Category: General

Know What Minus Eye Is, Causes and Prevention – If you find it difficult to see objects that are far from you, or can’t read writing from a distance, it means you have a nearsighted eye disorder or minus eye. Nearsightedness in the medical world is called myopia. There are many reasons why the eye can have nearsightedness, for example reading books too close, or using gadgets too close. However, many also say that minus eyes are hereditary.

There must be someone around you who said that the minus eye was inherited from his father or mother. Researchers reveal that this nearsighted eye disorder can be passed down in families. However, it is also driven by external factors such as not taking care of eye health or often reading in a room with low light. Then, how do you prevent nearsightedness or reduce eye minus? Check out the article below to understand more about nearsightedness.

What is Minus Eye or Miopia?

Myopia or nearsightedness is difficulty seeing distant objects. People who are nearsighted will find it easier to see closer objects. This minus eye condition is quite common and can be helped by using glasses, contact lenses or eye surgery. Myopia is not an eye disease, but a disorder of the eye that makes people unable to see from a distance.

In a normal eye, light from outside will fall right on the retina. In contrast to myopia, light from outside will fall in front of the retina. Because light from outside does not hit the retina exactly, objects that are far away will appear blurry.

Farsightedness can be passed down from father or mother to child. Farsightedness is generally found in children aged 9 to 12 years. When children become teenagers, this nearsightedness can get worse. Nearsightedness can also occur in adults.

Nearsightedness ranges from low to high. High levels of nearsightedness will usually stabilize when a person is 20 to 30 years old. This high degree of nearsightedness can be corrected by using minus lens glasses or using contact lenses. If the person is not comfortable with wearing glasses every day, then eye surgery can be done to correct the minus eye.

However, it needs further attention, because people with minus eyes have a higher risk for other eye diseases than people who do not have minus eyes. One of the eye diseases that can be triggered by minus eyes is damage to the retina. People who have a high level of minus also have a higher risk of glaucoma and cataracts than people who have normal eyes.

Cataracts are a disease that occurs in the lens of the eye. This disease or disorder can interfere with daily activities for sufferers. Disorders of this cataract appear gradually and are usually painless. Meanwhile, glaucoma is a condition caused by a buildup of pressure in the eye. This buildup can damage the optic nerve. If this eye disorder is not treated immediately, people with glaucoma can experience permanent blindness.

Because cataracts have symptoms similar to myopia, you need to see a doctor if your pupils are white, your vision becomes blurry, it’s very difficult to see at night, the object you see becomes double and you need more light for activities. glaucoma is when your vision becomes blurry suddenly, your eyes feel very painful, you feel nauseous and dizzy, and you see colored rings around lights or lights.

Prescriptions from doctors can help the eye focus light to fall right on the retina. In addition, eye surgery can also improve vision. The most common surgical procedures used for nearsightedness are photorefractive keratectomy and LASIK. Photoreactive keratectomy is a surgery that uses a laser to carve out the middle layer of the eye’s cornea. This aims to flatten the curve on the cornea so that light can focus on the retina.

LASIK surgery is nearsighted surgery using a laser to create a thin fold in the top layer of the cornea of ​​the eye. For people who have very high minuses, they are usually advised to undergo cataract surgery or use eye drops that can slow the development of other eye diseases.

Minus Eye Symptoms

Symptoms of minus eye are:

• Vision becomes blurry when looking at objects at a distance
• See distant objects by squinting or partially closing your eyes so you can see objects clearly.
• Headaches that can be caused by tired eyes.
• Difficulty when driving, especially at night or it can be called night blindness.

Because minus eyes tend to be detected when they are children, or are usually diagnosed

during early adolescence, parents should start paying attention to the condition of their child’s vision if the child often crosses his eyes, draws himself closer while watching TV, or looks at the blackboard, is not aware of distant objects, often blinks or rubs his eyes frequently.

3 Common Causes of Minus Eyes

The cause of nearsightedness is that the retina receives an image formed by light rays from outside. Furthermore, the object depicted will be sent to the brain through the optic nerves which are part of the brain. This farsightedness can occur when the cornea is too concave or the eyeball is longer so that light rays from outside will fall in front of the retina, not on the retina. Researchers don’t know the exact cause of nearsightedness, but heredity and bad daily habits could be one of the causes.

Historically, there is a long history of increasing myopia in people who are actively involved in doing more work at work. In fact, scientists since the 1800s have demonstrated a link between people with higher education being farsighted compared to those who are not highly educated or often work outside.

For the most part, nowadays humans are often exposed to close-range stimuli such as looking at cellphone screens, computer tablets or other digital devices. Researchers still can’t say for sure whether digital tools are really something to worry about or not. In addition, the environment also has a role. Studies show that time spent outdoors seems to have a greater effect than lingering indoors.

Children who spend more time outdoors tend to be far less likely to develop nearsightedness than those who spend more time indoors. Previous researchers weren’t sure why this had an effect, but they suggested a link with exposure to sunlight or being in an environment that was oriented at a greater distance than indoors.

1. Descendants

Maybe many of us don’t realize that nearsightedness can be genetically inherited. If one of your parents has nearsightedness, chances are that you will be nearsighted too. What’s more, if both of your parents are nearsighted, then the chances of you being nearsighted will be even greater. Research says that there are 40 genes that cause a person to experience nearsightedness because it is passed down by their parents.

2. Too often do activities in the room

Rarely doing outdoor activities is said to be one of the causes of minus eyes. This is due to the light that is indoors and outdoors is different. Indoor light tends to be darker than natural light outdoors. This of course can affect eye health. Insufficient or dim lighting will tire the eyes quickly and reduce the ability of the eyes to capture light.

3. Reading or playing gadgets too close

Reading a book can be one of the causes of nearsightedness if you read a book in a dim place or too close to your eyes.

People who have a hobby of reading are said to be more likely to be nearsighted than those who don’t. This also applies if you use the gadget too close and the light is dim.

Most people use their gadgets before going to bed with less light and close range, this will make the eyes tired and nearsighted. Try to get used to reading or playing gadgets with a distance of 40 cm.

How to Prevent Minus Eyes

Doctors say that the development of nearsightedness can be reduced by 50 percent. Of course, to avoid the minus getting higher, it would be better to take precautions. Here are some ways to prevent or control myopia.

1. Have your eyes checked by a doctor

Usually many parents are worried if the doctor recommends wearing glasses all day. Parents fear that their children will rely on glasses so that their nearsightedness may increase.

Not a few parents also avoid checking their children’s eyesight to the doctor. However, research shows that if you don’t check your child’s vision from an early age, it will cause your nearsightedness to get worse.

Therefore, if children complain that it is difficult to see distant objects, it is better to have them checked early before their vision gets worse.

2. Increase outdoor activities

Research shows that doing more outdoor activities can reduce the development of myopia. Although this research needs to be carried out further, spending time outside is an important factor in preventing myopia.

Usually doctors will recommend playing outside for 120 minutes for children every day. Doing outdoor activities can also help reduce obesity, increase vitamin D and dopamine levels, besides that it can also increase socialization with other people.

3. Low Dose Atropine

A 0.1% atropine solution has been shown to reduce the development of myopia quite effectively. However, this solution does not slow down the rate of increase in eyeball length. Some researchers say that this solution can reduce the development of myopia by as much as 90%.

This atropine solution is given as much as one drop in the eye every day at bedtime at night. Low doses of atropine are fairly safe, but high doses can have unwanted side effects. Check with your doctor to find out if atropine is right for you or not.

4. Food for healthy eyes

A healthy lifestyle can certainly reduce visual impairment significantly. Some nutrients such as zinc, vitamin C, vitamin E and beta carotene can reduce the risk of eye disease. In addition there are also omega-3 which can help improve eye health. Here are foods that are good for eye health.

a. Fish

For this one food, many may already know about its benefits for eye health. Many types of fish have omega-3 fatty acids. If we eat fish that have lots of omega-3 fats, this can improve eye health. Some types of fish are tuna, mackerel, anchovies and sardines. The oil in the fish’s body can cure dry eyes, especially dry eyes caused by looking at gadget screens for too long.

b. Nuts and seeds

Besides fish, nuts also have high omega-3 fatty acids. In addition to omega-3 fatty acids, nuts also contain vitamin E which can protect the eyes. Nuts that are good for the eyes include cashews, walnuts and others. Apart from nuts, seeds are also rich in omega-3 and vitamin E. Seeds are good for the eyes such as basil seeds.

c. Fruits

Fruits certainly have many benefits for the body. One of the fruits that are good for the eyes is citrus fruits. Citrus fruits contain vitamin C. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can fight eye damage due to aging. Apart from oranges, there are also grapes and red guava which contain vitamin C.

d. Green vegetable

Besides fruits that are good for the body, vegetables are also very good for consumption, especially green vegetables. Green leafy vegetables are rich in lutein, vitamin C and zeaxanthin which are good for eye health. These green vegetables include spinach, kale, cabbage, mustard greens, and others.

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e. Carrots and Sweet Potatoes

Carrots are rich in vitamin A and beta carotene. Beta carotene is the compound that gives carrots their orange color. Vitamin A has an important role in vision.

Vitamin A is a protein component that can help the retina to absorb light. Beta carotene has an important role that is needed by the body to make vitamin A. Apart from carrots, sweet potatoes are also rich in beta carotene. Sweet potatoes are rich in antioxidants and vitamin E.

f. Meat

Beef will contain zinc which is related to long-term eye health. Zinc can help delay vision loss due to age or macular degeneration.

The eye organ itself has a high zinc content, especially in the retina and also the blood vessels around the retina. Meat that contains zinc is beef, pork and chicken.

g. Egg

Besides meat, eggs are also one of the foods that are good for eye health. Eggs are a food that contains a very good source of lutein and zeaxanthin and can reduce the risk of vision loss due to age. In addition, eggs are also a good source of vitamins C and E and zinc.

h. Mineral water

Mineral water has many benefits for the health of the human body. The health of the body also includes the eye organs. Mineral water can help prevent dehydration in the body which can trigger dry eyes.

Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity has indeed brought many changes and advances in education, especially science. Even those who are not in the field know Einstein. In this article, we will invite you to get to know in depth what the theory of relativity looks like and whether there is evidence for it in the real world.

As one of the most influential figures in the world, Albert Einstein has his popularity from the theory of relativity which has changed the world. It would not be an exaggeration to say that it changed the world, because through Einstein’s theory it helps humans little by little to solve the puzzles that occur in the universe. Also helps humans find other discoveries.

But before delving deeper into the evidence for the truth of Einstein’s theory, you need to know in advance what its history was like.

Get to know Albert Einstein

This alumni of the University of Zurich is said to have been a genius since childhood in the fields of mathematics and physics. Little Einstein from the age of 12 years was able to master algebra, Pythagoras, and calculus. He had also mastered integral and differential calculus by the age of 14.

Einstein’s intelligence, which was above average, brought him closer to mathematics, physics and philosophy. Even an artist Kant whose work is complicated and difficult for ordinary people to understand was so easy for little Einstein.

Over time Einstein studied and participated in the fields of mathematics and physics which changed the views of other scientists towards existing theories.

Einstein often produces papers that are so intelligent with his own style of theory. Starting from an explanation of the photoelectric effect, explaining Brownian’s law of motion, to sparking his theory of the law of relativity.

For Einstein, the laws of classical mechanics, which were originally explained by Newton about predicting the motion of celestial bodies (determinism), are no longer relevant to the laws of the electromagnetic field. This is what finally sparked him to make the special theory of relativity. The theory then developed in the gravitational field and then came the general theory of relativity.

As an influential figure in the world of physics, Einstein has contributed so many scientific legacies in the form of theories that have changed the views of other people towards physics and chemistry education. One of the most influential theories is relativity.

Apart from that, there are also other theories which have also become references for many scientists afterward, see more in the following book!

why? People: Albert Einstein

What is the Theory of Relativity and What Are the Benefits?

1. Discovery of the Theory of Relativity

Since time immemorial, physical scientists have believed in the principles of classical physics belonging to Newton who discovered the concept of gravity and stated that space and time are absolute. However, in the 19th century many unexpected phenomena began to appear that could not be explained by Newton’s laws, such as when the planet Mercury began to orbit the sun faster than originally calculated.

Then in 1905 Albert Einstein put forward his theory of relativity which broke the principles of classical physics, where this theory began to answer all the strange questions that were happening in our nature at that time.

In his opinion, the absolute was the speed of light and the laws of physics for all observers whether moving or not. Thus, based on the theory of relativity, it states that space and time can be bent. So what’s the explanation?

There are two types of the theory of relativity put forward by Einstein which solves the world’s questions on all natural phenomena and also in everyday human activities.

a. The Special Theory of Relativity

As already mentioned, relativity believes that the laws of physics and also the speed of light are absolute, while space and time are relative. Einstein discovered the special theory of relativity which held two postulates.

The first postulate , that the laws of physics are absolute or have the same properties in any constant or fixed (inertial) frame of reference. This means that in any constant frame of reference (constantly moving or not moving at all) the laws of physics have the same form.

Still confused? In one case, you are on the side of the highway and see your friend in a car traveling at 80 km/hour. In frame 1, that is, from your point of view, it is your friend who is in the car who is moving, while you are still. On the other hand, in frame 2, from the point of view of your friend, it is you who is moving, while he is still in the car.

The second postulate states that the speed of light is always constant and has a value (c = 3x 108 m/s) and does not depend on the light source and the position of the observer.

For example, in one frame of reference there are two observers where one is moving and one is stationary. Both observe the same event. So both have different perspectives on space and time.

This is of course inversely proportional to Newton’s law which states that space and time are always absolute. So that there are several impacts that occur due to the existence of this special theory of relativity, namely as follows.

1) Time Dilation

This time dilation or expansion of time is the impact of the special theory of relativity which states that space and time are relative. Time dilation occurs because of differences in motion between the two observers in space and time.

2) Long Contractions

This length contraction explains that there is a possibility of shortening the distance from two points measured to two observers who move relatively.

3) Relativistic Mass

According to the theory of special relativity, it explains that the mass of an object that is moving tends to be greater than the mass of an object that is not moving.

4) Relativistic Momentum

If the relativistic mass explains the possibility of a heavier mass. This relativistic momentum explains that when an object has mass, then a speed has momentum. So that in the context of the special theory of relativity there is also the possibility of changing the momentum.

5) Relativistic Energy

Relativistic energy is the product of mass and also the square of absolute speed. At this relativistic energy it is possible that energy and mass can be equivalent. So that this law is also called Einstein’s law of mass-energy equivalence.

How, already have an idea of ​​the special theory of relativity? In addition to the special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein also put forward the general theory of relativity in 1915.

b. General Theory of Relativity

After discovering his special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein tried to combine Newton’s theory of gravity with his own relativity. With all the experiments and failures many times, Einstein finally found a combination of the theory of gravitational relativity, namely the general theory of relativity.

In the general theory of relativity, Einstein explained that gravity exists as part of space and time. Gravity does not just exist, but is the result of the curvature of space and time caused by the existence of a mass quantity.

So that this mass makes space and time to bend, as well as objects around the curve that are attracted to the source of the bend.

For example, if you put a napkin or a piece of cloth on the floor, then place a basketball right in the middle of the cloth. Then what happens is that the fabric will form a curve caused by the ball.

So if you put other small objects around the basketball it will automatically be pulled towards the arc. This is what is called gravity according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

Interestingly, this general theory of relativity seems to be increasingly opening the door for our knowledge in the world of physics to be able to understand this vast and mysterious universe. Through this theory, scientists have succeeded in answering the reason Mercury moves around the sun faster, as well as a shift of 43 arcseconds per century.

2. Proof of the Theory of Relativity

Einstein’s theory has also been proven by new discoveries. Some natural phenomena that occur in this universe are also finally being answered more clearly and clearly.

a. There is a Black Hole

In about 1915 a Schwarzschild scientist solved the problem through Einstein’s field equations which explained that there is a geometry of spacetime around stars. This star also has a very high density with super large gravity.

The star’s strong gravity can bend spacetime so that all objects and light cannot get out of there. Astronomers estimate the location of a black hole with high gravity by changing the properties of the sky material around it.

b. The Big Bang Theory

In accordance with the general theory of relativity, scientists predict that the universe started with a very dense and super hot object which then exploded. This shows that our universe is expanding into smaller and smaller pieces of matter and moving farther and farther apart.

This prediction was confirmed by Edwin Hubble who observed a spiral nebula in a galaxy like the Milky Way. The nebula is moving, shifting and expanding.

c. GPS

The impact of the emergence of Einstein’s theory of relativity that changed the world so much is the existence of a GPS that is so accurate in measuring distances and estimated time. This GPS system works using satellites that transfer data and information to signal-catching stations on earth and then sends them to GPS technology.

With GPS, we can estimate and calculate locations accurately, which of course has a big impact on transportation equipment such as cars, trains and planes.

d. Analog Television

The next technological sophistication that was born thanks to the theory of relativity is that there are TVs that can broadcast broadcasts with pictures and sound. On tube or analog TV still use cathode rays which transfer electrons to a magnetic phosphor. These electrons create color pixels on a television screen at 30 percent the speed of light, thus creating an image.

Advances In Chemistry

Relativity seems to have a super big and wide impact, such as helping scientific progress in chemistry. This is evidenced by the discovery of mercury and the discovery of liquid metal. Based on relativity, there is an influence of speed and mass on mercury which is bound to its constituent atoms, causing the compound to melt and melt even at normal temperatures.

e. Nuclear Technology

All nuclear-based technologies that exist today are also not far from the theory of relativity. Starting from nuclear engines, nuclear power, and atomic bombs, everything is based on relativity. Nuclear reactions occur from the splitting of atomic nuclei in a chain that shoots neutrons many times. This reaction was also formulated by Einstein with E=MC2.

Conclusion

Einstein’s relativity became a refinement of the classical physics theory sparked by Sir Isaac Newton. We come to understand that gravity is formed because of a mass large enough to bend space and time, which makes objects around it pull closer.

So that the closer the object is from the source of the curvature the greater the gravity and the slower the time, and vice versa. This is the reason why in the movie Interstellar 1 hour on planet Miller equals 7 years on Earth.

Understanding physics makes everything seem clear and predictable, both the history of the universe in the past and predictions for the future. Relativity is only a small part of the vast field of physics, but by understanding just one law of relativity we can already understand what happens to everyday life and the universe.

Then, what if you understand all of physics? Maybe you can find new theories like Newton and Einstein to explain phenomena that are still unsolved. An example is looking for a bridge that can combine the theory of relativity with quantum physics, which is still unsolved until now.

Interested in discovering the riddle of the universe through physics? Then you need to fill in your knowledge through reading about physics such as the theory of relativity, or even emulate Einstein’s perseverance in learning through a collection of scientific books from sinaumedia.

Logic Magic Physics

If the universe is likened to a puzzle, then only about 5% of our scientists have found the puzzle piece, one of which is through physics. So by continuing to study science, both science and other sciences are a clue to find answers to the incomplete puzzle of the universe.

Because no matter how small an effort we make to understand this universe, it can have a big impact on future generations. The greater the knowledge we have, the higher our chances of achieving a much better life. That’s all, I hope this article is useful!

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What is NFT – Want to know what is NFT? In fact, non-fungible tokens (NFT) are an increasingly popular type of digital asset. From art, food to rare tweets. This one object is predicted to be the cause of the influence of a new phenomenon among young investors.

According to the Coindesk website, NFT revenue alone has reached $174 million since November 2017. This is pretty cool, right? Well, actually, what does NFT mean? Is it worth it’s popularity? Here’s the explanation for Sinaumed’s .

What are NFTs?

Before discussing how it works, you need to check what NFT has first. On the “Forbes Management” page, NFTs are referred to as digital assets that represent real-world objects such as paintings, music, game items , to short videos.

Digital assets are bought and sold online, usually paid for using cryptocurrency , which has been encoded using other crypto assets and underlying software. Since 2014, NFTs are now popular because they are considered a practical way to buy digital graphics.

NFTs are usually evaluated as one of the very limited trading processes and have their own identification code.

Through this NFT, you can see the digital jobs that everyone is selling. Please note that there are no brands in this NFT. This happens because the NFT is authorized by the purchaser to the original element. Not only NFTs, but also congenital certifications that serve as certifications for titles are also included.

 NFT Working Method

NFTs are part of the blockchain. Therefore, NFT buyers can prove that they are the sole owner of the assets they are purchasing. No one can revoke the NFT buyer’s ownership after it has been paid.

NFT is also a digital asset that cannot be duplicated again and again. The buyer’s NFT is unique and can be proven by proof of purchase on the cryptocurrency blockchain. For example, a tweet from Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey was auctioned off as NFT and sold for $2.9 million. Though, anyone can take a screenshot and own the tweet.

However, it can only be sold by Jack Dorsey and NFT buyers. To be tradable, NFTs must go through the NFT printing process.

Then, what is the NFT embossing process ? It is the process of converting digital files into crypto collections or assets on the blockchain , as expressed by Ethereum. This process requires a third-party marketplace or printing agency such as Open Sea, MakersPace, Mintable,  and The Drop.

The difference between NFT and Cryptocurrency

After reading the definition of what an NFT is, you might think it is an asset like cryptocurrency . Though, the two are not the same. Why?

According to the Asia One website, the main difference between NFTs and cryptocurrencies lies in the word “replaceable”. What are NFT “replaceable” objects? This term actually means exchangeable for goods of the same value.

For example, you can pay for a $10 asset with two $5 assets. Apart from that, you can also exchange 1 Bitcoin for 1 Bitcoin item. Not only that, the goals between the two are also different. When you buy cryptocurrency , you are basically exchanging currency like a money changer. For example, buy one Ethereum for $2,840, then later you can save it until one day the price of Ethereum goes up and sell it right away.

On the other hand, all non-fungible tokens like smartphones have certain IMEI, specifications and features that make them unique. It is these aspects that make NFTs to be called assets rather than cryptocurrencies.

Examples of Using NFTs

As previously explained, NFTs are blockchain- based digital assets that can represent certain objects such as paintings and other properties. This is considered to be one of the best ways to buy and sell digital assets, as NFTs provide certificates of ownership that only buyers and sellers can access.

Based on this, NFT has been applied to many industries from business to arts. Here are some examples.

• NFTs in Arts 

NFT is known as one of the latest technologies currently booming in the art world. This is true because its characteristics and uniqueness have re-evaluated the digital arts sector. NFT itself provides security for works published online. For foreigners, content distributed online is usually easy to claim and can harm the creator.

Thanks to blockchain technology, NFTs ensure that the artist owns the work. This is an opportunity for digital artists who suffer from the risks of plagiarism and creative plagiarism. The smart contract system built into the NFT technology also allows artists to view and record royalty percentages as their work is changed.

• Corporate Sector NFTs 

The next sector that applies NFT is the business industry. Among other things, NFTs are often used as a link between tangible assets, such as proof of ownership of land and other assets.

Stored physical certificates of ownership are considered more secure on the blockchain with a short verification process. Buyers do not need to worry if their valuable certificates are lost or stolen by others. This is because ownership data is already stored on  the blockchain .

• NFTs in Entertainment 

Recent examples of applications for NFTs are in the entertainment sector such as games , sports and collectibles. NFT is currently developing a market for collectibles, which it says has great potential.

Some of the most popular collectibles include top-shot NBA game trailers , virtual cats Crypto Kitties, and quirky CryptoPunks avatars. Estimates for all three collections can be in the millions of dollars. The NFT and blockchain- based “gambling” market is also one of the most promising cryptocurrency sectors in the world.

The famous NFT games are Crypto Kitties and Axis Infinity . In the game Crypto Kitties, you need to collect, raise and breed unique digital cats. Meanwhile, Axis Infinity requires players to collect NFT-based digital pets called Axis to fight against other players. Most NFT games use a pay-to-earning system that allows players to earn tokens by actively playing games.

Reasons to Buy NFT In 2022

Based on the previous explanation, NFT is the most popular type of digital asset on the market today. However, citing the Forbes website, because the market is always new, investing, buying and selling NFTs is still quite risky. In fact, most of the NFT market is still speculated and there may be significant price changes, according to the experience of other digital assets in recent years.

Nonetheless, here are some reasons why you should buy an NFT in 2022.

 1. Unique and no exchange rate 

Quoted from Kompas, one of the interesting things about NFT investing is that there is no exchange rate. The value of purchased NFT assets in 1 billion IDR cannot be exchanged for USD 69,400 or coins and 36.38 Ethereum. In other words, NFTs are digital assets that buyers can invest in with a modified value.

 2. Currently Popular

Selling NFT assets through auctions is a great strategy for making money in this modern era. Why so? Because this digital asset is trending in the market. For example, the artist known as “Beeple” once sold a collage of his works and was auctioned for IDR 82.9 billion.

 

How to Create an Open Sea Account for NFT Trading

Before you start trading, you must first create an account with Open Sea . Here’s how to create an Open Sea account to buy and sell NFTs:

• Open the following link https://opensea.io, you can use a browser on a laptop or cellphone, depending on where you installed your digital wallet. For example, Open Sea is opened via the Google Chrome browser on a laptop
• To start registration for an Open Sea account, click on the wallet icon or profile picture icon and select the “ Connect wallet ” option.
• Choose the digital wallet that you are using, for example MetaMask
• Next, open the MetaMask extension that you have installed on Google Chrome, by clicking on the quiz icon which is usually next to the site’s search box. Next, click on the “ Connect Wallet ” option. Then your MetaMask digital wallet will be connected to OpenSea
• Next, click on the “ Account ” option and then on the “ Profile ” option to configure a profile in OpenSea
• Enter your username, email address and more, then click the “ Save ” option
• OpenSea will send a message to your email address. Open the message to verify the Open Sea account creation request. So, you now have an OpenSea account and are ready to buy and sell NFTs in this marketplace.

How to Create and Sell NFTs on OpenSea

How to Create an NFT in OpenSea

• First on the Open Sea homepage, click on the “ Create ” option.
• Import or upload the file you want to create an NFT for. It can be images, photos, videos, and more.
• Enter the name of the NFT and several other parameters, such as content-aware parameters and parameters of the blockchain you will use.
• When finished with the settings, click on the “ Create ” option at the bottom of the OpenSea page.
• Well, your NFT is ready to be sold.

