paralysis of the organs. Not only that, music is also often used as a relaxation for the brain pattern system that is tired of working. The use of music as a therapy has apparently been applied after the second world war, especially to recover the mentality of the war victims.

6. As an Educational Facility

The existence of the art of music is also often used, especially in the field of the learning process. In fact, nowadays many schools have included the art of music into their education system so that their students are more sensitive to music, which is introduced through songs of struggle.

7. As a Ceremonial Means

This musical art is also closely related to the continuity of certain ceremonies. For example, traditional ceremonies, state ceremonies, marriage ceremonies, to death ceremonies. The role of music as a means of this ceremony is to add to the solemnity of the community at the ceremony in question.

8. As a Means of Dance

The existence of music and dance are two things that cannot be separated. Indirectly, the two arts have the same pattern and rhythm. So it can be said that a dance without the accompaniment of musical rhythms will look empty and even make it difficult for the dancers to be more expressive.

9. As a Means of Entertainment

Does Sinaumed’s know that since ancient times, the existence of this art of music has been used by people at that time as a medium for entertainment, which was not only intended for himself but also for the general public. For example, in the tradition of traditional music which is usually “hand in hand” with wayang plays. Because of this combination, it turns out that it really produces a work of art that makes people feel entertained.

So, that’s an overview of what is the medium of the art of music and the types of music that are often encountered in life. Does Sinaumed’s also often use music as a medium of entertainment when he’s bored?

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

Source:

Mulyono, D. (1999). Music Art Exhibition Hall in Yogyakarta .

Also Read!

• Get to Know the 3 Types of Female Voices and Musical Elements
• History and Development of Classical Music
• History of the Development of the Orchestra and Examples of Musical Instruments
• Understanding Five Tone Intervals
• The Development and History of Dangdut in Indonesia
• Get to know BC. Mochtar, the Creator of the Mother’s Love Song
• Characteristics and Functions of Regional Songs
• List of Macapat songs and their meanings
• Examples of Gamelan Musical Instruments and How to Play It
• Definition and Order of Scales
• Types of Tone Intervals in Music

Muhasabah is – As we know that no human being is free from sin, so it would be nice if we always
do self-introspection or in Islam it is called muhasabah.

Muhasabah is one of the recommended actions in Islam. Muhasabah needs to be made a necessity
in human beings, because it provides many benefits in life in this world and in the hereafter.

Muhasabah needs to be done to assess and re-examine what we have done, and then improve ourselves.

So, what is muhasabah?

Understanding Muhasabah

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), muhasabah is introspection. A correction of
one’s own attitude and actions.

Come on self-reflection book! Defining muhasabah is introspection or self-correction for all
the actions, words, and thoughts that we do in our daily lives. This book also mentions that if
we want to be a better person, then we must always istiqomah in keeping ourselves on the straight path and
at the same time achieving peace of mind.

According to A Kang Mastur (2018: 88) in his book entitled Yuk, Muhasabah, he explained that muhasabah comes from
the Arabic word ” hasiba-yahsabu-hisab ” which etymologically means calculation.
Meanwhile, in Islamic terminology, muhasabah is a person’s effort in evaluating himself for
every good and bad in all aspects of his life.

The book Yuk Muhasabah also contains the most appropriate ways you can do to get peace in life and become a
true winner. You also gain knowledge about ways to jump-start the myriad of potentials you
have.

Because the truth is to be a winner, let alone to achieve a peaceful life is not an easy thing.
That ‘s why this book will tell you how to achieve it.

Muhasabah is usually done at night before we rest, namely by correcting all attitudes, actions, and
self-errors throughout the day. This is so that the mistake is not repeated in the future and
can become a better person.

Proof of Muhasabah

Islam teaches its people to always reflect, here are some of the arguments related to muhasabah are as follows.

1. QS An-Nur verse 31 which means “Repent to Allah, O you who believe, so that you will be successful.”
2. QS Al-Hasyr verse 18 which means “O you who believe, fear Allah. Let everyone
   consider what he has done for tomorrow. Fear Allah. Indeed, Allah is
   All-Knowing of what you do.”
3. QS Al-A’raf verse 201 which means “Indeed, those who are pious when anxiety is overwritten by Satan, they
   remember Allah, then immediately they see (his mistakes).”
4. From Syadad bin Aus Ra., Prophet Muhammad SAW said: “A smart person is someone who evaluates
   himself and does good deeds for life after death. Meanwhile, a weak person is one who
   follows his own desires and dreams of Allah SWT. (HR. Tirmidhi).
5. Narrated by Umar bin Khattab, Rasulullah SAW also once said: “Account yourself before you are given an
   account, and decorate yourselves (with good deeds), because there is something wider and bigger, and
   something that relieves reckoning on the Day of Resurrection, namely people who ponders over himself while
   in the world.” (HR. Tirmidhi).
6. Rasulullah SAW, quoted by Al-Ghazali, said: ” Indeed, I ask forgiveness and repent to Allah 100
   times a day.” (Imam Al-Ghazali).
7. Umar RA said through Imam Al-Ghazali, “You should do muhasabah on yourself before you are brought to
   account. Weigh your deeds before they will be weighed.” (Imam Al-Ghazali, Ihya
   Ulumiddin)

How to Do Muhasabah?

Muhasabah is self-introspection which can be done independently by oneself or together. At
school, surely some of you have experienced doing muhasabah with friends and teachers.

Usually this muhasabah activity is carried out at school just before the exam. There are
various purposes, it can strengthen our faith in Allah, strengthen our self-confidence to learn, and to
apologize to parents.

If you want to do the muhasabah yourself, you can try it by calming down by doing ablution first before
doing the muhasabah. Then, you can reflect after the prayer and then speak directly to the
Creator through a prayer.

Actually there are many ways to do muhasabah, some ways of muhasabah are as follows.

1. Evaluate the matter of intentions, practices, as
well as sins

The first thing to muhasabah is to reflect on what we have been through in life. Then,
evaluating, do we have the intention to become a better person? Have we done the practices that
God commanded? And have we realized how many sins we have committed?

After you know the answer, immediately intend to always be more obedient to Allah SWT and stay away from all His
prohibitions.

2. Carry out the prayer of repentance

When you regret all the sins you have committed, then as a devout Muslim you will immediately repent.
One form of practice that you can do is to establish a prayer of repentance.

The procedure for praying repentance is the same as praying in general, but it can consist of two, four, or
delicious cycles. Then at the very end of the prostration, confess all the sins you have
committed and ask Allah SWT for forgiveness.

As the Prophet said, “The closest thing between a servant and his Lord is when he prostrate, so pray a lot at
that time.”

3. Receive suggestions and input from others

As a human being, sometimes we need other people to make us aware of the mistakes we have made.
Therefore, having pious friends is really needed, because they can remind each other to always
reflect and evaluate themselves.

The Prophet said, “Indeed, I am only human like you. I forgot just like you guys forgot.
Therefore, remind me when I forget.”

So how important it is for friends to remind each other and support each other for muhasabah.

Then in the hadith it is also explained, “If Allah wills good for a leader/official, then Allah will give him an
honest companion/helper who will remind him if he is negligent and will help if he remembers.” (Narrated
by Abu Dawud)

4. Make friends with godly people

One of the sustenance that Allah gives to his servant is to be surrounded by pious friends.
That way, they will always advise each other and remind each other of the mistakes that have been
made, solely so that they can be together in goodness.

5. Being alone

One useful form of introspection and evaluation is to be alone when doing muhasabah. Umar bin
Khaththab said: “Correct yourself before you are judged and decorated (with good deeds) for the great
performance (on the Day of Resurrection).” (HR Tirmidhi).

The Priority of Doing Muhasabah

Because muhasabah is one of the most important things, you should do muhasabah every day.
Because it turns out, muhasabah has various virtues. As found in research conducted by
the School of Education and Modern Languages, UUM College of Arts and Sciences, Universiti Utara
Malaysia .

The results of this study indicate that muhasabah can be identified as an alternative effort to develop
good moral values. This is also related to the possibility of self-development and moral
development.

Along with the words of Imam Al-Ghazali who linked muhasabah with repentance. The two cannot
be separated, the act of repentance is a correction of an act or attitude from oneself which is done with
regret.

As a human being, every day we are never free from mistakes and mistakes, however, through muhasabah,
Allah, the Most Forgiving, welcomes these sinful servants. He also reported that His
forgiveness is greater than the sins committed by his people.

That is the explanation contained in the book Muhasabah The Sinner. It was also explained that
when we do muhasabah, Allah forgives all the sins and mistakes of his people, mistakes are erased, bad is
replaced with good and grace is poured out.

Then the priority of muhasabah is as follows.

1. It is the nature of a pious servant of Allah

The pious person is the one who brings the best provisions for the hereafter. However, the
journey does not always get a smooth road. It could be that person feels tired and weak or
could just feel bored. Muhasabah will help in dealing with various obstacles that will be
faced.

Maimun bin Mahran Rahimahullah said: “No servant becomes pious until he does muhasabah over himself harder than a
coworker who is stingy who makes calculations with his friends.”

2. The result of muhasabah is repentance

Many people commit immoral acts, but Allah SWT still bestows favors on them. The person does
not realize that it is a form of istidraj or a form of suspension towards destruction from Allah SWT, as His
word means:

“And those who deny Our verses, We will draw them gradually (towards destruction), in a way that they do not
know.” (QS Al-A’raf: 182)

The verse above is a form of warning from Allah SWT, so we should be afraid of this warning.
so it’s good for us to always do self-introspection. don’t let the blessings that God
has given us be a form of istidraj.

The true muhasabah will lead us to repentance which will begin with a form of regret. As
Rasulullah SAW said: “Regret is repentance.” (Reported by Ibn Majah, Ahmad and authenticated by
al-Albani in Shahiih al-Jaami’ ash-Shaghir).

3. Add energy to worship

Muhasabah will be an additional energy in itself when we carry out all the commands of Allah SWT.
Muhasabah is something that needs to be done so that we are not trapped in error, let alone
disobedience.

This can also be a moment to charge yourself , remember what you have done to find the good in it, and
develop yourself to become a better person and be loved by Allah SWT.

Muhasabah Aspects in Islam

1. Aspects of worship

The aspect of worship is one aspect of muhasabah. Because, worship is the main purpose of
human creation. As the word of Allah SWT which means “And I did not create jinn and humans
except that they worship Me.”

2. Aspects of work, fortune, and age

Muhasabah is an opportunity for Muslims to do self-introspection regarding what they have done while in the
world. Therefore, the aspects of age, work, and sustenance are important to pay attention
to.

From Ibn ‘Abbas Ra Rasulullah SAW once advised someone, he said,

“Take advantage of five things before five things: (1) Your youth before your old age comes, (2) Your healthy
time before your sickness comes, (3) Your rich period before your poverty comes, (4) Your free time before you
are busy, (5 ) Your life before your death comes.”

3. Aspects of social life

The aspect of social life in question is our relationship with fellow human beings. As
Rasulullah said,

“Do you know who the bankrupt person is?” They replied: “The one who is bankrupt among us is
the one who has no dirhams and has no possessions.”

The Messenger of Allah said: “Verily, those who are bankrupt from the people of the Day of Judgment
bring the reward of prayer, fasting and zakat. But he also came with the sin of tyranny.
He never railed against this person, accused without any evidence against that person, asked
for such and such property, spilled this person’s blood and fought against that person.

So as a ransom for this tyranny, it is given between the advantages of this person, such and such and such.
Until the end of the special, it has been distributed to those who were wronged while not all of
their wrongdoing has been redeemed, (HR Muslim no. 6522).

When is the Right Time for Muhasabah?

1. Initial time

Imam AL-Ghazali recommends that someone allocate time for muhasabah or self-introspection in the morning.
Muhasabah is carried out at the beginning of the most important time, to plan goodness and
strengthen commitment to goodness and stay away from evil. It is on such occasions that a
person sets a severe condition for himself in elevating him to the truth.

“Know, a servant as providing time at the beginning of the day to determine a tough condition for himself as
advice on the truth should provide time at the end of the day to ‘demand’ and ‘judge’ himself both motion and
silence.” (Imam Al-Ghazali).

2. End of time

Imam Al-Ghazali also advised Muslims to do muhasabah at the end of time. Muhasabah at the end
of time is quite important as a form of opportunity for a person to introspect all his actions, whether
silent or moving.

So, when is the right time for us to do muhasabah? It can be said muhasabah at the beginning
and at the end of time is equally important. Imam Al-Ghazali recommends that anyone do this
muhasabah on a daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly basis.

He also said that as wise people, we can do muhasabah in the morning and evening, early and weekends, as
well as at the beginning of the year and at the end of the year. There is no provision that we
only do muhasabah at the end of the year. We can do Muhasabah whenever we want.

Sinaumed’s, we already know that muhasabah is an attitude of self-introspection that we need to do in order to
become a better self. Sinaumed’s can also find out the best way to do muhasabah and other related
matters by reading books that you can find on sinaumedia.com .
sinaumedia always provides the best products so you have #MoreWithReading
information.

Most Popular Type of Work – For some people, profession is something that is very important in life. That is why people try their best to get the kind of job they want.

This work activity aims to have income in order to survive in society. Someone even tends to live to work, not work to live. The term is popular because the world of work is currently considered very competitive.

The development of the era seems to have also influenced the number of types of work from several professions that have developed as well. So don’t be surprised if currently there are many types of jobs that are popular because of technological and cultural developments in Indonesia.

Actually, each type of work has its own responsibilities and risks. This can affect the amount of salary and guarantees obtained by workers.

Before choosing a particular profession, it would be nice to know in advance what type of work to do, the risks and responsibilities involved in that profession. Even for certain professions a person must have special expertise to do so.

Do you have goals for a particular job? The following are some of the most popular and popular professions from various types of work in Indonesia, complete with how you can get these jobs.

The most popular types of work that you can do

1. Teacher

The teaching profession has become popular due to the large demand for teachers or teaching staff in Indonesian schools. Currently the Indonesian government is focusing on equal distribution of education and improving the quality of human resources (HR) of its people.

That is why many schools need qualified teaching staff. The government even allocates 70 percent of the education fund for teacher salaries, which is why many people want to become teachers.

The responsibility of being a teacher is of course very big because they are the ones who will educate the nation’s generation to be better. Teachers have an important role in the quality of Indonesian human resources in the future.

To become a teacher, one must have good teaching skills and broad knowledge of the particular skills to be taught. A teacher must also have patience and tenacity when educating their children so that they understand the lesson and feel happy while learning.

If you want to become a teacher, you can go to college majoring in education or teacher training related to the subject you want to teach. For example, you major in Indonesian Language Education if you want to become an Indonesian teacher.

2. Civil servants

Civil Servant (PNS) is one of the most popular professions in Indonesia. This profession provides a basic salary and lots of benefits, so many people want this type of work.

Even civil servants will also receive quite a lot of pension funds if they are no longer productive at work. The large number of people who register for Candidates for Civil Servants (CPNS) is proof that this profession is in great demand by people.

The responsibilities carried out by a civil servant usually depend on the agency where they work. Because they are civil servants, of course there are many things that they have to guard against so as not to damage their reputation as state civilians.

Many appointments of civil servants in several agencies. If you want to become a civil servant, prepare yourself to take part in the CPNS selection which is always held by the government. In order to pass CPNS you have to practice a lot about questions that often come out in CPNS selection.

At www.Sinaumedia.com you can find many complete CPNS question practice books. Examples of agencies that appoint civil servants are Ministries, provincial and regional governments, and other state institutions.

3. BUMN employees

State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) are one of the institutions that need a large number of qualified workers. Indonesia even has more than 120 SOEs that must be managed.

Being a BUMN employee certainly must have high integrity and qualified expertise. To become a BUMN employee is not easy, they have high standards for the expertise of their employees. The amount of salary is still one of the factors that many people target this profession.

The thing that needs to be prepared when registering to become a BUMN employee is qualified expertise in a particular field. Certification can be physical evidence to demonstrate your skills. If you want to become a BUMN employee, you must take part in the CPNS selection held by the government or register directly when BUMN agencies are opening recruitment .

4. IT

Jobs related to information technology are indeed very promising. This is because this expertise is much needed in every company. This profession is one of the most popular professions because of the influence of the increasingly developing era in terms of information technology sophistication.

Becoming an IT certainly requires special skills. If you have this expertise, examples of IT-related jobs that you can try are Software Developer, Programmer, System Engineer, and Software QA.

This profession certainly offers a very lucrative and fantastic salary. Moreover, the potential for technology in the future will continue to grow. This profession will definitely be increasingly popular with people.