How to Sell NFTs on OpenSea 

• Go to the “ My Collection ” option by tapping on the profile picture icon in the upper right corner of the Open Sea page
• Choose your NFT and then click the “ Sell ” option
• Choose the sales program that you will use. If you want to sell directly, click the “ Fixed price ” option, while for the auction system, click the “ Hourly bid ” option.
• Enter the price of the NFT with the desired Ethereum cryptocurrency
• You can also set the duration of the NFT sale in the “ Duration ” column

When the configuration is complete, click on the “ Complete List ” option. Next, Open Sea will open your MetaMask extension to confirm your NFT sales subscription.

Please note that in order to confirm an NFT sale, you must have at least 0.05 Ethereum balance on MetaMask. Then, for every transaction on OpenSea, a fee of 2.5% of the NFT sales will be charged. You can also earn royalties by selling NFT up to 10%

As it grows, NFT sales continue to set new records. One of the most popular NFT works is Beeple which sells for 69.3 million US dollars or the equivalent of around 995.1 billion Rupiah. Besides Beeple’s works, there are other, more expensive NFT works.

List of 10 Most Expensive NFTs in the World

1. The Merge $91.8 million (Rp1.318 trillion)

The Merge officially became the most expensive NFT ever sold on December 2, 2021, with nearly 30,000 collectors participating and a total of US$91.8 million. This is the only NFT on the list that has multiple owners.

2. Everyday’s: the First 5000 Days US$69.3 million (Rp 995.1 billion)

Mike Winkelmann’s most expensive NFT work aka Beeple sold to a single buyer on March 11, 2021. Beeple works are highly respected and premium works of art. This work is actually a collage of his 5,000 works. Since 2007, Beeple has pledged to create one piece of art once a day.

3. Clock US$52.7 million (Rp756.7 billion)

Clock is the work of Sir and Julian Assange, and literally moves like a clock, counting down the days when WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange was imprisoned. The purpose of this NFT was to raise money for Assange’s legal defense, and it was eventually acquired by the Assange DAO, a group of over 10,000 people who donated their money to buy the NFT and support Assange.

4. HUMAN ONE US$28.895 million (Rp414.91 billion)

HUMAN ONE is one of Beeple’s NFTs that has been sold for a very high price. HUMAN ONE goes on sale November 9, 2021 for nearly $30 million. According to an interview with Christie’s, this work is closely related to ‘Everyday’s’

5. CryptoPunk #5822 US$23 million (Rp 330.2 billion)

CryptoPunks NFT dominates the ranks of the most expensive NFTs in the world, with code 5822 selling for more than US$23 million.

6. CryptoPunk #7523 US$11.75 million (Rp 168.72 billion)

Outshining all its CryptoPunk counterparts, #7523 is a rarer third collection, backed by a hefty price tag.

7. CryptoPunk #3100 US$7.67 million (Rp 110.1 billion)

As of March 11th 2021, just one day after the #7804 went out of stock, the #3100 is more expensive than its brethren. CryptoPunk #3100 is one more odd pun, but this time he’s wearing a headband. #3100 is the seventh most expensive Crypto Punk on the market.

8. CryptoPunk #7804 US$7.6 million (Rp 109.1 billion)

CryptoPunk #7804 has the form of an alien punk. This alien is one of nine “Alien” Crypto Punks, wearing a hat and pipe.

9. Crossroad US$6.6 million (Rp94.77 billion)

Beeple’s Crossroad is just a 10 second clip showing people walking past a huge corpse with slurs written all over it. This Beeple product is highly appreciated because it offers something a little different from the usual NFTs you see.

10. A Coin for the Ferryman US$6,034 million (Rp 86.64 billion)

One of XCopy’s earliest works , ‘A Coin for the Ferryman ‘, premiered in 2018 and sold for over US$6 million on November 4, 2021. This work has the shape of a combination of squares on a multi-colored background, accompanied by a GIF image making it unique and something the owner can be proud of.

We have finished our discussion of the currently popular NFTs. To learn more about investing, there are several recommended books that are worth reading and can be found easily at sinaumedia.

What is left-handed – Many people have heard of what is left-handed, you might even be one of those who have heard of it. Left-handed is someone who tends to do activities with the left side of the body, such as when writing tends to use the left hand.

On this occasion, we will discuss more about left-handedness, to the advantages of left-handed people. So, read this article, until it’s finished, Sinaumed’s.

Definition of Left-handed

Basically, there have been many who say that a left-handed person has a smarter brain when compared to a right-handed person. Meanwhile, there is some research suggesting that there may be a link between left-handedness and higher IQ. Meanwhile, other studies have shown that right-handed people actually have an advantage.

Quoted from Healthline, left-handedness is sometimes also called sinitrality. As for what is meant by sinitrality is the condition of preferring to use the left hand rather than the right hand for routine activities. There are also studies that reveal that left-handedness can be caused by genetic or hereditary factors.

Because scientists have shown that left-handedness tends to run in families. As a result, it is assumed that left-handedness has a genetic component, in other words left-handers are born that way.

Left-handed people use their left hand more often than their right hand. In addition, he usually uses his left hand when doing activities, such as combing his hair, cooking, and so on.

Writing cannot be used to determine whether a person is left-handed or not, because some people who are left-handed use their right hand to write, while for everything else they use their left hand.

It is estimated that 8-15% of the adult population are left-handed. In addition, various studies have shown that left-handedness is more common among males than females.

Compared with the general population, left-handedness is more common among identical twins and some groups of people with neurological disorders (eg, Epilepsy Down’s Syndrome, Autism and Mental Retardation). From a statistical point of view, a person who has a twin who is left-handed has a 76% chance of also being left-handed.

Causes of Someone Left-handed

A left-handed person does not just happen, but there are several causes for a person to be left-handed, including:

1. Gen

There is a possibility that genetic factors will influence a child to use the right or left-handed more often. A single gene may be passed from parents to children to influence which hand a child likes.

If a certain version of this gene is inherited, the child will likely be left-handed. In addition, it also depends on reinforcement and other environmental influences. However, more recent research suggests that there may be more genes that can result in left-handed people.

2. Gender

The gender of left-handed people is more dominated by men than women. This can be proven through research which shows that the male hormone testosterone has an influence on right and left-handed hands.

3. Fetal Development

Some researchers believe that left-handedness has more to do with environment than genetics. They suggest that environmental factors in the womb (including hormone exposure) can affect whether we like our right or left hand later in life.

4. Imitation

Children learn to choose their right or left hand by imitating parents, caregivers, and people who are often around them. However, this does not explain why left-handed parents sometimes have left-handed children, and vice versa.

5. Brain Damage

A minority of researchers theorize that all humans are predestined to be right-handed. However, some types of brain damage can also be characterized by left-handed behavior. For left-handed people and parents of left-handed people, it’s important to note that there is no solid evidence to support this rather controversial theory.

6. Adjustments

Some people who are right-handed by nature become left-handed because of the need to adjust to injury.

Facts About Left-handed People

Ten percent of the total world population are left-handed. As a minority, they have to live to adjust to various kinds of equipment, such as gadgets, office stationery, cooking equipment, and various other objects that are made to meet the needs of right-handed people.

The brain and body of left-handed people operate differently than those of right-handed people (and in ambidextrous people , whose two hands are the dominant hand for different tasks).

Most of the human population in the world is more dominant to use the right hand in activities. Although someone who is left-handed looks different because their left hand is dominant, this does not mean that they are any different from someone who is right-handed.

Quoted from various sources, the following are facts about left-handed people, namely:

1. The brain works opposite to the side of the body that is used

Various things that are done by the limbs have a control center in the brain, which is divided into the cerebrum and cerebellum, as well as the right brain and left brain. When doing various activities, it turns out that the part of the brain that controls it is opposite to the part of the body that does that activity.

For example, someone who is more dominant using the right hand, means the part of the brain that works is the left. This also applies to someone who is left-handed, namely the right side of the brain that is more dominantly working.

2. Following Hand Domination

Left-handed people tend to chew food on the left, while right-handed people tend to chew on the right.

3. Possibly Already in the Womb

The fetus begins to move its hands when it enters 9-10 weeks. Early in the second trimester, the baby shows a clear preference for sucking on one thumb on one side of the hand.

If the baby starts to get used to sucking the thumb of the left hand, it could be that left-handedness has become congenital even before your little one is born. However, most developmental experts say that parents likely won’t understand their child’s dominant hand until two or three years of age. This is because as children grow, many children will change hands when doing activities.

4. Left-handed people have a higher mortality rate than right-handed people

A surprising fact that left-handed people live 3 years shorter than right-handed people. Launching CNN Health, more than 2,500 left-handed people die every year as a result of using everyday equipment for people who are right-handed.

5. Symptoms of Dyslexia and ADHD

A study cited by WebMD, shows that left-handed students have much more difficulty in school and have symptoms of ADHD. This can happen because they have mixed or ambidextrous hands.

Additionally, one study found that children who changed hands were twice as likely to be dyslexic.

However, until recently, researchers didn’t know exactly why that happened. Even so, they suspect that having an inconsistent dominant hand may be a bigger problem than a consistent left hand.

6. Relating to the Legend of Lucifer

According to legend, Lucifer and witches have dominant left hand and Lucifer with evil nature. Therefore, it is very likely that religious ceremonies are performed using the right hand. In fact, the right hand is often referred to as a good hand.

7. Associated with Deviance

In the past, left-handedness was associated with behavioral disorders, neurotic symptoms, rebellion, and criminal activity. In fact, the word ” left ” (left / left hand) in English is rooted in ” lyft ” in Anglo-Saxon, which means damaged or weak.

8. Considered More Creative

The right side of the brain controls the muscles on the left side of the body and mostly drives musical and spatial abilities. Maybe that’s why left-handed people often have creative ideas, so they are more often sought after in the creative industries.

In mirror writing, where the letters are reversed and written backwards, it is almost always done with the left hand. In addition, several studies have shown that left-handed children score higher in verbal reasoning.

However, further research is still needed regarding this one fact.

9. Famous Lefties

Famous left-handers throughout history include Napoleon Bonaparte, Bill Gates, Oprah Winfrey, Obama, and Jimi Hendrix.

10. Left-handed Day

It turns out that there is World Left Handers Day which is celebrated every August 13th since 1996.

11. Often Using the Wrong Tool

More than 2,500 left-handed people are killed each year using everyday tools meant for right-handed people.

12. Premature babies tend to be left-handed

In several studies revealed that premature babies tend to be born in a left-handed condition.

13. Easily Affected by Stress

According to a study, left-handed people are more prone to post-traumatic stress (PTSD) when compared to those who are right-handed,

14. The Brain Can Work Faster At Some Things

Left-handed people’s brains work faster when exercising or playing computer games.

15. Have a Smarter Brain

According to a study from St. Lawrence University, left-handed people are now proven to be much smarter than right-handed people. People who have an IQ over 140 tend to be left handed. The proof, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Einstein, and Newton were left-handed people.

16. Easily Embarrassed

Left-handed people are more easily embarrassed. A behavioral test conducted in Scotland showed a link between left-handedness and shyness.

According to this study, many participants who were left-handed reported that they were more easily anxious about making mistakes, and more sensitive to criticism. Overall, studies show left-handed people are indecisive.

17. Faster to anger

Most left-handed people show emotional processes that are not balanced between their right and left brain, one of the consequences is often a bad mood.

18. Drink Alcohol More Often

According to the results of research from 12 countries involving 25,000 participants, left-handed people drink alcohol more often than those who are right-handed. However, that does not mean they are prone to alcohol abuse.

 

 

Advantages of Left-handers

1. Have an artistic and romantic soul

Compared to language skills, those who are left-handed tend to have a fairly high artistic spirit. Usually, these art enthusiasts are also very romantic people.

It’s just that, most of them put it in works of art. In fact, left-handed people use their right brain more than their left brain. The right brain is used for creative, intuitive, and visual thinking processes. A number of famous left-handed artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci and Michael Angelo are left-handed artists.

2. Having High Creativity Power

Because they tend to use their right brain more, left-handed people have high creativity, especially in creating things.

In the journal American Journal of Psychology it was revealed that those who are left-handed have different thoughts than those who are right-handed. They keep thousands of fresh ideas in their brains, including to make their partner happy which will make the relationship more colorful.

3. Smarter

Revealed in the study ” Effects of Handedness on Intelligence Level of Students “. Apparently, those who are left-handed tend to have a higher IQ than people who use the right hand.

People who use their right hand predominantly will tend to use the left brain compared to the right. Meanwhile, those who are left-handed are able to use the right and left brain in a balanced way. Therefore, left-handed people are called smarter in learning something.

4. Multitasking

Not only smart, those who are left-handed are able to do several jobs at once. They are able to deal with various problems quickly. In addition, they will do it calmly and not rush during work.

Launching from the Lefty Fretz website , a 2018 study conducted by the Illinois Research Consortium revealed that left-handed people complete two jobs better than right-handed people.

This is because right-handed people get work done by breaking it into parts and then analyzing the problems one by one. Meanwhile, left-handed people tend to see the whole problem in their tasks and do pattern matching to try to solve it.

5. His memory is very sharp

Their ability to use both halves of their brain in a balanced way also has an effect on their sharp memory. They can remember events and dates very well.

6. Can Be a Good Leader

Several world leaders who are left-handed have proven their ability to lead a country such as Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Gerald Ford.

The ability to multitask, be intelligent, and have a creative spirit full of innovation makes those who are left-handed capable of solving several problems. Including being the leader in the household.

7. Good at sports

Having a left-handed partner can also make a person healthier. How not, those who are left-handed tend to like sports to keep their bodies fit. In addition, they are quite good at several sports such as swimming, tennis, baseball, boxing, and fencing.

Interestingly, almost 40 percent of tennis athletes are left-handed. Why did it happen? This is because the reflexes between the left and right hands are different, so this situation favors left-handers more.

8. Can Control Yourself Better

A left-handed person has better self-control in terms of holding back from fulfilling a wish. This has been tested in a study conducted by JECN. From the research it proves that those who are left-handed do not find it difficult to control their hands. This ability apparently really helped him control his desires.

 

 

Closing

If you want to find various kinds of books about personality and also want to get more information by reading the books available at sinaumedia.com.

Labia Minora – All humans, both male and female, must have their own reproductive organs, each of which has special organs and functions. For women, their reproductive organs are commonly called the vagina, aka Miss V. This reproductive organ has many roles, one of which is to maintain offspring. Now, inside the vagina, there is a part called the labia and consists of the labia minora and labia majora. Both of them function as a reproductive system for women.

Unfortunately, not everyone understands the labia minora and labia majora in Miss V, because there is an opinion that sex education is taboo. In fact, it’s wrong , you know … Sex education should be taught from an early age to avoid things that are not desirable. So, what are the labia minora? What are the disorders that often occur in the female organs? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands these things, let’s look at the following review!

What are Labia Minora?

Previously, it was briefly explained that the vagina which is the female reproductive system has a part called the labia. Labia have another name, namely vaginal lips, which are folds of skin that form the vulva on the outside of the vagina. So, the labia consists of the labia majora and labia minora.

The labia majora, which are located outside the vaginal lips, tend to be thick and fatty in texture. During puberty, this part of the labia majora will appear fine hairs.

Meanwhile, the labia minora are located inside the vaginal lips, which tend to be thin in texture and smaller in size compared to the labia majora. The labia minora are located right inside the labia majora by surrounding the vaginal opening and urethra (urinary tract). Unlike the labia majora, the labia minora are actually covered with a mucous membrane, so that the surface will remain moist by the fluid that has been secreted by special cells.

The shape of the labia minora is like a small fold with a size of about 3-4 cm. Please note , Sinaumed’s , that the color of the labia minora varies, some are pink and some are even brownish black. These are all normal things …

Well, the existence of the labia minora has a “magical” function, namely to protect the clirotis, urethra (urine canal) and the vagina itself, because they are located inside the vulva. Not only does it function as a protector, but the labia minora are also able to produce a lubricant, aka oil, which is produced by the oil glands in the surface layer of the female sex organs.

Typically, women who have reached old age or have gone through menopause, have lower estrogen levels. That is what causes her labia minora to become thinner and drier.

Health Problems that Often Occur in Labia Minora

Even though the labia minora are located inside the woman’s vagina, it doesn’t mean that this part is safe from any disturbance. Just like other body organs, if a woman’s intimate organs are not kept clean, they will cause health problems. What are the health problems that often occur in the labia minora? Come on, see the following review!

1. A lump on the Labia Minora

In the labia minora there may be lumps which are caused by several things, one of which is vaginal varicose veins. Vaginal varicose veins is a condition of swollen blood vessels in the vulva area, including the labia minora itself. The presence of vaginal varicose veins can also arise due to changes in blood flow and hormone levels that usually occur during pregnancy. Not infrequently, this lump will feel very painful.

However, lumps caused by vaginal varicose veins can heal by themselves, along with the completion of the pregnancy period. It should also be noted that during later pregnancies, this lump may reappear.

2. Labial Adhesions

Labial adhesion is a condition where the labia minora experience tissue adhesions, so that the vagina will not appear “hollow”. Usually, the condition is experienced by newborn girls and teenage girls before their puberty. These tissue adhesions can occur due to low estrogen levels, especially in infants and young girls.

However, it should also be noted that this condition can occur due to infection caused by poor vaginal hygiene as well as genital trauma. If these labial adhesions are experienced by teenage girls, then later the vagina will “open” by itself, along with their puberty. This is because the hormone estrogen begins to increase.

What is understood is that when young women have entered puberty, but they still have difficulty urinating, immediately consult a doctor, okay?

3. Hypertrophy of Labia Minora

Previously, it was briefly explained that the shape and size of the labia minora in each woman is different. Generally, the size of the labia minora will be smaller than the labia majora. Although there are also some women who have larger labia minora so they will stand out.

This condition is actually normal, as long as it doesn’t bother or cause irritation. So, if you experience irritation, it’s better to use only cotton pants and avoid wearing tight pants.

If hypertrophy, aka enlargement of the labia minora, actually makes Sinaumed’s uncomfortable, consult a doctor immediately, OK? Chances are, the doctor will recommend special surgery to change its shape and size.

4. Bacterial and Fungal Infections

Since the labia minora are in the folds of the body, they will be prone to moisture , right… so the risk of bacteria and fungus will also increase. That is why there are many health campaigns for women’s intimate organs. If vaginal hygiene is not maintained, various bacterial and fungal infections will appear, such as dermatitis, eczema, to candidiasis.

 

 

Understanding the Female Reproductive Organ System

As with other organ systems, in the female reproductive organ system there are also separate parts, which are generally located on the inside and outside. The inside of this can not be seen directly, while the outside of course can be seen directly. So, here is a description of the parts contained in the female reproductive system, aka Miss V!

The outside part

1. Mons Pubis

Namely the outermost part of the female reproductive system. The shape is similar to the triangle that protects the pubic bone (pubic symphysis). In this section, there is fatty tissue, skin tissue, connective tissue, sweat glands, and fine hair roots.

2. Labia Mayora

Namely folds that almost resemble the shape of the lips, so they are often also called pubic lips. Based on its location, this part of the labia majora has 2 types, namely those on the outer surface and the inner surface.

On the outer surface of the labia majora there will be a layer of horny epithelial cells and hair roots. Meanwhile, those that are located on the inner surface will appear slippery because they have fatty tissue and do not have hair follicles or sweat glands.

3. Labia Minora

Previously, it was explained in detail about what the labia minora are. In short, the labia minora are small lips that are located on the genitals, to be precise next to the labia majora and before Miss V. The main thing that distinguishes the labia minora from the labia majora is that there are no fine hair roots and instead have lots of blood vessels.

4. Clirotic

Namely a sexual organ that is inside Miss V. It has a structure that is almost the same as the penis in men, even both are in the same position. The most striking difference is that the clirot grows inward, while the male penis grows outward.

5. Hymen

Namely a thin membrane that covers the hole in Miss V and is about 1-2 cm from Miss V’s lips. Just a little trivia, the hymen that every woman has is different, right, it will even grow along with the development of Miss V in women . Although all women are generally born with a hymen, it turns out that some are not.

6. Vestibule

Namely the pubic cavity which is located in the labia minora. This organ becomes the estuary of the urethra (urinary tract) and the vaginal opening.

The inside part

1. Miss V

Namely the sexual organs that are owned by women with a shape like a tube. Its function is to have sex as well as the birth canal of the baby.

2. Uterus or Uterus

Being the most important organ for female reproduction. This uterus is connected to the cervix (cervical) which is also connected to Miss V and the fallopian tubes. Well, during pregnancy, later the baby’s development process will occur in this womb.

3. Fallopian tubes or oviducts

Namely the channel that connects the ovaries (egg cells) to the uterus. This channel is also the place where fertilization occurs between sperm and ovum. Not only that, the fallopian tubes are also a place for temporary embryo growth or division, before finally attaching to the lining of the uterus.

4. Ovaries

Namely the ovaries which have a function in the form of sex cell-producing organs for women. This organ has 2 pieces which are located on the right side and left side of the uterus with an oval round shape.

So, that’s a review of what the labia minora are, which are part of the pubic lips in the female reproductive organs. Don’t forget to always keep Miss V clean, don’t get it damp and lots of bacteria appear.

Definition of Collections – Collections are a bank service for billing payments for letters or valuable documents to third parties at other places or cities in the country in the context of settling bills or receivables in the form of valuable letters or documents that can be processed are money orders, checks, giro bills, receipts, promissory notes/acceptances and raffle prizes.

Collections are beneficial for customers, including saving costs and time for processing billing transactions to be more efficient, and minimizing the risk of loss. While the benefits of collection for the bank will get a commission as well as a means of promoting the introduction of customers handled. In addition, it can precipitate collection funds.

Meaning of Accounts

Based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), the definition of collection is the process of collecting receivables from collectible parties based on a predetermined script for the risk of billing. Meanwhile, according to the Financial Services Authority (OJK), the definition of collection is collection of checks and other debt instruments including letters of acceptance and bonds to issuers of securities, as well as receiving payments from paying banks.

In short, collection is one of the banking services by involving third parties in the process of collecting receivables in the form of bills or securities that have not been paid. In addition to collection, transfer of funds can be done by clearing. The difference between clearing and collection lies in the object. Clearing is the transfer of assets in the form of large amounts of money, while collection is the transfer of assets in the form of money orders, demand deposits, checks, money orders and receipts.

Collection Types

After understanding the meaning of collection in the banking world, you must know several types of collection. The reason is, there are two types that are distinguished based on the circulation of funds and transaction systems, including the following.

1. Based on Fund Traffic

When viewed from the flow of funds, collection is divided into two, namely incoming and outgoing. In the incoming flow, collections are the number of incoming bills that are charged to the customer’s account. Meanwhile, collection out is a form of billing to third parties outside the city after carrying out orders from customers.

2. Based on Transactions

Based on the type of transaction, the distribution of collections is based on the presence of file attachments. Namely, drafts without the need for documents such as checks and demand deposits, and drafts by attaching important documents, such as insurance policies and other securities that have been approved by the bank.

Collection mechanism

As with other bank services, the collection system varies depending on the following three types of collection implementation mechanisms in Indonesia.

1. Via the Bank itself

In the bank’s own mechanism, collection is carried out if the destination bank is in the same city as the buyer’s bank. That way, the collection service will make it easier for customers to make bills, even though the location is quite far.

2. Via Correspondent Bank

The next mechanism is the existence of a third party to assist collection activities. If the designated bank does not have a branch in the same city as the customer, a correspondent bank is required. The process in this system is also quite complicated and takes a little longer compared to via the bank itself.

3. Between Bank Own Branches

This mechanism is the easiest process compared to via the bank itself or correspondents. This is because in this collection mechanism service both use the same parent bank with different branch locations.

Parties Involved in Collections

With regard to collections, the parties involved in bank collections are the executors and initiators. Here is the full explanation.

1. Initiating Bank

Collection initiating bank is a party that has the duty of being the recipient of drafts in the form of money orders, current accounts, and checks from third parties to be billed. And later the profits will be given at the end of each month in the amount of 50% of the total commission.

2. Executing Bank

The collection implementing bank is the party whose job is to collect using media in the form of scripts, such as checks and giro to third parties on orders from the initiating bank.

Collection Case Example

To make it easier for you to understand, consider the following examples of collection cases:

Budi is a current account customer at the Jakarta branch of Bank X. He gave a demand deposit check with a nominal value of IDR 45 million from a customer in Bandung to be transferred to his account. If the commission is set at 0.25%, the collection fee is…

Total scripts
= Items received – Inkaso
= IDR 45 million – (IDR 45 million x 0.25%)
= IDR 45 million – IDR 122.5 thousand
= IDR 44.8775 million

Collection Simulation Example

1. To Bank NSC Surabaya to order collection of notes issued by Bank NSC Jakarta to the collector in Jakarta.
2. Bank NSC Surabaya makes a cover letter for collection and sends it together with the invoice to be billed to Bank NSC Jakarta by post or by courier service.
3. After Bank NSC Jakarta received a collection cover letter and collection slip from Bank NSC Surabaya, then billed the collector debited the collector’s account at Bank NSC Jakarta.
4. And after it is confirmed that the funds collected from the collection bill have been successfully invoiced, the funds will be sent/credited to Bank NSC Surabaya. Furthermore, Bank NSC Surabaya will hand them over to the collector.

Domestic Collection Simulation

1. To Bank NSC Surabaya to order collection of notes issued by Bank BENI Jakarta to the collector in Jakarta.
2. Bank NSC Surabaya makes a cover letter for collection and sends it together with the invoice to be billed to Bank NSC Jakarta by post or by courier service.
3. After Bank NSC Jakarta received a collection cover letter and collection slip from Bank NSC Surabaya, then billed Bank BENI Jakarta through the clearing facility in Jakarta.
4. Bank BENI Jakarta receives a clearing bill from Bank NSC Jakarta, then debits the collector’s account at Bank BENI Jakarta.
5. After it is confirmed that the collected funds have been collected successfully, the funds will be sent/credited to Bank NSC Jakarta via clearing. Then Bank NSC Jakarta will send the collection results to Bank NSC Surabaya, then Bank NSC Surabaya will hand them over to the collector.