Currently, many universities are opening majors to deepen information technology. In order for you to be easily accepted as an IT in the company, make a lot of work and improve your skills so that you have a good portfolio when applying for a job.

5. Bank employee

Bank employee is a popular type of job because many Indonesian people use bank services to save their money. Almost everyone uses the services of a bank, which is why this financial institution also requires a lot of manpower.

Working as a bank employee is required to be thorough and tenacious in serving and managing money. Regarding finances, if one little mistake will be very fatal. For example, if you write one zero wrong, it can be very detrimental.

For several positions in the bank, there are jobs that do not require specific educational specifications. For example, to become a teller at a bank, you don’t have to major in accounting, economics or business.

However, for a higher position, of course, you must have a qualified education certificate in finance and business. This is related to risk and responsibility as a leader.

6. Accountant

Almost all companies or organizational institutions need accountants because basically all interests will have something to do with finance. This accountant is the one who will manage the finances and manage them transparently in the accounting reports.

Becoming an accountant certainly has big risks and responsibilities. Almost the same as bank employees, accountants also require accuracy and tenacity in working on their reports. Carelessness of an accountant will be very fatal. In addition, an accountant must also be honest and transparent.

Because of the great risk and responsibility, this type of work also has a large salary. That is why many people dream of becoming an accountant. Even the accounting department at several universities has always been a favorite major with many applicants.

If you want to easily become an accountant in a certain company or agency, you must prepare a certification that shows that you have abilities in the economic and business fields.

7. Medical Personnel

The world of medicine or health always looks broad and interesting. When talking about health as if it is endless. Everyone will have their own health problems, whether mild or severe. That is why medical personnel are needed in the midst of society.

The health sector seems special because not everyone can be an expert in the health sector. Even getting certified to become a medical worker is neither easy nor cheap. However, this type of work is still the prima donna in Indonesia.

To become medical personnel, for example doctors, midwives, nurses, and so on, you need intelligence and courage. Why is that? Because medical personnel must have complete knowledge about health.

If they take the wrong action it will be very dangerous for the patient. There is even a popular term that says the patient’s life is in the hands of the doctor. I don’t think the term is wrong because a doctor or medical staff must indeed be demanded to be smart, intelligent, and brave.

8. Marketing

This type of work as marketing is still a favorite because the business world in Indonesia is growing. Marketing work is one of the keys to the success of a business. That is why many companies are looking for good marketing people for their business.

Being a marketing person must be confident, diligent, tenacious, and not give up easily. This job can be considered easy and difficult because not everyone has the skills to attract customers to buy something. It is his important role in this company that makes a marketing person able to have a large income.

In order to succeed in becoming successful marketing, one needs to practice and get down to the field to face the market. This will also spur you to understand what marketing strategies need to be carried out on business targets.

9. Graphic Design

Currently, this type of work as a graphic designer is being loved by many people, especially young people. Jobs in the creative industry are in great demand due to technological developments that make the visual world interesting.

Now visuals are an important thing to pay attention to. Many companies are looking for graphic designers to design and design products, promotions, and so on. In fact, almost all types of businesses require this expertise.

The salary offered as a graphic design is certainly not small because not everyone has good visual abilities. Even the risks of becoming a designer are practically not big, it’s just that you may be required by deadlines and client pressure that may not suit your visual tastes. If you want to be a graphic designer, make lots of work and practice to make your portfolio more attractive to clients .

10. Data Analyst

Data Analyst is one type of job that is needed by many companies. They need a Data Analyst to read, understand, and translate data for certain company reports.

Almost all types of businesses and non-profit agencies require the expertise of a data analyst. The ability of a qualified Data Analyst will greatly affect the development of a company because this type of work is related to the planning and development of what the company must do.

A Data Analyst must have good analytical skills, critical thinking, curiosity, like to experiment, and good communication skills. This type of work also requires someone to be able to understand programming languages ​​such as SQL, Oracle, and other programming languages.

In addition, a data analyst must also understand Adobe Campaign Software and master mathematics and statistics. This is very influential on the results of their work. This not easy skill will certainly make this type of work have a large salary.

11. Journalist

Journalism is one type of work that is in great demand by Indonesians. The number of media emerging in Indonesia makes the need for a journalist also increase.

Especially now that technology is very supportive for getting a lot of information, for example the many online media that have sprung up. Journalism is a promising job because many people need information.

To become a journalist, you must have persistence, tenacity, and great curiosity. This is certainly very related to the work done by journalists. They are required to be on time with deadlines and have a lot of knowledge of issues.

In order to easily get this type of work, you can start writing works or practice broadcasting if you want to become a television journalist. A journalist must also have the courage to convey something to the public.

So, those are some types of jobs that are popular and in great demand in Indonesia. To choose a job, of course, needs to be adjusted to the interests, expertise, and talents we have. This will affect the results of the work we do.

Do not let us just be uncomfortable with the work that must be done every day. That is why it is important to recognize in advance the risks and responsibilities of a particular type of work.

As explained above that each job certainly requires special skills that must be trained. It is not imaginary that certain companies or agencies have high standards for their employees.

This competitive condition sometimes makes it difficult for people to find work. The following are book recommendations that you can read to prepare yourself to register for a job. These books will help you get to know your terrain and your potential in certain jobs. Even in these books you will also find strategic tricks to easily get a job.

The Most Popular Dinosaur Names in the World – Dinosaurus is an ancient animal that has
caught a lot of world attention. The names of dinosaurs often appear in several famous films
such as Jurassic Park . One of the main attractions of dinosaurs is their
enormous size, which makes them look like giant animals.

Dinosaurs can be classified into various groups of animals from a taxonomic, morphological and ecological
point of view. More than 9,000 species of dinosaurs Iis the type of the most diverse
vertebrates, besides fish perciform. By using fossil Sevidence, the palaeontologists have
identified more than 500 of the different Hdinosaurs genera dinosaurs and more than 1000 species are not the
same with non-bird dinosaurs.

The type of dinosaur in every continent can be determined Lthrough the species whether they are still alive
or through fossil remains. Most aof which is herbivorous, while the rest are carnivorous.
Most of the descendants nof dinosaurs which are still alive are bipedal ( two-legged ), but most of
the type of gdinosaur that has been extinct species are the quadrupedal (four legged).

Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups and several extinct
groups also have distinctive bony structures such as spines and sharp backbones. Researchshows
that laying eggs and building a nest of other characteristic are imparted by all dinosaurs.

Although a species of modern birds was generally small in size to adapt to flight capabilities, most of
pre-history dinosaurs were large—the largest being Amphicoelias fragilimus of the sauropod, at 60
meters (200 ft) long and 10 meters (30 ft) high and weighed 150 g tons. But, the
assumptionthat non-bird dinosaurs is generally gigantic size, is a misconception; many
dinosaurs were also small, for example Xixianykus , which was only 50 centimeters
(20 inches) long.

Since the first dinosaur fossils were discovered in the early 19th century, series of dinosaur skeletons
have become major displays in museums around the world. In addition, dinosaurs have also become
an integral part of world culture.

Its large size and its nature which is considered wild and terrible has led to the emergence of
best-selling books and films that tell about dinosaurs, for example Jurassic Park. The high
level of public enthusiasm for dinosaurs has led to an increasing flow of funds to fund dinosaur research
and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media.

Dinosaur Etymology

The Dinosauria taxon was formally named in 1842 by the British paleontologist Sir Richard Owen, who used it
to refer to “a distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian reptiles”. This name was later recognized
in England and around the world.

The name is derived from the Greek words δεινός ( deinos , meaning “terrible,” “strong,” or “immense”) and
σαῦρος ( sauros , meaning “lizard” or “reptile”). Although the taxonomic
name is often interpreted as a reference to the teeth, claws, and other monstrous features of dinosaurs,
Owen really only intended it to be a reminder of the size and majesty of dinosaurs.

Although the word dinosaur literally means “terrible lizard”, the dinosaurs are not lizards.
In contrast, dinosaurs belong to a separate group of reptiles. Evidence suggests that
extinct dinosaurs completely did not display traditional reptile characteristics, such as moving reptiles
and ectotherms.

Also, while many prehistoric animals, such as Mosasaurus , Ichthyosaurs ,
Pterosaurs , Plesiosaurs , and Dimetrodon , were considered
dinosaurs, they were not actually dinosaurs. Through the first half of the 20th century,
before birds were recognized to be dinosaurs, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to
have been sluggish and cold-blooded. However, studies conducted since the 1970s have shown
that dinosaurs were active animals with high metabolic systems and made various adaptations in their
social interactions.

There is general consensus among paleontologists that birds are descended from theropod dinosaurs .
In traditional taxonomy, birds are considered a separate “class” that evolved from dinosaurs.
However, most modern paleontologists reject this classification on the grounds that all
descendants of the dinosaurs should also be classified as dinosaurs.

Bird species are considered by modern paleontologists to be non-extinct dinosaurs. According
to most modern paleontologists, birds can be classified as part of the sub-group Maniraptora ,
which belongs to the coelurosaurs . Coelurosaurus is part of the
theropod clade , while theropods are part of the order Saurischia , and
Saurischia are part of the dinosaur group. Therefore, birds can be classified as
dinosaurs.

Dinosaur Characteristics

In order to be classified as a dinosaur, a fossil, or an alleged living thing (especially an animal), it must
have the following characteristics:

• Have Saurischia or Ornithschia hip bones .
• Lived during the Mesozoic era. Any animal that lived before or after the Mesozoic era is
  not categorized as a dinosaur, for example Dimetrodon .
• It had upright legs directly under the body like modern mammals and aves.
• It does not have large wings or fins that are used for flying or swimming.
• Oviparous reproduction.

Popular Dinosaur Names

Sinaumed’s, did you know that the names of dinosaurs are estimated to reach up to a thousand species.
Currently, there are around 700 species that have been found and officially named.
However, of course not all of them are popular. There are about eight names of the
most popular dinosaurs in the world because they often appear in movies and their fossils are also shown in
archaeological museums, namely:

1. Tyrannosaurus Rex

Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton kept at the Palais de la
Découverte, Paris, France.

The first dinosaur that was most popular in the world was Tyrannosaurus rex , or better known by the
abbreviated name T-rex. This specimen is labeled as the most ferocious dinosaur because it
has a large, upright appearance with two legs and a large jaw full of sharp teeth.

The Tyrannosaurus species is one of the most widely known large theropods.
Tyrannosaurus lived on a continent known as Laramidia, which has now turned into western North
America. Tyrannosaurus was much more distributed than other Tyrannosauridae animals
.

Tyrannosaurus fossils have been found in various geological formations from the Late
Cretaceous period around 68 to 65 million years ago. Tyrannosaurus was one of the last
non-avian dinosaurs before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

Like other Tyrannosaurids, Tyrannosaurus was a bipedal carnivore with a
large skull balanced by a long, heavy tail. Tyrannosaurus had
strong and large hind limbs, while the forelimbs were short and had only two fingers.

The most complete Tyrannosaurus specimen was 14 meters long, 4 meters high at the flank (the
highest point of the Tyrannosaurus since it could not stand upright), and according to
most modern estimates, had a mass of between 8.4 and 14 tons. The specimen is housed in the
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, under code name FMNH PR2081 and nicknamed Sue.

Although there are other theropods with body sizes that could rival or even exceed it, Tyrannosaurus is
still one of the largest land predators ever discovered and is thought to have had the strongest bite of any
land animal.

Tyrannosaurs in their environment were the largest carnivores, so they were likely apex predators that preyed on
Hadrosauridae , herbivores such as Ceratopsia and Ankylosauria , and possibly
sauropods as well .

There are some experts who believe that the pure Tyrannosaurus was a scavenger. The
debate over the identity of Tyrannosaurus as an apex predator or scavenger is
one of the longest debates in paleontology. Most paleontologists today hold to the
conclusion that Tyrannosaurus was a carrion-eating predator.

2. Apatosaurus

Apatosaurus louisae skeleton kept at The
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pennsylvania, United States
.

Apatosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur. Apatosaurus lived from about 152 to 151 million years
ago during the Kimmeridgium to early Tithonium. Fossils have been found in Colorado,
Oklahoma, New Mexico, Wyoming and Utah. Apatosaurus averaged 21–228 meters
(69–748 feet) in length and weighed an average of 164–224 tons. Some specimens show that
their maximum length can be 11–30% greater than average and weigh 327–726 tonnes.

Apatosaurus had a long tail that served as a deadly whip. Its main enemies were large
carnivores such as Allosaurus . Its habitat is usually on the shores of
lakes and forests. Although its original name ( Brontosaurus ) was
changed back to Apatosaurus , research in 2015 revealed differences between
Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus. Apatosaurus was more massive and strong with a thicker
neck than Brontosaurus .

3. Stegosaurus

Stegosaurus stenops skeleton kept in the Natural History
Museum, London, England.

Stegosaurus is a genus of large herbivorous dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of North America.
This species is one of the most easily identified dinosaur types because of the two rows of
criss-crossed scales on its back (hence the scientific name) and the two pairs of long spines on its tail
(called a thagomizer ).

Paleontologists have debated the process of compiling the scales on Stegosaurus’ back. The first opinion
says that Stegosaurus’ scales covered its back, while the second opinion says that the
scales stood upright and side by side. The generally agreed opinion is the second
opinion.

One thing that often creates misunderstandings about Stegosaurus is the cavity at the end of its
tail. In the past, paleontologists thought that the cavity contained the brain
of Stegosaurus , leading to the assumption that Stegosaurus was a smart
dinosaur because it had two brains.

However, it was later discovered that this assumption was wrong. Stegosaurus was not a very intelligent
dinosaur, having a brain the size of a golf ball and a cavity in its tail where very strong tail muscles
were attached, which it used as a means of self-defense by swinging its spiked tail as hard as possible at
its attacker.

Stegosaurus was one of the quietest dinosaurs, but attackers like Allosaurus or Saurophaganax
would have faced strong defenses from swinging tails. Stegosaurus tail spines
were over 1 meter long and could bore holes in their predators up to 90 centimeters deep.
Paleontologists once found the fossil of an Allosaurus with a pair of
hollow vertebrae. This proves that even herbivores, such as Stegosaurus
, can be deadly.

4. Triceratops

Triceratops prorsus skeleton kept at The Natural History
Museum of Los Angeles County, California, United States.

Triceratops is a large, three-horned dinosaur. It can reach 9 meters in length, about 3 meters
in height, and weighs 6.5 tonnes. Short call Tritop . This
dinosaur rarely ran scared when attacked by Tyrannosaurus because it had
self-protection in the form of sharp horns.

Triceratops was once called a warrior dinosaur because the combined shape of its head and horns made it
look like a knight with a sword and shield. This title has a point, because the skin that is in
the position of the “shield” is very hard. In addition, its sharp horns can frighten
opponents.

Triceratops had three horns, two above its eyebrows and one on its nose. The length of the
skull reaches 2 meters. Triceratops had four sturdy legs to support its body.
Some experts say that Triceratops couldn’t run fast, but it could reach
speeds of at least 30 kilometers/hour. Triceratops was the last non-bird dinosaur on
earth.

The first Triceratops fossils found were the cores of its two horns. This fossil was
found in 1887 near Denver, Colorado, United States. American paleontologist, Othniel
Charles Marsh, said that it was just a fossil bull horn. However, paleontologist John Bell
Hatcher discovered a nearly complete Triceratops skull in Wyoming in 1889.
Marsh realized his mistake and named the Ceratopsida dinosaur
Triceratops . Years later, Hatcher unearthed more than 40
Triceratops bones .

5. Velociraptor

Velociraptor mongoliensis skeleton stored in the Dinosaur
Journey Museum, Colorado, United States.

Velociraptor is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period,
approximately 65–71 million years ago. Fossils have been found in Mongolia, Russia and
China. They belong to the sub-order Dromaeosaurida which were of
medium size, being about 7 feet (2.5 meters) long and 3 feet (1 meter) high and weighing around 20–60
pounds (10–20 kilograms). Like other Dromaeosaurids ,
Velociraptor’s body likely had feathers.

They used to live in groups and their attack strategy was smarter than other dinosaurs. This
makes them able to compete with other large predators that live in the same place. They use
attention grabbers to distract their prey. Additionally, they have a large, curved claw on each
foot, which they may have used to stab or tear their victims, as well as attack them with their sharp
toenails.

Velociraptor was an opportunist predator. They attack almost any animal that lives with them
by hunting in groups and relying on their keen eyesight, fast running abilities, intelligent brains and
sharp claws. Velociraptor is known to have attacked Gilmoreosaurus , a type of
Ornithopod , Protoceratops , as well as an early Ceratopsida that was 3
meters long and weighed 100 kilograms.

The Velociraptor was shown in the films Jurassic Park I, II, and III, as well as Jurassic World as an
intelligent predator that was 4 meters long and about 2 meters tall. However, what actually
appears in the film is Deinonychus , another type of Dromaeosauridae that is
3.2 meters long and only 1.5 meters high. It was doubled in size to make it look even
scarier.

So, that’s a brief explanation of some of the most popular dinosaurs that are loved by children.
sinaumedia can visit sinaumedia’s book collection at www.sinaumedia.com to get references about other
dinosaurs. The following are recommendations for sinaumedia books that Sinaumed’s can read to learn
about dinosaurs so they can learn about them in full. Happy reading.

Find other interesting things at www.sinaumedia.com. sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will
always present interesting articles and recommendations for the best books for Sinaumed’s.

List of Names of World Currencies – Currency is a unit of value as a means of payment in the form of money that is accepted and applies as a legal means of payment and conducts economic transactions in a country. Each country has a different unit of currency value. World currencies include banknotes and coins issued by a country’s central bank or financial authority which acts as the sole supplier and monitors the circulation of money in the prevailing economic system in the world.

Currency is used in an open economy to facilitate economic transactions which include transactions between residents within a country, as well as transactions between residents of different countries. In transactions between countries, the currency used is mutually agreed upon by the countries involved. The use of a common currency is generally carried out in international trade for the purpose of exporting and importing goods and services.

List of World Currencies by Country or Region

This list contains 180 world currencies that are recognized as legal tender in United Nations (UN) member countries, UN observer countries, non-recognized or limited recognition countries, and their dependencies. Dependencies and unrecognized countries are listed here only if another currency used in their region differs from that of a country that governs them or has jurisdiction over them.

A currency is a type of money and a medium of exchange. World currencies include paper, cotton or polymer notes and metal coins. Generally, countries have a monopoly over the issuance of currency, although some countries share currencies with others. For the purposes of this list, only currencies that are legal tender, including world currencies used in actual trading or issued for commemorative purposes, are considered “currencies in circulation”.

Every currency in the world has exchange rate capabilities. This ability indicates the rate of exchange of a country’s currency into another country’s currency. In general, there are two types of world currencies based on exchange rate capabilities, namely strong currencies and weak currencies.

State or Territory	Currency	Symbol	ISO code	Fractional Units	Base Number
Abkhazia	Abkhaz Apsar	( none )	( none )	( none )	( none )
	Russian ruble	₽	RUB	Kopek	100
Afghanistan	Afghan Afghani	؋	AFN	Pul	100
south Africa	South African Rands	R	ZAR	Mon	100
Central African Republic	Central African CFA Franc	Fr	XAF	centime	100
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Albania	Albanian Lek	L	ALL	Qindarke	100
Alderney	Alderney Pounds	£	( none )	Penny	100
	British pound	£	GBP	Penny	100
	Guernsey pound	£	GGP	Penny	100
Algeria	Algerian Dinar	د. ج	DZD	Santeem	100
United States of America	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Andorra	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Angola	Angolan kwanza	Kz	AOA	Centimo	100
Anguilla	East Caribbean Dollar	$	XCD	Mon	100
Antigua and Barbuda	East Caribbean Dollar	$	XCD	Mon	100
Saudi Arabia	Saudi riyals	ر. س	search and rescue	Halala	100
Argentina	Argentine pesos	$	ARS	Centavo	100
Armenian	Armenian Dram		amd	Luma	100
Artsakh Republic	Armenian Dram		amd	Luma	100
	Artsakh drama	դր.	( none )	Luma	100
Aruba	Florin Aruban	ƒ	AWG	Mon	100
Ascension Island	Ascension pound	£	( none )	Penny	100
	Saint Helena pound	£	SHP	Penny	100
Australia	Australian Dollar	$	AUD	Mon	100
Austria	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Azerbaijan	Azerbaijani Manat	₼	AZN	Qəpik	100
Bahamas	Bahamian Dollar	$	BSD	Mon	100
Bahrain	Bahraini dinars	.د. ب	BHD	Philosophy	1000
Bangladesh	Bangladeshi taka	৳	BDT	Paisa	100
Barbados	Barbados Dollar	$	BBD	Mon	100
Dutch	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Belarus	Belarusian ruble	Brother	BYN	Kapyeyka	100
Belgium	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Belize	Belizean dollar	$	BZD	Mon	100
Benin	West African CFA Franc	Fr	XOF	centime	100
Bermudas	Bermuda Dollar	$	BMD	Mon	100
Bhutan	Bhutanese Ngultrum	Nu.	BTN	Chetrum	100
	Indian rupees	₹	INR	Paisa	100
Bolivia	Boliviano Bolivia	Bs.	BOB	Centavo	100
Bonaire	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible landmark	KM or КМ	BAM	Fening	100
Botswana	Botswana Island	P	BWP	Thebes	100
Brazil	Brazilian reals	R$	BRL	Centavo	100
great Britain	British pound	£	GBP	Penny	100
Brunei	Brunei dollar	$	BND	Mon	100
	Singapore dollar	$	SGD	Mon	100
Bulgaria	Bulgarian Lev	лв	BGN	Stotinka	100
Burkina Faso	West African CFA Franc	Fr	XOF	centime	100
Burundi	Burundi franc	Fr	BIF	centime	100
Cayman Islands	Cayman Islands Dollar	$	KYD	Mon	100
Czech Republic	Czech Koruna	kč	CZK	Haléř	100
Chad	Central African CFA Franc	Fr	XAF	centime	100
Chile	Chilean pesos	$	CLP	Centavo	100
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Australian Dollar	$	AUD	Mon	100
Cook Islands	New Zealand Dollar	$	NZD	Mon	100
	Cook Islands Dollar	$	( none )	Mon	100
Curaçao	Netherlands Antillean Guilder	ƒ	ANG	Mon	100
Denmark	Danish krone	cr	DKK	Øre	100
Djibouti	Djiboutian Franc	Fr	DJF	centime	100
Dominica	East Caribbean Dollar	$	XCD	Mon	100
Dominican Republic	Dominican peso	$	HUBCAP	Centavo	100
Ecuador	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
	( none )	( none )	( none )	Centavo	( United States Dollar )
El Salvador	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Eritrea	Eritrean Nakfa	Nfk	ERN	Mon	100
Estonia	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Eswatini	Lilangeni Eswatini	L	SZL	Mon	100
Ethiopia	Ethiopian beer	Brother	ETB	Santim	100
Falkland Islands	Falkland Islands Pound	£	FKP	Penny	100
Faroe Islands	Danish krone	cr	DKK	Øre	100
	Faroese crown	cr	( none )	Oyra	100
Fiji	Fijian dollar	$	FJD	Mon	100
Philippines	Philippine pesos	₱	PHP	Centavo	100
Finland	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Gabon	Central African CFA Franc	Fr	XAF	centime	100
Gambia	Gambian Dalasi	D	GMD	Old	100
Georgian	Georgian Run	₾	GEL	Tetris	100
Ghana	Ghanaian Cedis	₵	GHS	tenant	100
Gibraltar	Gibraltar pound	£	GIP	Penny	100
Grenada	East Caribbean Dollar	$	XCD	Mon	100
Guatemala	Guatemalan Quetzals	Q	GTQ	Centavo	100
Guernsey	British pound	£	GBP	Penny	100
	Guernsey pound	£	( none )	Penny	100
Guinea	Guinean Franc	Fr	GNF	centime	100
Equatorial Guinea	Central African CFA Franc	Fr	XAF	centime	100
Guinea-Bissau	West African CFA Franc	Fr	XOF	centime	100
Guyana	Guyanese Dollar	$	GYD	Mon	100
Haiti	Gourde Haiti	G	HTG	centime	100
Honduras	Honduran Lempiras	L	HNL	Centavo	100
Hong Kong	Hong Kong dollar	$	HKD	Mon	100
Hungary	Hungarian Forint	Ft	HUF	Filler	100
Iceland	Icelandic króna	cr	UTI	Eyrir	100
India	Indian rupees	₹	INR	Paisa	100
Indonesia	Indonesian Rupiah	Rp	IDR	Rupiah	1000
Iran	Iranian rials	﷼	IRR	Dinar	100
Iraq	Iraqi Dinar	ع.د	IQD	Philosophy	1000
Ireland	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Isles of Man	British pound	£	GBP	Penny	100
	Manx pounds	£	IMP	Penny	100
Israel	Israeli new shekel	₪	ILS	Agora	100
Italy	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Jamaica	Jamaican Dollar	$	JMD	Mon	100
Japan	Japanese Yen	¥	JPY	Mon	100
German	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
jersey	British pound	£	GBP	Penny	100
	Jersey pounds	£	JEP	Penny	100
New Caledonia	CFP franc	Fr	XPF	centime	100
Cambodia	Cambodian Riel	៛	KHR	Mon	100
	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Cameroon	Central African CFA Franc	Fr	XAF	centime	100
Canada	Canadian Dollar	$	CAD	Mon	100
Kazakhstan	Tenge Kazakhstan	₸	KZT	Tïın	100
Kenya	Kenyan shilling	Sh	KES	Mon	100
Kiribati	Australian Dollar	$	AUD	Mon	100
	Kiribati dollar	$	( none )	Mon	100
Colombia	Colombian pesos	$	COP	Centavo	100
Comoros	Comoran franc	Fr	KMF	centime	100
Congo, Democratic Republic	Congo franc	Fr	CDF	centime	100
Congo, Republic	Central African CFA Franc	Fr	XAF	centime	100
South Korea	South Korean won	₩	KRW	Jeon	100
North Korea	North Korean won	₩	KPW	Chon	100
Kosovo	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Costa Rica	Colón Costa Rica	₡	CRC	Centimo	100
Croatia	Croatian kuna	kn	HRK	Lipa	100
Cuba	Cuban convertible peso	$	CUC	Centavo	100
	Cuban pesos	$	CUP	Centavo	100
Kuwait	Kuwaiti dinars	د. ك	KWD	Philosophy	1000
Kyrgyzstan	Som Kyrgyzstan	с	KGS	Tyiyn	100
Laos	Lao Kip	₭	LACQUER	Att	100
Latvia	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Lebanese	Lebanese pound	ل. ل	LBP	Piastre	100
Lesotho	Lesotho loti	L	MSM	Sente	100
	South African Rands	R	ZAR	Mon	100
Liberia	Liberian Dollar	$	LRD	Mon	100
Libya	Libyan dinar	ل.د	POIs	Dirham	1000
Liechtenstein	Swiss Franc	Fr	CHF	rappen	100
Lithuania	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Luxembourg	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Madagascar	Ariary Madagascar	Ar	MGA	Iraimbilanja	5
Macau	Macanese Pataca	P	MOP	Avo	100
Macedonia, Republic	Macedonian Denar	ден	MKD	Deni	100
Malawi	Malawian kwachas	MK	MWK	patch	100
Malaysia	Malaysian ringgit	RM	MYR	Mon	100
Maldives	Rufiyaa Maldives	.gmail	MVR	Laari	100
Mali	West African CFA Franc	Fr	XOF	centime	100
Malta	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Marshall Islands	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Mauritania	Mauritanian ouguiya	UM	MRO	Khoums	5
Mauritius	Mauritian Rupee	₨	MUR	Mon	100
Mexico	Mexican pesos	$	MXN	Centavo	100
Egypt	Egyptian pound	£ or ج. م	EGP	Piastre	100
Micronesia	Micronesia Dollar	$	( none )	Mon	100
	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Moldova	Moldovan leu	L	MDL	Tire	100
Monaco	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Mongolia	Tögrög Mongolia	₮	MNT	Mongo	100
Montenegro	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Montserrat	East Caribbean Dollar	$	XCD	Mon	100
Morocco	Moroccan Dirham	د. م.	MAD	centime	100
Mozambique	Mozambican Meticals	MT	MZN	Centavo	100
Myanmar	Burmese Kyats	Ks	MMK	Pya	100
Namibia	Namibian Dollar	$	NAD	Mon	100
	South African Rands	R	ZAR	Mon	100
Nauru	Australian Dollar	$	AUD	Mon	100
	Nauruan dollar	$	( none )	Mon	100
Nepal	Nepalese Rupee	₨	NPR	Paisa	100
Nicaragua	Córdoba Nicaragua	C$	NIO	Centavo	100
Nigeria	West African CFA Franc	Fr	XOF	centime	100
Nigeria	Nigerian Naira	₦	NGN	Kobo	100
Niue	New Zealand Dollar	$	NZD	Mon	100
	New Zealand dollar	$	( none )	Mon	100
Norway	Norwegian krone	cr	NOK	Øre	100
Oman	Omani rial	ر. ع.	OMR	Baisa	1000
South Ossetia	Russian ruble	₽	RUB	Kopek	100
Pakistan	Pakistani Rupee	₨	PKR	Paisa	100
Palau	Palau Dollar	$	( none )	Mon	100
	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Palestine	Israeli new shekel	₪	ILS	Agora	100
	Jordanian Dinar	د.ا	JOD	Piastre	100
Panama	Panamanian Balboas	B/.	PAB	Centésimo	100
	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Ivory Coast	West African CFA Franc	Fr	XOF	centime	100
Papua New Guinea	Papua New Guinean kina	K	PGK	Toea	100
Paraguay	Guarani Paraguay	₲	PYG	Centimo	100
French	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
peruvian	Peruvian Sol	S/.	PEN	Centimo	100
Pitcairn Islands	New Zealand Dollar	$	NZD	Mon	100
	Pitcairn Islands Dollar	$	( none )	Mon	100
Poland	Polish Zloty	zł	PLN	Grosz	100
French Polynesia	CFP franc	Fr	XPF	centime	100
Portugal	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Qatar	Qatari riyals	ر. ق	QAR	Dirham	100
Romania	Romanian leu	lei	RON	Tire	100
Russia	Russian ruble	₽	RUB	Kopek	100
Rwanda	Rwandan Franc	Fr	RWF	centime	100
Sabbath	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Sahrawi Republic	Algerian Dinar	د. ج	DZD	Santeem	100
	Mauritanian ouguiya	UM	MRO	Khoums	5
	Moroccan Dirham	د. م.	MAD	centime	100
	Sahrawi’s Peseta	₧ or Ptas	( none )	centime	100
Saint Helena	Saint Helena pound	£	SHP	Penny	100
Saint Kitts and Nevis	East Caribbean Dollar	$	XCD	Mon	100
Saint Lucia	East Caribbean Dollar	$	XCD	Mon	100
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	East Caribbean Dollar	$	XCD	Mon	100
Samoa	Tala Samoan	Q	WST	Sene	100
British Indian Ocean Region	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
San Marino	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Sao Tomé and Principe	Dobra Sao Tome and Principe	Db	STD	Centimo	100
New Zealand	New Zealand Dollar	$	NZD	Mon	100
Senegal	West African CFA Franc	Fr	XOF	centime	100
Serbia	Serbian Dinar	дин. or din.	RSD	para	100
Seychelles	Seychelles rupee	₨	SCR	Mon	100
Sierra Leone	Leone Sierra Leone	Le	SLL	Mon	100
Singapore	Brunei dollar	$	BND	Mon	100
	Singapore dollar	$	SGD	Mon	100
Saint Eustatius	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Saint Maarten	Netherlands Antillean Guilder	ƒ	ANG	Mon	100
Cyprus	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
North Cyprus	Turkish lira	₺	TRY	Thin	100
Slovakia	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Slovenia	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands Dollar	$	SBD	Mon	100
Somalia	Somali shilling	Sh	SAUCE	Mon	100
Somaliland	Somaliland shilling	sl	( none )	Mon	100
South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia	British pound	£	GBP	Penny	100
	South Sandwich Islands Pound and South Georgia	£	( none )	Penny	100
Spanish	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Sri Lanka	Sri Lankan rupees	Rs or රු	LKR	Mon	100
Sudan	Sudanese pound	ج. س.	SDG	Piastre	100
South Sudan	South Sudanese Pound	£	SSP	Piastre	100
Syria	Syrian pound	£ or ل.س	syp	Piastre	100
Suriname	Surinamese Dollar	$	SRD	Mon	100
Sweden	Swedish krona	cr	SEC	Ore	100
Switzerland	Swiss Franc	Fr	CHF	rappen	100
Taiwan	New Taiwan Dollar	$	TWD	Mon	100
Tajikistan	Tajikistani Somoni	ЅМ	TJS	Diram	100
Cape Verde	Cape Verdean Escudo	Esc or $	CVE	Centavo	100
Tanzania	Tanzanian shilling	Sh	TZS	Mon	100
Thailand	Thai baht	฿	THB	satang	100
Timor Leste	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
	( none )	( none )	( none )	Centavo	( none )
China	Chinese Yuan	¥ or 元	CNY	Fen	100
Togo	West African CFA Franc	Fr	XOF	centime	100
Tonga	Paʻanga Tong	T$	TOP	Art	100
Transnistria	Transnistrian ruble	p.	PRB	Kopek	100
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago Dollar	$	STD	Mon	100
Tristan da Cunha	Saint Helena pound	£	SHP	Penny	100
	Tristan da Cunha pounds	£	( none )	Penny	100
Tunis	Tunisian Dinar	د. ت	TND	Millime	1000
Turkey	Turkish lira	₺	TRY	Thin	100
Turkmenistan	Turkmen Manat	m	TMT	Tennesi	100
Turks and Caicos Islands	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Tuvalu	Australian Dollar	$	AUD	Mon	100
	Tuvaluan dollar	$	TVD	Mon	100
Uganda	Ugandan shilling	Sh	UGX	Mon	100
Ukraine	Ukrainian hryvnia	₴	UAH	Kopiyka	100
	Russian ruble	₽	RUB	Kopek	100
United Arab Emirates	United Arab Emirates dirhams	د. إ	AEDs	Philosophy	100
Uruguay	Uruguayan pesos	$	UYU	Centésimo	100
Uzbekistan	Som Uzbekistan	₸	UZS	Tiyin	100
Vanuatu	Vatu Vanuatu	Vt	VUV	( none )	( none )
VaticanCity	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Venezuelan	Bolívar Venezuela	Bs	VEF	Centimo	100
Vietnamese	Vietnamese Dong	₫	VND	Hào	10
British Virgin Islands	British Virgin Islands Dollar	$	( none )	Mon	100
	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
Wallis and Futuna	CFP franc	Fr	XPF	centime	100
Yemen	Yemeni rial	﷼	YER	Philosophy	100
Jordan	Jordanian Dinar	د.ا	JOD	Piastre	100
Greece	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
Zambia	Zambian kwacha	ZK	ZMW	Ngwee	100
Zimbabwe	Botswana Island	P	BWP	Thebes	100
	British pound	£	GBP	Penny	100
	Chinese Yuan	¥ or 元	CNY	Fen	100
	Euro	€	EUR	Mon	100
	Indian rupees	₹	INR	Paisa	100
	Japanese Yen	¥	JPY	Mon	100
	South African Rands	Rs	ZAR	Mon	100
	United States Dollar	$	USD	Mon	100
	( none )	( none )	( none )	Mon	( none )