Overseas Collection Simulation

1. To Bank NSC Surabaya to order collection of notes issued by City Bank New York to the collector in New York.
2. Bank NSC Surabaya makes a cover letter for collection and sends it together with the invoice to be billed to Bank NSC Jakarta Head Office by post or by courier service.
3. Collections abroad must go through the head office of the bank concerned because only the head office of the bank in Indonesia has a depository correspondent relationship with overseas banks.
4. After Bank NSC Jakarta Head Office received a cover letter for collection and collection slip from Bank NSC Surabaya, then billed it to Nostronya City Bank New York through an expedition service.
5. City Bank New York receives a collection note from Bank NSC Jakarta Head Office, then debits the collector’s account at City Bank New York.
6. When successfully billed, the funds will be credited to the account of Bank NSC Jakarta Head Office to him.
7. After the account of Bank NSC Jakarta Head Office at City Bank New York is credited for the collection results, Bank NSC Jakarta Head Office sends the collection results to Bank NSC Surabaya.
8. Furthermore, Bank NSC Surabaya will hand it over to the collector

Collection Profits

After understanding the meaning of collection and examples, it’s a good idea to know some of the benefits of collection that a customer gets, including the following.

1. Save Cost

Billing notes in different cities of course requires a large fee. That way, collection is one solution. The reason is, collection costs are smaller when compared to billing independently, as well as controlling budget management.

2. More Time Saving

Besides being able to save costs, another advantage of collection is that it saves more time. With the collection service, the bank will assist you in billing. So it doesn’t take much time.

3. Avoid the Risk of Losing

Most collection users are trading companies that may frequently send money or make large payments. By using collection services, conducting transactions between companies will be very safe and avoid all risks of crime.

Outgoing Collection Accounting

1. Collection Transaction Process

Bank collection is a bank activity that contains uncertainty. Banks make transactions, but not every bank transaction will produce results. The collector may not be able to pay the bill, so the executing bank cannot force the collector to pay it.

To find out the success of the collection system, it takes time for confirmation. During the interval of receiving the order to collect until the bill is successful or not, this transaction must be recorded in an administrative account. Considering that the initiating bank will pay the trustor if the transaction is successful, then this transaction is actually a conditional transaction.

Thus these administrative records are grouped in the liability contingency account. Recording in this account uses a single journal entry credit position. This account will be outstanding during the grace period awaiting results. If the transaction is successful, it is immediately credited or paid to the account of the giver of the trust. And automatically the administrative account for collection must be nullified (debited), because the collection transaction is real or effective and is recorded in a real account.

The problems that arise are regarding transaction commissions and paperwork fees. If the transaction is successful, the bank will deduct the customer’s account for wire/transfer fees only. The results of this transaction can be directly credited to the depositor’s current account or savings account at the initiating bank. If the results of the transaction are to be given to non-customers, the bank must first record in the administrative account of the transaction slip that will be paid.

2. Recording of Collection Transactions

Consider the following example of recording an inter-branch collection journal:

On May 10, 2018 bank A Semarang received a collection item order (cheque deposit/BG bank A in Bandung) from Amir to be deposited into bank A Bandung at Mr. Ali’s expense in the amount of IDR 100,000,000

When receiving BG check deposits (scripts), bank A Semarang as the initiating bank must record the following in the administration account:

May 10, 2019:

cr. Inkaso items paid and billed IDR 100,000,000 (Credit)

Recording with credit position journal entries, because this transaction is conditional in nature and if successful will result in the initiating bank’s obligation to submit/credit to the account of the trustee.

On the same day bank A Semarang received confirmation that the transaction for Mr. Ali’s expense, a customer of bank A Bandung was declared effective (there were funds).

If so, then the initiating bank’s duties:

• Eliminate administrative account for this transaction.
• Delegating the proceeds of the bill to those entitled by recording it in a real/effective account. The transaction commission is set at 0.05%.

And the recording of the bank transaction journal is as follows:

May 10, 2019:

Dr. Inkaso paid up and billed IDR 100,000,000 (Debit)

While the recording of transaction journals in real accounts is as follows:

May 10, 2019:

Dr. RAK Bandung Branch IDR 100,000,000 (Debit)
Cr. Amir’s Current Account IDR 99,500,000 (Credit)
Cr. Commission income IDR 500,000 (Credit)

The delegation of transaction proceeds is actually not only to the giro, but depends on the request of the giver of the mandate.

***

As an example:

Can be to savings or other accounts desired.

In the example above, it is assumed that Amir is a customer of bank A Semarang.

If Amir is not a customer of the bank, then bank A, in addition to recording the administrative account as above, will also first record it in the following account:

May 10, 2019:

Dr. RAK Bandung Branch IDR 100,000,000 (Debit)
Cr. Bills of collection have been billed and will be paid Rp 100,000,000 (Credit)

This journal entry is to hold until the trustee comes to the bank to collect it.

If the giver of the mandate takes it in cash, it will be recorded in bank A Semarang:

May 10, 2018:

Dr. Collection items have been billed and paid Rp 100,000,000 (Debit)
Cr. Cash IDR 99,500,000 (Credit)
Cr. Commission Income IDR 500,000 (Credit)

What about administrative accounts?

Administrative accounts are also nullified like the previous journal entry.

Account Collection Accounting Entered from the Bank’s Own Branch

For incoming collection accounting originating from the bank’s own branch, the implementing bank’s task is to charge the collector’s account.

As an example of continuation of the previous example, that Ali agreed to pay with Ali’s Giro burden of IDR 50,000,000, Ali’s savings burden of IDR 20,000,000.

And the check from bank A Bandung that was withdrawn by Amir was IDR 30,000,000, so the incoming collection journal entry at bank A is:

May 10, 2019:

Dr. Ali’s Giro IDR 50,00,000 (Debit)
Dr. Ali Savings IDR 20,000,000 (Debit)
Dr. Gito Amin IDR 30,00,000 (Debit)
Cr. RAK Semarang Branch IDR 100,000,000 (Credit)

Interbank Collection Transactions via the Bank’s Own Branch Offices

1. Collection Process Through Own Branch Offices

Collection transactions between banks can be completed through the bank’s own branch office closest to the designated bank’s clearing area. Thus the initiating bank that conducts the transaction will only deal with the account with its branch office, while the branch office itself will deal with the gross account of the branch which will deal with other banks in different clearing areas that have issued checks/bilyet giro. Therefore, the recording of this transaction occurs at the initiating bank, the implementing bank of its own branch or other collectible banks.

2. Example of Collection Journal via Own Branch Office

Consider the following example of journal entry:

On May 15, 2019 a customer of bank A in Jakarta named Y sold electronic goods to X a customer of bank B Surabaya. Total transactions worth IDR 500,000,000.

On the same day X withdrew a late check to pay Y which could be cashed on May 20 2019.

On May 20, 2019, Y deposited into bank A for the benefit of his current account in the form of a check from bank B Surabaya which was withdrawn by X in the amount of IDR 500,000,000

Recording at bank A when receiving deposit of collection notes is:
Recording in administrative account:

May 20, 2019:

Dr. RAR Collection Items paid and billed IDR 500,000,000 (Debit)

On the basis of the check deposit, bank A Jakarta then sends the check/BG via expedition to its branch office in Surabaya for clearing.

If Bank A Surabaya branch has informed that the check has been validated by bank B Surabaya and declared effective through clearing.

So bank A Jakarta immediately posted the results to account Y after deducting the transaction commission.

Commission Registration

Transaction commission value IDR 1,000,000. For example, on May 21 2019 the funds were declared effective by bank A Surabaya, then the recording of the transaction journal at bank A Jakarta is:

May 21, 2019:

cr. RAR Bill of collection and billed IDR 500,000,000 (Credit)

Dr. RAK Surabaya Branch IDR 500,000,000 (Debit)
Cr. Current Account Y IDR 499,000,000 (Credit)
Cr. Commission Income IDR 1,000,000 (Credit)

Recording of transactions at the implementing branch (bank A Surabaya) are:

When collecting through clearing with bank B Surabaya:

May 21, 2019:

Dr. RAR Clearing Items IDR 500,000,000 (Credit)

When clearing is declared successful or funds are declared effective:

May 21, 2019:

Dr. RAR Collection Items paid and billed IDR 500,000,000 (Debit)

Dr. BI current account IDR 500,000,000 (Debit)
Cr. RAK Jakarta Branch IDR 5000,000.00 (Credit)

 

Chemistry Is – Everyone in this world, must have liked or even fell in love with someone else. No matter how cold or cold he may seem, he’s bound to have liked someone at least once in his life. Whether it’s a stranger we meet in a place accidentally, or it could be someone who is actually close to us. Well , it’s called feeling, it can anchor to anyone without us ever knowing.

Many people fall in love with someone they just met that day for the first time, there are also those who just fall in love after years of acquaintance, even crazier, many people can fall in love with someone they previously hated.

Discussing the matter of liking, usually will start from physical appearance. It is undeniable that most humans, both men and women, are visual creatures. As a visual creature, who almost always judges everything only from the outside, then physical appearance determines everything. Like bees who are interested in seeing beautiful flowers, so are humans.

When you see someone with an appearance that you find attractive, you will easily like him and you can’t even stop looking at him. While liking someone is easy to do, that doesn’t mean being in a relationship can be just as easy. To be in a relationship with someone, the capital of liking is not enough. More than likes, you obviously have to have chemistry with him. What is chemistry ? Here’s the answer!

Chemistry is a feeling of being connected

Chemistry , you must have heard this word a lot, and often even felt it. Well , chemistry isn’t something that can appear anytime, or to anyone. We usually just feel chemistry when we meet someone who really ‘clicks’ in our hearts.

‘Click’ here is not a matter of appearance that suits our taste, more than that, we feel connected and connected to him, especially when we are facing and talking to him.

Chemistry is the feeling of connection that builds up between two people. Chemistry usually doesn’t show up in the first meeting, and to get it you have to communicate with that person first. Even so, most people will usually feel chemistry before deciding to be in a relationship with someone, even chemistry is one of the reasons why someone decides to be in a relationship with that person.

Apart from feeling connected to each other, chemistry will also be seen from each other’s actions. Usually couples who have strong chemistry will have the same reactions, and also almost the same behavior without them even realizing it.

They also moved in sync as if all the movements had been prearranged. Like Earth and Moon adjusting to each other. So strong, that chemistry , that other people could see it.

The existence of strong chemistry will make a person’s relationship with his partner stronger. Although chemistry is often associated with partners, this feeling actually does not only apply to romantic relationships.

The truth is, we need chemistry for all kinds of relationships. Even friendships, work, and family need strong chemistry so you can still feel close to each other.

7 Signs You and Your Partner Have Strong Chemistry

It’s true that in order to make a relationship work, we need chemistry. Usually chemistry has appeared before you decide to be in a relationship. Even so, it is rather difficult to know how much strength the chemistry is between you and your partner. To find out, let’s read the following signs!

1. Smile at the same time

It may sound strange, but when two people have strong chemistry, they can sometimes read minds or at least have an idea of ​​what he or she is thinking in certain situations. Not infrequently, you have the same thoughts at the same time. Because of the same thoughts, it is not uncommon for our reactions and our partners to be the same.

For example when you find something funny, you just have to look at him to see that he finds it funny too and you end up smiling or even laughing together.

The reaction of the two of you sometimes makes people around confused. They don’t understand what makes you laugh, because they don’t have the chemistry that you guys have for each other.

2. It’s as if you’ve known each other for a long time

Have you ever felt so close to someone, even though you only met a few hours before? The answer is definitely never, right? Normally, when we meet new people, we will feel awkward with each other. It’s so awkward, you don’t know what to say.

However, sometimes there are people who make us feel very comfortable from the first meeting. We could easily chat with them about anything, laughing and joking together as if you had known each other for years instead of an hour ago. If you feel this way with someone, it means you have strong chemistry with each other.

3. Have the same sense of humor

Laughter is a field road to the heart. One of the easiest ways to win someone’s heart is to make them laugh. Unfortunately, making someone laugh is not always as easy as we think.

Actually, it depends on the personality of the person we are going to joke with. The reason is, there are people who are basically easy to laugh. This type of person would easily chuckle over trivial matters.

On the other hand, there are people who have a cold and serious personality. Instead of making him laugh, you even have to work extra hard just to make him smile. However, when someone has chemistry with you, you don’t have to work too hard to make them laugh. This is because people who have strong chemistry tend to have the same sense of humor.

Instead of trying so hard to make him laugh, he will laugh with you. What you think is funny, must also be funny to him, and vice versa.

4. Copy each other

Have you ever heard of the term mirroring? No, this one term has nothing to do with glass. The term mirroring is used for those who imitate each other, usually done unconsciously. Two people who have strong chemistry tend to imitate each other.

They sometimes look like twins or like two souls in the same body. Not only do they move in the same way, they also react the same way, speak the same way, even some couples who are in love and have very strong chemistry, their faces look similar to each other. Weird, yet amazing, right?

5. Have the same interests

No one is one hundred percent the same, even identical twins have differences. Whether it’s differences in birthmarks, differences in character, or differences in interests. So, if identical twins can be different, what about you and him?

After all, you and your partner are two different individuals in many ways. However, among all those differences, there is one common ground that connects you.

This meeting point could be common interests or common hobbies. Although there is only one thing in common, this one thing is enough to erase the differences. Enough to make you feel close to each other.

6. Often make physical contact

Not just moving, talking or issuing the same reaction, couples who have strong chemistry will often make physical contact such as touching or holding hands.

Love language , that’s roughly how children speak now. Most of this physical contact is done on purpose, sometimes unconsciously. Even though it’s just a small touch, this love language is a way to express feelings that cannot be represented in words.

7. It’s easy to miss

You can meet someone every day and not even know they exist. When he was missing, it took you forever to notice. But that doesn’t apply to those who have strong chemistry.

Couples with strong chemistry tend to want to be together, even though they know that’s impossible. When someone is not around you, you can’t get rid of your thoughts about him. So worried, to make it difficult for you to focus on doing your current job.

Tips for Maintaining Chemistry with a Partner

Normally a chemistry appears by itself. The closer your relationship with someone, the stronger the chemistry that exists between the two of you. Even so, chemistry can actually fade and even disappear without residue.

Usually, this happens to couples who have been together for a long time. Sometimes time and proximity, make us feel bored. If left unchecked, this will make your relationship lose chemistry and eventually become tenuous, even away from each other. You don’t want your relationship to end like this do you? If so, you and your partner must continue to try to maintain the feelings and chemistry that exist between you. How to?

1. Doing deep talks

In the beginning of a relationship, lovers will usually not stop to talk about their feelings for each other, even expressing their feelings every few hours. Whether it’s in person, via chat, or when ending calls and video calls.

Over time, this habit slowly began to fade and was replaced by ordinary conversation. Even so, you still need to do deep talk and talk about each other’s feelings, especially when your relationship has been going on for a long time. You can start with nostalgia for the beautiful moments you spent together, it will trigger feelings that have been stored for a long time.

Even though for many couples deep talk seems cringe, but this is important to maintain chemistry between the two of you. By doing deep talk occasionally, you can also be honest with each other’s feelings. More importantly, deep talk like this will protect your relationship from boredom.

2. Doing activities together

Boredom that arises in relationships, can be triggered by many things. One is the same activity all the time. If in the past few months, every date you’ve only spent time watching movies or eating together, maybe now is the time for you to go on a date to a different place.

Apart from going to the mall, there are many other fun activities that you can do on a date. You can visit amusement parks, you can also go to tourist attractions with stunning views, or other exciting activities. With a new activity in a new place, you will create a new, pleasant feeling.

3. Spend time alone

Staying away from your partner doesn’t always have a negative effect on your relationship. When you feel bored with your relationship, it could be because you spend too much time together. Meetings that are too frequent, eventually make you feel bored.

If that’s the case, there’s nothing wrong with you staying away from each other for a while, or at least rearranging the meeting time so that it’s not as frequent as usual. Staying away doesn’t mean you have to disappear without a word at all. Of course, communication must continue, but you must limit meetings.

Instead, you can spend time alone first. You can use this alone time to gain new insights into your relationship.

In order not to get bored, you can try doing various activities that you like or spending time with people you haven’t seen for a long time.

4. Remembering moments in the past

One of the easiest ways to get rid of the easiest boredom and return feelings is to remember the beautiful moments you have spent together.

You can do this by opening your old photos or even more exciting, by taking him to places that are historical to your relationship. For example, you could go to the place where you first dated, or the place where you first started dating.

By visiting these historical places, like it or not, your brain will remember all the moments that have happened and bring back the romantic feelings you used to feel.

5. Learn to forgive each other

Nobody is perfect. No matter how perfect he is, one day he will make mistakes that make you feel annoyed and even angry. Likewise with you, one day you must have made him angry. Sometimes, boredom arises not because you no longer like each other.

But because you still have feelings of resentment for each other. If that’s the case, then the only solution is to open your heart and forgive each other’s mistakes. It’s not always easy, but it’s much easier than breaking up and having to forget each other.

Again, no human is perfect. As long as the mistakes he makes are not too fatal, you can learn to forgive him and give him a second chance.

At the beginning of a relationship, many people go out of their way to build chemistry with their partner. They go on dates to romantic places, express their feelings diligently, and do other things that make the relationship closer, and the chemistry between the two becomes stronger.

However, they forget that chemistry is a feeling that needs to be maintained and cared for in order to survive. Because chemistry is lost, relationships and someone who used to look so special, can seem ordinary and even feel boring.

For Sinaumed’s who are looking for information about chemistry or books about romance, you can visit sinaumedia.com .

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, we always try to provide the best and newest products for Sinaumed’s, so that you have #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Siti Marliah

Know what ATM stands for – ATM can basically be understood as a machine whose function can be used to solve several customer matters related to savings at a bank, for example, customer savings balances to financial transactions with a systemized program.

Meanwhile, the abbreviation for ATM itself is Automatic Teller Machine or Automated Teller Machine. Literally, the meaning of the ATM stands for is a cash register that can work automatically according to a systemized program.

If absorbed into Indonesian, this Automatic Teller Machine or ATM can be translated into Automated Teller Machines. Automated Teller Machines themselves can be understood as an electronic machine that can operate effectively without the need for additional human labour.

Well, this article will discuss the meaning and extension of ATM in depth. Not only that, several functions and types of Automated Teller Machines will be presented that you need to know. This is so

A. Definition of ATM

The ATM was first designed by the Vice President of Product Planning at the Docutel company named Don Wetzel. The ATM machine was first successfully created in 1968. Until 1973, the prototype of the ATM machine was officially registered at the patent office to obtain the patent.

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary or KBBI, an ATM can be interpreted as an automatic machine owned by a bank to issue cash with certain techniques, such as pressing the savings number button, pressing the number (code) according to the instructions.

Meanwhile, according to the Financial Services Authority, an ATM can be understood as a machine with a computer system that is activated by a bank magnetic card with a code or password. By using this machine, customers can do a number of things, such as saving money, withdrawing cash, transferring funds between accounts, and doing routine transactions.

Still from the Financial Services Authority, automated teller machines or ATMs are installed nationally or internationally. This makes it easier for customers to obtain cash from ATMs in various places. The customer only needs to have and use the ATM code or password issued by a particular bank and the customer’s identity number.

So, an automatic teller machine, abbreviated as an ATM, is basically a machine that you can use to withdraw money or balances anywhere, provided that the machine is in a certain bank network. With a machine that operates 24 hours a day, of course an ATM is one of the machines that makes it very easy for people to withdraw money or balances.

ATM makes you don’t need to go to the central bank to just take the money needed. Through this computer system, you only need to enter a debit card and then determine the amount you want to take and money can be taken directly. Besides being able to be used to withdraw money, ATMs can be used to transfer money if you buy something to top up credit.

B. ATM function

The most important function of an ATM, of course, is to make it easier for a customer and avoid all difficulties when making transactions or needing cash. Not only that, an ATM can also make you not need to carry large amounts of cash which could lead to a crime. If you need money, you only need to take cash as needed at the nearest ATM.

So, here are some ATM functions that you need to know, including:

1. Withdraw cash 24 Hours

We know for ourselves that ATMs can operate 24 hours a day. This means you can withdraw the money at any time, unless the ATM machine is disturbed or damaged. However, there are several ATMs placed in stores, starting from Indomaret, Alfamart, and so on. ATMs located in stores can automatically be used in accordance with the opening and closing conditions of the store.

2. Depositing money into a Savings Account

For those of you who want to save because you don’t really like to save too much money and are afraid that it could run out at any time, ATM machines can now be used to deposit cash into a savings account. Although until now, not all ATM machines have the facility to deposit money in cash. However, one can be sure that in the future all ATMs will be able to provide cash deposit services. Of course, this cash deposit service will greatly facilitate us and save time when compared to having to deposit money through a bank teller.

3. Easy transfer

Before the rise of cash deposit services, ATMs were commonly used to make transfers to other banks and between banks. Plus, since the increase in buying and selling services online, many people like to use ATMs to transfer money when buying something online. Shopping online basically demands to make transactions without meeting face to face. So, in this case, online transactions via ATMs are one of the usual ways to make payments.

4. Pay routine bills

Apart from withdrawing money, depositing cash, and making transfers, automated teller machines can already be used to make payments for various types of bills. Some bills that can be paid through ATMs, such as water, electricity, internet, and so on. How to pay routine bills is also quite simple, all you have to do is come to the nearest ATM. Furthermore, you can choose the PAM option for water, PLN for electricity, Internet or other bills provided. Then, to complete a billing transaction, you only need to press select and click.

C. Types of ATMs

Every bank must always try to provide the best service to all of its customers. One of the ways used to make it easier for customers to conduct banking transactions while avoiding long queues, the bank provides a complete system and a variety of ATMs in several types.

So, here are several types of automated teller machines that you need to know about, including:

1. ATM Cash Withdrawal

The first type of ATM is a cash withdrawal ATM. This ATM can be understood as one of the types of ATMs that we often encounter and also with the most amount provided by banks in certain places. As the name implies, ATM cash withdrawals are provided specifically to handle cash transactions, for example cash withdrawals.

2. Non-Cash ATMs

The second type of ATM is a cashless ATM. Non-cash ATM itself can be interpreted as a type of ATM that cannot be used to make cash transactions such as cash withdrawals. However, this type of ATM is specifically provided for conducting non-cash banking transactions, such as transferring money, paying bills, and so on. Therefore, you need to know the type of ATM first before withdrawing money.

3. ATM Cash Deposit

The third type of ATM is a cash deposit ATM. This type of ATM can also be referred to as a cash deposit machine (CDM) or in Indonesian it is a cash deposit machine. This means that by using this ATM machine, you as a customer of a bank do not need to bother visiting a bank teller when you want to deposit money at the bank. Cash deposit ATMs themselves can usually accept money deposits with a minimum nominal sheet received, which is Rp. 50,000, this means that a nominal sheet of Rp. 100,000 can, yes.

4. All-round ATM

This fourth type of ATM may not be encountered by many of us. However, this type of ATM could become the standard ATM in the future. By using an all-purpose ATM or often called multifunctional, you can carry out banking transactions for all purposes, from cash withdrawals, transfers between accounts, transfers between banks, payments, balance information, top up pulses, exchange rate information, purchases, change pins. , and registration.

D. Safe Ways to Use an ATM

Even though ATMs are very practical and make banking customer affairs easier. However, it is possible that this machine can be tricked by irresponsible humans. By using the various tricks they use, you might become a victim of these fraudulent tricks. Until now, there have been many criminal cases related to ATMs. Therefore, we must always be vigilant when making transactions using an ATM machine.

So, here are some ways you can use to avoid various potential crimes when using an ATM machine. How many ways, among others, namely:

1. Use an ATM machine with a security guard

First, make transactions at ATMs that are relatively close to the bank. This is of course one way to avoid the risk of crime. This is because each bank has a security guard who will be on guard 24 hours a day in the bank area. Having a security guard will greatly reduce the potential for crime.

You can also choose to withdraw money at ATMs in supermarkets or minimarkets. This can reduce the potential for crime because you are in a busy environment. Always try to be careful when taking money at a quiet ATM.

2. Protect your PIN

When you want to withdraw money at the Automated Teller Machine, all you need to do is always cover the number pad when entering the pin. You can use both hands to prevent someone from seeing your savings PIN number. If someone claims to be an officer from the bank and asks for a PIN number, then that could be fraud. Therefore, don’t trust easily and don’t give your PIN code to people you don’t trust.

3. Skimmer Cards

Skimmer card can be interpreted as a device added to an ATM machine to capture personal information, ranging from PIN numbers to balances. The skimmer card itself is generally installed on the side of the machine or to be precise it is located above the official card slot. Well, the thing you need to be aware of before making a transaction is to check the ATM machine first. There may be some suspicious signs, such as the words “swipe the card here” or “card cleaner”.

4. Immediately Save Money and Cards

When you have finished making a transaction, please immediately insert your ATM card and money into your wallet or other safe place. Then, the thing that you must make sure before leaving the Automated Teller Room is that the money and ATM card are nowhere to be seen before leaving the door.

5. Know the Bank’s Call Center Number

If there is a problem with the ATM machine that is being used, the first thing you should do is make a call to the bank’s call center. The bank’s own call center number is usually listed on the ATM machine and can be contacted at any time. When there is a problem with your transaction at an ATM, it is not recommended that you trust anyone who is not a representative of the bank.

6. Invite Friends

One of the things that is important when you want to withdraw large amounts of money through an ATM machine is to invite a friend. By inviting a friend to accompany you, you will be much safer than when you take money alone.

This is a discussion of what an ATM stands for as well as its meaning, function, and several types of Automated Teller Machines that are often used. ATM itself has provided many benefits for mankind in making transactions. Now, we can take advantage of the various functions of ATMs anywhere, be it in shopping areas or other recreational areas. Hope it is useful.

Mockup Is – The term “mockup” is quite rarely known by people, except for those who work in the field of design and even in the field of programming. Its existence is also very reliable, especially for companies or startups that are releasing new products. Yep, basically this mockup can be used to present the design of the product being developed. This mockup is a real picture of the product or concept being developed. The mockup shape looks like a mockup or presentation tool that gives a 3D image.

Did Sinaumed’s ever make mockups when he was in school? Even cooler, this mockup can be made using an application, you know, so the results will be more realistic. So, what exactly is a mockup? What are the functions and benefits of mockups in the design world? Despite being a realistic-looking presentation tool, do mockups have advantages or disadvantages? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands these things, let’s look at the following review!

What Are Mockups?

Basically, a mockup is a visual medium that is designed in such a way as to be given certain effects so that the results become more real. The mockup will later provide a real picture of a product design to be released, so that it will be analyzed whether the actual results will be good or not. In short, a mockup is a concept of a work or product that is made digitally to make it look more real. For example, Sinaumed’s wants to add a business logo on a mug. Instead of having to print the logo first and then attach it to the mug, it would be simpler if you just used a mug mockup.

Reporting from glints , the form of this mockup is a picture of mid-fidelity (the design still looks simple) and high-fidelity (the design has been refined and is more complex so it looks real) which will provide choices regarding design elements. Starting from color, layout, typography, iconography , visual navigation, to the overall appearance of the product or work being designed. Not infrequently, this mockup will be made in 2D and 3D variations, then given several visual effects so that the results look real and modern. Since this mockup was created by providing an overview of the product being designed, its existence is in the concept design stage. To be precise, before entering the final execution.

The use of mockups is not only applied by designers, but also architects, especially when presenting their design concepts to clients. Now, through this mockup, later designers and architects can convey design concepts easily because there is a real picture of the concepts they are developing. Then, the client can also provide feedback regarding the mockup that is being delivered.

Mockup creation can be done manually or with an application. If manually, of course, rely heavily on paper media and equipment in the form of color paints to pens. So, if you use an application, there are currently many modern design applications for creating this mockup. Call it Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, Macromedia Freehand, and others. There are even special applications for making website design mockups.

Functions & Benefits of Mockups in the Design World

Mockup Functions

• Serves as a guide when working on a design so that it doesn’t easily deviate from the initial concept.
• Become a real picture of the design.
• As a preview of a design concept before printing.
• Saves more costs because there is no need to make a dummy (copy) first.
• As a medium for presenting web design projects.
• Make it easy for clients to get an overview of the product concept being developed.

Benefits of Mockups

• Easy Revision

When displaying a mockup in front of a client, surely they will provide feedback so that revisions occur. Now, through this mockup, later revisions or improvements will be easier to do and in detail. It only shows directly which parts of the product need repair.

• Provides a More Realistic Product Picture

The purpose of making a mockup is in line with its benefits, which is to provide a realistic picture of the product being developed. Yep, the form of the mockup will of course look like the final product.

• As Media Presentation

As with its function, mockups are very useful as media presentations about projects and products that are being developed. Through this mockup, designers can show how the designs they are working on are developing to their audience or clients. Later, it will be easier for the audience or client to imagine what the original project or product will look like if it’s finished in finished form.

Aspects in a Mockup

Since this mockup is part of the design, of course there are aspects that must be considered. So, here are some aspects that must be included in a mockup.

1. Layouts

Namely the description of the placement of the content that will be displayed. There are various types of layouts, from Z-shape, F-shape, single column, split screen , and many others. Just adjust the layout to the project or product being developed.

2. Color

Not only in 2D design, but color also plays an important role in 3D design. Just a little trivia , the use of color greatly affects the psychology and feelings of a person. Therefore, in making a mockup, you must pay attention to the use of the correct colors for the convenience of the user when using the product.

3. Contrast

Almost the same as color, contrast also has a big influence on user comfort when using your product. If the contrast in the product, both in the form of a web display and an application, is not good, it will be difficult for users to use it.

4. Typography

This typography can include the type and size of the font to the spacing of the text used in your product. If the type, size, and spacing of the text match, then the design will be more interesting to look at.

5. Spacing

Spacing in a design doesn’t have to be dense all the time, right… Precisely with empty space in a design , it can enhance the appearance and become a good element.

6. Navigation

This aspect is usually implemented in products in the form of web views and applications. If this aspect of navigation is set correctly, users can easily use the application, especially when browsing the site.

Common Mockup Examples

Website Mockups

In making a website, whether it’s a corporate or personal website, there must be a UI/UX Designer who relies heavily on mockups in the process. This is so that every website that is created can be in accordance with the concept and the client will be satisfied with the end result. The purpose of making this website mockup is so that the client has an idea of ​​the concept that has been given before about how the website will look like that will be made later.

Application Mockups

Almost the same as creating a website, an application also requires a UI/UX Designer in the process. Therefore, it is not uncommon for application mockups to have the same appearance as website mockups, because applications tend to be accessible via smartphones or the web.

Product Packaging Mockups

Before printing how the packaging of a product looks like, the designers will, of course, make a mockup first. It aims to provide a real picture of the results of the packaging concept that has been made before. Usually, this product packaging mockup will be displayed in digital form so that it can be seen and touched directly. Also through this product packaging mockup, clients can have real experience in understanding how the shape of their product packaging will be.

Logo Mockups

Making this logo mockup is suitable for Sinaumed’s who is starting a new business. Yep, even though your business is still new, of course it requires a logo as an identity. Usually, logo creation will be handed over to the designer so that the mockup will be shown digitally. In fact, not infrequently, the logo will be affixed to a certain object as if it were merchandise. Items that are often used as media for this logo mockup are mugs, bags, t-shirts, paper bags, and many others.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mockups

Even though mockups are very useful for designers to show how their ideas are conceptualized to clients in real terms, it turns out that their existence also has drawbacks, you know… So, here are the advantages and disadvantages of a mockup.

Pros of Mockups	Lack of Mockups
Provides a more realistic perspective. Because the shape resembles the final product according to the previous concept plan.	Lack of product flow. Flow here means a product flow from start to finish. However, because the mockup is very different from the prototype, stakeholders cannot directly click or enjoy the features directly. Mockups can only see the visuals.
Save budget.  This is because through this mockup, designers can ensure that there are no errors in the concepts that have been developed before.	Just a visual display only. As explained earlier, the mockup only provides a visual display of the product being developed. Therefore, feedback from clients usually only focuses on visual elements rather than function.
Facilitate stakeholders.  Since this mockup provides an overview of the design concept in detail, stakeholders can have a good understanding of the final product.	Raise different expectations . Since this mockup was created using graphic software, not a coding process, it is not uncommon for stakeholders to have high expectations.
Facilitate Revision.  After carrying out the presentation process to the client through the mockup he made, the client can provide feedback on what things need to be improved. Well, this feedback will make it easier to revise before proceeding to the coding stage. If you have entered the coding stage, revisions will actually be more difficult to do.

The difference with Prototype

Basically, a mockup is a detailed visual display of how the product concept is, accompanied by visual aspects such as images, colors, typography, layout, and more. While the prototype is a concept image that is clickable so that the result can respond to commands like a finished product. This prototype is an advanced process of a mockup. So, here are the striking differences between a mockup and a prototype.

Mockups	Prototype
Static	Interactive
Focus on the visual appearance of the product design	Focusing on how easy as well as functionality of a product
Stages after making the product concept.	Continuation of the mockup stage after getting feedback from the client
Using tools in the form of graphic software, for example Photoshop, Sketch, CorelDraw, and others.	Using tools in the form of coding, for example Justinmind, Invision, and Mockplus.
Can identify and correct errors in product design.	Help designers to find new design ideas.
Shows the user to interact with existing design elements.	Shows how the user can interact with the product.

So, that’s a review of what a mockup is and its functions, benefits, examples, advantages and disadvantages, to the difference with a prototype. Is Sinaumed’s interested in creating a mockup to make releasing new products easier for your business?

Fanboy is – So Fanboy? Why not? So far, being a fanboy, especially a K-Pop fanboy, for Indonesians is often viewed negatively by some men who have high masculinity. Not a few men in Indonesia think that being a fanboy is childish and even worse, they are labeled as a sissy or gay . Even just like girl groups or female idols not the boy group.

In recent years, the achievements of boy groups or girl groups have made their existence parallel to western music and even surpass it. Examples of boy groups or girl groups that have this achievement include BTS, Blackpink, Twice, and even Secret Number, where one of the members is Indonesian.

Liking something we like is a human right for everyone regardless of who they are and from what background. Before discussing the advantages of fanboys, it’s good if we know the meaning of fanboys themselves. So, check out this fanboy review until it runs out, Sinaumed’s.

Fanboys are

Based on the meaning of his own words “Fan” means fans and “Boy” means men. So, fanboys are male fans who can be said to really like a certain product or type of music. It turns out that this term is not only used in the K-Pop world even though its existence is well-known in the K-Pop world. This term is also often used in the world of games, anime, comics, or gadgets.

There are no definite statistics to say how many fanboys exist on this earth. However, the fanboy phenomenon should no longer be a strange thing for both women and even men.

Fanboy Traits

There are several characteristics of a fanboy that you can know, if one of your friends is included in these characteristics, maybe he is a fanboy of the product or music he likes.

1. Really idolize what they like
2. Join a community or forum that is useful for discussing idols.
3. If you ask about their idol, they will usually answer easily because they feel they already know their idol even though they have never met in person.
4. Very angry or easily angry when other people talk about their shortcomings or badmouth their idols.

So, have any of your friends become fanboys?

 

 

Advantages of Being a Fanboy

11. Can Get a Match

In terms of quantity, there are far more fangirls than fanboys. in the Korean Wave ecosystem. A rare existence makes fanboys special in the eyes of fangirls. As a fangirl, maybe you can be more comfortable in discussing or telling stories about your idol or your daily problems.

This is because many women think that fanboys who are in the midst of the Korean wave tend to understand women’s feelings better, so these fangirls might be more comfortable. Intense interaction doesn’t rule out the possibility of creating mutual feelings for one another, right?

After knowing some of the benefits, do you want to become a fanboy? Before becoming a fanboy, it’s a good idea to get to know the types of fanboys first.

Fanboy Types

 

 

K-Pop Idols Who Are Also Fanboys

Some of these KPop idols also turned out to be fanboys from a young age . They become fans and have a strong desire to be like their idols. After their dream has come true, they can finally get close and intimate with their respective idols. Here is a list of K-Pop idols who turn out to be fanboys.

1. Hoshi Seventeen

Hoshi pursued his dream of becoming an idol because he really idolized a boy group called SHINee. He really likes the group’s songs and often plays them as lullabies. Hoshi is included in the category of lucky fans or fans who are lucky that he can even become a close friend of SHINee’s Key. Key himself also invited Hoshi to play at his house.

2. INFINITE’s Sunggyu

Being amazed by the rock band Nell made Sunggyu INFINITE work part time at a cafe near the location of the band’s agency, Woolim Entertainment. Coincidentally it turns out that he was recommended by Nell’s manager to audition at Woolim. After failing at the SM Entertainment audition, the leader from INFINITE finally got lucky at Woolim.

As a lucky fan, Sunggyu is not the only agency with his favorite band. He also worked with vocalist Nell, Kim Jong Wan in the process of producing his solo album entitled 10 Stories.

3. SHINee’s key

Not only Sunggyu can debut at the same agency as the idol. SHINee’s Key also has the same fate. Key really idolizes soloist BoA. in Keyword program #BoA, he said that he likes BoA just the way he is. He is not disappointed if BoA releases work that is no better than before. He also won’t give negative comments if BoA is rumored to be dating, married or so on.

As previously explained, being a fanboy is everyone’s right. Even so, it would be nice if you want to become a fanboy to ask people who have become fanboys about fanboys more deeply.

So, that’s a complete explanation about fanboys. From all the explanations above, it can be said that not all fanboys are bad, Sinaumed’s, from here we can see that there are lots of advantages that we can get and not a few who can be successful because they idolize their idols. 

Author: Christin Devina

Zapin Dance – Indonesia is a country known for its rich diversity of cultures, traditions
and customs. Some cultures are hereditary heritage that have existed since ancient times.
However, there are also several cultures and arts that were born from acculturation or a mixture of
cultures.

This cultural mix ultimately creates a new art. One example of culture and art born from this
acculturation process is the zapin dance. This dance originates from Riau Province and is
popular in Bengkulu, Riau, and other areas in central Indonesia.

This dance, which originates from a province called Lancang Kuning, has been passed down from generation to
generation and has never been replaced or displaced by the times. Based on its past history,
the zapin dance is a dance that originates from the amalgamation of two cultures. The culture
is typical Malay culture and typical Arabic culture.

The acculturation of these two different cultures occurred because in the past many Arabs came to the Riau
region who then lived and settled there. These two cultures eventually complement and influence
each other in various fields.

One of the areas most affected by its influence is the arts. This includes dance, music,
literature, and so on. It was in this dance that the zapin dance was born which later became
the traditional Malay dance from Riau.

The word zapin itself comes from Arabic, namely Zafn . The word has the meaning of fast
foot movements and follows the beat of the rhythmic beat. This dance is performed in groups
accompanied by two main musical instruments, namely gambus and marwas which are shaped like small
drums.

According to Gendhis Paradisa, in his book entitled Encyclopedia of Art & Culture of the
Archipelago , the zapin dance is usually used by the community as a tool and medium for Islamic
da’wah. This is reflected in the song lyrics sung during the Zapin dance performance.
That is what makes the zapin dance more popular and known by the wider community.

The popularity of this dance has made it known not only in the Riau and Sumatra regions, but also spread to
the islands of Kalimantan and Java. In fact, its popularity is now being recognized abroad,
such as in allied countries, namely Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and Singapore.

To find out more about the zapin dance, here is an explanation of the zapin dance, a dance resulting from
the acculturation of two cultures. Check out the review below.

History of the Zapin Dance

Judging from the government’s official website, this zapin dance originally appeared in 1811 ago, but was
only popularized in 1919. Initially, this dance was created as a dance specifically dedicated
to the people in the palace environment during the Yemeni Sultanate in the Middle East in the past.

But after that, the zapin dance culture developed in the palace area or also known as the Great
Tradition area . This dance is also mixed with local culture. Finally, the
zapin dance became an art of entertainment and palace performances which was even featured in royal
ceremonial events.

For this ceremonial event, this dance is called the palace zapin or Siak Sri Inderapura .
This dance was also known and brought by Arab traders from the Gujarat region on their spice
trade trips. They also use this dance as a medium of propaganda in spreading Islam in the
Riau Archipelago.

Upon arrival in the archipelago, this traditional dance from Yemen finally experienced acculturation with
the local local culture. This is clearly reflected in the impact due to the acculturation of
two different cultures. In the zapin dance, there are various insertion of philosophical values
​​that are closely related to the pattern of life of the people of Riau.

Apart from that, like its original purpose to become a media of da’wah, the value of Islamic religious
education is also contained in the lyrics of the songs sung by the accompaniments of the zapin dance.
In the beginning, before 1960 to be exact, the zapin dance could only be performed or danced by
male dancers.

However, along with the times, currently the zapin dance can be performed by women. In fact,
this dance can also be performed by a mix of male dancers and female dancers in the same performance.

In line with the increasing recognition of the zapin dance, this dance then spread widely to other regions.
In mixing it with local culture, various kinds and types of variations of the zapin dance were born
according to the culture of their respective regions.

Despite experiencing a mix of cultures, the basic pattern of this dance remains the same.
Namely about the symbols and meanings of respect and comfort that were presented to the king who
was on the throne at that time.

In Indonesia alone, there are two types of zapin dances, namely the Malay zapin and the Arabic zapin.
For Arab zapin, it is also known as zapin lama whose dance grows and develops among groups of
people of Arab descent. This group is located in various places in Indonesia, especially in
Java and Madura.

Meanwhile, the Malay zapin is a dance created by experts in an area which is then adapted to suit the
surrounding community. What distinguishes the Malay zapin and the Arab zapin are the dance
moves. If the Arab zapin has only one dance style, then the Malay zapin has quite a variety of
dance styles.

In addition, these two dances are also subdivided into two types of dance. In the Arabic Zapin
dance there are zapin hajir marawis and zapin gembus. Meanwhile, Malay zapins are grouped into
Keraton Malay zapins and people’s Malay zapins.

In the Malay palace zapin, this dance is only dedicated to the courtiers. Due to being in the
palace area, this Malay zapin was also given several rules that were adjusted to the regulations at the
palace. Meanwhile, the people’s Malay zapin develops in a society with freedom but still in
manners and local customs.

These two types of zapin dances are also heritage from the Archipelago which enrich the culture of the
Indonesian people. On the other hand, this dance is also part of the strength and unity of the
nation so that it is not easily divided by other countries.

Zapin dance in each area is known by a different name. As in the Jambi and Bengkulu regions,
this dance is known as Dana, in the Lampung region the zapin dance is called Bedana, and in the Java region
this dance is known as the Zafin dance. Slightly different, the Kalimantan region knows this
dance as Jeping, Maluku names it Jepen, and Nusa Tenggara is known as Dana-Dani.

Zapin Dance Theme, Meaning, and Philosophy

The theme of this zapin dance is about life that occurs in the Malay community. Although the
main function of this dance is as an entertainment performance, every movement contained in the zapin dance
has a high philosophical meaning and value. This happens because the zapin dance is always
related to the social life around it.

Over time and the development of this traditional dance, the zapin dance has become a symbol or icon of
progress in the culture of the people of Riau. The reason is, this dance also contains the
value of religious education which teaches humans about the good that is conveyed through the songs that
accompany the dance.

Zapin Dance Movement

Basically, the movements used in this zapin dance take from the daily activities carried out by humans in
their environment, especially in the area around Riau. Although currently this dance is
performed by both men and women, the movements performed are relatively the same. The only
difference is the movement of his hands.

The dance pattern performed by the dancers is very simple. This is because the zapin dance
does it with a method of repeating continuous movements rhythmically and focusing on certain
patterns.

Every movement performed by the dancers in the zapin dance has a very deep philosophical value.
Here are some Zapin dance moves along with an explanation of their philosophical values.

1. Throne Movement 1

Tahto 1 motion is the movement performed by the dancers at the beginning of each performance.
This motion is performed twice, namely at the beginning and at the end of the dance by using a
count of up to 8 in each part of the dance. This gesture has the meaning of showing humility
and respect for fellow human beings.

2. Tahto Movement 2

The movement on tahto 2 is a movement that represents the humble attitude contained in the meaning of the tahto 1
movement. This dance is also performed with a count of up to 8 for each part and is danced at the beginning and
end of the performance after the tahto 1 movement is finished.

3. Throne Movement 3

Like the tahto movements 1 and 2, this movement is also carried out up to a count of 8 per part.
Apart from that, this motion is also danced at the beginning and end of the show after the tahto 2
motion.

4. Free Motion

This motion is a movement that is displayed on the sidelines or between other zapin dance movements.
This movement can be done anywhere and may be displayed more than once. But still
using a dance pattern with eight counts of each part.

5. Motion Shut

Shut motion is done after free movement. In this motion, it is divided into two parts, namely
forward shut and backward shut. Each part is danced to the beat of 16 counts and is done twice.
This shut movement has a philosophical value as a representation or depiction of an attitude of
fairness, patience, and life balance.

6. Move Elbow out

After the dancer performs the shut movement, the next movement is the elbow movement. This
movement is done 2 times with 16 counts in each part. The meaning contained in this movement is
a depiction of dynamic human life.

7. Wind Movement

After the elbow moves out, the dancer will continue the dance with the cardinal movements.
This movement is enough to do once in a 16-count beat in the dance.

8. Point rod motion

The last type of Zapin dance movement is the stem point motion. This movement is carried out 2
times after the cardinal movements. The form of this stem point movement is the movement twice
forward and backward alternately.

Like other dance moves, each part of this movement also uses 16 counts. Between the two parts
of the dance, it is separated or inserted with one free movement.

Zapin dance accompaniment music

In every dance performance, apart from requiring dancers to perform the dance, two other additional
elements are also needed to complete a performance. The two additional elements are musical
instruments and their music and song lyrics which contain the moral message to be conveyed.

As previously known, the zapin dance is a dance that originally came from Arab lands or the Middle East
region. So, the main musical instruments used are lute and marwas.

However, after this dance underwent acculturation or cultural mixing with Malay culture, the zapin dance
was performed accompanied by even more diverse musical instruments. The musical instruments
that accompany the Malay zapin are tambourine, gembos, accordion, marwas, drum, and guitar.

In the performance of the Malay zapin dance, the accompaniment of dance music is always related to rhyme.
Rentak is a certain rhythm that becomes a motive or sign for certain movements. Rentak
is what can then build the atmosphere and identity of the Malay dance.

This action is divided into three parts, namely fast action, moderate action, and slow action.
There are several types of rhymes known in Malay dance, namely Zapin rhymes, Ghazal rhymes, Joget
rhymes, Malay rhymes, Nobat rhymes, Mak Inang rhymes, and so on.

Zapin Dance Floor Pattern

In dance performances, there is always something called a floor pattern. The floor pattern is
a movement rule that must be followed by dancers so that the formations performed can look neat and
attractive. This pattern then becomes a reference for dancers to step in forming
formations.

For the zapin dance itself, there are several floor patterns used. The floor patterns are
vertical floor patterns, horizontal floor patterns, diagonal floor patterns, wavy floor patterns, circular
floor patterns, and figure eight floor patterns. This floor pattern will then give an
interesting impression to the audience.

Zapin Clothing, Makeup and Property

In order for the appearance and performance of the Zapin dance to be maximized, both male and female
dancers need to make up their faces in such a way. Apart from making the dancers look more
attractive, adding makeup can also give a different impression to the dancers’ appearance.

Meanwhile, the clothes to be worn by the dancers have a slight difference. The male dancers
will wear traditional Malay clothing, which includes baju kuning, plekat, Cekak Weasel, skullcap, songket,
undergarments, and brooches.

Meanwhile, female dancers will wear typical Malay traditional clothing, including the clothes of the anchor
brackets, side cloths, manto shawls, and songket cloth. In addition, supporting accessories
such as necklaces, rocking flower ornaments, earrings, and so on are also added.

The color of the clothes that are usually used for this Zapin dance dress generally have bright colors,
such as red, green, yellow, and also blue. The costumes used are also costumes that have been
influenced by Islamic models.

The function of Islamic values ​​in the clothes worn by dancers is to cover the curves of the body.
In addition, this dress will also clarify the space for movement, emphasize the identity of the
dance, and of course so as not to interfere with dance movements and provide aesthetic value in their
appearance. Therefore, the value of politeness is also displayed in every Zapin dance
performance.

In addition to the previously mentioned costumes, the zapin dance clothing is also added with dance
properties which are the hallmark of this acculturated dance. The property is a sampur shawl
which is usually used by female dancers. The purpose of using this property is to add a more
beautiful nuance to each dance movement.

Conclusion

Zapin dance is a dance originating from the province of Riau, Indonesia. This dance actually
comes from the plains of the Middle East, especially the Arab lands. However, this dance was
carried by traders on their way to sell spices.

Zapin dance was also introduced to local residents. Then, there was a cultural mix between
Arabic culture and Malay culture in the dance. Thus, two types of zapin dance emerged in
Indonesia, namely the Arabic zapin dance and the Malay zapin dance.

Arabic Zapin dance usually develops specifically and is passed down from generation to generation among
people of Arab descent in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the Malay zapin dance developed in various
regions in Indonesia with various types of dance according to the region.

So, that’s an explanation of the zapin dance, a dance resulting from the acculturation of two cultures.
Hopefully it will be useful for #FriendsWithoutLimits at home. Want to learn the art
of dance more deeply? You can read dance art books that can be found at
sinaumedia.com .

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has
#MoreWithReading information.

Vaisya Theory – In some areas there are historical relics with Hindu-Buddhist style. The
existence of these remains proves that Hindu-Buddhism was once the majority religion in its time.

Based on historical records, Hinduism entered Indonesia around the 4th century. The arrival of
Hinduism in Indonesia can be proven by the presence of Hindu-style kingdoms, such as the Kutai kingdom, the
Tarumanegara kingdom, and the Majapahit kingdom. In addition, the entry of Hinduism gave rise
to new cultures among the people of the archipelago. The existence of these new cultures made
the land of the Archipelago more colorful.

Meanwhile, Buddhist religion and culture entered the archipelago around the 5th century AD.
The entry of Buddhist religion and culture was marked by the presence of kingdoms, such as the
ancient Mataram kingdom, the Sri Bangun kingdom, to the Sriwijaya kingdom.

The entry of Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture into the archipelago began with traders looking for new
places to trade. The large number of traders who entered the land of the archipelago made the
people of the archipelago slowly begin to recognize Hindu religion and culture.

Even though it had entered Indonesia’s homeland, the Indonesian people at that time did not immediately
embrace Hindu beliefs. This was because at that time the Indonesian people still adhered to
animism and dynamism, so it took time to convert to Hindu beliefs.

Basically, there are many theories that explain the entry of Hinduism into Indonesia. One
theory says that Hinduism entered Indonesia through trade routes. At that time, trade routes
could not only go by sea. The theory of the entry of Hinduism through trade routes is the
“Waisya theory”. Sinaumed’s, want to know more about “Waisya theory”? Check out this
article until it’s finished.

Vaishya caste

At that time, Hinduism always distinguished others based on the role they had. Each of these
roles has a level, a person who has the highest level will be respected by many people. Usually
someone who is at the highest level has an important position or role in his area.

Each level is known as caste. The term caste is also listed in the Big Indonesian Dictionary
(KBBI), caste is a class (level or degree) of humans in Hindu religious society. The existence
of the notion of caste in the KBBI strengthens the fact that Hindu society at that time did differentiate
society through levels.