Related Book Recommendations

1. The world of stocks isn’t as beautiful as social media: a beginner’s guide

2. World Economic System

3. Economics, Business World, and Community Development

Sinaumed’s, during the rainy season you may often find pools of water which are everywhere and can trigger the birth of mosquito larvae. In general, children have a fairly large curiosity.

Mosquitoes have various kinds, but currently one type of mosquito that is most feared by many people, namely Aedes Aegypti . Mosquitoes also have 4 stages for their life cycle, starting from being an egg, then a larva, then a pupa, and becoming an adult.

Based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on its website, all stages of life from egg to adult, of course, take about 8 to 10 days.

As you already know, these mosquitoes really like to suck blood from humans, these types of mosquitoes are female animals. Based on the quote reported by Widya Wiyata Pertama World Insects, that the blood he has sucked is used as a process for mosquitoes to lay eggs.

Mosquitoes suck human blood by using their needle-like mouths, then stick them into the body of humans or animals.

The female mosquito, once sucking blood is very large, which is about twice the size of its body. The blood is needed to store a protein for the egg. After sucking blood one to five times, these animals usually immediately lay eggs to death.

The Aedes Aegypti mosquito , only flies a few blocks in its life. Unlike other mosquito animals, this mosquito prefers to suck blood from humans. And these animals are very comfortable living together near humans.

Therefore, these animals can be found in a number of houses and buildings. This place did not use a screen on the windows nor did it have a door nor did it leave the door open. Unlike female mosquitoes, this type of male mosquito prefers to suck water or plant extracts.

Mosquitoes are small insects whose presence is quite disturbing to humans. Not only as a source of disease, mosquito bites also cause allergic reactions, for example, itching or bumps.

However, did you know that actually the main food of mosquitoes is flower essence so it is not blood from humans. Here are six interesting facts about mosquitoes that you didn’t know about.

1. Mosquitoes do not have teeth, these animals suck their food source by using their proboscis.
2. This mosquito animal has a main food in the form of juice and flowers or nectar.
3. Male mosquito species usually don’t suck blood, so only the female type requires protein in the blood to make eggs
4. There are about 3000 species of mosquitoes in the world
5. Mosquitoes have existed since the time of the dinosaurs.
6. These animals cannot live for a long time, the life span for Culex mosquitoes is only around 7 days.

Mosquito Life Cycle

Mosquitoes have a fairly perfect life cycle process, divided into 4 stages, from laying eggs, becoming larvae, to pupae, and adult mosquitoes. After this male mosquito animal marries a female animal, then he will look for a blood that he uses to nourish the eggs.

The development of this stage is called metamorphosis, which is further discussed in the book Metamorphosis Series: Ngiing…Ngiing…Flying Mosquitoes which is below.

It usually takes about 3 to 4 days after the animal sucks blood for the egg to form. Here are the complete phases of the mosquito life cycle from being an egg to being an adult.

1. Eggs

Usually the parents will find a moist environment, for example, a pool of water. This animal uses a sensor that it has under its stomach to measure the appropriate temperature and humidity. After the mosquito incubates the eggs until they hatch.

A number of mosquitoes have small egg shapes similar to dust and are scattered in ponds. But there are also mosquitoes that assemble their eggs close together. In this egg-laying phase it takes 2 days until it finally hatches as a larva.

2. Larvae

The incubation phase can generally last for about 5 to 10 days, depending on environmental temperature, food, and the presence of other predators. Larvae have different shapes and characteristics according to each species.

An example is the Culex mosquito larva, which has a shape similar to a pipe or a slender siphon, with fine hairs around the larvae that are irregular and hang on aquatic plants. While the Anopheles mosquito does not have a siphon.

3. Pupae

4. Adult Mosquitoes

Usually adult mosquitoes will be on the surface of the water to dry their bodies so they can fly. In general, the male type of mosquito will come out of the cocoon first, followed by the female. This is the final phase of the mosquito before the adult mosquito returns to reproduce and repeats its life cycle.

Mosquitoes are considered as quite deadly insect animals. This is because mosquito bites are the cause of outbreaks of dengue fever. Dengue fever is a disease caused by Dengue Virus (DENV).

In order to prevent mosquitoes from dengue fever, it is better to keep the environment clean. By closing the water reservoir and spraying which functions to kill the larvae and mosquitoes around your environment.

Cycle and Lifespan of Mosquitoes

How many days does the mosquito life cycle last?
The mosquito life cycle from egg to adult usually takes 8 to 14 days. However, the time of the mosquito life cycle cycle can vary and depends on a number of factors, namely temperature and also the quality of the food source needed at the larval stage.

How long do mosquitoes live?
If you are repeatedly asked how long mosquitoes live, then the following is the response.
In general, how long the life span of these animals depends on several factors, such as:

• Humidity
• Mosquito species
• Temperature
• Presence of natural predators
• Gender

However, the average age for male mosquitoes is known to have a fairly shorter age than the age for female mosquitoes. This type of male mosquito can only survive for 10 days or a week. Meanwhile, the age of female mosquitoes can range from 3 to 4 weeks and can even take longer depending on the species.

To better understand the metamorphosis cycle of mosquitoes and other animals which are divided into two, namely perfect and imperfect metamorphosis, the Science Comic book Smart Boy: Metamorphosis comes with various interesting illustrations!

Diseases Caused by Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are one of the most deadly animals in the world. Because of his expertise in spreading a disease, it can result in millions of deaths each year.

Based on data from WHO in 2015, malaria causes 438 thousand deaths worldwide. Not only malaria, another mosquito-borne disease, namely dengue hemorrhagic fever, which can also cause a number of fatalities.

Breaking the life cycle of mosquitoes can help you stay protected from various kinds of diseases, including:

1. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever have increased by about 30 times in the last 30 years. So you need to anticipate the disease. If not then you need to immediately prevent it and handle it, because Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever can cause death.

2. Malaria

Indonesia still has a number of flows that are endemic to malaria. For sufferers, the disease can produce symptoms such as headaches, vomiting, fever, and chills.

3. Zika

Zika is a disease caused by a virus that is spread by mosquitoes. The virus is quite dangerous, if faced by a pregnant woman. Because the Zika virus can trigger physical disorders of the fetus, namely microcephaly or which is characterized by the size of the baby’s head that is so small.

4. Chikungunya

Chikungunya can be marked by the appearance of a lump or swelling similar to the symptoms of joint disorders. These sufferers can experience pain such as nausea, headaches, and red spots. There is no medicine that can cure this disease. However, this disease can heal by itself.

5. Yellow Fever or Yellow Fever

As the name implies, sufferers of yellow fever will have the characteristic color of the skin and eyes turning yellow. If it’s mild, the disease can only cause back pain, headaches, vomiting to chills.

6. Elephant’s Foot

Elephantiasis or the term lymphatic filariasis is a disease caused by parasites that have lodged in the body’s lymphatic system. The body’s lymphatic system has the goal of regulating the balance of body fluids and fighting infection. Disturbances in the balance of body fluids, causing the legs to look swollen and then a term called elephantiasis appears.

How to Break the Mosquito Life Cycle

Anticipating the spread of diseases caused by mosquito bites, it is effective when mosquitoes are in the early stages of their life cycle. So, there’s nothing wrong with understanding in detail about the life cycle of mosquitoes.

An effective way to avoid a disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes is to break the life cycle.
There are various ways you can do this. However, in general, the steps for 3M plus were initiated by the Indonesian Ministry of Health which were considered as effective steps.

Here’s how to break the life cycle of mosquitoes using the 3M steps :

Drain

Routinely drain a water reservoir that you frequently use, for example a bucket or bathtub. As well as the need to drain and clean the drinking water containers in dispensers and refrigerators.

Close

Close tightly the water reservoirs, for example water drums, jugs to plant pots.

Utilizing Used Goods Back

Utilizing or using used goods again or what we usually call recycling used places that can hold water. We can use this as a step to break the life cycle of mosquitoes properly.

While the steps that require implementation other than the three steps above are:

• Provide larvicidal powder in water reservoirs that are difficult to clean
• Use mosquito repellent
• Avoid the habit of hanging clothes in the house
• Wear mosquito nets when sleeping
• Regulate ventilation and light in the house
• Raising fish that can prey on mosquito larvae
• Plant mosquito repellent plants

The mosquito life cycle has four stages, namely laying eggs, becoming larvae, then pupae, and turning into adult mosquitoes. The life cycle occurs for 8 to 10 days.

The life cycle of mosquitoes can be broken so that the spread of diseases through mosquitoes can be prevented. Of course it could save a number of lives. With the fact that the mosquito is a deadly animal in the world with several diseases it carries.

Diseases such as Malaria, Chikungunya, DHF, elephantiasis, and yellow fever are diseases that can be avoided by breaking the chain of life.

So you need to remember to keep doing draining activities, and closing all stagnant water places, and recycling used items around the house so they don’t get buried and turn them into mosquito nests.

Unique Facts about Mosquitoes

Sinaumed’s, it turns out there are some unique facts about mosquitoes that people rarely know about. In the following, the author has collected some unique facts that Sinaumed’s must know.

1. Mosquitoes are classified as deadly animals

This animal is already known as a deadly animal in the world. Where mosquitoes have caused more human death than wild animals such as sharks or snakes. Despite their very small size, mosquitoes are known to kill more than 700,000 people each year. Mosquitoes are also animals that cause infectious diseases such as Malaria, Zika, and Dengue.

2. Only Female Mosquitoes Bite Humans

Does Sinaumed’s know that female mosquitoes are a type of mosquito that likes to suck human blood. While male mosquitoes do not.

Actually, the main food of both male and female mosquitoes is nectar, which is a sweet substance in a plant. However, male mosquitoes only eat nectar and that is enough to meet their energy needs.

Meanwhile, female mosquitoes need additional energy in the form of protein substances to lay eggs. Therefore, female mosquitoes still have to suck human blood. This is because human blood contains protein and amino acids which are important for the mosquito’s body to produce eggs and develop them.

3. Mosquitoes Have Been There Since the Age of Dinosaurs

Did Sinaumed’s already know that mosquitoes have existed since the time of the dinosaurs. This is evidenced by the discovery of biting insect fossils. This fossil has been identified as dating from the Triassic Period. Where the era occurred in 199-251 million years ago.

So, those are some explanations about the life cycle of mosquitoes and their unique facts. Remember, Sinaumed’s, to avoid several types of diseases caused by mosquitoes, we must be diligent and routinely maintain the cleanliness of the environment. In addition, we also need to apply some of the tips described above.

For Sinaumed’s who want to study or know the life cycle of mosquitoes and other unique facts in more detail. The author would recommend the following books that discuss mosquitoes and other animals.

Mozaik is – Hello Sinaumed’s, have you ever heard of the word Mozaik? Yes, it’s
like something put together by sticking together the pieces to make a beautiful new visual
masterpiece.

But really, what is Mosaic? How found? And so forth. This time we
will discuss all things related to Mosaic. What exactly is a mosaic? Let’s ask the
experts.

Definition of Mosaic according to experts

1. According to Hajar Pamadhi and Sukardi
(2008:56)

Pamadhi and Sukardi argue that Mosaic is the creation of two or three dimensional works of art using materials or
materials from pieces that are deliberately made by cutting them into pieces or in the form of pieces and then
arranging them by sticking them on a flat surface by gluing them.

2. According to Soemardji (1992)

Soemardji argues that mosaic is a work of art which contains elements that are arranged and glued together in
such a way on a plane surface so as to form an image or design.

3. Sumanto (2005)

Sumanto believes that mosaic is a way of creating images, paintings or decorations by gluing small pieces of
certain materials.

That means according to the experts. In general, mosaic can be interpreted as a two- or
three-dimensional work of art that uses materials such as glass, ceramics, colored paper or other media that
are cut into pieces, and can even use materials that are no longer used because they are broken or torn.
These materials are then arranged and affixed to the patterned areas, so that they become a new
work of aesthetic value.

History of Mosaic

That said, this work of art was introduced by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia around 4000 or 5000 years ago.
At that time, mosaics were made using clay plates on the walls, so that they formed the desired
pattern of images.

Then it developed, the Egyptians made mosaics using materials such as gemstones which were used to decorate walls
and furniture.

The Greeks also developed using colored natural stones, the stone materials used are the materials of choice, in
order to produce natural and permanent colors.

The Romans began to use the material to make mosaics in the form of chips. Usually the motifs
of these works depict something, ranging from simple motifs, to everyday stories and heroic myths.
The materials used usually use ceramics, glass, and clay to produce special effects.

The Difference between Mosaic and Similar Works

Mosaics, collages, and montages are two or three-dimensional works of art that apply the art of pasting
pieces of material and arranging them to form an image. But who would have thought, even though
they were similar, in fact the three of them had differences. Where does the difference
lie?

For montage, montage is a work of art that uses an image from magazines, books, newspapers, etc. to be
arranged into a new work of art. For example cutting a picture of a car in a newspaper or
magazine, then putting it together in a new field.

A collage is a work of art by attaching several types of materials such as newspapers, seeds, and beads to
a patterned area. Meanwhile, mosaic is gluing one type of material into a new shape.

It is clear now the difference? Then, what exactly is the function of this mosaic?
Let’s try to see one by one!

Mosaic function

1. Aesthetic practical function

Aesthetics has the meaning of everything related to the appreciation of beauty. The aesthetic
practical function here is a work of art with a decorative function to beautify or beautify a room.

2. Expression function

As a function of expression, this work will exist based on the expressions that appear from the maker.
Usually, mosaic artists have a myriad of creative ideas, which are then expressed in their mosaic
works.

3. Educational function

Creativity in making this work will involve motor functions, intellect, absorption, emotion, and aesthetic
taste. So by itself, each of these functions will increase with the frequency of making this
work.

4. Psychological function

In terms of psychological functions, mosaics act as a medium for channeling various kinds of emotions that
a person experiences. Now many people refer to it as healing media .

5. Social function

As a social function, mosaics function as a means of preserving cultural values ​​that are strong in society, so
that they can be entertainment, present beauty, and as part of education in society.

Materials Used

More curious about this work? You can, you know, make this work by utilizing the materials
around you. What materials can be used to make mosaics?

The following are materials that can be used in making mosaic art:

1. Ceramics

Works of art that use ceramic materials, usually use ceramic pieces consisting of various colors that match
certain motifs or according to patterns that have been designed.