The caste itself is divided into five levels, namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras.
Vaisya is the third caste in Hinduism where this group consists of farmers, traders and
craftsmen.

Even though they are in the third caste in Hinduism, the Vaisya caste plays a very important role in
maintaining the prosperity of society. Without this caste, it would be difficult for people to
get food, goods to sell, to build a house or a room.

Therefore, it is not uncommon for the Waisya caste to have abilities, such as being full of calculations when
doing something, being very diligent, being able to manage assets well, not being extravagant or being able to
save expenses, and having skills in building things.

Thus, it can be said that the Waisya caste has a very important role in carrying out economic and business
activities through trade. It is this talent for trading that makes the Waisya caste able to
carry out the process of distributing and redistributing goods, so that they will get income to make ends
meet. The needs of life that are fulfilled make the community prosperous and become more
prosperous, so that the values ​​of the state and humanity can be realized.

Vaisya theory

The Vaisya theory is one theory that states the entry of Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture into
Indonesia. This theory was discovered by an archaeologist and researcher of the history of
traditional Indonesian cultures that have existed for a long time. The archaeologist and
historical researcher is Nicolaas Johannes Krom or commonly known as NJ Krom.

Based on the Vaisya theory expressed by NJ Krom, the entry of Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture was
brought by traders originally from India. The merchants not only brought their merchandise, but
also brought their country’s customs and habits.

Not only that, NJ Krom also said that traders come to Indonesia according to the monsoons. In
other words, if the monsoon shows or shows that the condition is not good, then the traders will not come to
Indonesia. They waited another six months to trade. Therefore, it can be said that
traders who come to the archipelago are very dependent on the direction of the sea breeze.

Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture are growing as traders settle in Indonesia. They usually
stay around six months to carry out trade transactions. It was during his stay that the
Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture began to spread to the people of the archipelago.
Increasingly, the people of the Archipelago are getting used to the Hindu-Buddhist religion and
culture, so that the development of this religion and culture is accelerating.

According to NJ Krom, they didn’t just stay, the traders also married native Indonesian women.
With this marriage, Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture developed quite rapidly.
What’s more, children born from marriages between traders and Indonesian women will continue the
development of Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture or can be said to be the generation of Hindu-Buddhist
religion and culture.

NJ Krom said that traders belonging to the Vaisya caste were the caste that played the most role in the
spread of Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture in Indonesia. The Waisya caste is a society that
plays a role in promoting the prosperity of the people, such as farmers, traders, and the like.

Inventor of Vaisya Theory

The founder of the Vaisya theory was named Nicolaas Johannes Krom, he was born on September 5, 1883 and was
a Dutchman who was an expert in classical literature. He received his Doctoral degree in 1908.
Two years after obtaining his Doctoral degree, NJ Krom obtained a position at the Commissie in
Nederlandsch Indie voor Oudheidkundige Onderzoek op Java en Madoera, located in the Dutch East
Indies (Java). He gained the position of chairman after replacing JLA Brandes who had
passed away.

After becoming chairman of the commission, NJ Krom realized that archaeological problems in the Dutch East
Indies were not easily handled by just one commission or it could be said that archaeological problems could
only be resolved by an official government agency. His struggle to solve the problem of
antiquity was not in vain because he managed to form a government institution in the form of an
organization.

In 1910-1915, NJ Krom spent his time on the island of Java to become chairman of the commission and head of
the Antiquities Service. During his stay on the island of Java, he often met Hindu Buddhists,
so he learned various things about Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture. In fact, because of his
interest in the ancient world, NJ Krom tried to get more information about Hindu-Buddhism by visiting the
holy places of this religion in Java.

The organization that has been fighting for is called Oudheidkundige Dienst or in Indonesian means
the Antiquities Service. The Antiquities Service was formed in 1913 and thanks to his
persistence in creating the Antiquities Service, NJ Krom was appointed head of the Antiquities Service
by the Dutch Colonial government. The mandated chairman position lasted until 1915. After
finishing his term as Head of the Antiquities Service, NJ Krom returned to his homeland, the
Netherlands.

After returning to the Netherlands, NJ Krom began to diligently write about the world of archeology in the
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). He made his writings about archeology into a manuscript and
placed the manuscript at Brandes Oud Javaansche Oorkonden (OJO). His writing
skills can be said to be very good and good because every work he writes can make the reader
amazed.

One of NJ Krom’s phenomenal works is his monograph on the Borobudur temple. In fact, the
thickness of the monograph is very thick or around 800 pages. Not only writing, but he also
attached photographs and pictures of the reliefs in the Borobudur temple which are as big as a
newspaper.

Not only did he write about the Borobudur temple, but he also wrote works on Javanese Hindu art and
Javanese Hindu history. The book was first published or printed in 1919 under the title
Inleiding tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst . This book was a phenomenal piece of
writing, so it was reprinted in 1923. Meanwhile, the second book was written under the title
Hindoe-Javaansche Geschiedenis, which was first printed in 1926. This book, which
contains the history of Javanese Hinduism, was very popular with many readers, so it was reprinted in in
1931.

Until now, the two works are still very phenomenal, so they are still used as a basis or reference for someone
who wants to study or explore Indonesian ancient history, Indonesian archeology, and Indonesian ancient objects.

NJ Krom can be said to be one of the experts on Indonesian history as well as an archaeologist who often
examines ancient objects in Indonesia. Thanks to his writings, we all know about the history of
Hindu Java and ancient objects, especially those on the island of Java.

Factors Strengthening Vaisya Theory

This Waisya theory can be even stronger due to several factors, namely the interaction of the Waisya caste,
Indonesia’s natural resources, and the existence of the keling village.

1. Waishya Caste Interaction

At that time, many traders who came from India brought the teachings of Hinduism and the cultures of the
Hindu community. They began to interact with fellow traders (read: traders from India) and the
local community to sell their wares. Interactions that go well can make merchandise sell
quickly.

With this interaction, people began to know more about the teachings of Hinduism and cultures than Hindus
usually do. Slowly but surely, many people are starting to know about Hindu religion and
culture, so that the teachings of Hindu religion and culture in Indonesia are getting stronger.

Over time, traders also introduced the teachings of Buddhism and culture that are usually practiced by Buddhists.

2. Indonesian Natural Resources

It is no stranger to the fact that Indonesia’s natural resources are very abundant. These
abundant natural resources attracted traders or the Vaisya group to trade in Indonesia. Traders
see that natural resources are something that can be used as something profitable or can generate
income.

The traders, the majority of whom came from India, began to visit Indonesia to trade. However,
over time, these traders began to settle in several areas in Indonesia. Since then, the
teachings of Hindu-Buddhism and Hindu-Buddhist culture began to spread among Indonesian people or local
residents.

3. There is a Rivet Village

At that time, when the majority of traders from India wanted to return to their homeland, they had to wait
for the right sea breeze. Therefore, not a few traders prefer to stay temporarily or
permanently in Indonesia. Well, it was during their stay that they founded a village.
The village is called Kampung Keling.

Kampung Keling is located in several regions in Indonesia, some are in Jepara, Medan, Malacca and Aceh.
At that time, all areas that had kampung kelingnya could be said to be strategic areas.
With this village, the spread of Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture is getting stronger.

4. The existence of marriages with traders
from India

For traders who have started to settle in Indonesia, be it temporarily or permanently, there are some
traders who marry Indonesian women. It was from this marriage that the teachings of
Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture began to spread into the family, so that they were blessed with
offspring.

Those descendants will continue the teachings of Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture.
Therefore, the more descendants, the faster the spread of Hindu-Buddhist religion and
culture.

Weakening Factors of Vaisya Theory

On the other hand, the Vaisya theory also has flaws or weaknesses, so it is difficult for the Vaisya caste
to understand this theory. The following are the weaknesses of the Vaisya theory.

1. Sanskrit and Pallawa script

Hindu Buddhist teachings are written in Sanskrit and Pallawa script, so it requires special expertise to
read them. To get this special skill, a Hindu-Buddhist person must be in the Brahmin
caste.

Therefore, the Vaisya caste will find it difficult to learn the teachings of Hindu Buddhism.
In a level of Hinduism, traders belong to the level of Vaisya. Thus, traders were
unable to master Sanskrit and Pallawa script, making it difficult to understand Vaisya theory.

2. Traders Only Focus on Trading

The traders who come to Indonesia aim to trade, so it will be difficult to spread Hindu-Buddhist teachings.
In one day their time has been spent only for trading. Then the next day, they have to
go back to work to earn an income in order to survive.

If Hindu-Buddhist teachings are difficult to spread, then few will know the teachings of the two religions.
Therefore, at that time a Keling village was created so that the teachings of Hindu-Buddhism could
easily spread.

3. Merchants Only Have Vaishya Caste

The traders belonging to the Vaisya caste made it difficult for them to learn the teachings of Hindu
Buddhism. At that time, the caste that could study Hindu-Buddhist teachings was the Brahmin
caste. Thus, it can be said that the Vaisya caste cannot do much in an effort to learn
Hindu-Buddhist teachings.

Conclusion

This Vaisya theory is one of the theories put forward by experts which contains the entry of Hindu-Buddhism
into Indonesia. In Vaisya theory, Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture entered through traders
or the Vaisya caste. NJ Krom is the founder of Vaisya theory and he has written phenomenal
books. His books are still used by historical researchers and archaeologists.

Source: From various sources

Types of Taxes in Indonesia – Basically a country needs income or income that is used to develop the country. Income that can be obtained from taxes, levies, community donations, loans, profits from state companies, and others.

However, usually the main source of state revenue is taxes. In other words, if a country does not have a good taxation system then developments and activities will be difficult to realize or implement.

Obstructed developments such as schools, health centers, hospitals, roads, and others. While activities that are hampered, such as sports activities, socio-cultural activities, and other activities.

Tax revenue in a country is not only used for development and state activities, but taxes are also budgeted to provide a sense of security and comfort to the community in the form of services provided by the government to the community. The sense of security and comfort felt by citizens can help the country’s economic growth so that a country’s income will run without obstacles.

After knowing that taxes are very important for the development of a country, as a good citizen, it is appropriate to pay taxes on time.

To get used to paying taxes on time, you can start by paying taxes on your residence (house). Residence (house) is included in the type of Land and Building Tax. After paying the land and building tax, other taxes need to be paid as well. Did you know that in Indonesia there are various types of taxes. Check out the types of taxes in Indonesia as follows.

A. Types of Taxes

After knowing that it is important for the progress and growth of the country, especially Indonesia. The next thing to know is the types of taxes that must be paid by taxpayer participants.

In Indonesia, the types of taxes are classified into three parts or groups, namely, the collection agency, according to its nature, and the target or object. Consider the three classifications of types of taxes as follows:

1. Types of Taxes Based on Collecting Agencies

In Indonesia there are five types of taxes that need to be known and paid, including Income Tax (PPh), Value Added Tax (VAT), Sales Tax on Luxury Goods (PPn BM), Stamp Duty, Land and Building Tax (PBB), and Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fee (BPHTB).

a. Income Tax (PPh)

Income earned for one year and imposed on individuals or entities is called Income Tax (PPh). The “income” in question is economic ability that can be used to meet daily needs or increase wealth, both from within the country and abroad.

In simple terms, income can be interpreted as profit from a business, honorarium, salary, gifts, and so on. To help Sinaumed’s better understand how to calculate, deposit, and report the correct income tax, you can get the book Income Tax Theory, Cases, and Practices at sinaumedia!

Income tax subjects are divided into two, namely domestic tax subjects and foreign tax subjects. The following is an explanation of domestic tax subjects and foreign tax subjects.

As for those included in domestic tax subjects as follows:

• A person who resides in Indonesia or is in Indonesia for more than 183 days within a 12 month period. It could also be someone who is in Indonesia in one tax year and intends to stay in Indonesia.
• Agency established and domiciled in Indonesia.
• Inheritance that is still full or has not been divided into one unit to replace the rightful.

While those included in foreign tax subjects are as follows:

• A person who resides in Indonesia or is in Indonesia for no more than 183 days within a 12 month period.
• Entities that are not established and domiciled in Indonesia that carry out business or carry out business activities through a Permanent Business Entity (BUT) in Indonesia.
• A person who does not reside in Indonesia or is present in Indonesia for no more than 183 days within a 12 month period.
• Entities that are not established and domiciled in Indonesia that can get income or income from Indonesia not from business or carrying out activities through a PE in Indonesia.

Basically, a domestic tax subject is someone who has resided in Indonesia for more than 183 days (not necessarily consecutively) within a period of 12 months since his arrival. Meanwhile, a foreign tax subject is someone who does not reside in Indonesia, but has been in Indonesia for less than 183 days in a span of 12 months.

Tax objects subject to PPh on income are in the form of:

• Interest on deposits and other savings.
• Income from transactions in shares and other securities on the stock exchange.
• Income from the transfer of assets in the form of land or buildings.
• Other incomes that are subject to tax in accordance with government regulations.

b. Value Added Tax (VAT)

This tax is often there when doing shopping transactions or eating at restaurants. However, not everyone knows about Value Added Tax (VAT).

VAT is a tax imposed on the purchase of Taxable Goods or Use of Taxable Services within the Customs Area (within the territory of Indonesia). Every purchase of Taxable Goods or the use of Taxable Services will be subject to VAT, be it an individual, entity, government, and others.

This tax is also protected by an applicable law, and Sinaumed’s can learn about this through the Book of Value Added Tax Laws (VAT) below.

c. Sales Tax on Luxury Goods (PPn BM)

Each luxury item will be subject to Taxable Goods and classified into the type of Sales tax on Luxury Goods (PPn BM). Check out the categories of goods that are classified as luxury so that the items we have are classified as luxury goods or not. The following is a category of luxury goods.

1. These goods are only owned by people with high income.
2. These items are only used to determine social status.
3. These goods are not part of basic needs
4. If it is used it can damage the health and morale of the community and can disrupt the comfort and order of society.

d. Land and Building Tax (PBB)

If we own land or use land and own buildings, we must be subject to Land and Building Tax (PBB). Initially, PBB was included in the central tax, but on 1 January 2014, rural and urban PBB was included in regional taxes, except for plantation, forestry and mining PBB, which was still included in the central tax.

PBB itself is an objective tax that is imposed on land and buildings, where the taxpayers are individuals or entities that actually have benefits from the land or buildings, which is discussed further in the book Land and Building Tax at a Practical Level, Edition 2 .

The taxes obtained by the Regional Government, whether Provincial or Regency/City, include:

• Hotel Tax
• Restaurant tax
• Entertainment Tax
• Advertisement tax
• Non-Metal and Rock Mineral Tax
• Vehicle tax
• Taxes on the Process of Transferring Motorized Vehicles
• Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax
• Cigarette Tax
• Surface Water Tax
• Groundwater Tax
• Street Lighting Tax
• Parking Tax

e. Stamp Duty

Stamp duty is a tax that is imposed on making documents, such as notarial deeds, agreements, securities, and payment receipts. Stamp duty is printed and issued by the government. You can learn how to calculate stamp duty yourself through the material in the book How to Calculate Pbb Sector p3, Other Sectors, and Stamp Duty.

However, sometimes there are certain letters or documents that were not required to use stamps at first, but turn into having to use stamps. Examples of these documents are documents used as evidence in court.

f. Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fee (BPHTB)

Fees for Acquisition of Land and Building Rights or commonly abbreviated as BPHTB. BPHTB itself is a tax imposed on the receipt of land or building rights.

It is the same as with the PBB that BPHTB is run by the central government, but all BPHTB revenues are handed over to and run by regional governments, be they provincial or district/city and must comply with the applicable provisions.

Tax subjects at BPHTB are individuals or entities that obtain land and building rights. Based on the BPHTB Law, the tax subject is obliged to pay taxes on the land and building.

Receipt of land and building rights is the object of Land and Building Rights Acquisition Fees. Acceptance of land and building rights includes several things, including:

• Transfer of rights caused by sale and purchase transactions, exchanges, inheritance, grants, testamentary grants, business expansion, business consolidation, business combinations, entry into companies or other legal entities, separation of rights resulting in transfers, appointment of buyers in auctions, and implementation judge’s decision that has permanent legal force.
• Granting of new rights due to continuation of rights and beyond the release of rights.

2. Types of Tax according to their nature

The types of taxes, if categorized based on their nature, are divided into two, namely Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes.

a. Direct Tax

Direct tax is a type of tax where the tax burden must be borne by a taxpayer and does not give the tax burden to other people such as income tax.

b. Indirect Tax

Indirect tax is a type of tax where the tax burden can be transferred or charged to other parties, examples of this type of tax are VAT, Sales Tax on Luxury Goods.

The tax burden in Indirect Taxes can be transferred from the seller to the buyer because the transfer is in the same direction from the producer to the consumer, so the transfer is called forward shifting . However, if the transfer of the tax burden is opposite then it is called backward shifting .

3. Types of Tax Based on Target or Object

Classification of types of taxes based on the target or object is divided into two, namely Subjective Tax and Objective Tax.

a. Subjective Tax

Taxes that pay attention to the conditions or circumstances of the taxpayer are called subjective taxes.

When determining Subjective Tax, objective reasons are needed that correlate with the material situation and are commonly referred to as “carrying styles”. Bearing style is the ability of taxpayers to bear taxes after deducting the minimum cost of living.

In the “bearing style” there are two elements, first, the subjective element, second, the objective element. The subjective element of “pikul style” includes all needs, especially material needs in addition to moral and spiritual. While the objective elements include income or income, wealth, and spending or spending.

b. Objective Tax

Objective tax is a tax that tends to examine or pay attention to objects that give rise to the obligation to pay taxes first, after that look for the tax subject either from an individual or an entity. In simple terms, objective tax can be interpreted as a tax that pays more attention to the condition of the object. An example of an objective tax is Value Added Tax.

Tax collection or collection system

The importance of a system in taxation so that tax collectors and taxpayers get security and comfort when making tax payments. The tax collection system is divided into four, including:

1. Official Assessment System

The Official Assessment System is a tax collection system in which tax officials are given the authority to determine the amount owed by taxpayers. In 1984 and reforms in taxation, this tax collection system was no longer used or no longer valid. One example of a tax from this tax collection system is Land and Building Tax (PBB).

The characteristics of this tax collection system, namely, (1) the tax official calculates the tax owed, (2) the taxpayer is passive, (3) to find out the debt of the taxpayer, he must wait for a tax assessment letter made by the tax official.

2. Self Assessment System

In this tax collection system, taxpayer participants are given the authority to self-calculate, self-report, and pay their own payable taxes. Income Tax (PPh) is one example of a tax from the Self Assessment System tax collection system .

This collection system has the characteristics, namely, (1) Taxpayers can calculate their own payable taxes, (2) By reporting and paying the taxes to be paid, the Taxpayers are active, (3) the government or tax officials do not need to issue an assessment letter tax at any time except in certain cases, such as taxpayers who are late to report or pay tax owed and there is tax that should be paid but has not been paid.

3. Withholding System

In the Withholding System tax collection system, third parties are given the authority to cut and collect the amount of tax owed by taxpayers. The purpose of this third party is a party other than the government (tax officials) and taxpayers.

The characteristics of the Withholding System tax collection system , namely, (1) tax officers and taxpayers are not active. The point is that tax officers and taxpayers do not need to calculate the amount of tax, (2) the amount of tax is calculated by the company or entity because in this tax system the company is a third party.

4. Semiself Assessment System

In this tax collection system, the amount of tax owed is on both sides. In simple terms, this tax collection system gives authority to taxpayers and tax officers.

There are several characteristics in this tax collection system, namely, (1) Taxpayers and tax officers are given the authority to determine the amount of tax, (2) Taxpayers and tax officials are active because both parties calculate the amount of tax.

In Indonesia, the tax collection systems that are often used are the Self Assessment System and the Withholding System . Even though the Taxpayer has paid taxes, it does not mean that the Taxpayer does not get a re-examination by the tax officer. In other words, the Directorate General of Taxes or the tax officer will examine or check the Taxpayer if an error is found in paying taxes.

With so many terms in taxation, the Tax Dictionary book is here to help its readers better understand terms and their meanings in the fields of taxation, accounting, customs and excise, to tax courts.

Conclusion

Tax is one of the main income or income owned by every country, especially Indonesia. Taxes can build a country and provide a sense of security to the public or citizens. Therefore, don’t be late in paying taxes so that the growth of the Indonesian state runs smoothly too.

There are three types of tax classification, namely, tax based on the collection agency, tax according to its nature, and tax based on the target or object. In Indonesia, the tax system used is the Self Assessment System and the Withholding System.

In doing business, things that are always discussed are not far from financial management issues in order to achieve business goals. The term that is often discussed is about risk assets. Where, risk assets include important components that can affect the running of the company. Because, if it is not processed it will give a loss to the company.

Therefore, in order to find out more about the term. The following has presented the definition of risk assets to examples of risk assets. Well, what are you waiting for? Let’s find out the discussion below.

Definition of Risk Assets

Before knowing about the meaning of risk assets, you first need to know in advance about the definition of assets. Where, the assets themselves are all types of assets owned by the company that can be measured in money including intangible forms such as patents. Furthermore, you also need to understand about risks.

In finance, risk means that there is a possibility that actual results may differ from those that have been measured or desired. Meanwhile, the definition of risk assets is assets or can also be called assets owned by companies that have an uncertain rate of return.

In general, experts associate risky assets with assets that have a significant level of volatility or price changes. Examples are commodities, equities, high yield bonds, real estate and currencies.

In the banking and financial sector, assets with values ​​that often fluctuate due to changes in interest rates, payment risk, credit quality, and so on are also included in the category of risky assets. It is said to be risky because the returns to be obtained in the future are uncertain.

For example, an investor buys current GoJek shares and aims to hold those shares for a year. When making a purchase, you don’t know what rate of return you will get. Then the return or return on capital obtained depends on the value of Gojek’s share price in the next year and dividends for 1 year.

So it can be concluded that stocks are risky assets. It also includes securities issued by the government or bonds included in risk assets. For example, bonds with a maturity of 30 years, investors cannot calculate the amount of return they will get if the bonds are only kept for 1 year.

How Does Risk Affect The Portfolio?

A portfolio is defined as a collection of financial investment instruments, including, among others, bonds, stocks, mutual funds, commodities, cash, cash equivalents and all forms of investment that are traded on exchanges and most recently, namely cryptocurrencies. The influence of risky assets can be seen from the irregular rise and fall in the value of cryptocurrencies are examples of fluctuations that describe the state of the market.

Where, the crypto coin market at that time was still following the growth in bitcoin prices. When the price of bitcoin soars in value, it can have an impact on the condition of the crypto market as a whole to experience a rapid increase. Most traditional financial institutions are starting to dive into the world of blockchain which underlies the validation of cryptocurrency transactions.

Beginner investors in cryptocurrency observe large profits and other affected investors want to get rich by investing, but do not measure the amount of risk they get. Investors’ desire for a quick return on investment attracts new investors, this can be described as hype or overhype.

In the end, investing in digital currency can reach its risk point, which is a sudden sharp decline. This condition resulted in a sudden drop in value that wiped out not only profits, but all the value of some investments in cryptocurrencies. Increased discussion for the potential for regulation of cryptocurrencies, coupled with fears of over-speculation, and contributed to the decline of this risky asset.

Understanding of Risk Assets and Free Assets

The risk in making this investment is that an investor can choose to invest in various assets, be it risky assets or risk-free assets, or a combination of the two assets. Choose an investor for the asset will depend on the extent of an investor’s preference for risk.

The more averse an investor is to risk, the more investment choices tend to be in risk-free assets. Where, the notion of risky assets, namely assets whose actual rate of return in the future still contains an uncertainty.

Meanwhile, the notion of a risk-free asset is an asset whose return in the future can already be ascertained at present and is indicated by a return variance equal to zero. With one example of a risk-free asset, namely short-term bonds issued by the government. In addition, other examples of risk-free assets include debt securities issued by a country’s central bank. In Indonesia alone, these assets are in the form of Indonesian bank certificates.

Determining the Optimal Asset Class

Basically, a portfolio management consists of 3 (three) main activities, including making asset allocation decisions, selecting the portion of funds to be invested in each asset class, and determining the assets of each predetermined asset class. In the discussion of being a Markowitz portfolio model, it is generally used in determining portfolios consisting of individual assets and not for use in determining portfolios consisting of various asset classes.

Where, the asset class itself is the grouping of assets based on the types of assets, for example stocks, bonds, foreign securities, and so on. This decision for asset allocation does not only cover the selection of the allocation of funds to asset classes in one country, but can also be made in a number of countries.

The benefits that you can get from diversifying various asset classes in a number of these countries are basically the same as the benefits of diversifying individual assets, namely the benefits of reducing risk to a certain level of desired return. Similar to the portfolio on individual assets, the optimal asset class portfolio will be determined by the investor’s preference on the desired return and risk. If there is a clear portfolio of assets that match investor preferences, then that portfolio will later become an optimal portfolio.

What is the Ideal Investment Portfolio?

An ideal portfolio will be arranged according to the balance of return and risk. Where, the return itself is a reward or result to be obtained in the future caused by the investment of funds or investments made by an investor. Meanwhile, risk is an opportunity for a deviation from an average rate of return or return desired by investors.

For example, you have plans to buy a house in 3 years time frame and you probably don’t want to put your money in a risky asset either. And you want your savings to be available when you are ready to pay a down payment on a house.

So you are currently optimizing for security and also less return. Your portfolio may be allocated more toward low-income bonds and cash, and only slightly toward equities. Where, if you invest for a goal in the next 10 years, then you might not have a problem with the current risk considering that your investment horizon is still long.

So to maximize your returns, you may need to allocate more equity in your portfolio, then bonds and some cash. In essence, that you need to understand about returns and risks just like you before buying other items that have great value. You need to make sure and know the risks behind it.

Types of Risky Assets

There are several types of risky assets that you need to know and recognize. Then, which one is most at risk? The following are the types of risky assets that you need to understand and know about so you can consider before you finally invest with this instrument. What are they? Let’s find out the detailed discussion below.