2. Glass

This artwork usually uses pieces of glass in various shapes and sizes according to the desired pattern.

3. Paper

In making it, usually use colored paper or paper that is commonly used for origami, then cut according to needs.

4. Seeds

Seeds of plant origin can also be used to make mosaics, such as green bean seeds, black soybean seeds, saga
seeds, and so on.

5. Stone

The types of stone that are often used to make mosaics are usually natural stone chips, marble, brick chips,
gravel, or flagstone.

6. Leaves

Leaves are also a material that can be used to make mosaics. From a variety of shapes and
characteristics, leaves can be arranged into an interesting pattern in a mosaic artwork.

7. Rubber

In mosaic works, processed rubber is usually used, such as used tires which are cut into small pieces or made
into pieces to match the required shape and size.

8. Metal

There are several types of metals that can be used as mosaic materials, including brass, zinc, and
aluminum. It is also possible that precious metals such as gold can also be used to make
mosaics.

Of course, according to the funds you have, Sinaumed’s. Even though it is cut into small pieces
according to the desired needs, gold is still of high value.

9. Mika

Mica is a kind of mineral. The word mica comes from the Latin word micare
which means sparkling. So, the mica used in this mosaic art is a mineral such as aluminum
silicate or glass magnesium, when used for mosaics, it will look sparkling. In addition,
mica also serves as electrical insulation.

10. Skin

The skin is the outermost part of living things. The skin that is often used as a mosaic
material is the skin of fruits or plants, often even shells or eggshells are used.

Of course, apart from the materials mentioned above, we also need other supporting materials to make a mosaic
work of art, such as mats, glue or adhesive, pencils, cutting tools, as well as erasers.

Mosaic Making Method

In making mosaic art, there are several methods that must be considered. Methods in making
mosaic works of art are needed so that the resulting work has aesthetic value and is full of beauty.

Several methods are often used in making mosaic artwork, including:

1. The direct method

The direct method uses the technique of sticking one by one the pieces of material used on the surface of another
three-dimensional object.

2. Indirect method

This indirect method is based on first arranging the mosaic pieces on another medium, then transferring them to
the surface of a three-dimensional object.

3. The indirect method twice

This method is the same as the indirect method, but the process is carried out twice. So,
after the first method is done, it is done by repeating the same method.

How to Make a Mosaic

After the materials and methods, you know. Now is the time for you to try to make it, Sinaumed’s.
Here’s how to make it:

1. Prepare the necessary materials

This is the first thing you have to prepare. As stated above, the materials that need to be
prepared include mats, glue, pencils, cutting tools, erasers, the desired material can be paper, leather,
leaves, rubber, and so on.

2. Determine the base to be used

Selection of base, related to the material to be used. It is recommended to choose a base that
is sturdy and thick, so that the material used can stick perfectly. Several base materials can
be selected, such as cardboard, board, canvas, duplex paper, and cardboard.

3. Make a pattern on the base plane

After determining the base to be used. The next step is to make a pattern or sketch on the
base area to be used. Patterns are made, according to what is desired by using a pencil, so
that they can be easily erased if a drawing error occurs.

The patterns can be animals, plants, landscapes, humans, and so on. Make sure the pattern
drawn is of sufficient size to attach the pieces of material properly.

4. Apply adhesive

After the base plane and pattern image are ready, apply glue to the area where the pieces of material will
be attached. So that the material is easy to set, don’t give too much adhesive.
Paste the material on the wider area first, then stick on the small parts.

5. Wait for it to dry completely

After all the materials are glued to the base plane, wait until the adhesive dries and sticks perfectly.
To make it look prettier, put a frame on the finished mosaic work.

Examples of Extraordinary Mosaic Works

Here are some examples of famous mosaic works made by world-class artists.

1. Secret Between You and Me

The mosaic work above is called Secret between you and me, made by Atsuko Laskaris, a Japanese-born
artist who is now working in California. This work depicts a little girl who has wings like
a butterfly playing with a butterfly. This work includes intricate work and has amazing
detail.

2. Autumn Landscape

This mosaic artwork entitled Autumn Landscape was created by an artist named Sandra Bryant.
Sandra and her husband, Carl Bryant, are artists who create works of art such as large murals
for the public, mosaics for housing, and many other works.

Sandra uses small pieces of glass and ceramic to create very intricate mosaic works. Autumn Landscape uses
a material in the form of glass which was made in 2006.

3. Secret Mosaic Staircase

This time, it’s not a series of glass or ceramic pieces arranged for wall hangings or indoor decorative
ornaments. Secret Mosaic Staircase is a work on the 163 steps that lead to the top.

This work was created by Irish ceramics Aileen Barr involving 300 workers. Over two and
a half years of work, the work involved 2000 handcrafted fontanels and 75000 mirror fragments, stained
glass and tiles to complete the sea to sky design, incorporating the names of more than 220
sponsors.

How about it, Sinaumed’s? Interesting right? If you have an interest in making
mosaic art, you can start learning from now on. If you don’t understand the methods and
techniques, you can use the following book as a guide for learning to make mosaic art.

Related Book Recommendations

1. Mosaic Skills

This book by Silvana Solichah contains 108 pages containing various examples of handicrafts from mosaic
paper. In making crafts or handicrafts, it takes patience, touch, and creativity.

Every effort to produce beautiful works of art, must have various kinds of challenges. This
book will show you how, step by step, to produce beautiful work. This book guides the process
from start to finish in producing works.

Many tips are given to make it easier to be creative, so that it has artistic value. More
curious? Get this book soon, and have fun practicing.

2. The Most Beautiful Mosaics

An Andrea Hirata makes mosaic works in another form. Andrea Hirata is a novelist with his
famous work, namely Laskar Pelangi. Laskar Pelangi is a novel by Andrea Hirata which has been
adapted to the big screen.

The Most Beautiful Mozaik-Mozaik Novel is a book that contains a collection of editor-chosen chapters that
are considered the best of all the books by Andrea Hirata. In each chapter, we will be
presented with feelings of conflicts that are raging in our hearts.

Tells about the feelings full of memories of a beautiful childhood, playing with friends, respect for teachers,
beautiful surroundings, not burdened with piled workloads, the struggles of Belitung village children who are
trying to stay able to go to school, even though it is full of struggles against the inevitability and all the
turmoil of other feelings, which can make sad and touched.

Even though this book contains a collection of many books, it does not diminish your reading experience in
following the storyline. More curious about this book? Please visit
www.sinaumedia.com to propose this book by Andrea Hirata.

That’s a brief review of mosaics, Sinaumed’s. Have fun creating works of art. Always
remember, sinaumedia will accompany you with quality readings that can be found at
sinaumedia.com so that you can #MoreWithReading.

It turns out that you don’t always have to use new materials to make mosaics, you know, Sinaumed’s. You can
also use existing materials, including those that have been thrown away. Wouldn’t it be
interesting if it could become a new and valuable work?

Day and Night Diet Menu – Everyone wants a healthy body with ideal body posture.
This of course can be realized in various ways, one of which is by going on a diet.

Through this diet program, it is believed that we can lose weight by adjusting our diet to be healthier.
The success of the diet is not only in the way we manage our diet, but also must be balanced with
exercise.

In managing the diet should not be arbitrary. The types of food included in the morning and
evening diet must contain balanced nutrition, from carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, healthy fats, to
minerals.

When you’re on a diet, it doesn’t mean you eat small portions right away. However, we still
eat as usual with a menu that is not excessive. In this morning and evening diet, there are
prearranged meal times, namely

• Breakfast (06.00 – 08.00)
• Morning snack (09.30 – 10.00)
• Lunch (12.00 – 14.00)
• Afternoon snack (16.00 – 17.00)
• Dinner (18.00 – 19.00)

Then, what are the recommendations for the morning and evening diet menu? Come on, look
at the following reviews so that Sinaumed’s can follow the example for dieting
activities!

Morning Day and Night Diet Menu Recommendations

First day

Breakfast (06.00 – 08.00)	Two slices of whole wheat toast with butter Tea or coffee with sugar. It’s best not to add milk.
Morning snack (09.30 – 10.00)	An apple
Have lunch (12.00 – 14.00)	Grilled chicken breast with butter or olive oil Boiled vegetables (can be carrots, corn, and broccoli) Glass of water
Afternoon snack (16.00 – 17.00)	An apple
Dinner (18.00 – 19.00)	Lean beef steak Mashed potatoes (mashed potatoes) Glass of water

The second day

Breakfast (06.00 – 08.00)	A glass of low fat milk One banana Glass of water
Morning snack (09.30 – 10.00)	1 medium piece of papaya fruit
Have lunch (12.00 – 14.00)	Vegetable salad with macaroni cooked in olive oil or low-fat oil Glass of water
Afternoon snack (16.00 – 17.00)	1 banana
Dinner (18.00 – 19.00)	Skinless boiled chicken breast Boiled vegetables (can be carrots, corn, or broccoli) Glass of water

The third day

Breakfast (06.00 – 08.00)	Boiled eggs added with cheese Glass of water
Morning snack (09.30 – 10.00)	Fruit juices without added sugar
Have lunch (12.00 – 14.00)	Red rice Pepes fish Boiled tofu or tempeh Glass of water
Afternoon snack (16.00 – 17.00)	1 apple
Dinner (18.00 – 19.00)	Vegetable and mushroom salad cooked in olive oil or low-fat oil (chicken breast or prawns can be added) Glass of water

The fourth day

Breakfast (06.00 – 08.00)	2 slices of whole wheat bread with jam Fruit salad A glass of low fat milk
Morning snack (09.30 – 10.00)	1 apple
Have lunch (12.00 – 14.00)	6 tablespoons of rice A bowl of vegetables 1 piece of skinless grilled chicken
Afternoon snack (16.00 – 17.00)	Fruit salad
Dinner (18.00 – 19.00)	Steamed chicken Mashed potatoes (mashed potatoes) Glass of water

Fifth day

Breakfast (06.00 – 08.00)	Vegetable omelette (2 egg whites with 1 yolk. vegetables can be tomatoes) A glass of green tea without sugar
Morning snack (09.30 – 10.00)	Fruit juice without added sugar
Have lunch (12.00 – 14.00)	A portion of gado-gado without lontong (more boiled vegetables) Glass of water
Afternoon snack (16.00 – 17.00)	Fruit salad
Dinner (18.00 – 19.00)	Vegetable salad Mashed potatoes (mashed potatoes) Glass of water

Sixth Day

Breakfast (06.00 – 08.00)	2 scrambled eggs Cutlets A glass of green tea without sugar
Morning snack (09.30 – 10.00)	3 pieces of pineapple
Have lunch (12.00 – 14.00)	4 tablespoons of brown rice Grilled fish fresh vegetables Glass of water
Afternoon snack (16.00 – 17.00)	Fruit salad
Dinner (18.00 – 19.00)	Vegetable and mushroom salad cooked in olive oil or low-fat oil (chicken breast or prawns can be added) Glass of water

Seventh day

Breakfast (06.00 – 08.00)	2 whole wheat toast with jam A glass of low fat milk
Morning snack (09.30 – 10.00)	A glass of red guava juice
Have lunch (12.00 – 14.00)	4 tablespoons of brown rice Boiled chicken breast Glass of water
Afternoon snack (16.00 – 17.00)	Fruit salad
Dinner (18.00 – 19.00)	Boiled vegetables A glass of low fat milk

Nutritional Content in the Morning Afternoon
and Evening Diet Menu

In the morning and evening diet menu, even though the portion is relatively small, it must still contain
balanced nutrition for the body. The nutritional content is carbohydrates, protein, minerals,
vitamins, and healthy fats.

1. Carbohydrates

The content of carbohydrates will always be needed by the body because it functions as a source of energy.
Even so, in this morning and evening diet, you only need to reduce the amount of carbohydrates that
enter our bodies.

a. Rice

Eating rice is important for health. However, in this diet program, you can replace it with
brown rice. Why does it have to be brown rice? Because red rice has a lower
calorie content, but is rich in vitamins and minerals which are good for weight loss.

b. Bananas

Bananas are one of the fruits that contain carbohydrates. Apart from bananas, there are also
dates, mangoes, oranges, and beets that you can make recommendations if you are bored with bananas.

c. Boiled potato

Another way to enjoy carbohydrates is to eat boiled potatoes. Boiled potatoes have been used
as a dietary food recommendation by health experts. This is because boiled potatoes contain
vitamins and minerals, especially potassium, B vitamins to vitamin C.

In fact, in 100 grams of boiled potatoes it has about 87 calories! Therefore, boiled potatoes
are suitable as food for the diet because they have high fiber content and are low in fat.

d. Sweet potato

Don’t think that sweet potatoes are an ancient food. In fact, sweet potatoes have a lot of
carbohydrate content and can be an option to replace rice. Various types of sweet potatoes are
suitable for consumption in diet programs, especially purple sweet potatoes and sweet
potatoes.

Sweet potatoes are said to have low calories, so don’t hesitate to make sweet potatoes one of your diet menus!

e. Wheat bread

In the previous diet menu recommendations, there is a breakfast menu in the form of 2 slices of whole wheat
bread. This is because two slices of wheat bread contain about 190 calories. In
contrast to two slices of plain white bread which contains about 200 calories.

Apart from that, wheat bread has ingredients that are beneficial to the body such as fiber, vitamin K, and
anti-oxidants which can function to reduce stroke triggers.

By making whole wheat bread a part of the diet menu at breakfast or lunch, it will make your stomach feel full so
you don’t constantly want to eat again.

2. Protein and Fat

In order for your body to stay healthy, you don’t only need carbohydrates, but you also have to eat foods
that contain protein and fat. In this case, you need an energy source in the form of side
dishes so that your diet program is successful.

a. Steamed Tofu and Tempeh

Tofu and tempeh are types of side dishes that are easy to find at low prices. Even though it’s
cheap, the protein content in tofu and tempeh is no less high than meat, you know…

Tofu contains low calories so it is suitable for those of you who want to run a low calorie diet program.
However, tofu and tempeh are not suitable for those who are on the DEBM diet because the protein
must be of animal origin, such as meat.

b. Boiled eggs

Eggs are considered to have many health benefits, therefore in the recommendation for the morning and evening
diet menu the night before, there is a boiled egg menu for breakfast.

This means that eggs contain high nutrition and low calories and amino acids which function to facilitate
our body’s metabolic system. From the low calories that boiled eggs have, this can be a simple
way to lose weight.

c. Boiled or Steamed Chicken Breast

Besides having an affordable price, chicken breast also contains high protein. However, in
order to consume this chicken breast, it must be prepared by boiling or steaming, right… of
course without the skin.

d. Fish

Sinaumed’s must have known that fish contains good nutrition for the body. Therefore, fish can be
a recommendation in your diet menu. However, to process this fish, you can’t mix it with oil
and limit the use of sugar and salt, ok?

Fish is suitable to be used as a diet menu if it is processed by burning, boiling, or pepes.
Don’t eat fried fish if you want your diet to be successful, because fried fish contains a lot of
oil.

3. Vitamins

The content of vitamins is also a complement to the diet menu, you know…

Foods that contain this vitamin can be vegetables and fruits. Vegetables contain lots of
nutrients and are low in calories, so they are suitable for your diet menu.

a. Urap

Did Sinaumed’s know about vegetables that are processed with ointment? This food is
in the form of boiled vegetables and mixed with grated coconut sauce. This ointment preparation
can be a diet menu option because it contains boiled vegetables so it is good for the body.

b. Soup

For Sinaumed’s who want to process vegetables in a fast and simple way, they can choose this vegetable soup.
However, for a diet menu, it’s best if the vegetable soup doesn’t need to be put in broth, right?
Just add enough salt to taste.

c. Vegetable Salad

Vegetable salad is a contemporary and practical way of preparing vegetables. Salads generally
contain a mixture of mayonnaise and cheese, for this vegetable salad you shouldn’t …

You can process it by boiling vegetables and then mixing it with olive oil to make it taste better, so you will
like it when you eat it!

So, those are the recommendations for the morning and evening diet menu along with the
nutritional content that must be contained in the food menu. Sinaumed’s can create your own style
of menu variation with a dose that is not excessive . In carrying out this diet program, you
also have to continue to exercise regularly so that you get maximum results.

Reading the Morning Adhan – The companions of the Prophet in his time often gathered in the mosque to wait for the prayer time to come. However, because of the distance and busyness, the markers for prayer times were proposed by his friends. Some suggest using a bell, sounding a trumpet, or lighting a fire.

For this reason, the Prophet Muhammad informed his revelation regarding the call to prayer. By order of the Prophet, Bilal bin Rabbah became a muezzin. Bilal was chosen because he has a loud and melodious voice. So since then, the call to prayer has become a marker of prayer for Muslims.

Meaning of Adhan

In language, the call to prayer means notification or call. As Allah has said in the letter At Tawbah Verse 3:

 وَأَذَانٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ إِلَى النَّاسِ

Meaning: “and this is a call from Allah and His Messenger to mankind”

There is a meaning of the call to prayer in terms of a call or invitation that marks the entry of the five daily prayer hours and is pronounced with certain words and readings.

 

You can learn about the Miracle of Carambola Antioxidants
by the Editors of Health Secret

Azan law

Scholars have many disagreements about the law of the call to prayer. Most of the scholars say that the law on the call to prayer is sunnah muakkad, but another opinion that is stronger on this issue is the opinion that the law on the call to prayer is fardu kifayah. But keep in mind, this law only applies to men. Women are neither obligated nor sunnah to carry out the call to prayer.

 

Adhan terms

The following are the conditions for making the call to prayer, the conditions are:

1. Has Entered Prayer Times

The valid condition for the call to prayer is when the time for prayer begins, so that the call to prayer made before the time for prayer starts is invalid. However, there are exceptions for the dawn call to prayer. The morning call to prayer is only permitted to be carried out twice, namely before dawn arrives and when dawn arrives which is when the sadiq dawn rises.

2. Intend to call to prayer

For someone who is going to call to prayer, it is necessary to intend first in his heart (not with a certain lafazh), that he will carry out the call to prayer with a sincere feeling for Allah alone.

3. Pronounced using Arabic

According to some scholars, it is invalid for a call to prayer to use a language other than using Arabic. Among the scholars there are those who think so, namely scholars from Hambali, Hanafiah, and Shafi’i schools.

4. There is no mention in the pronunciation of the call to prayer that changes the meaning

The point is that the call to prayer should be free from pronunciation errors which in this case can change the meaning and meaning of the call to prayer. The adzan lafadz-lafadz must be pronounced clearly and correctly.

5. The lafadz are pronounced in order

The lafadz-lafadz adhan should be pronounced according to the sequence as explained in the authentic hadiths. As for how the order will be discussed below.

6. The lafadz are pronounced in succession

The point is that with the recitation of the call to prayer that exists one with another, it can be said in succession and not separated by a word or an action outside the order in which the call to prayer is performed. However, it is still permissible to say or do something light in nature, such as sneezing.

7. The call to prayer is heard for people who are not at the muezzin’s place

The call to prayer echoed by the muezzin must be heard by people who are not at the muezzin’s place when giving the call to prayer. This can be done by raising the volume or using a loudspeaker.

How to Determine the Time of Fajr Adhan

So what is the right way to determine the time of the dawn call to prayer?

Based on the explanation from  the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia,  the determination of the time for the dawn call to prayer is carried out based on the paradigm of the dawn to occur. More specifically, fingerprint dawn occurs when the sun is at an altitude of -20° or around 3.52 in the morning. Meanwhile, the Tarjih Council assessed the point at -18° or 4.00.

The Ministry of Religion claims that the time for determining the dawn call to prayer which they explained is clear. In determining the time for the dawn call to prayer, the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia was supported by experts from BMKG, LAPAN, PBNU, PERSIS, BIG, Islamic universities throughout Indonesia, PUI, and Al-Irsyad.

Even so, the timing of the dawn call to prayer could be less or more, this is due to the movement of the earth and also the sun.

While the determination of the time for the dawn call to prayer still leaves little room for debate, the determination of the final time for dawn is relatively simpler, namely at sunrise. As mentioned in the following hadith.

God bless you

Meaning: From Abdullah bin Umar radhiyallahuanhu that Rasulullah SAW said, “And the time for the dawn prayer is from the rising of dawn (sadiq) until before the rising of the sun.” ( HR . Muslim )

The nature of a muezzin

There are several things that must be considered to become a muezzin, which are as follows:

1. Muslims

It is required that to become a muezzin a Muslim is required. The call to prayer is not valid if it comes from a non-believer.

2. Sincere only hope for the face of Allah

It is fitting for a muezzin to make the call to prayer with sincere intentions and hope for the face of Allah. Rasulullah shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam said: “Stipulate a muezzin not to take the wages of the call to prayer.”

3. Fair and trustworthy

The point is that a muezzin should be fair and trustworthy at prayer times.

4. Has a good voice

The Prophet sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam once said to his friend, Abdullah bin Zaid: “go and teach what you see (in a dream) to Bilal, because he has a better voice than yours”

5. Knowing when prayer time comes

It is desirable for a muezzin to know when the prayer time will come so that he can call the call to prayer at the start of the time and avoid mistakes.

 

You can learn about Peeling Complete Adhan and Iqamat
by Yusni A Ghazali, Yusni A. Ghazali

Lafadz Reading the Morning Azan

Azan is a call for Muslims to notify when the obligatory prayer is entered by a muezzin every five daily prayers. When the sound of the call to prayer is heard, it is sunnah to answer the call to prayer. In accordance with what has been said by the muezzin, unless the muezzin says: “Hayya alash-sholah”, “Hayya alal-falah”, and “Assalatu khairum minan-naum” (in the morning call to prayer).

When the muezzin says “Hayya alash-shalah” or “Hayya alal-falah”, it is sunnah for us to answer it with the pronunciation “La haula wa la quwwata illa billahil ‘aliyyil ‘azhim” which means “There is no power and no strength except with Allah’s help” .

When a muezzin says “Assalatu khairum minan-naum” in the dawn call to prayer, it is sunnah by answering with the pronunciation “Shadaqta wa bararta wa ana ‘ala dzalika minasy shahidin” which means “You are right and your words are good and I am one of those who have witnessed the truth.”

And below is the complete recitation of the morning call to prayer in Arabic, Latin and the meaning of Indonesian.

Lafadz reading the morning call to prayer

 

Allah

Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar

Meaning: Allah is the Greatest, Allah is the Greatest

 

أَشْهَدُ اَنْ لاَ اِلَهَ إِلاَّاللهُ ، أَشْهَدُ اَنْ لاَ اِلَهَ إِلاَّاللهُ

Ashhadu La Ilaha Illallah, Ashhadu La Ilaha Illallah

Meaning: I testify that there is no god but Allah, and I testify that there is no god but Allah

 

O Allah

Ash Dudunamuhammadarosuulullah, Ash Dudunamuhammadarosuulullah

Meaning: I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah

 

حَيَّ عَلَى الصَّلاَةِ ، حَيَّ عَلَى الصَّلاَةِ

Hayya is lazy, Hayya is lazy

Meaning: Come on, let’s pray

 

حَيَّ عَلَى الْفَلاَحِ ، حَيَّ عَلَى الْفَلاَحِ

Hayya alphalah, Hayya alphalah

Meaning: Come to victory, Come to victory

 

???

Assolatuhoiruminannaum, Assolatuhoiruminannaum

Meaning: Prayer is better than sleeping, Prayer is better than sleeping

 

Allah

Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar la ilaha illallah

Meaning: Allah is the Greatest, Allah is the Greatest, There is no god but Allah

 

The way to answer the call to prayer is to answer the same lafadz as what has been mentioned in the sentence reading the call to prayer except for the call to prayer which reads “Hayya ‘alal falah” and “Hayya ‘alal falah”, then the way to answer it is by reading:

 

لاحول ولاقوّة الاّ بالله

 

“Laa haula walaa quwwata illa billahi.”

Meaning: There is no effort and strength, except with the help of Allah.

 

However, when we have heard the voice at the dawn call to prayer, then by answering the dawn call to prayer when the muezzin recites the sentence:

 

الصّلاة خير من النّو

“As shalaatu khairum minan naum.” 2x

 

So, those of us who heard it answered with the following reading:

 

صدقت وبررت وانا على ذلك من الشّاهدين

 

“Shadaqta wabararta wa anaa ‘alaa dzaalika minasy syaahidiina.”

Meaning: it is also true that what you say is good and I am also for that, including those who witnessed it.

 

When the sound of iqamah is echoed by a muezzin, it is sunnah for us to answer the iqamah with the sentences that have been heard answered exactly the same as those said by a muezzin, except for the sentence:

 

“Qad Qamatis Wrong”, then answered with reading or lafadz as follows:

 

أقامها الله وأدامها وجعلني من صالحي أهلها

 

“Aqaamahallahu wa adamaha ja’alna min shaalihi AKH.”

Meaning: “May Allah will establish the prayer eternally, and may Allah make me one of the best people to pray.”

 

Then, after hearing the sound of iqamah, we answer it by reading a prayer after iqamah, which is as follows:

الّلهمّ ربّ هذه الدّعوة التّامّة والصّلاة القائمة صلّ وسلّم على سيّدنا محمّد وآته سؤله يوم القيامة

Allaahumma rabba hadzihid da’watit taammati wash-shalaatil qaa-imati, shalli wasallim ‘alaa sayyidinaa muhammadin, wa aatihi su’lahu yaumal qiyaamati.

Meaning: “O Allah, who has the most perfect calling, and has upheld prayers, pour out all the grace of greetings on our lord the Prophet Muhammad, and grant all his requests on the last day.”

• Understanding Fasting: Types, Terms, Pillars, and Conditions
• Prayers Ask for Matchmaking and Practice to Accelerate Matchmaking
• Types of Compulsory Fasting: Definition, Intentions, Time and Conditions
• 10 Benefits of Reading Al-Quran, Lots of Fadhilah!
• Prayers Before and After Studying with Adab and Benefits

 

You can learn about the Mystery of the Fajr Prayer
by Badrul Munir

Moral hazard is an action that often occurs in a company. The initial use of
the term itself had a negative connotation, implying fraud or immoral behavior.

A number of bankers then proposed that the credit restructuring period affected by Covid-19 could be
extended again for at least one year. The current economic pressures have left concerns for
the debtor’s performance prospects.

Until now, the Financial Services Authority (OJK) is currently studying this possibility. In
fact, a number of observers have also asked banks to be aware of the potential moral hazard from debtors if
the credit restructuring period affected by Covid-19 is extended again.

What is meant by moral hazard? What are the causes and effects of moral hazard?
How to overcome and prevent moral hazard? You can find all these questions in this
article, Sinaumed’s.

Definition of Moral Hazard

Moral hazard is a risk that a party has not signed a contract in good faith or has provided misleading
information regarding assets, liabilities or regarding their credit capacity. Kotowitz in
The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics then states that moral hazard is the
action of agents in maximizing their utility by previously sacrificing others and in situations where they
do not bear all the consequences or do not fully enjoy the benefits of these actions.

Moral hazard itself is often used in terms of the insurance business. Moral hazard is the
possibility that the insurer deliberately takes actions that can harm the insured goods in the hope of
getting a replacement claim from the insurance company. The word moral hazard itself is then
often used in a banking perspective which refers to the behavior of interested parties
(stakeholders) .

Paul Krugman himself stated that the concept of moral hazard has been widely used in explaining various behaviors
of debtors (borrowers) and lenders (creditors/banks) who dared to take high risks during the financial
crisis that occurred in Southeast Asia in 1997-1998.

Luiz A. Pereira, Silva & Masaru Yoshitomi stated that moral hazard is a behavior of interested parties
(stakeholders) , for example the bank (shareholders and management) or banking debtors which then creates
incentives to have hidden agendas and actions that are contrary to business ethics and laws that apply to
his advantage.

These interested parties are on behalf of the corporation, or for the benefit of the corporation, based on a work
relationship or based on other relationships, within the scope of corporate business, either individually or
jointly.

History of Moral Hazards

The term moral hazard itself originated in the 17th century and was widely used by British insurance
companies in the late 19th century by Dembe and Boden. The concept of moral hazard was the
subject of new research by economists in the 1960s and later implied immoral or fraudulent behavior.

Economists use the term moral hazard to describe the inefficiencies that can occur when risks are
transferred or cannot be fully evaluated, rather than descriptions of the ethics or morals of the parties
involved. Until now, moral hazard is often identified with a behavior in the form of fraud
committed by individuals or groups. The fraud tends to lead to the economic sector, such as
insurance, banking, and the like.

How to Overcome Moral Hazard

Basically, moral hazard can be overcome. The following are ways to overcome moral hazard cited
from various sources:

Build Motivation or Incentives

This can be seen in insurance, to avoid moral hazard, insurance companies will design contracts to provide
incentives for customers to insure a product. They also will not insure the full amount, where
there is also a process for paying the first down payment of an insurance claim. Insurance
companies will also complicate the process of obtaining money, so insurance users will be more reluctant to
file claims.

Punishing Bad Behavior

The government can then provide bank guarantees and punish those responsible for making reckless decisions,
such as in performance-paying decisions on the part of individuals. That means, in order to
avoid moral hazard in the labor market, some form of performance evaluation is carried out and there is no
guarantee of lifetime employment.

In simple terms, giving punishment to those who intend to commit moral hazard. That way, moral
hazard actions can be handled optimally.

Preventing Moral Hazard in Banking

Taswin Ibrahim and Ragimun in a journal entitled Moral Hazard and its Prevention in the Banking Industry in
Indonesia then wrote about efforts to prevent moral hazard, namely

1. Strengthening the regulation on the implementation of risk-based guarantee premiums.
2. There needs to be restrictions on bank ownership.
3. Discipline levy so that the market can be carried out through transparency of information and reduction of
   deposit guarantee values.
4. Implementation of risk-based management or supervision.

The application of risk management in banking itself needs to comply with the principles of:

1. Transparency, or a
Risk Management Policy that Must Be Transparent

By doing so, all potential risks must be disclosed openly. This hidden risk will then become a
source of big problems in the future.

2. Appropriate Assessment

The point is that it must be based on an accurate assessment methodology. The
company then needs to make continuous investments to be able to develop various concepts, methodologies, and
tools and techniques continuously to then build strong risk management.

3. Quality and timely information

This needs to be done because it will support assessment accuracy and quality measurements for decision making.

4. Diversification

By doing this, the dangerous risk for the bank can be overcome.

5. Independence

The point is that risk management must be based on independence in a relationship between each unit in the
organization.

6. Disciplined Decision Patterns

The point is that no matter how good the concepts, methodologies and tools and techniques are used, the
quality of decisions at risk depends on how management decides the best way to use the available concepts,
methodologies, tools and techniques. Therefore, the decision-making process must then refer to
a standard pattern followed by high discipline.

7. Determination of Banking Risk Limits and
Tolerances

Setting limits will then provide maximum certainty in taking risks and narrowing down opportunities to commit
moral hazard.

8. Implementation of Internal Control on
Every Transaction

With proper control of each transaction, moral hazard can be prevented.

Moral Hazard Causes and Impact

Moral hazard in banking can occur due to weaknesses in regulations and legislation, ownership structure factors,
aspects of deposit insurance and credit lending aspects, as well as weakened market discipline.

Therefore, good and stable regulations should be found or created, be able to regulate properly, not lead to a
concentration of economic power, then have the flexibility to grow the banking industry, and have the ability to
distinguish which banks are healthy and which are not.

The following below are the factors that cause moral hazard:

1. Low income: It is believed that the reason why individuals will later participate in moral hazard is due to
   lack of income or sufficient resources to control future costs.
2. Lack of personal or moral values
3. Lack of personal values ​​that uphold honesty is sometimes a factor that encourages someone to do moral
   hazard.
4. Information discrepancies between principals and agents which then lead to what is commonly referred to as a
   conflict of interest where each party then tries its best to maximize the benefits of the other.

Impact of Moral Hazard

Moral hazard also refers to a situation that then arises when an individual has the opportunity to take
advantage of various financial agreements or situations, knowing that all risks and impacts will then fall
on other parties. This means that one party is open to options – and therefore tempted – to
take advantage of the other party.

The second party itself as the party that bears all the consequences of every risk that is then taken in a
moral hazard situation, allows the first party to be free to do whatever they want, without fear of
responsibility. They are able to ignore all moral implications and act in the way that is most
beneficial to them. The impact of moral hazard includes:

1. Cost overruns

Expense overruns that are not in accordance with the budget Individuals who bear the burden of risk will spend
more than budgeted for the same risk due to moral hazard.

2. Conflicts of Interest and Legal Cases

Moral hazard also results in conflicts of interest and legal cases when both parties later become aware of
various missing information.

3. Triggering Corruption

One of the main impacts of moral hazard is corruption. Individuals who are willing to maximize
their profits from activities that don’t cost a penny.

Moral Hazards and Their
Prevention in the Banking Industry in Indonesia

The banking industry is a unique industry when compared to other industries. In this case,
other industries, such as profit-oriented industries, this industry also carries out its supervisory role or
monitors debtors, on the other hand this industry is also monitored by depositors, including regulators and
deposit insurance agencies. .