1. Cryptocurrencies

Many investors say that cryptocurrency is one of the riskiest assets. There is no guarantee of money back because of a decrease in the value of cryptocurrencies, which results in investors having to lose some of the profits they might get when the value of cryptocurrencies rises.

Profits and losses in this cryptocurrency are very dependent on the value of bitcoins and also the state of the global economy. Negative news can cause cryptocurrency prices to drop sharply. This causes investors to bear losses.

Before making an investment using this cryptocurrency, it is very important for you to consider in advance the size of the capital that will be invested later. You need to make sure that the capital is money that is willing to lose, considering that the amount of loss in cryptocurrency can reach 90% of capital. If you are not ready for this, cryptocurrency is not the right financial product for you.

2. Stocks

Another type of risky asset, apart from cryptocurrencies, is stocks. There are several stocks that are included in the line of risky assets. The success or failure of an investor in stock investment is very dependent on knowledge and dexterity in analyzing market conditions. Because based on this analysis, it states that an investor can determine whether the price of a stock will go up or down.

In addition, according to price fluctuations, the risk that is borne when playing stocks is whether or not dividends are distributed to investors each year. This dividend distribution is carried out according to the performance of a company for one year. So that the level of risk and return you get needs to be considered as well as possible in order to anticipate the risk of losing a very large amount of money.

3.Real Estate

Real estate is a very promising asset, especially in the long term. However, this state of coma doesn’t always go the way you want, especially during a crisis.

Because, there will be a price reduction caused by a crisis coupled with additional costs, such as maintenance costs. Of course, it can automatically reduce the level of profit earned from real estate investment. Even so, real estate has always been considered the safest activity among the other two risky assets.

However, the only problem is that the price is quite expensive. So that investors need to save first or apply for a loan to the bank so they can buy the real estate they want.

Tips for Reducing Losses From Risk Assets

The name is also investing, which is expected to be of course the maximum profit. The risks that arise when investing can actually be minimized. There are several tips for reducing losses from risky assets. What are they? The following are tips for reducing losses from risk assets in order to minimize losses from risk assets, including:

1. Dividing Capital Appropriately

The first tip you can do to minimize losses when investing is to divide capital appropriately into different assets. For example, diversifying investments into cryptocurrencies, stocks and gold. Of course, what product do you think is most appropriate. The most important thing is that your money is not put in one basket.

If one of your assets fails, then you still have other assets that might be able to provide benefits for you. If the losses incurred can be covered by a number of profits from other assets, then your financial burden will be reduced automatically.

2. Defining Assets Correctly

In investing, especially risky assets, it is very important to know your investment objectives in advance so that you can determine the right activities. Because in the financial market itself, there are various types of assets that you can buy. There are stocks, mutual funds, bonds, and deposits. These assets offer benefits with different levels of risk.

For assets with minimal risk, you can choose deposits. However, for assets that have a high risk, you can choose stocks. So, adjust it to the risk profile of each asset so you don’t make a wrong decision. So that later you can accept no matter how big the loss that occurs.

3. Calm When Asset Value Decreases

Tips that are no less important are to stay calm when the value of assets decreases. You need to understand when investing has its ups and downs. Not always profitable and not always losing, because the portion of profits and losses is usually balanced.

The key is that you need to be patient when you experience big losses, because there are times when asset prices will rise again, namely when the sentiment in the market turns positive. if you have excess capital then take advantage of this decrease to buy other assets whose prices are falling. So when the price goes up you can get the maximum profit.

4. Don’t overdo it

The biggest fear of most people when investing is losing money. That is why some people don’t want to invest because they are not ready to take the risk of losses that arise at any time. whereas loss is a very natural thing as long as you can respond with a positive attitude and not overdo it.

It is not exaggerated here to mean that one is willing to take on debt in order to obtain capital to make an investment. So, you need to keep investing money in a reasonable portion, which is according to everyone’s financial situation. don’t be afraid to miss the train because there are many other benefits that you can get on different occasions.

5. Have the Right Investment Mindset

A successful investor is an investor who is not afraid to take risks when investing. Instill this mindset in yourself so that whatever risk assets you choose to invest in will bring the profit you want. if you lose, then you need to learn more to analyze the information available on the market and its impact on investment.

The right mindset will change the way you invest. So that the actions you take will lead you to success.

So, those are some discussions related to the definition of assets and risks and some things related to them. Hopefully the discussion above can add insight to the knowledge of readers regarding risk assets.

Punches in pencak silat can be regarded as a technique or method to defend oneself from all kinds of dangers that have the potential to threaten the safety of the soul. Pencak silat itself is basically a self-defense technique that has been passed down from generation to generation in Indonesia.

So, it is not surprising that pencak silat is quite heavily influenced by the culture and personality of the Indonesian nation. This is because these martial arts were born and developed from the social life of ancient Indonesian society.

Currently, the martial art of pencak silat has developed widely in various regions of Indonesia. In fact, pencak silat is one of the sports studied at school. This is because pencak silat is equipped with movements that can be a provision for students, ranging from punches, kicks, dodges, blocks, and so on.

Broadly speaking, pencak silat can be categorized as a martial art that has organized, planned, controlled and directed movements. Therefore, almost all movements issued need to have a follow-up intention, both for attack and defense. This is because all members of the human body actually move and are connected to one another.

In this article we will discuss about the different types of pencak silat punches. Each type of pencak silat punch is known to have a different purpose to attack its opponent. So, here are five types of punches in pencak silat and their functions. Let’s see the full review!

A. Pencak Silat Punch Technique

As explained in the introductory section earlier, it should be noted that pencak silat does not only focus on relying on all body movements. Pencak silat basically also needs techniques to make good and correct punches. Pencak silat punches themselves can be regarded as weapons or tools to carry out attacks on opponents.

It’s just that, when a fighter throws a punch at an opponent, that person must have a body attitude that doesn’t go limp. Therefore, when attacking or defending, a fighter must remain alert and remain calm. This is of course needed so that a fighter can take advantage of the various types of punches that will be delivered in an attack.

Prior to that, a fighter first needed to understand a number of requirements in order to be able to make a good and correct punching movement, starting from agility, accuracy, to speed. Correct pencak silat movements will make punches more precise and prevent injury.

However, before heading into a full discussion of the types of punches in pencak silat. The following is an illustration of strokes in pencak silat that you need to pay attention to.

Based on this illustration, it can be concluded that there are several types of pencak silat strokes that must be mastered. Each of the punching movements certainly has its own function and level of effectiveness in attacking the opponent. A fighter must be careful and clever in analyzing the opponent’s movement patterns to determine which technique to cast.

1. Front Punch in Pencak Silat

A front or straight punch can be said to be a fairly simple type of pencak silat. Even though it looks very easy, the forehand punch itself is a type of punch that requires good and correct mastery of basic techniques.

This front punch has a function to attack the opponent quickly and precisely. This is done to further minimize the risk of injury to ourselves. Especially in a pencak silat match, straight punches are often used to score points quickly.

The way that can be done to get optimal results from forehand strokes is to maximize the assistance movements from the shoulders and waist rotation. This will be very supportive for transferring weight forward with the attacking hand position.

In its development, the front or straight punch itself can be done in two different postures, including the following:

– Forward punch, which is a punch with the position of the hand that is used to attack and then parallel to the position of the foot in front (jab).

– Front punch, which is a punch with the position of the hand that is used to attack, it’s just that the position of the foot is not parallel to the hand that is in front (straight).

So, here are a series of steps you can take to master the forehand movement in pencak silat, including:

a. Begin with a side stance, then place your left foot in front.

b. Position both hands in front of the chest.

c. The fist that will be used to hit.

d. The soles of the feet are parallel.

e. Changing the fist to face down when hitting with the right hand.

d. And, change the position of the feet and hands when making a straight punch.

Apart from this type of forehand in pencak silat, there are several mistakes that are often made when learning this technique. So, some mistakes that unconsciously appear in throwing straight or front punches, namely:

• Poor leg stance.
• Too stiff body.
• Unbalanced body posture.
• The position of the feet that are less open.
• Less powerful punching movements.
• The position of the hands is less clenched and face down.

2. Pendulum Punch in Pencak Silat

The second punch technique is the pendulum punch or often also referred to as the sengkol punch in pencak silat. The pendulum punch itself is done by positioning the hand to be bent up to 90%. Next, the bent hand will be swung from the bottom up.

Pendulum punches can also be done with varying foot positions, starting from the position of the front foot parallel to the hand used to attack and others. However, apart from being effective at weakening your opponent, this pendulum punch must be done with the right movement so as not to injure your body.

So, here’s how you can do it to master the pendulum or crank strokes in pencak silat:

a. Begin the movement by doing the middle stance technique.

b. Position both hands crossed in front of the chest.

c. Make a fist on the fingers of the hand you want to hit.

d. Position your hands to make a fist face down.

e. Lift or swing the fist from back to front.

f. One of the hands that is not used for hitting can be placed in front of the chest.

g. The pendulum hitting movement in pencak silat can be done alternately.

In carrying out the pendulum stroke, there are several mistakes that occur if you cannot throw the pendulum properly and correctly. The following are some mistakes that often occur when performing the pendulum technique, including:

• Stance legs are not strong.
• The movement of the middle stance is less strong.
• Unbalanced body posture.
• The feet are less open.
• The punching movement is less strong.
• The hand position is less clenched.

3. Upright Punch in Pencak Silat

The third punch in pencak silat is an upright punch. An upright punch itself can be said to be a punching technique that can be said to be very profitable for athletes when competing. This straight punch basically only needs to throw punches using the right and left hands alternately.

Even though it is considered a fairly simple punch, a fighter needs to master good punching techniques as well as the right tempo. It should be noted that the basic technique of upright punches is to clench your fists in front of your chest while preparing your stance. Therefore, this technique is called an upright punch because it is done by means of an upright fist.

So, here are some ways you can do to throw an upright punch in pencak silat, including:

a. The movement begins with the middle stance technique.

b. Both hands are positioned crossed in front of the chest.

c. The fingers form a fist to use to hit.

d. Make a hitting movement using your right hand forward with an upright fist position.

e. One hand that is not used to hit remains in front of the chest.

f. Do this pencak silat punch movement alternately.

Even though it looks simple, this move basically requires a lot of training in order to have a significant impact on your opponent. Therefore, the following are some things to avoid when performing upright punches, including:

• Stance legs are not strong.
• The movement of the middle stance is less strong.
• Unbalanced body posture.
• The feet are less open.
• The punching movement is less strong.
• The position of the hands is less clenched and upright.

4. Circular Punch

The fourth type of punch in pencak silat is a circular punch. This circular stroke can be done by moving the hand in a circle. This punch itself can have a significant impact on the opponent if the trajectory of the punch from the outside of the body is pointed towards the inside of the body.

In order for circular strokes in pencak silat to give good results, a fighter must be supported by the movement of the shoulders and waist in the direction of the stroke. Which, circular punches have a target, namely the opponent’s waist.

Some steps to do a circular punch, namely:

a. Middle horses.

b. Both hands crossed in front of the chest. Hand to hit, the fingers must be clenched.

c. The hand used to hit is swung in a circle from the left to the right side with an upright fist.

d. The other hand remains in front of the chest to protect the body.

e. Do this by changing the hitting hand.

Just like mistakes that often occur in other punches, circular punches must also be done properly and correctly. Some of the errors that often occur are:

• Stance legs are not strong.
• The movement of the middle stance is less strong.
• Unbalanced body posture.
• The feet are less open.
• The punching movement is less strong.
• The position of the hands is less clenched and upright.

5. Side Punch

The last punch is a side punch. This punch can be said to be a punch that goes straight to the side of the body using the back of the hand. As the name suggests, this type of punch is known to have a forward or straight trajectory by maximizing the hands starting from the side.

Ways that can be used to do side punches, namely:

a. The stances left forward in good, right stance.

b. Both hands are crossed in front of the chest. Hand to hit, the fingers must be clenched.

c. The position of the right foot should form a straight line with the sole of the left foot.

d. The stroke used uses the back of the hand from the side to the front.

e. Do it by changing the position of the foot and hand that hit.

This is a discussion of the five types of strokes as well as how to do them. Every punch technique we know has its own movement. As a result, every movement must be done properly and correctly. In conclusion, the basic techniques of forehand, pendulum, upright, turning, to the side basically lie in the strength of the stance. A strong stance technique with the right combination of movements will produce a strong attack pattern.

West Sumatra Traditional Weapons – In the past during the colonial era, all Indonesian
people from various regions participated in fighting for independence. As a result, with the
hard work of the struggle of our heroes and ancestors, the State of Indonesia could gain
independence.

In fighting the invaders, the Indonesian people from various regions used their respective traditional
weapons. It should also be noted that every region in Indonesia always has its own traditional
weapons.

Until now, the traditional weapons of each region are still often used, such as to complement their
respective regional traditional clothing. One area that has quite deadly traditional weapons is
the traditional weapon of West Sumatra.

Maybe some of you only know one or two of the traditional weapons of West Sumatra. Even though
the West Sumatra region had more than two traditional weapons that were used against the invaders at that
time.

So that you can understand more about the traditional weapons of West Sumatra that were used against the
invaders so that they could liberate Indonesia. Then the explanation below can help you know
more.

Various Kinds of Traditional Weapons of West
Sumatra

1. Kurambiak

The first traditional weapon from the West Sumatra region is kurambiak. Where this traditional
weapon also has several other names such as kerambit and karambit. Even though it has a size
that is only the size of a fist.

But make no mistake, the sharpness and strength possessed by traditional kurambiak weapons is quite deadly.
The shape of this weapon from West Sumatra is like a tiger’s nails which are so sharp.

The shape that resembles a tiger’s claws is not without reason. Investigate a calibaration, it
turns out that long ago the land of Minang was indeed inhabited by a herd of Sumatran tigers.
The traditional kurambiak weapon is very suitable for close range fighting styles.

And the attack received by Musuk when fighting West Sumatrans who used kurambiak weapons was quite fatal.
Even though the wound received by the rot was like a small incision. But still, a
fairly deep wound will also be received by the enemy.

Besides that, kurambiak also has several other interesting facts. So maybe you don’t really
know the unique facts about traditional kurambiak weapons. Some of the points below are an
explanation of some of the unique facts of traditional kurambiak weapons.

a. Original Kurambiak from Indonesia

Did you know that traditional kurambiak weapons are widely known not only domestically. But
abroad is also very well known. It is known that in the 11th century traditional weapons were
widely used by Indonesians.

Because there is a trade process with foreign nations, kurambiak is also known more widely. In
America, the kurambiak weapon became known around the 20th century. Currently, kurambiak is also owned by
every country in the world. Even so, the motives and materials used will vary in each
country.

b. Originally Kurambiak Wasn’t a
Killing Weapon

Initially, kurambiak was not made for self-defense purposes. Judging from the history of
Indonesia, traditional kurambiak weapons were used for the purposes of everyday life. Having a
fairly light weight makes farmers and fishermen use kurambiak to help with their daily work.

Only after becoming famous, kurambiak was used as a supporting tool for martial arts. One of
them is as a tool to support the martial arts of pencak silat.

c. Kurambiak Used by World
Military

Having a shape that is so unique, light and deadly makes kurambiak also often used as a mandatory weapon in
world militaries. Some countries that use kurambiak as a mandatory weapon for military forces
are Indonesia, Malaysia and America.

From the three unique facts above, of course we as the people of Indonesia should be proud if the
traditional weapons from West Sumatra are so well known throughout the world. Besides that,
there may still be many other unique facts circulating in society.

2. Chopsticks

Next, there is the traditional blowgun weapon which also comes from West Sumatra. This
traditional blowgun weapon is very suitable for hunting or medium and long range combat.

Uniquely, the blowpipe is a traditional weapon from West Sumatra which does not make a sound when it is
operated. Because of this, when people use blowpipes to hunt animals, it will feel so easy.
In addition, this weapon is also very suitable for use during guerrilla warfare because of its
silence and accuracy.

Interestingly the blowpipe weapon itself has such a precise level of accuracy up to a distance of about 200
meters. The process of operating a traditional blowgun weapon is quite simple. The
blowpipe user only needs to be at a distance of about 200 meters then load the bullet and blow the weapon
towards the target to be hunted.

Having such natural manufacturing materials can make chopstick weapons not damage nature and at the same time
there is no need to incur excessive costs.

3. Go

Piarih is also one of the traditional weapons from the West Sumatra region. Where the shape of
this natural weapon is like a three-edged spear or like a trident. The form of this piarih
weapon was adapted from Hindu religious culture before Islam entered the area of ​​West Sumatra.

Prior to the colonial era, piarih was used for hunting large animals. However, sometimes
piarih is also used as a cutting tool.

When the colonial era arrived, the people of West Sumatra used traditional piarih weapons as a tool against
the invaders. Until now, the local community will continue to pass down their traditional
weapons as a local cultural heritage.

4. Klewang Padang

Furthermore, there is the traditional klewang padang weapon. This weapon was used by Padri
troops during a war in West Sumatra in the 19th century. At that time the Padri Officer was so
good at using the klewang padang.

On the other hand, the kelwang padang does have a shape like a machete in general. But in the
past, the shape of the klewang padang had carvings that could become a special motif for this weapon.
This traditional weapon from West Sumatra has one eye on the curved end of the blade.

Currently, the use of klewang padang is more as a farming tool for the local community.

5. Ruduih

Next, there is the traditional ruduih weapon which still originates from the West Sumatra region.
At first glance, the traditional ruduih weapon has no difference from the klewang padang.
However, if you look in more detail, the two have quite a striking difference, namely the ruduih
has a curve in its shape.

The traditional ruduih weapon from the area of ​​West Sumatra was once used by many local people for war.
Judging from the records in the Tridaya Eka Dharma Museum, the traditional ruduih weapon was used
in the Manggopoh war that took place in 1908.

At Tugu Siti Manggopoh it becomes a symbol of the struggle of a Minangkabau woman. On the
monument you can see a woman holding a traditional ruduih weapon. The location of the Siti
Manggopoh Monument is at the Simpang Gudang Lubuk Basung.

6. Career

The shape of the curry is almost the same as the keris in Central Java. The keris consists of
four parts, namely the kingpin, putiang, fiancé and mato keris. Each part of the karih or keris
has its own meaning.

Starting from the kingpin, which is a keris handle, which means that the pengulu or tribal leader is someone who
is very intelligent, humble and also always obeys customary laws and rules in religion.

Then for the putiang itself is the part that connects the kingpin with the keris blade. Muhsin
Ilhaq in a journal entitled Keris in Minangkabau Culture: “Visualization of Pangulu Leadership Values”
(2018), explains that putiang in Minang culture has a meaning, namely that a pengulu must be patient,
responsible for their obligations, selfless and stay away from all existing prohibitions .

Finally, there is the mato keris or keris blade. This part looks convoluted which means that
the ruler will always be careful when making decisions, has a neutral nature and also always adheres to the
applicable customary law. Then for the sheath of the keris, it will be made of wood.

List of National Heroes from West Sumatra

After knowing some of the traditional weapons from the West Sumatra region, it’s still not enough if you
haven’t discussed who the national heroes from that area are. Don’t worry, if you don’t really
know who the heroes from West Sumatra are, at this point we will explain a list of national heroes from West
Sumatra which can broaden your knowledge. The following is a complete explanation of the list
of heroes from the West Sumatra region.

1. Mohammad Hatta

Mohammad Hatta died on March 14, 1980 in Jakarta. Mohammad Hatta is also an Indonesian
national fighter.

Apart from that, Mohammad Hatta was also a drafter of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution and also a
proclaimer of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia with Ir. Sukarno. At
the time, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono designated Mohammad Hatta as a national hero through
Presidential Decree No. 84/TK/2012 dated 7 November 2012.

Prior to that, President Soeharto also designated Mohammad Hatta as the proclaimed hero through
Presidential Decree No. 081/TK/Year 1986.

2. Tan Malaka

Next is Tan Malaka whose full name is Ibrahim Datuk Tan Malaka. Tan Malaka was born on June 2,
1897 Nagari Pandam Gadang, Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatra. He died on February 21, 1949,
Selopanggung Village, Kediri, East Java.

Tan Malaka is the person who gave the name of the Republic of Indonesia. It is not surprising
that Tan Malaka was nicknamed the Father of the Republic of Indonesia. Even to fight for
Indonesian independence, Tan Malaka had to go in and out of jail. Tan Malaka himself was
declared a national hero by President Soekarno on March 28, 1963 through Presidential Decree No. 53 of
1963.

3. Sutan Syahrir

Next is Sutan Syahrir who was born in Padang Panjang on March 5, 1909. He was one of the freedom fighters
since the colonial era in Indonesia. Because of this, Sutan Syahrir was often in and out of
jail.

When entering the beginning of independence, Sutan Syahrir became one of the prime ministers.
He was also the originator of the existence of free and active politics. Sutan Syahrir
died on April 9, 1966. Since then Sutan Syahrir was declared a national hero by President Soekarno through
Presidential Decree No.76 of 1966 dated April 9, 1966.

4. H. Agus Salim

Furthermore, there is H. Agus Salim who is also included in one of the lists of Indonesian national heroes.
H. Agus Salim’s full name is Masyhudul Haq. He was born on October 8, 1884, West
Sumatra.

Agus Salim earned the nickname The Grand Old Man as well as being one of the figures involved in fighting for
Indonesian independence during the colonial period.

Besides that, H. Agus Salim also has such broad insights. It was proven that he was able to
master 7 foreign languages ​​as well as being actively involved in the diplomacy of recognition of the
sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, both as a diplomat and as foreign minister at the beginning of
independence.

November 4, 1954, H. Agus Salim died and President Soekarno declared him a national hero on December 27, 1961
through Presidential Decree number 657 of 1961.

5. Abdul Muis

Abdul Muis or if written in the old spelling is Abdoel Moeis is also a national hero from West Sumatra.
Abdoel Moeis was born on July 3, 1883, Sungai Pua, Agam.

Because of his resistance to the colonials, Abdoel Moeis received the treatment of being exiled to the area
of ​​West Java. President Soekarno designated Abdoel Moeis as a national hero on August 30,
1959 through Presidential Decree No. 218 of 1959.

6. Tuanku Imam Bonjol

Next is Tuanku Imam Bonjol who was born in 1772, Bonjol, Pasaman, West Sumatra. In the past,
Tuanku Imam Bonjol became the leader of the Padri troops when he gave resistance to the invaders.

When Tuanku Imam Bonjol became the leader of the Padri troop. He succeeded in making peace
with the indigenous people and working together to fight against the invaders at that time. In
fighting for independence, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was taken by the Dutch to be exiled to several areas such as
Sukabumi, Ambon and then to Manado.

Tuanku Imam Bonjol died on November 6, 1864 and President Soeharto declared that Tuanku Imam Bonjol was a
national hero through Presidential Decree No. 087/TK/Tahun 1973 on November 6, 1973.

7.Muhammad Yamin

Muhammad Yamin is also one of the national heroes from West Sumatra. Muhammad Yamin himself
was born on August 23, 1903 in Talawi, Sawahlunto. He has also been one of the active figures
fighting for independence since the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies.

In 1928, Muhammad Yamin was very active in the second youth congress to talk about Indonesian unity.
In addition, he was also one of the drafters of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, explorer of
history, writer and linguist.

At the beginning of independence Muhammad Yamin had become a minister in several departments.
He died on October 17, 1962 in Jakarta. President Soeharto appointed Muhammad Yamin on
6 November 1973 through Presidential Decree No. 088/TK/Tahun 1973.

8. Rasuna Said

Rasuna Said or Rangkayo Hj. Rasuna Said is a national hero from West Sumatra.
Rasuna Said was born in Maninjau, 14 September 1910. During his life journey, he was an educator,
political figure and also a fighter for emancipation since the Dutch East Indies era.

Rasuna Said is also one of the founders of the Indonesian Muslim Association or Permi. He was
imprisoned in 1932 because the speech he made at this time gave opposition to the Dutch East Indies
government.

Rasuna Said died on November 2, 1965 and was made a national hero by President Soeharto on December 13,
1974 through Presidential Decree No. 084/TK/Year 1974.

That’s a review of some of West Sumatra’s traditional weapons as well as national heroes from West Sumatra.
Of course there are still many national hero figures from the West Sumatra region.
Sinaumed’s can read about weapons and regional and national figures in books that you can get at
sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides
the best products so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Hendrik

Tools Used For Batik – Indonesia is a country that is so rich in culture and heritage. In every region throughout the country, there are various things such as traditions, customs, traditional clothes, food, to art, which are different from one another. This is in accordance with the Indonesian nation’s motto, namely “Unity in Diversity”, or different but still one.

Of course, Sinaumed’s must feel proud of the cultural wealth that this country has, right? Since 2008 until now, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has consistently recognized the cultures that exist in Indonesia.

What is Batik?

Among a number of cultural heritages recognized by UNESCO, one of the earliest to be included in the organization’s list as well as one of the most famous is batik. This typical Indonesian cloth motif was successfully included in the UNESCO cultural heritage in 2009.

Based on the definition from the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), the word batik is described as ” pictorial cloth which is made specifically by writing or applying wax to the cloth, then processing it through a certain process “.

This cloth motif is almost always present in our daily lives, and can be found in various objects around us. This includes tablecloths for dining, curtains to cover rooms, cloth to swaddle babies, and of course the motifs on our clothes and pants.

The existence of batik is already closely attached to the Indonesian state. Based on historical records, batik itself has existed since the time of the Majapahit Kingdom, where previously, batik was only worn by nobles, high-ranking officials, and sultans in the kingdom. Now, everyone is free to wear clothes with batik motifs.

Currently, Sinaumed’s can find dozens of batik motifs according to the regional characteristics that make them. Each motif is also known to have a meaning, meaning and hope from the maker. What is clear, whatever the motive, batik is something beautiful to look at.

Tools Used For Batik

Like a number of other traditional arts in Indonesia, the process of making batik cloth requires a long time. Not only that, batik craftsmen are also required to have accuracy and perseverance when carrying out the batik process, so that the end result of the batik cloth meets expectations.

There are a number of tools used for batik. Not only tools, there are also several specific materials used to make batik cloth. Expertise in using the tools used for batik is one of the factors whether or not the batik cloth produced is good.

There are at least 6 tools used for batik, which Sinaumed’s needs to know about in the batik process. There are also 3 important ingredients commonly used in batik. The following describes the tools and materials.

1. Canting

This pipe-shaped object serves as a batik motif sculptor. The canting has its own structure, namely the hilt, nyamplung, and beak. All three have different functions.

The handle is used as a handle made of wood for batik craftsmen to carve batik motifs on cloth. A nyamplung is a container made of copper whose function is to hold wax which will cover a number of parts of the cloth so that it is not stained. While the beak is a hole to remove the candle.

2. Gawangan

Gawangan has a shape similar to a clothes hanger. Gawangan is generally made of materials such as wood, bamboo. Gawangan is also often attached with wheels to make it easier to move to various places.

Gawangan has the basic function of draping or drying cloth, generally of the mori type. By draping the cloth on the cloth, batik craftsmen can make batik more freely.

3. Frying Pan and Stove

The pans and stoves found in batik are generally of the same shape as the pans and stoves in cooking. Both have a function to melt the wax used in batik.

During the batik process, the pan and stove will be next to the batik craftsmen, so they can take the wax from the pan without having to move. Batik craftsmen also have to adjust the temperature of the pan and stove, so that the wax can melt according to the desired consistency.

4. Scales

Scales also have an important function in batik. By using a scale, batik craftsmen can weigh the use of wax and dyes needed, so they can get the right composition. Nothing more and nothing less.

The shape of these scales is also not as traditional as Sinaumed’s might think. Scales used for cooking and market scales are sufficient to measure the weight and composition of wax and dyes.

5. Sit down

A dingklik is a small chair which is usually made of wood, rattan or plastic. Dingklik is a tool that batik craftsmen use more often to sit and make batik, rather than chairs in general.

Even though it seems trivial, it is important for batik artisans to find chairs that are comfortable and in accordance with their posture. This is so that they can make batik optimally. Moreover, they generally spend a long time sitting making batik, so that an uncomfortable chair can hinder their work.

6. Tablecloth

Cloth is also a simple object, but not to be underestimated. The cloth has a function to prevent batik craftsmen from dripping wax on their bodies, which has the potential to contaminate their clothes.

Not only that, the cloth can also protect them from hot molten wax. Usually, the cloth is placed on the batik craftsmen’s thighs, where the body part is the most frequently affected by wax droplets. It can be said, cloth is an apron for batik craftsmen.

7. Night (Candle)

To make batik motifs, you need a special wax material called malam. Tonight is usually made from ingredients such as paraffin, gondorukem made from pine tree sap, and also vegetable and animal fats.

As previously explained, wax must be melted first on a frying pan and stove before it can be used. Malam later becomes a motif on the cloth, or becomes a material to cover the surface of the cloth from batik dyes.

8. Cloth

The most common fabric used in batik is mori cloth. This cloth is white in color, and is usually made from natural fibers such as cotton, rayon, and silk. Mori cloth itself is divided into 2 types, namely mori cloth that has gone through a bleaching process , and mori cloth that has not been bleached.

Even so, now many batik craftsmen use other types of fabrics for batik. Some of them can also use imported fabrics. These fabrics are the canvas for batik artisans to carve beautiful batik motifs.

9. Dye

As with other clothes, the batik patterns produced in batik will certainly be more beautiful if colors are added. Therefore, it is important for batik craftsmen to choose the right type of dye for their batik.

Generally, they use natural clothing dyes made from plants such as turmeric for yellow, mango leaves for green, mangosteen for red, and other natural dyes according to their needs and desires.

 

Batik Making Process

From the tools and materials mentioned above, Sinaumed’s can conclude that the process of making batik takes a long time, and requires techniques and expertise in it. The question is, is it true that the process of making batik takes that long?

Depending on the end result of the batik cloth, the batik-making process can take from 2 weeks to 1 month. It also depends on what method is used in batik and whether or not the final result of the batik is complicated or not.

A number of batik craftsmen can even spend 2 to 3 months to make batik. Of course, the batik produced will be better, and the price will also be more expensive. Batik with high quality can reach the price of millions of rupiah.

So that we can appreciate batik made by artisans, it would be nice if we also studied the process of making batik from start to finish. Here’s an explanation.

• The first stage is to design motifs on the cloth used for batik. This motif is usually made using a pencil, and will be used as a reference for carving with a canting.
• After the motif is ready, the craftsmen can immediately carve the motif using wax that has been melted and placed in the nyamplung canting. In this process, the batik maker can also start covering the surface of the cloth with wax, leaving white areas for coloring.
• The white parts will be dipped in dye, and will be sun dried and dried. Then, the batik craftsmen will carve a number of parts on the cloth again, and also cover the parts of the cloth with wax so that they are not stained.
• Batik craftsmen will continue to open and close the night in the coloring process. The trick is to boil the part of the cloth that has been covered in wax, dry it in the sun, and then dip that part in the dye again, until the coloring process is complete.
• The last process in making batik is nglorot, in which all parts of the cloth are boiled, so that all layers of wax are completely removed, and the motifs are clearly visible. Fabrics that have been boiled will be washed and dried in the sun before they can be worn.

From the process of making batik, Sinaumed’s can imagine the patience and perseverance of batik craftsmen when they are making batik. Doing the same thing over and over again for days, until finally being able to produce beautiful batik motifs is certainly not easy.

Years of experience are needed before batik artisans can consistently produce high-quality batik cloth. Of course, they also have to go through a number of phases of failure until they can reach a point of success in batik.

Most Popular Batik Motifs in Indonesia

Of course, all batik motifs in Indonesia have their own uniqueness and beauty. However, it cannot be denied that there are a number of batik motifs whose names are more widely known to the Indonesian population than other motifs.

These batik motifs are popular not without reason. Some motifs are considered by people to be more beautiful than other batik motifs. The popularity of some of these motifs is also not spared from the many producers of this type of batik, as well as the ease with which people can find these batiks on the market.

Below, there will be an explanation of the 5 most popular batik motifs in Indonesia. However, it is necessary to emphasize once again to Sinaumed’s that the popularity of these motifs will not make other types of motifs inferior.

1. Parang Batik Motifs

The Parang batik motif is known for its motif which forms the letter ” S ” which are interconnected, has a meaning as a symbol of sea waves as well as a form of dexterity and survival of the Mataram Kingdom. This kingdom is known to be the first kingdom to make Parang batik motifs.

As already explained, in the past, batik could only be worn by royalty and important people. This also applies to the Parang motif, where only the King and Knights of the Mataram Kingdom are permitted to wear this batik, as a symbol of their valor and courage.

2. Mega Overcast Batik Motif

Batik, which originates from the city of Cirebon, is known for its distinctive cloud motif. History says that this cloud motif comes from the teachings of Taoism from China, which is a symbol of the world and freedom. There is also the influence of the Islamic religion, which depicts that clouds are a symbol of the outdoors.

The philosophy of the Mega Mendung motif is self-control when experiencing negative emotions, and remaining ” cool ” and wise like a cloud. The word Mega Mendung itself comes from the word ” mega ” which means ” cloud “, and ” overcast ” which means ” cool weather “.

3. Palace Batik Motifs

As the name implies, Keraton batik is a type of batik motif that developed within the Palace environment, especially in the Yogyakarta Palace and the Surakarta or Solo Palaces). Historical observers say that the Keraton motif is one of the earliest batik motifs to develop in Indonesia.

In ancient times, only noble people from the Palace were allowed to wear this motif. Members of the Palace forbade ordinary people from wearing this batik motif. Apart from that, the Keraton motif is also known to have been inspired by Hindu religious culture on the island of Java at that time.

4. Sogan Batik motifs

Derived from the city of Solo, Sogan batik is also popular among the residents of the Palace, especially the Solo Palace. Similar to Keraton batik, Sogan batik was also only allowed to be worn by Palace residents. Of course, now the general public is allowed to wear this motif.

The Sogan motif is known to have a brown color, which comes from the summer coloring, namely the soga tree trunk. This brown color can be interpreted as humility and full of humility. There is a difference between the Sogan Yogyakarta batik motif and the Solo batik motif, where the Sogan Yogyakarta motif has a darker and denser color, while the Sogan Solo motif has a brighter color.

5. Kawung Batik motifs

The Kawung batik motif also comes from Central Java, specifically the city of Yogyakarta. And like most batik originating from Yogyakarta, ordinary people are not allowed to wear this batik motif. However, people were finally allowed to wear Kawung-patterned batik clothes, after a modification of the pattern made the difference between the Kawung motif of the royal occupants and the Kawung motif of the common people.

The Kawung motif itself has a meaning and philosophy related to might and justice, according to the wearer at that time, namely members of the palace. The Kawung motif is also synonymous with life, where craftsmen at that time reminded people not to forget their origins.

That is an explanation of the various tools used for batik, as well as other explanations about batik. We hope that Sinaumed’s can study, appreciate and preserve Indonesian arts and culture.

Roasting is – We may often make jokes or humor that make other people laugh because we hear humor that is verbally or through words. In general, humor that is intended to make fun of someone in a hangout, school, or anywhere that aims to find entertainment is included in a term called roasting .

Roasting in the world of stand-up comedy is known as a comedian’s way of attacking someone, but in a unique way. The attack referred to here is not physical but verbal by using phrases or words. A comedian made a joke on purpose. But with the intent and purpose to attack his personality head-on.

Then the Cambridge dictionary also says that roasting is defined as an act of criticizing someone. Roasting is used as a forum for comedians, but at the same time to convey their political criticism to the audience.

In Indonesia, the use of this method in stand-up comedy performances is often done to attack other comedians in a stand-up comedy competition or invited guests who are specifically invited to be roasted, of course with prior agreement so that no party feels hurt by the words addressed. to himself.

Some seasoned stand up comedians such as: Raditya Dika, Ernest Prakasa, Pandji Pragiwaksono etc. are examples of several comedians who have roasted their stand up comedy material.

For this reason, so that Sinaumed’s friends can better understand the meaning of roasting in comedy terms, in the following discussion, we have summarized various information related to roasting and how to use it properly in comedy situations.

You can see further discussion regarding the meaning of roasting below!

Roast definition

Roasting literally means roasting is a form of humor in which someone cracks a joke intended to entertain a wider audience. In a stand up comedy show that kind of thing is meant to make fun of other people in their own way.

Such performances may include sincere praise and tributes along with insulting jokes and comedy.

The “roast” involved can react to jokes with good humor and with criticism or insults that are not meant to be taken too seriously. One is surrounded by friends, fans and the public, who can also receive similar treatment at events. Both the jokes and the presentation itself are called “roasting”. The presenter is called a mockery (toaster, a pun is the toastmaster). Anyone who is ridiculed in this way is considered “baked”.

Several countries have a similar custom, where at official ceremonies such as awards ceremonies and annual dinners, representatives are expected to make fun of the participants. Sometimes this leads to conflict when the host is deemed too offensive. Social media also has this concept, usually through pictures with writing in the form of jokes that satirize and criticize personally.

While the act was meant to be ridiculed, it also sparked controversy as some saw it as a form of cyberbullying. More controversial is insulting others for comedy, which some have called roasting, although the comedian emphasizes that it actually requires consent from the target.

Roast is humor in which certain people, guests or visitors are made jokes, as well as to entertain the audience. So you could say Roast is a fake technique that teases or laughs at people as targets.

In baking, the meaning is the same. Namely throwing jokes or jokes to the audience or the people around them to comedians or other comics. That is the meaning of roasting or literally roasting in stand up comedy.

Roasting comes from the word roast which means roasting. It is often used as an expression in comedy. In practice, this technique of stand up comedy is done by ridiculing or making fun of someone, but in a unique way.

Comics (people who do comedy) usually post jokes that are meant to “attack” someone. Regardless, the joke in question is not rude or demeaning to others.

Usually, when pranking someone for frying, the comic will crack a joke at the start of the session and then introduce each guest.

Every guest of honor present and toasted will be seated on the pulpit or in the front stand. Then the comedians take turns making jokes, the topics of which are discussed by the guests of honor.

After that, the comic usually ends with a joke to honor the guests of honor. In addition, many use the baking technique as a protest or criticism of something.

History of Roasting

Roasting is not a new technique in the world of stand up comedy. According to a report by Liveabout, this comedy first appeared in the 1920s at a club called the New York Friars Club.

Then, in 1949, Maurice Chevalier demonstrated this technique for the first time. Since then, this technique has grown in popularity in New York.

It wasn’t until the 1970s that celebrity roasting became mainstream again, when Dean Martin began hosting television versions of comedy shows. The show premiered in 1974 to supplement the final episode of Martin’s variety show, The Dean Martin Show, and was continued the same year on NBC’s The Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts, which aired every few months until 1979. Bette Davis, Muhammed Ali, Lucille Ball, Ronald Reagan, Frank Sinatra and even Martin himself were roasted during the show.

In the 2000s, Comedy Central revived the Roast format with the annual televised Roast starring Bob Saget, William Shatner, Pamela Anderson, and Larry the Cable Guy. Comedy Central now features one to three celebrities in such roasts each year, focusing on Hollywood’s biggest jokes — or at least the comedies that hits can swallow.

Warning and Ethics in Roasting

Of course, even though it sounds comedic, there are certain etiquette that must be followed when roasting someone. One of them is to make sure the target character has agreed to be roasted at the event.

So that not everyone can go around and freely sneer at that person by indulging in all the ugliness. Usually, the show’s producers agree behind the scenes on what to joke about.

Then the character also has the right to limit the extent to which his personal life can be disclosed or discussed in public. For example the names of family members, physical characteristics such as short, fat and many others.

However, because many of them are ignorant, society roasts these characters as well. They also tend to imitate jokes that may be similar and then upload them to social media.

Although this comedy contains some sarcasm. However, it does not eliminate respect for that person and of course this is done in a different and unique way according to ethics.

Negotiation is a technique that aims to find an agreement between the two parties, namely the producer and the character. Of course, it’s not all about flirting. Sometimes, on certain occasions, roasting is also accompanied by genuine politeness and respect for certain characters. It also makes people who take jokes as good humor, not insults or criticism, very serious.

Here are the insights you need to understand about roasting. Basically, roasts are comedians’ way of critiquing their performances. But of course you also have to maintain ethics and acceptance of goals.

How Roasting Works in Comedy

Based on a source from Liveabout, the event to roast someone is called “Roast”. The person who will be roasting is called the guest of honor or roastee. The host, nicknamed the “Roastmaster,” cracks an opening joke and then introduces each guest. People who are going to be roasted like this means they have already been roasted.

The person who performs this comedy is called a roaster. He usually stands on the “pole” of a raised platform or stage. Afterward, the comedians doing the roasting took turns cracking jokes about the guest of honor and the other comedians on stage.

The roasting event usually ends with the guest of honor (roastee) being given the opportunity to give a rebuttal to the insulting jokes hurled at him on the night of the event.

In terms of stand-up comedy, this comedy refers to throwing jokes or jokes that are intended to “mock” and laugh at the audience, other comics, or whoever is actually being addressed. Apart from roasting, comic artists also need to know and learn about the background, activities or other things of the person who will be roasting. Sometimes a comedian or roaster will compliment you in the middle of a session.

Check out the following reviews to learn how to roast properly:

1. Create in no time

It is not recommended to roast someone for a long time. Apart from fatigue, there is a fear that the comics who do this will experience mispronunciation of words which will result in misunderstandings.

At the risk, this could lead to criticism and controversy after stand-up comedy. Therefore, it is not recommended to be on stage in this way. Again, it’s important to remember that if the guest of honor is roasting, as a comic they have to add some entertaining jokes.

2. Create structured jokes

Usually a comic makes material about what jokes are made on stage. If you want to use the roasting technique, comics must write jokes in a structured way.

The goal is that the jokes that are made do not cross the line agreed with the guest of honor.

3. Follow the restrictions in roasting

Apart from making structured roasting material, a comic must face the limitations when roasting people.

Know the boundaries of the topics covered on stage. Here too, as a comedian, it must be discussed with the guests who are being roasted. This can avoid unwanted conflicts or misunderstandings.

In every stand up comedy competition so far held, at least comedians with roasting techniques are always involved. Some even make it a roasting theme/session. And there are almost no bad target roasts. It’s very emotional, but the subject will definitely laugh at the joke.

In fact, roasting also has rules. We must not take any material of a known nature. That’s why it’s so important to keep track of the background of the “target” you’re roasting. If the material isn’t ready, don’t let it make far-fetched jokes and fake facts. So it’s also a challenge for stand-up comedians who want to roast someone because they have to collect all valid information about their target.

4. Roasting several people at once

In Stand Up Comedy, when roasting you don’t have to target only one person, you know! Comics can also roast other people, so as a comic it seems like you don’t have to always roast just one person so you don’t seem boring.

One of the guests might feel bored with the jokes repeatedly made by the comic while on stage. If the theme is repeated, the roasting program may appear boring to the rest of the audience. If this happens, don’t panic and stay calm. Komika can look for other objects to make roasting look more interesting.

For example, repeating an old joke about the current situation can make comedy more colorful. Comedians can also seek new perspectives on stage themes. Finally, as a comic, you need to know the consequences of presenting conflict with other people. This consequence can lead to conflict between the comic and the guest, even if they have discussed it beforehand.

If so, comics can apologize after the event and don’t forget to show respect to the guests being roasted, such as achievements or kindness, so that the material is balanced, O Sinaumed’s friends!

Controversy in Roasting

Laughing at friends or co-workers or even your boss can always be fun and entertaining, but it’s important not to cross the line. The form of roasting humor is sometimes controversial. People who are roasting may not accept and feel offended by the humor they receive.

Several countries have similar traditions where the hosts of formal events such as awards ceremonies and annual dinners are expected to mock those attending the event with safe jokes. In some cases this has led to controversy when the hosts have been deemed too offensive.

Social media also has the concept of roasting, where a person encourages others to make fun of him, usually by posting pictures of himself. Although roasting was designed, the act has also sparked controversy, with some seeing it as a form of cyberbullying.

Even more controversial is the practice of insulting others without consent for comedic effect, which some call toasting. However, the comedians emphasized that the actual frying required approval from the subject.

Conclusion

That’s all for a brief discussion of the definition of roasting. The discussion this time does not only discuss the definition of roasting, but also discusses more about the history, ethics, procedures for roasting, and controversies in roasting, which Sinaumed’s friends can see carefully.

Understanding the meaning of roasting also gives us additional knowledge about various techniques and limitations that need to be kept in mind when roasting anyone, be it fellow comedians, invited guests, or spectators, so that roasting events are not just a joke.

Thus a review of the meaning of roasting. For Sinaumed’s who want to learn everything about roasting. And science related to comedy, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Pandu Akram

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Get to know the Earth’s Layer Structure – Earth is one of the planets of the solar system which is in part
of the Milky Way galaxy. Earth’s Chemical Structure is the third planet of the planetary system
in this solar system. Earth has a multi-layered structure down to the core of the Earth (core).
With an earth diameter of 7,926 miles. The earth has at least 4 layers of earth that
make up the earth that we currently live on.

This planet earth has 4 types of layers, viz

1. crust,
2. earth blanket,
3. outer core and
4. the inner core of the earth.

Check out a more complete explanation about the following layers of the Earth, Sinaumed’s.

Understanding the Structure of the Earth’s Layers

The structure of the earth is the arrangement / layer forming the earth. The structure of
the earth is made up of many types of materials

The inner Earth’s structure is divided into layers, much like an onion. The earth generally
consists of several layers, namely the upper part is called the lithosphere or crust, the layer below is the
asthenosphere or mantle and the bottom is the earth’s core.

The interior of the earth can be known by studying the physical properties of the earth, namely by
geophysical methods, especially from the propagation velocity of vibrations or seismic waves, its magnetic
properties and gravity as well as geothermal data. From these data it can be seen that the
inside of the earth is composed of different materials starting from the surface of the earth to the core of
the earth.

With this geophysical method it is also known that the overall specific gravity of the earth is around
5.52 . The earth’s crust itself, which is the outermost layer and is
composed of rocks, has a specific gravity between 2.5 and 3.0. From this it can be seen
that the material that makes up the inside of the earth is a heavier material with a greater specific
gravity than the rocks that make up the earth’s crust.

Learn about the layers of the earth that exist through story books with interesting science content that
can be accessed via smartphones. You can get the Smart Science Book Series: Layers of Earth and
Fossils – Alpha & Mega Travel to Earth only at sinaumedia!

Structure of the Earth’s Layers

1. The Earth’s Crust

The Earth’s crust is the outermost layer of the earth which is divided into two categories, namely the
oceanic crust and the continental crust.

Oceanic crust is about 5–10 km thick while continental crust is about 20–70 km thick. The main
constituent of the oceanic crust is basalt, while the main constituent of the continental crust is granite,
which is not as dense as basalt.

The Earth’s crust and most of the Earth’s mantle form a layer of lithosphere with a total thickness of
approximately 80 km. The temperature of the crust increases with depth. At the
lowest limit, the temperature of the crust touches 1,100 C. The crust and the relatively dense part of the
mantle form the lithosphere layer. Due to convection in the upper mantle and asthenosphere, the
lithosphere is broken into moving tectonic plates.

Temperature increases 30 0C every km, but the geothermal gradient will be lower in the deeper layers of the
crust.

The main chemical elements that make up the earth’s crust are:

1. Oxygen (O) (46.6%),
2. Silicon (Si) (27.7%),
3. Aluminum (Al) (8.1%),
4. Iron (Fe) (5.0%),
5. Calcium (Ca) (3.6%),
6. Sodium (Na) (2.8%),
7. Potassium (K) (2.6%),
8. Magnesium (Mg) (2.1%).

2. Overcoat

The earth’s mantle or what is commonly called the earth’s mantle is the layer that envelops the earth’s core
and is the largest part of the earth’s part, around 83.2 percent of the volume and 67.8 percent of the
entire earth’s mass.

Consisting of liquid phase material, the earth’s envelope is often referred to as the asthenosphere layer.
This layer is where plate movements occur due to convection forces or geothermal energy.

These movements greatly affect the shape of the earth’s surface. the thickness of this casing
ranges from 2,883 km. Its density ranges from 5.7 gr/cc near the core and 3.3 gr/cc near the
crust. In the upper casing region magma intrusions will begin to form caused by infiltrated and
melted rocks.

3. Core

The earth’s core is located from a depth of about 2900 km from the bottom of the earth’s crust to the center
of the earth.

The core of the earth can be separated into the outer core of the earth and the inner core of the earth.
The boundary between the Earth’s mantle and the Earth’s core is marked by a marked decrease in the
velocity of the P waves and S waves that do not propagate.

This situation is due to the increase in the specific gravity of the material that makes up the earth’s
core and changes in the properties of the material from being solid to being liquid. The
increase in specific gravity is caused by a change from the silicate material that makes up the earth’s
casing to a metal alloy material that is rich in iron (Fe) in the earth’s core.

The change in material properties to liquid is due to the lower melting point of iron-containing materials
compared to silicate-rich materials. That is why the material that makes up the outer core of
the earth is a liquid rich in Fe metal.

Conversely, the increasing pressure to the deeper part will result in an increase in the melting point of
the metal material. This causes the material that makes up the inner core of the earth to be a
solid metallic material.

The composition of the material making up the earth’s core is known with the assumption that the element
iron is an element that is often found in the rocky crust that makes up the earth’s crust. With
an increase in the specific gravity of the rock the deeper it is located, the iron content will also
increase, so that the earth’s mantle has the possibility of containing a greater iron content than the
earth’s crust.

The specific gravity of the outer Earth’s core composed of liquid iron-rich material is the same as the
specific gravity of the specific gravity of iron in a liquid state. Because the inner core of
the earth is composed of dense iron-rich material, the boundary between the outer core and the inner core
has a temperature equal to the melting point of iron at the pressure in that place.

In addition, the composition of the earth’s core is also known based on the composition of the meteorites
that were found to contain around 7% to 8% iron and nickel. So it is estimated that the metal
materials that make up the earth’s core are elements of iron and nickel.

Learn more about the structure of the existing layers of the earth through the book Smart Encyclopedia: Our Earth
which also explains various other information that is important for Sinaumed’s to know about our earth.

Layer Structure of the Earth Based on Chemical
Arrangement

For example, the nature, composition, and characteristics that influence many of the main processes of the
formation of the Earth. The scientific understanding of the structure of the Earth’s interior
is based on conclusions made with the help of seismic monitoring.

That means measuring the sound waves generated by earthquakes, and examining how sound waves travel through
different layers of the earth. The change in seismic velocity causes refraction which is
calculated (according to Snell’s Law) to determine the difference in density. It is also
necessary to experiment with crystalline solids at pressures and temperature characteristics of the Earth’s
interior.

As a result, it can be seen that the difference in temperature and pressure is caused by residual heat from the
initial formation of the planet, to the decay of radioactive elements.

In addition to the layers mentioned above, the Earth also consists of four chemical arrangements, viz

1. atmosphere,
2. hydrosphere,
3. lithosphere, and
4. biosphere.

1. Atmosphere

The atmosphere layer is a layer of air that wraps around the planet with a thickness of more than 650
kilometers.

This layer is composed of 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen. The atmosphere is also
divided into five layers, namely the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.
The troposphere is the layer closest to the Earth’s surface. The distance is about 0
to 15 kilometers.

Weather phenomena such as rain and lightning occur in the troposphere. In the next layer there
is the stratosphere which is above the troposphere. The distance is about 15 to 40 kilometers
from the surface of the Earth. This layer serves to absorb and scatter ultraviolet radiation
from the sun.

Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere at an altitude of 40 to 70 kilometers above the Earth’s surface.
Then there is the thermosphere which is 70 to 400 kilometers from the surface of the Earth.
The thermosphere is also referred to as the ionosphere because the ionization process occurs in the
atoms and molecules that interact with the Sun’s plasma.