Depositors do not directly monitor the use of funds which are then placed with debtors, but banking
institutions that monitor debtors have a role as a mandate for depositors or depositors of funds at the
bank. This monitoring or control will work properly when they have aligned interests.

If there is no alignment of incentives and interests between them, a conflict of interest will occur.
In fact, it will complicate various monitoring functions, whereby shareholders can then take high
risks at the expense of other shareholders, depositors, and deposit insurance institutions.

Therefore, the role of regulation regarding moral hazard is managed properly and wisely. This
needs to be done because it really functions as a public representation related to monitoring in the banking
industry.

The case of the burglary of Citibank customer funds which was then carried out by certain individuals either on
their own behalf or on certain conspiracies is a clear example of moral hazard in the banking world in
Indonesia.

Related Books

Managing Banking Service Quality

Excellent service is closely related to banking business services. This is important to
provide a sense of satisfaction and foster trust in customers so that they feel that they are being cared
for or cared for properly and correctly as they should. One of the competency certification
programs in the banking sector in Indonesia that is still very much needed in the banking industry is
funding and services .

This Funding and Services module is a continuation of the previously published modules. This
module is a minimum reference that must be owned by prospective tellers , or customer
service , or bank funding o cers . The main source of this module is from
SKKNI (Indonesian National Work Competency Standards), various modules or training materials implemented
by various banks, as well as existing practices in the Indonesian banking industry. By
mastering this module, prospective participants will have the minimum ability to become a
teller , customer service and bank funding officer.

Banking Law Responsibilities of Shareholders

In the implementation of shareholder responsibility based on the principle of Piercing the Corporate
Veil in the context of banking law in Indonesia, there are still weaknesses related to juridical and
sociological aspects. As a result, the legal responsibility of bank shareholders cannot be
fully prosecuted as it should be. Especially when it is related to the clause in Law Number
40 of 2007 concerning Banking, which simultaneously accommodates the doctrine of separate
legal personality of a company and piercing the corporate veil , so that in certain
circumstances the legal responsibilities of shareholders have limitations and even do not apply.

Automatically, when the bank company is unable to fulfill its obligations, the shareholders are only
responsible for the amount of capital included. This book seeks to discuss and examine these
issues through legal approaches and comparisons as well as examples of national and international banking
cases.

Banking Accounting Edition 3
Transactions in Rupiah Currency

Transparency of bank financial reports is a necessity for every party with an interest in banking matters.
Bank Indonesia as the monetary authority has responded to this through regulatory changes related
to the financial information of a bank. This book has integrated banking regulations, concepts
and banking accounting standards.

In addition to discussing and presenting in full both the concepts of bank accounting, product accounting,
deposit insurance and bank services as well as the preparation of branch and joint financial reports,
examples and cases are also given that are easy to understand. Thus this book deserves to be
owned and becomes one of the references for students, academics, banking practitioners, as well as parties
interested in this field and concerned with the development of banking in Indonesia.

Financial Services
Marketing: Targeting Indonesian Banking Consumers

This book describes in detail the development of Indonesia’s financial services sector, which has been up
and down since the colonial period to the present. The following discussion focuses on
consumers, because consumers play an important role in the development of a financial service provider.
In this discussion about consumers, readers can see the problems that often occur in the Indonesian
financial services sector.

The writing of this book uses a combination of academic and popular approaches, by presenting the results of
empirical research and the practice of marketing financial products in the banking world.

Banking Accounting Theory and Application

This book is prepared based on the 2016 Curriculum Standards which place students more as owners of
theoretical and practical or technical abilities. This book is also equipped with a summary to
make it easier to use and practice questions to test students’ understanding of the material contained in
the book. In this book, the theory and application of Banking Accounting will discuss
“basic material for banking and practice of accounting records in the banking
sector” .

Closing

Moral hazard is an action that should not be taken because it can harm other people or can
even bankrupt a company. Therefore, we do our best to prevent moral hazard from occurring, so
that criminal acts of corruption can be avoided. This is a review of Moral Hazard, starting
from its definition, history, steps to overcome it, its causes and effects. Hope it is
useful!

Talking about banking, actually it’s not just about law, but also talking about banking. If
you want to find books about banking, you can get them at sinaumedia.com .
To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so
that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information .

Monopolistic Market – Monopolistic competition market is a type of imperfect competition market. This monopolistic market system was developed due to the lack of satisfaction in the analysis of the perfect market competition model or monopoly market. However, if we look at it from a monopolistic market structure, the system is closer to a perfectly competitive market. However, producers will participate more in this type of market to produce a product that is different and has its own characteristics.

A monopolistic market is a market that has many consumers who can produce a different commodity. This type of market is also often referred to as a market that has many sellers who only offer one type of product but with different quality, shape and product size. In a monopolistic market, consumers will feel a difference from the characteristics of each product offered by one producer with other producers.

With the difference in each product offered, it will reflect the real difference between the products to be purchased. But it is also possible that the difference that is created is only the perception of each consumer. Where the products offered by various manufacturers in the market are indeed different. For example, we can see the difference in a product from its packaging or physical form. Starting from differences in shape, size, function, and also product quality. In addition, we can see the differences between each product from the brand, logo, and also the packaging.

Then to see more clearly regarding product differences, we can look at the product sales credit period, ease of access, commodity availability, location to get community, after sales service, and so on. As for examples of products sold in monopolistic markets that we can encounter in everyday life, namely cosmetics, clothing, medicines, places to eat, and many more.

Definition of Monopolistic Market

In a monopolistic market, there are many sellers offering homogeneous or similar merchandise. But the products sold are distinguished by their quality, shape, and size, and all existing sellers must compete optimally. Products sold in this market have different qualities, prices and sizes even in one type of product. Fixed price determination will usually be determined directly by the seller. So it does not use market mechanisms.

A monopolistic market is basically a market that exists between two extreme types of markets, namely perfect competition markets and monopoly markets. Therefore, each of these types of markets contains elements or characteristics derived from monopoly competition markets and perfect competition markets. In other words, a monopolistic competition market can be interpreted as a market which has many sellers or producers who produce a variety of products.

Characteristics of a Monopolistic Market

The following are some of the characteristics of a monopolistic market that you need to understand:

1. Having a very large number of producers or sellers

There are many producers in a monopolistic market. So that each seller or producer must be satisfied with a relatively small market share or market share. Not only that, sellers in a monopolistic market do not have full power to determine prices in the market.

This is related to the number of sellers who are quite a lot. So that various difficulties arise related to coordination between producers or sellers. So price collusion is almost impossible. Every business owner must always actively seek their own target market.

2. Product Differentiation

The product differentiation referred to here is a similar product having different characteristics. We can see the difference from the shape, size, pattern, quality, and others. Each manufacturer will give characteristics and a special touch to the products they produce. Like apparel manufacturers and also sports equipment such as Nike, Adidas, Fila, Skechers, and also Puma have similar products. Where all these companies issue the same type of shoes. But the products they produce have their own characteristics and characteristics.

Therefore, every company or producer cannot arbitrarily determine market prices, be it lowering or increasing prices. If one producer tries to undermine the market price, other producers will automatically follow suit. However, producers still cannot increase product prices. This is because if someone is determined to raise their price but their competitors maintain their previous price, then the company will incur a loss.

3. Manufacturer Competition Not Based on Price

In a monopolistic competition market, producers or sellers tend not to be able to play with prices in the market. Unless there is a consensus that is carried out simultaneously with other manufacturers. Therefore, the competition that occurs in this market system is more directed to the design, quality, marketing, and advantages of each product.

Even if someone wants to play with the price, for example there are manufacturers who want to set high prices for the products they offer, then these producers must be able to convince consumers regarding the quality and also the advantages of these products compared to similar products owned by competitors.

4. Freedom for New Producers to Exit and Enter the Market

All producers in this market system have the freedom to enter and leave the market. This is because the products they offer can be replaced by similar products from other manufacturers that still survive in the market. This certainly will not cause product scarcity and inconvenience consumers who want to find these products.

Meanwhile for new producers, they do not need to have a large amount of capital to be able to join and compete for market share. Provided that the product offered has an affordable price and is of good quality and can be accounted for. That way, consumers in the market will accept the presence of the new producer.

5. Development of Technology and Innovation

Because there is intense competition and there are many competitors in it. So every producer or seller is required to be able to continue to provide innovation to the products they offer. This also causes technology to develop rapidly to keep up with the innovations desired by manufacturers.

When a manufacturer innovates, it will bring more profit than the normal profit when using old products. With increased income or profits, it will be easier to attract other producers to carry out similar or better innovations. Therefore, the concept of innovation and technology will never end as long as there is intense competition between one manufacturer and another.

Advantages In Monopolistic Competition Markets

The demand graph that will be faced by producers in a monopolistic competition market is more elastic than in a monopoly market. However, the level of demand does not reach perfectly elastic properties like the demand curve in a perfectly competitive market. However, in a monopolistic competition market, you will get some advantages that you cannot get in other types of markets. Here is the full explanation:

a. Maximizing Profits In The Short Term

The demand that is faced by all producers in a monopolistic competitive market is the majority of which comes from the overall consumer or market demand. The maximum profit can be obtained if the producer continues to produce the goods provided until the level of MC equals MR is reached. In that case, the company or producer will earn profits above the average in a short period of time.

b. Maximizing Long Term Profits

The existence of profits that exceed the average limit will cause the development of producers in the market. So that every producer in the market must be prepared to face less demand at various price levels. So, the profit that will be obtained also decreases to normal levels.

There Are Inefficiencies in Monopolistic Competition Markets

There are two reasons why inefficiencies arise in this monopolistic competition market. The first is because the selling price is greater than the marginal cost. Then the second is excessive capacity. If the company experiences a minimum loss, then they will exit the market.

So that the number of producers or sellers in the market will decrease and the number of requests obtained by producers who are still there will increase. With the exit of these producers from the market, it will continue until the producers get a normal profit.

In this situation, there will be no more producers entering the market and no more companies leaving the market. That is what is called the long-run equilibrium of the company in a monopolistic competition market.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopolistic Competition

The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of monopolistic competition markets that you need to understand.

The advantages of Monopolistic Competition Market are:

a. The number of companies in the market will provide distinct advantages for consumers in choosing the best goods or products for them.
b. There is freedom to go in and out for the producers. So that it will encourage producers to always innovate in every product they offer.
c. There is product differentiation that can encourage consumers to be more careful in choosing the product to be purchased and can make each consumer more selective about the product to be chosen.
d. This market is relatively easy to find because most of our daily needs are in a monopolistic market.

Disadvantages of a Monopolistic Market

a. Monopolistic competition market has a fairly high level of competition, both in terms of price, quality and service. So that producers who do not have sufficient capital and experience, will leave the market more quickly.
b. It takes a large enough capital to be able to enter the market. This is because the business owners in it have high economies of scale.
c. This market can encourage various companies to always provide innovation. So that it will increase production costs which will impact on product prices that must be paid by consumers.

Monopoly Market Factors

The following are several factors that cause a monopoly market, including:

1. Have Resources

Source companies can monopolize the market because the ownership of unique and special resources is not owned by other companies. To trigger a monopoly economy, namely the existence of a powerful company, be it all of the raw materials that are available or most of them.

2. Economies of Scale

The company will get the maximum profit if the production level in the company is large enough. Because, when a company reaches a situation where production costs are minimum, the amount of production is almost equal to the demand in the market.

This can have an impact on reducing product prices if production is higher and at high production levels as well. Then for the price to be made as low as possible, so that companies that have just joined will not be able to enter and compete with other companies that have developed first. That is what can trigger the emergence of a monopoly market.

3. Monopoly Rights Revenue from the Government

Regulations made by the government can also create monopoly power. For example regarding copyright regulations and also patents.

Copyrights and patents are useful legal guarantees to prevent plagiarism. An effort to develop a type of technology to be able to create new products will provide benefits for the company itself. So that the technology is prohibited and the government gives sanctions or penalties to companies that commit plagiarism or plagiarism.

Example of a Monopolistic Market

The following are examples of monopolistic competition markets that are important to know:

a. Cigarette factory

Cigarette factories such as Djarum, Gudang Garam, Dji Sam Soe, and others, both produce cigarettes. But each company has its own characteristics. In fact, the price set by each company is also different. There is no standard that can determine that the price of these products must be the same or uniform.

In addition, each company has the power to influence the market using its products. However, they cannot influence the overall market price or the prices set by their competitors. The other differences that we can see from all the examples of products from the manufacturers above are regarding the cigarette mix, the appearance of the packaging design, and also the flavor variants provided. Then, the number of cigarettes in the package also depends on each manufacturer.

b. Motorcycle Factory

Another example of monopolistic competition in Indonesia is the Honda or Yamaha motorcycle factory. Where Honda’s motorbikes are always considered more economical compared to other motorcycle brands. Meanwhile, the Yamaha output motorbike is considered to have superior power compared to other motorbikes.

This is an example of a monopolistic competition market. Where the two brands both produce motorcycles. However, both have quite different characteristics.

Thus the discussion of monopolistic markets along with their characteristics and examples. Where from the explanation above we can draw the conclusion that a monopolistic market is a market that is developed because there is no satisfaction in perfect competition markets and monopoly markets. In other words, a monopolistic market is a combination of perfect competition and monopoly markets.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

 

Monologue – Talking about performing arts, there are indeed many kinds, especially since every performing art always displays beauty every time it appears. Usually this performing arts is performed on an indoor stage or an outdoor stage. Apart from that, some performing arts are free to be exhibited by the public and some are paid.

Performing arts that are held in this room are usually carried out in an arts theater building. However, there are also those that are carried out in a hotel room which has quite a large room. Meanwhile, performing arts held outdoors are usually carried out in a large area, such as a field or parking lot. Performing arts that are held indoors or outdoors certainly have their own pleasure when watching them.

The performing arts themselves are usually played or performed by people who are experts in the performing arts. For example, singing shows will certainly be performed by someone who is good at singing, as well as other performances. Someone who is going to do a performance will definitely do some practice beforehand in order to be able to show the maximum appearance to the audience.

Some prefer to watch performing arts alone, some prefer with friends or with family, and some prefer to watch shows with their loved ones. So, do you prefer to watch shows alone or accompanied by other people?

Each performing arts certainly has its own uniqueness and characteristics. In addition, connoisseurs or observers of the performing arts also vary. One of the performing arts that many people like is theatrical art. When it comes to theatrical art, it is bound to be attached to drama and monologues. Even though these two things are in the theater arts, they are fundamentally different.

On this occasion, we will discuss more about the art of performing monologues. It could be that after knowing what a monologue is, you will become more interested in participating in monologue performances. So, take a look at this review, it’s trash, Sinaumed’s.

Definition of Monologue

Monologue comes from the Greek word mono and legein. Mono means one while legein means to speak. So, a monologue is just one person speaking. As previously explained, this monologue is part of theatrical art. Therefore, monologue can be said as a role art that is performed alone.

In short, monologue can be said as someone who speaks alone. Monologue means the study of acting. So, a monologue is a scene that is played by only one person. Apart from that, some monologues are only in the form of movements and some are combined with a script that has been made.

The communication process that occurs in the monologue is carried out in stages where each stage is in the form of an event that is played out by himself so that he can present a story that can be understood by the audience. Therefore, some people say that doing a monologue must consist of an element of communication. This element must exist so that the monologue actor can convey the meaning of a story through acting performed by himself.

In simple terms, it can be said that a monologue is a way to convey a message with just one speaker in a motion that is adapted to the contents of the statement. This is in line with the meaning of monologue based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), monologue is a play scene with a single actor who carries a conversation alone.

Aspects of Assessment Monologue

If you want to act out a monologue, you should pay attention to several aspects of the monologue. This needs to be done so that the meaning and message of the monologue can be conveyed while the audience feels amazed at the way the story is told. The following are aspects of monologue assessment, including:

1. Theme Appropriateness

The first aspect of conducting a monologue is the suitability of the theme. Every performing arts organization must have a predetermined theme. Therefore, the story to be conveyed by a monologue must be in accordance with a predetermined theme. For example, when you want to bring up the theme of independence, the story that is told must be related to independence, such as struggle.

Monologues that match the theme make it easier for the audience to understand the storyline and take meaning from the monologue stage. So, don’t always remember to adjust the theme when you want to act out a monologue.

2. Character Mastery

The second aspect of the monologue is character mastery. As previously explained, monologue is part of acting, so you should master the role to be played. Therefore, monologue actors will practice for weeks or even months before doing monologue theater.

In mastering this character, some are done independently and some are done with a mentor. Both of these are equally good and should be adapted to one’s own character and abilities.

3. Mastery of the Stage

Monologue is an art that is played or performed on stage, so that when playing it, the actor must dominate the stage. In this case, mastery of the stage can be interpreted as an actor who understands what direction he should move when acting out a monologue.

4. Props and Costumes

In the arts, acting cannot be separated from props and costumes. Both aspects must exist because they can support the storyline, so that the audience understands what story the monologue actor wants to convey. Usually, these props and costumes have been determined by the director of the monologue theatrical performance, so the monologue actor only needs to wear the costume.

5. Decoration

In addition to props and costumes, when staging a monologue, you must pay attention to the decoration aspect. That’s right, decoration must be given great attention because it has quite an important aspect because without decoration, a monologue performance will feel normal and will reduce the audience’s awe.

There is already a team for the decoration itself, so that the monologue actors can focus on the movements and dialogue that will be brought on stage. This decoration must also be adjusted to a predetermined theme.

6. Vocal or Intonation

In staging a monologue, the actor will issue a dialogue that will form a story. Therefore, in playing a monologue, you must pay attention to aspects of vocals or intonation. This is because these two things can touch the audience’s feelings and it becomes easier to understand the meaning of the monologue being played.

Monologue Features

1. The form of one’s opinion is collaborated with silent sentences or dialogues. Where to be able to synchronize requires careful planning. However, there are exceptions to a few people who are skilled at creating the art of monologues spontaneously without a plan.
2. The performer of the monologue is only one person, there are no opponents or partners.
3. Use descriptive narrative messages. Of course using a certain theme that has been set. To support this narrative, supporting documents are needed, which can be in the form of presentations, pictures or something else.
4. Monologue is more often used for theater arts and acting. Rarely used in dramas, soap operas or FTV.
5. Monologues can invite the audience to interact simply to give an impression of their actions.
6. More appropriate and suitable for silent dialogue, or in general language, pantomime performances that only combine communication through movement and alone.
7. Describe consistently but interact with each other’s messages.

Monologue Types

1. Biographical Narrative Monologue

A biographical narrative monologue is a narrator who is required to retell actual events that have been experienced in the past. The thing to emphasize here is that the narrator should not highlight the characters of other characters in the story. In other words, purely just telling himself.

2. Fictional Character-Driven Monologue

A fictional character-driven monologue is a monologue that gives the narrator the freedom to tell based on his imaginative power. With this type of monologue, you can highlight more than one character and be free to express it.

The imaginative intention here is not merely the narrator’s imagination. The narrator can also tell an imaginative story when he was a child. So, it’s not just the narrator’s imagination in the present, but more broadly the intended imaginative form.

3. Topical monologue

Topical monologue is one monologue that emphasizes everyday events. Where the monologue is not just telling the story of everyday life that is experienced. but the monologue may also tell the results of observations that have been made. Of course based on observation through observation.

If you look at it at a glance, you could say that a topical monologue is similar to a stand-up comedy. However, the two actually have something in common, viz. the similarities between the two have a sense of humor where the sense of humor is taken from combining anecdotes.

4. Storytelling monologue

In accordance with its type, monologue storytelling focuses more on narrative stories. The narrator is the storyteller who tells by following the changes in the expression being told. Then, the narrator can imitate the character of the character being told.

5. Reality Based Monologue

Thus, the difference between a reality-based monologue and other monologues lies in the core form or presentation of the monologue itself. In this type of monologue a narrator refers to experiences, real stories that have been used.

The form of reality-based monologue is not only conveyed in the form of a story. However, it can also be presented in the form of photo shots, text, or in video form. In fact, it can also be conveyed in the form of a story.

6. Monologues of Biographical Characters

The most notable difference from a biographical monologue is that it features dialogue rather than story. So, in this type of monologue, the narrator can tell more than one character. In fact, it can stage more than 10 character characters at once.

Basically, to act out a monologue is not easy, so special skills are needed. Not only that, monologue actors also have to practice regularly so they can give performances that will impress the audience.

Well, that’s the explanation of the monologue. So, are you getting interested in exploring the monologue role?

If Sinaumed’s is interested in knowing more about monologues, you can learn about them by reading references on the internet or books that you can only get at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Book Recommendations Related to Monologues

1. Political Monologue

In this Political Monologue book , five monologues written by Putu Fajar Arcana are presented in an unusual way of looking at reality.

Monologues are not so popular as a method of expressing various phenomena that occur around us. However, these works prove how the story and role of a character can become an anchor to slowly enter the vast jungle of the world of politics, which is a mess.

This Political Monologue book provides evidence that the world of harsh and banal politics can also be approached in a subtle way, but still dives right down to the core of the problem, namely human morality!

2. The Monologue of the Wind

The Wind Monologue is a collection of Bagus Burham’s poems. For him, writing poetry is nothing. The poetry he wrote was later recorded as a pilgrimage in honor of his predecessors in the world of literature, an attempt to emulate exemplary and kindness, as well as a way of self-museum.

Bagus Burham’s poems are soft and sometimes empty and even harsh, like an unexpected wind.

Bagus Burham, born in Kudus 1992. Now he is listed as a PGSD student at Muria Kudus University and is active in the Jenang Literary Community. Bagus Burham’s works have appeared in various poetry anthologies of poets in Central and East Java. In fact, his poetry has also appeared in various media, both print and online media , which contain his selected works.

3. Aldy’s Monologue: The Inspirational Story of Atistics Paintings of Persons with Autism

Aldy or Raynaldy Halim, born in 1997, has had autism since he was 16 months old. Various ways of healing have been attempted by the father and mother, involving many doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists, religionists, traditional healers to spiritual experts from various cities and countries.

Aldy finally got better through painting therapy, and now he is a painter. The beauty of the nuances of his work is phenomenal, thus attracting the attention of international exhibition committees. This book tells of his suffering, his struggles, his achievements, and his happiness.

Augustine says: deus intimeor intimo meo, God is closer to me than I am to myself. Aldy, through the strokes of his paintings, has succeeded in embodying the story of the hidden presence of God’s love in his life.

Aldy’s paintings are not only rich in color, but also decorated with messages of love, even though all of them are depicted in abstract patterns. Aldy’s paintings also often carry messages from nature, so that his works can be an inspiration for all mankind.”

Aldy’s paintings contain many beautiful nuanced details. Aldy’s work is a form of energy and imagination that grows from purity of heart, starting from hidden talents. Everything flows and boils down to a vibrant canvas with vibrant colors.

4. 25 Monologues by Arswendo Atmowiloto

Arswendo Atmowiloto has one and a half months to write 25 monologue scripts. The number 25, at the same time welcoming the 25th anniversary, London School of Public Relations (LSPR), Jakarta, where he teaches Creative Writing and Directing courses.

Since 2015, together with students from the Performing Arts Communication (PAC) concentration, he has had a program of writing scripts, training, staging, and discussing those embodied in productions with the titles “We Perform Theater” (PAC Batch 17, 2015), “Kisah Ruang Wait” (PAC Batch 18, 2016), and “Parade 25 Monologue by Arswendo Atmowiloto” (PAC Batch 19, 2017).

Twenty-five monologue texts in this book are dedicated to LSPR Jakarta, Indonesia’s favorite communication college, which has a tradition of performing arts and performing arts festivals every semester.

Thus the review of the monologue. Sinaumed’s can read other monologue-related books that have been recommended at sinaumedia.com. sinaumedia always provides the best products so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Monetary Policy Instruments – Every country has a central bank which has the duty to regulate the smooth circulation of money in its sovereign territory. Monetary policy is one type of central bank policy to carry out its duties. However, what exactly is meant by monetary policy? Also, what are the monetary policy instruments that Sinaumed’s must understand as a citizen? Check out the full explanation in the following article.

Monetary Policy Instruments

As is well known, monetary policy is an economic policy towards controlling money circulation and economic growth. The main measures as macroeconomic variables are the unemployment rate and inflation. However, not only that, there are other monetary policy instruments, including the following.

1. Discount Policy (Discount Rate)

Discount policy is a monetary policy instrument that is measured by bank interest rates. Conditions in which commercial banks lend funds to Bank Indonesia as the central bank with the aim of making money circulate in an orderly manner.

Note the following:

• If the central bank raises interest rates, it will reduce the amount of money in circulation to overcome inflation

So, when interest rates are raised, people will be more interested in saving at banks, Grammeds. This happens because the money saved will get greater interest. Due to the high public interest in saving, the money circulating in society will also decrease.

• If banks lower interest rates, it will have the effect of increasing the amount of money in circulation to overcome deflation

So, when interest rates are lowered, people will be more interested in using money because if you save, you will only get interest or a small profit.

2. Open Market Operations

When the government controls the circulation of money through the sale or purchase of securities owned by the government, what is used as an instrument of monetary policy is open operation.

Noteworthy:

• If the central bank sells SBI, it will have the effect of reducing the money supply to overcome inflation

When SBI is purchased by the public, the money will be received by the central bank, which can reduce the money supply.

• If the central bank buys SBI again, it will increase the money supply to overcome defaluation.

When the central bank buys SBI, the central bank will exchange them for money, so that the money circulating in the community will also increase.

3. Statutory Reserve Ratio Policy

Next, the monetary policy instrument is the mandatory reserve ratio. The mandatory reserve ratio is a policy of the central bank to increase or decrease commercial bank cash reserves.

Things to watch out for, Squad:

• If the central bank increases cash reserves, it will reduce the money supply and serve to overcome inflation.

So, as a result, commercial banks have to hold more money in reserves so that the money supply can be reduced, Sinaumed’s .

• If the bank reduces cash reserves, it will increase the money supply to overcome deflation.

So, commercial banks have to spend more money on the public rather than holding that money as reserves, so the amount of money in circulation will increase in the community.

4. Determination of Reference Interest Rates

To achieve monetary policy objectives, Bank Indonesia has the authority to control money circulation through interest rates.

• Tight Credit is a central bank policy that is useful for reducing the amount of money in circulation in order to overcome inflation, meaning that strict conditions for granting will reduce the number of people or entrepreneurs to obtain credit, due to difficulties in obtaining credit with increasingly difficult conditions.
• Loose credit is a policy of the central bank to increase the amount of money in circulation to overcome deflation, meaning that looser terms of provision will be useful for increasing the number of people or entrepreneurs who can get credit because the conditions are also simplified.

The interest rate set by Bank Indonesia will be used as a reference for commercial banks throughout Indonesia to carry out their activities. Thus, the money supply can be increased.

5. Moral Appeal

Finally, the monetary policy instrument is moral appeal. In this case, Bank Indonesia as the central bank urges all commercial banks to adopt a policy of reducing or increasing loan interest rates

Definition of Monetary Policy

Monetary policy is a decision taken by the government to support economic activity through various matters related to determining the amount of money circulating in society.

The main objective of monetary policy is to maintain the stability of the availability of money in a country. Monetary policy must be carried out because the state’s money supply will affect various economic activities, such as inflation, bank interest rates, and so on.

Therefore, the person in charge and implementer of monetary policy in Indonesia is Bank Indonesia as the central bank. This is based on Law no. 23 of 1999 concerning Bank Indonesia Monetary Policy.

Definition of Monetary Policy According to Experts

1. Soeharsono Sagir: Monetary policy demonstrates the ability of Bank Indonesia as a central bank to achieve its sole objective, namely to achieve and maintain rupiah stability (inflation and rupiah exchange rate under control).
2. Sadono Sukirno: Monetary policy is the central bank’s steps to influence the amount of money supply and interest rates in the economy with the aim of overseeing the forms of loans and investments made by commercial banks.
3. Suryana: Monetary policy is a government policy to influence the course of the economy by influencing the supply of money in society or by influencing interest rates.
4. Natsir: What is meant by monetary policy is any action or effort by the central bank to influence the development of monetary variables (money supply, exchange rates, interest rates, and credit interest rates) in order to achieve the desired goals.
5. Perry Warjiyo: Monetary policy is the policy of the monetary authority or central bank in the form of monetary aggregates in order to achieve the development of economic activities carried out by taking into account the cycle of economic activity, the nature of a country’s economy, and other fundamental economic factors.
6. Muana Nanga: The definition of monetary policy is a policy carried out by the monetary authority by controlling the amount of money in circulation and interest rates to influence the level of aggregate demand and reduce economic instability.

In other words, monetary policy is a process in which the government, central bank, or a country’s monetary authority controls the supply of money, the availability of money, and the cost of money or interest rates in order to achieve growth-oriented goals and economic stability.

Monetary Policy Objectives

Bank Indonesia has the goal of achieving and maintaining stability in the value of the rupiah. This goal is in accordance with what has been stated in Law no. 3 of 2004 article 7 concerning Bank Indonesia. What is meant by stability in the value of the rupiah includes stability in the prices of goods and services as reflected in inflation.

To achieve this goal, since 2005 Bank Indonesia has implemented a monetary policy framework with inflation as the main target of monetary policy ( Inflation Targeting Framework ) and adheres to a free floating exchange rate system .

The role of exchange rate stability is very important to achieve price and financial system stability. Therefore, Bank Indonesia also implements an exchange rate policy to reduce the volatility of excessive exchange rates, not to direct the exchange rate at a certain level.

1. Ensuring Economic Stability

The economic growth of a country must be controlled and sustainable. This can be realized by balancing the flow of goods and services with the circulation of money. Therefore, the objective of monetary policy is to maintain economic stability by means of regulations and stipulations related to the circulation of money in society.

2. Controlling Inflation

In order to suppress inflation, Bank Indonesia must establish policies with the aim of reducing money circulating in the community and maintaining the availability of money in banks. Thus, one of the objectives of the existence of monetary policy is to control inflation.

3. Increasing Employment

The next objective of monetary policy from Bank Indonesia is to increase the availability of jobs. The stability of the circulation of money makes production activities increase. With an increase in production activities, human resources are needed in its management. So that this can be useful for absorbing labor with the existence of jobs.

4. Protecting the Stability of Goods Prices in the Market

The next objective of monetary policy is to protect market price stability. When market prices are stable, it will foster public confidence in current and future price levels. So that the level of purchasing power that exists between periods remains the same. This price stability can be regulated through the balance of money circulation, demand for goods, and production of goods.

5. Maintaining the balance of the international balance of payments

Monetary policy does not only influence domestic economic activities, but also those outside the country. One of the goals of monetary policy is to maintain a balance in the international balance of payments. This can be realized through the stability of the number of exported and imported goods which are equal in size. Therefore, it is not surprising that the government often conducts devaluations in this regard.

6. Encouraging Economic Growth

All impacts on monetary policy are expected to be able to stimulate economic growth. Because, in order to achieve this goal requires various successes from each component. For example, such as the availability of jobs, inflation rate control, production activities and demand for goods, and others.

Types of Monetary Policy Types

In making decisions regarding money circulation, Bank Indonesia uses two types of monetary policy. The explanation is as follows.

1. Expansive Monetary Policy

Expansionary monetary policy is a type of monetary policy that manages and regulates the circulation of money in economic activities. In this case, the main objective is to increase the circulation of money in society so that the wheels of the economy can increase.

2. Contractive Monetary Policy

Next, contractionary monetary policy is a type of monetary policy which is a policy taken as a step to reduce the circulation of money in society when inflation occurs. This was realized by selling government bonds, increasing bank interest rates, and increasing reserve requirements for banks.

Example of Monetary Policy in Indonesia

In practice, a lot of regulations have been implemented as a result of monetary policy in Indonesia. The following is an example of monetary policy in Indonesia.

1. Implementation of Direct Credit by Bank Indonesia

First, an example of monetary policy is Bank Indonesia providing direct credit. Providing direct credit to many sectors or projects that require funds urgently. This is able to increase the amount of money in circulation because the sector or project must finance all activities as soon as possible.

2. Provision of Overdraft Facilities

When Bank Indonesia assists commercial banks that are experiencing short-term liquidity difficulties, this is an example of monetary policy using an overdraft facility . The assistance provided is short-term loans with high interest rates. This is done in the hope of being able to control the circulation of money so that it remains stable.

3. Issuance of Government Bonds

Furthermore, an example of monetary policy is by issuing government bonds. In this case, the government is trying to collect funds from the public so that the money circulating in the community decreases.

4. Rupiah Intervention Program

The rupiah intervention program is an example of monetary policy in Indonesia carried out by Bank Indonesia by means of a process of borrowing and borrowing funds directly on the Interbank Money Market within a 7-day period. This is done as an effort to support operating activity instruments in the open market.

Also read:

• Macroeconomic Theory: Definition and Key Issues
• Types of Economic Activities and Examples
• Populist Economic System: Definition, Characteristics, Targets
• Understanding the Definition of the Digital Economy, Benefits
• What is Economic Growth Theory
• Understanding Green Economy: Origins, Goals, Principles