Finally, there is the exosphere as a protector and the outermost layer that envelops the planet.
It is located 800 to 3,260 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. The satellites that
orbit the Earth are in the exosphere.

2. Hydrosphere

As the name suggests, the hydrosphere refers to the layer of water that is on the surface of the Earth.
That is, the layers of the hydrosphere include the oceans, oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater,
and water vapor.

Hydrosphere from the word hydrosphere in English. The word hydro comes from Ancient Greek
which means water. Hydrology is the science or study of water and the way it is used and
circulated around the planet earth.

In a way, the hydrosphere is a component of the earth’s water.

Quoted from the National Geographic Society, the hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a
planet . The hydrosphere includes water on the planet’s surface,
underground and in the air. The hydrosphere of a planet can be in liquid, vapor and ice
forms.

The hydrosphere is the sum of all the water on earth and the water cycles that distribute it throughout the
planet. On earth, liquid water exists on the surface of the earth in the form of oceans, lakes
and rivers. There is also underground water such as groundwater, in wells and aquifers.
There is also water in the hydrosphere in the form of vapor and is seen as clouds or fog.
The frozen part of Earth’s hydrosphere is made up of ice including glaciers, ice caps and
icebergs.

Water in gaseous form (water vapor) is more accurately called part of the atmosphere. The
frozen part of the earth’s hydrosphere has its own name, namely the cryosphere (cryosphere).
The hydrosphere is always in motion The movement of rivers and streams can be seen, but the
movement of water in ponds and lakes is less obvious.

The movement of the seas and oceans can be seen easily with large-scale movements that flow water over
great distances such as the poles and the tropics or between continents. This kind of movement
is in the form of currents that move warm water in the tropics towards the poles and cold water from the
poles towards the tropics. These currents are present at the surface of the ocean and at the
depths of the ocean.

Water moves through the hydrosphere in cycles. Water collects in clouds and then falls to
earth in the form of rain or snow. This water collects in rivers, lakes and oceans.
Then the water evaporates into the atmosphere to start the cycle all over again. This
rotation is called the water cycle.

Sinaumed’s can find discussions about how the water cycle occurs, how the seasons change, and much more in the
Super Exciting Encyclopedia: Hello, Earth! by Hemma.

3. Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the outermost layer of the crust consisting of rock. The lithosphere is
a moving plate, so it can cause continental drift.

Lithosphere comes from the Greek words, lithos (λίθος) which means rocky, and sphere (σφαῖρα) which means
solid. The lithosphere comes from the word lithos which means rock, and sphere means
layer.

Literally the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth or commonly called the Earth’s skin.

The word lithosphere comes from the Greek word lithos meaning rock and sphera meaning layer.
The lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth’s crust and consists of rock with an average
thickness of 1200 km. The lithosphere is the uppermost layer of the earth’s crust consisting of
rock, generally this layer occurs from chemical compounds rich in SO2.

That is why the lithosphere layer is often called the silicate layer. According to Klarke and
Washington, the rock or lithosphere on the earth’s surface is almost 75% composed of silicon oxide and
aluminum oxide. The main constituent of the lithosphere is rock consisting of a mixture of
similar or dissimilar minerals that are loosely or densely bonded to each other. The parent
rock that forms the lithosphere is magma, which is incandescent molten rock that has a very high temperature
and is found beneath the earth’s crust. Magma will undergo several processes of change to
become igneous rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock.

The lithosphere plays an important role in plant life. Soil is formed when the rocks on the
surface of the lithosphere undergo degradation, erosion or other physical processes into small rocks to
sand. Furthermore, this part is mixed with the results of the inclusion of organic components
of living things which then form soil that can be used as a place for organisms to live. Soil
is a source of various types of minerals for living things.

In their original form, these minerals are in the form of rocks that are layered on the surface of the
earth. Through the process of erosion, the minerals which are the source of food for these
living things are often carried by rivers to the sea and deposited on the seabed.

That is why the lithosphere layer is often called the silicate layer with an average thickness of 30 km which
consists of 2 parts.

2 Sections of the Lithosphere

1. The upper lithosphere is about 35% or 1/3 of the land.
2. The lower lithosphere is about 65% or 2/3 of the ocean.

The Earth’s lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost part of the Earth’s mantle which gives rise to
the hardness of the outermost layer of planet Earth. The lithosphere is supported by the
asthenosphere which in this case is the weaker, hotter and deeper part of the mantle.

4. Biosphere

The biosphere means ‘living layer,’ which refers to the layer that is habitable for living things.
The biosphere includes land, water, air, and the interactions between living things and their
environment.

The biosphere is the largest living system because it consists of a combination of ecosystems on planet
earth.

The biosphere can also be interpreted as the outer part of the earth’s surface which includes air, land and
water and allows life and biotic processes to take place. The biosphere can also be interpreted
as the entire ecosystem on earth, covering all parts of the earth that contain life (consisting of biotic
components that interact with the abiotic environment which are part of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and
lithosphere).

So, the biosphere is the layer where living things live. The biosphere is the largest living
system because it consists of a combination of ecosystems on planet earth. Etymologically, the
word biosphere consists of 2 words, namely bio which means life and sphere which means layer. The meaning of
the biosphere in the narrow sense is the layer or part of the earth where living things live. The broad
meaning of the biosphere means living things as well as the layers on the surface earth suitable for
life.

Understanding the biosphere in a broad sense according to geophysiology, the biosphere is a global
ecological system that unites all living things and their relationships, including their interactions with
the elements of the lithosphere (rock), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air) of the Earth.
Biosphere According to Experts In addition to the standard definition of the biosphere, there are
also definitions given by experts regarding the biosphere, including:

According to Vladimir Wanouich Veinadsku, the biosphere is an open and developing system since the
beginning of the history of life on earth. According to John Wiley, that is a zone of planet
Earth where there is life that forms naturally in the layers of the earth with the lower atmosphere.
According to M. Allaby, the biosphere is one part of the habitat of organisms that forms a stable
and effective group system for the entire ecosystem of planet earth.

Earth as a place where we live has many interesting things that you can learn such as types of animals, plants,
big cities, and many more which are discussed in the book Junior Encyclopedia: Our Earth.

Book Recommendations Regarding the Structure of
Earth’s Layers

Junior Scientist Encyclopedia: Earth

Change is also occurring in our landscapes. Shifts in the Earth’s crust form mountains.
If there is magma underneath, the shift creates a volcano. A deposit of crushed stone
in a river that has dried up can become mountains. Did you know that underwater volcanic
eruptions can form islands?

This encyclopedia will help you keep up with Earth’s developments. From the process of its
formation, natural phenomena, to the richness of Earth’s habitat. You won’t miss a
thing!

You will see the beauty of the Crystal Cave with the highest crystal reaching 12 m, up to 3,000 stone
towers in Wulingyuan, China! There is much more for you to explore in this encyclopedia.
Beautiful pictures and photos will take you as if you are on an adventure directly to every corner
of the Earth.

Smart Science Series:
Layers of Earth and Fossils – Alpha & Mega Travel to Earth

Alfa and Mega got an assignment from their school to research Planet Earth. They also
discovered new things that did not exist on their planet, such as rivers and how they were formed.
Wow, what will Alfa and Mega find when they research Earth?

The Smart Science series is a story book with interesting science content that can be accessed via a
smartphone. Children will get new experiences in learning science through stories, video
experiments, animations and fun applications.

Super Fun Encyclopedia: Hello, Earth!

What’s inside the Earth? How do the seasons change? How is the water cycle?
Why are forests important? There are tons of questions about Earth.
Surely you luga want to know! Unfold or twist the paper and find the opposite in the
Super Serul Encyclopedia

Articles Related to the Structure of the Earth’s Layers

Properties of Enzymes – When digesting food, there are biomolecular substances in the form of proteins that
will help change the molecular shape of food substances into substances needed by the body. For
example, sugar is converted into energy that is beneficial to the body. These biomolecules are
called enzymes. In this article, we will discuss the properties of enzymes and the various
things that are in them.

Enzymes themselves play a role to help metabolism. So it is very important for human body.
The way enzymes work is to react with substrate molecules to produce compounds through organic
chemical reactions that require lower activation energy. So it will speed up the chemical
reaction, because a chemical reaction with a higher activity energy requires a longer time.

Definition of Enzyme

The word enzyme itself comes from the Greek “en” which means in and “zyme” which means yeast.
That way, we can conclude that enzymes can be interpreted as substances in yeast. In
other words, the meaning of enzymes here is a group of proteins that have a special function, namely as a
biocatalyst that is useful for helping the body’s metabolic processes such as the formation of cell building
compounds, protein breakdown, glucose burning, and polysaccharide breakdown.

Meanwhile, enzymes can also be interpreted as a protein that is useful as a catalyst in breaking reactions
and also the formation or metabolism of a substance that occurs in the cells of a tissue. A
catalyst is a substance that affects the speed of a reaction without affecting the end result.
The substance will not participate in the reaction. So the shape will not
change.

Enzymes are protein compounds that have large molecules. There are several enzymes that
consist only of polypeptides and do not contain chemical groups other than amino acid residues.
However, there are other enzymes that require additional components for their activity.
This component is called the prosthetic group. Prosthetic groups are ions or molecules
needed by some enzymes to carry out catalytic processes.

Where this prosthetic group can be an inorganic molecule or a cofactor such as Fe2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+ ions;
or in the form of complex organic molecules (coenzymes). Such as vitamins B1, B2, B6,
niacin, and biotin. Coenzyme will not be affected by heating or is thermostable.
Many enzymes consist of a protein part and a non-protein part. The protein portion of
the enzyme is called the apoenzyme, which is denatured by heating. An enzyme whose structure is
perfect and active, together with its coenzyme or metal group, is called a holoenzyme.

How Enzymes Work

One characteristic of enzymes is how they work specifically. That means, enzymes can only work
on certain substrates. Then, how does an enzyme work? There are two theories that
explain how enzymes work, including:

1. Lock and Key Theory

The lock and key theory was first put forward by Emil Fischer, in 1894. In this research theory, enzymes
will be linked to a substrate with a similar or specific form on the active site of the enzyme.
This theory is called the Lock and Key Theory. Where the enzyme is described as a key
that can open a substrate described as a lock.

Because there is a similar side between the lock and the lock, they can be opened and closed.
However, this theory has a drawback, which is that it cannot explain the stability of the enzyme
when it undergoes a transition from the point of the enzyme reaction.

2. Theory of Induction Accuracy

The active site of the enzyme itself is flexible, so it can change shape according to the shape of the
substrate. It has been explained previously that the enzyme is a catalytic protein.
A catalyst is a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being changed by the
reaction. Enzymes can do this based on their effect on the activation energy required by each
chemical reaction. Activation energy is the energy required to break down the reactants.

While the role of enzymes is to lower the activation energy limit needed to start the reaction.
Lowering the energy limit allows the chemical reaction to occur at a lower temperature.
This is important because the majority of molecules associated with life processes are very
sensitive to high temperatures.

Enzyme Properties

Enzymes have an important role for the human body and for the ongoing life of an organism.
Therefore, we must understand the nature of enzymes. The following are some of the
properties of enzymes that we need to understand, including:

1. As a Catalyst

The first characteristic of an enzyme is to act as a catalyst. Enzymes are catalysts that can
change the rate of a reaction without participating in the reaction. Without enzymes, a
reaction is very difficult to occur, whereas in the presence of enzymes, the reaction speed can increase up
to 107 to 1013 times. For example, the catalase enzyme contains iron (Fe) ions which can
decompose 5,000,000 hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules per minute at 00C. The hydrogen peroxide
can only be broken down by iron atoms, but one iron atom will take 300 years to break down a number of H2O2
molecules which one catalase molecule containing one iron atom can break down in just one second.

2. Enzymes Work Selectively and Specifically

An enzyme will work specifically, that means certain enzymes can only make changes to certain substances as
well. In other words, enzymes can only affect one reaction and cannot affect other reactions
that are not their field. One enzyme will be specific for only one substrate. For
example, the catalase enzyme can only hydrolyze H2O2 to H2O and O2.

3. Enzymes Have Alternating Properties

The next characteristic of enzymes is that they can work back and forth because they can participate in the
reaction without affecting the final product and will be formed again as an enzyme as a result of the
reaction. When participating to react, the chemical structure of the enzyme will also change.
But at the end of the reaction, the chemical structure of the enzyme will re-form as before.

For example, the lipase enzyme can convert fat into fatty acids and glycerol. Vice versa,
lipase can also unite glycerol and fatty acids into fat. In addition, enzymes can not only
decompose complex molecules, but can also form complex molecules from simple molecules or reverse
reactions.

4. Like Protein

Enzymes have most of the properties of proteins that are affected by temperature and pH. At
low temperatures, the protein enzymes will experience coagulation and at high temperatures will experience
denaturation. Because enzymes are composed of protein components, the properties of enzymes are
classified as colloids. Enzymes themselves have very large inter-particle surfaces so that
their field of activity is also large.

5. Enzymes are thermolabile

Enzyme activity can be affected by temperature. If the temperature is low, the enzyme work
will slow down. The higher the temperature of the chemical reaction affected by the enzyme, the
faster it will be. However, if the temperature is too high, the enzyme will experience
denaturation.

6. Only Needed in Small Amounts

Because the enzyme acts as a catalyst, but does not participate in the reaction, the amount used as a
catalyst does not need to be large. One enzyme molecule can work over and over again, as long
as the molecule is not damaged.

7. Is a colloid

As previously explained that enzymes are composed of protein components. Therefore, the nature
of the enzyme is classified as a colloid. Enzymes themselves have a large surface area between
particles. So that the field of activity also tends to be large.

8. Enzymes Can Lower Activation Energy

A chemical enzyme can occur when the molecules involved have enough internal energy to carry it up the
energy hill to a reactive state called a transition stage. The activation energy of a reaction
is the amount of energy in calories needed to bring all the molecules in 1 mol of a compound at a given
temperature to a transition level at the top of the energy limit. If a chemical reaction is
added with a catalyst in the form of an enzyme, the activation energy can be lowered and the reaction will
run more quickly.

9. Does not determine the direction of the reaction

Enzymes do not play a role in determining which direction the reaction is going. The compound
that is more necessary is the point of direction of a chemical reaction. For example, a body
that lacks glucose will be able to break down reserve sugar or glycogen and vice versa.

Enzyme Components

Enzyme itself has three types of constituent components in it. Starting from Apoenzymes,
Cofactors, and Prosthetic Groups. Here are some complete explanations of the three
types.

1. Apoenzymes

Apoenzyme is part of the active enzyme which is composed of proteins that are easily changed to environmental
factors that surround it.

2. Cofactors

Cofactors are part of the non-protein components present in enzymes, namely in the form of inorganic ions or
activators, in the form of metals that have weak bonds with enzymes, Fe, Ca, Mn, Zn, K, Co, Chloride Ions, and
Calcium Ions.

3. Prosthetic Group

The prosthetic group is an organic compound that has a strong bond with the enzyme. Flavin
Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD), Heme, and Biotin are part of the Prosthetic Group which contain iron and play a
role in giving extra strength to enzymes, especially Catalase, Cytochrome Oxidase, and Peroxidase.

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Below are several factors that can affect enzyme activity, including:

1. Temperature (Temperature)

The first factor that can affect enzyme activity is temperature or temperature. Enzyme
activity will increase with increasing temperature to the optimum limit. This is because
enzymes are composed of protein. Therefore, at high temperatures and exceeding the maximum
limit, it can cause denaturation of proteins or enzymes that are damaged.

At 0 degrees Celsius the enzymes are inactive, but not damaged. If the temperature is returned
to its normal position, the enzyme will be active again. The maximum temperature for enzyme
activity in humans and warm-blooded animals is 37 degrees Celsius, while in cold-blooded animals it is 25
degrees Celsius.

Enzyme workability will decrease if it is above a certain temperature. This is because heat
will disrupt hydrogen bonds, ions, and various kinds of bonds that can stabilize the active form of the
enzyme. That way, the enzyme which is a protein will undergo a denaturation process.

2. Degree of acidity or pH

It should be understood that enzymes have a unique optimum pH. The optimum pH for enzymes can
be alkaline or acidic. Most of the enzymes in the human body have an optimum pH between 6 and
8. For example, the enzyme trypsin degrades protein. However, there are some enzymes that are
active in acidic conditions, for example the enzyme pepsin. Changes in pH can affect changes in
amino acids on the active site. So that it can block the active side of the enzyme that
combines with the substrate.

3. Enzyme and Substrate Concentration

Usually, the concentrations of enzymes and substrates are directly proportional to the rate of reaction.
This means that if the enzyme concentration doubles, while other factors remain the same, the
reaction rate will double. Constant conditions are achieved if the enzyme has bound all the
substrates to be catalyzed. Although the enzyme levels are raised. When the enzyme
level remains the same, but the substrate level is increased, the reaction rate will increase until it
reaches a constant state, that is, when all the substrates are bound by the enzyme.

4. Activating Substances

There are certain chemicals that can increase enzyme activity. For example, salts and also
alkali metals in dilute concentrations, namely 2 percent to 5 percent, can stimulate the work of enzymes.
Likewise with metal ions Co, Mg, Ni, Mn, and Ci. This can support the theory of
Induced Accuracy.

5. Inhibiting Substances

Some chemicals can inhibit the performance of enzymes. For example, salt contains mercury and
cyanide. There are three types of inhibitors or inhibitors that need to be understood.
Here is more information:

a. Competitive Inhibitors

In this inhibition, there is an inhibitor substance that has a structure similar to the structure of the
substrate. That way, the inhibitor substance with this substrate will compete with each other
and be able to join the active site of the enzyme. This inhibition process can be overcome by
increasing the concentration of the substrate.

b. Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Noncompetitive inhibitors may be associated with enzymes that are outside the active site. So
the enzyme will lose its activity. Therefore, the surface of the active site cannot contact the
substrate.

c. Feedback Inhibitors

The end result of a reaction can inhibit the working process of the enzyme in the reaction itself.

Functions of Enzymes in the Human Body

One of the most important functions of enzymes is to aid in the digestive process. The way
enzymes work is by changing the form of food into energy. For example, enzymes in the salivary
glands, intestines, pancreas, and stomach. Enzymes will break down proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates. Not only can produce energy and nutrients, enzymes also function to help the
growth and repair of cell tissue. Besides having a function to help the digestive process,
enzymes can also help:

a. Breathing process
b. Build
muscle
c. Helps nerve function
d.
Cleansing the body of various poisons

Another function of enzymes is DNA replication. Each of these cells divides, then there needs
to be a process of copying DNA. The role of the enzyme here is to help the replication process
by unwinding the DNA, then copying the information.

Those are some explanations about the nature of enzymes and the various things that are in them.
Hope it is useful.

Recommended Books & Articles Related to Enzymes

Principles of Jus Soli – Every country has its own citizenship principles and Indonesia is no exception. For some people, the Indonesian state may only recognize the principle of citizenship on the principle of jus sanguinis and the principle of jus soli.

However, in fact, the Indonesian state recognizes 4 (four) citizenship principles which are used as a reference for determining a person’s citizenship status, including the principle of jus sanguinis, principle of ius soli, principle of single citizenship, and principle of limited dual citizenship. In general, the meaning of citizenship itself is the participation of a person as a member by showing the connection or bond between the state and its citizens.

While citizens are residents of a country or nation based on place of birth, ancestry, and so on. Meanwhile, you can understand the principle of citizenship as a basis for thinking in determining whether or not someone belongs as a citizen of a certain country.

In order for you to know the principle of citizenship, you need to listen to the full discussion. In the following, a clear and complete discussion regarding the principle of citizenship has been presented.

Definition of Citizenship and Citizenship Principles

The state is an abstract entity and what appears is only the elements of the state, for example population, government and territory. Residents are all people who are domiciled in a country, whether they are indigenous people or immigrants (foreign nationals) who are on vacation or working and temporarily living in that country.

Citizens are part of a population and at the same time citizens have an attachment to their country and have rights and obligations that are reciprocal.

Meanwhile, citizenship has characteristics that can show the attachment or bond between the state and its citizens. Based on the Citizenship Law of the Republic of Indonesia which reads, “citizenship is everything related to the state.”

From the definition of citizenship, the definition of citizenship can be divided into two (2) of them are as follows:

1. Definition of Citizenship Based on Juridical Meaning

Citizenship in a juridical sense is citizenship which is marked by the existence of a legal bond between people and the state.

2. Definition of Citizenship Based on Sociological Meaning

Citizenship in the sociological sense is citizenship which is not only marked by the existence of legal ties but also marked by the existence of emotional ties, for example Egyptian ties and feelings of home, historical activity, home of hereditary ties and homeland ties. The word bond appears as an appreciation of the citizens of the country concerned.

In any discourse, the state is obliged to position itself equally with its citizens. As long as the state is above its citizens or society, the relationship between the two will not be able to run harmoniously.

Normatively, the attachment between citizens and the state must always adhere to the rights or obligations attached to both. That way, democratic and fair communication will be created and in accordance with what has been hinted at by the constitution.

If one of them acts without adhering to the guidelines and the constitution as a basis and normative standard then the relationship will be easily rich or destroyed. When the relationship is destroyed, the party that will be harmed is the citizen. With the power possessed by the state and government, it can be done in a repressive and also hegemonic way to control citizens. So that the legitimacy of citizens always flows to the state.

In fact, the state’s decision to dominate its citizens cannot be justified and vice versa, citizens must not behave anarchically in order to bring down the state. Because the state and citizens have a relationship or bond with each other, it is important to determine one’s citizenship status. For this reason, the principle of citizenship is present and necessary.

The principle of citizenship is the legal basis for citizens, residents and residents in a country. A person who already has citizenship will not fall under the power or authority of another country.

In addition, other countries have no right to impose the rule of law on someone who is not a citizen of their country. The principle of citizenship is necessary and becomes an important part so that a person can obtain legal protection from the state and at the same time be able to receive rights and obligations as a citizen.

Provisions regarding citizenship status are regulated in the laws and regulations of a country. Every country is free to determine the principle of citizenship which will be included in the laws and regulations that apply in the country.

This is because each country has cultural, traditional or historical values ​​that differ from one another. However, in general there are 2 (two) principles applied by a country, namely the ius sanguinis principle and the ius soli principle. In Indonesia itself, the principle of citizenship is regulated in Law Number 12 of 2006 and is known by 2 (two) guidelines, namely the principle of general citizenship and the principle of special citizenship.

The Principles of Citizenship in Indonesia

As explained in the previous discussion, that each country has its own citizenship principles and the most well-known principles are the ius soli and ius sanguinis principles.

In Indonesia, the principle of citizenship has been clearly regulated in Law Number 12 of 2006 which includes 2 (two) guidelines, namely the principle of general citizenship and special citizenship which has 4 (four) principles in it. The following is a clear discussion of the principle of citizenship in Indonesia based on Law Number 12 of 2006.

 Principles of General Citizenship

The general citizenship principle includes 4 (four) principles, namely the Ius Soli Principle, the Single Citizenship Principle, the Ius Sanguinis Principle, and also the Limited Dual Citizenship Principle. Well, below has been presented a complete discussion of which is as follows:

1. Principle of Jus Sanguinis

The principle of Jus Sanguinis is the principle of a person’s citizenship which is determined based on the ancestry of the parents. Examples of countries that adhere to the Jus Sanguinis principle are China, the Netherlands, Japan and Indonesia.

2. Principle of Jus Soli

The principle of ius soli is the principle of a person’s citizenship which is determined based on place of birth. This one principle is mostly used by countries in the Americas, but it is rarely found in other places, such as Australia, America, Brazil and Canada.

3. Single Citizenship Principle

The principle of single citizenship applies absolutely to every citizen who is an adult or may only have one citizenship, namely Indonesia.

4. The Principle of Limited Dual Citizenship

The principle of Limited Dual Citizenship applies to children born from mixed marriages or have parents of different nationalities. Such children will later inherit the citizenship of both parents until they are 18 years old or married.

Principles of Special Citizenship

In addition to the four principles contained in the general citizenship principles, there are also several special citizenship principles which form the basis of the drafting of the Law on citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia. According to Jazim Hamidi and Mustafa Lutfi, the principles of special citizenship include the following.

1. The Principle of Equality in Law and Government

The principle of legal equality and government is a principle that can determine that every Indonesian citizen will receive equal treatment in law and government.

2. The Principle of Substantive Truth

The principle of substantive truth is the principle which explains that the procedure for a person’s citizenship does not only have an administrative nature, but is also accompanied by substantive and application conditions that can be accounted for.

3. The Principle of Non-Discrimination

The principle of non-discrimination is the principle that does not discriminate in terms of treatment in all matters relating to citizens on the basis of race, ethnicity, religion, sex, class, and gender.

4. The Principle of Recognition and Respect for Human Rights (HAM)

The principle of recognition and respect for human rights is a principle which in all matters relates to citizens, it is obligatory to be able to guarantee, protect and glorify human rights in general and the rights of citizens in particular.

5. Principle of Openness

The principle of openness is the principle that determines that in all matters related to citizens, it must be done openly.

6. Principle of Publicity

The principle of publicity is the principle that determines that someone who gains or loses citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia will be announced or published. So that the public and the general public can know about the news.

Understanding the Principle of Jus Soli

The principle of Ius Soli or also called the Law of the Soil is a principle that determines a person’s citizenship based on his place of birth. The principle of ius soli is more in line with the current global situation, where a person’s nationality and nationality are not determined by the basis of religion, ethnicity and race.

The principle of Ius Soli also allows for the creation of a citizenship law that is more open and multicultural. A number of countries use the Ius Soli principle, including Argentina, Brazil, America, Mexico, and Peru.

The Australian state actually also uses the Ius Soli principle, but by applying a number of conditions. Where, a child born in Australian territory, will not immediately acquire Australian citizenship, unless one of the parents is an Australian citizen.

However, if the child settles and lives in Australia until he is 10 years old, then the child will also automatically get Australian citizenship. And regardless of the citizenship status of both parents as well.

Citizenship Status

Status and identity of citizenship are the status of a person’s membership as a citizen to live or play an active role in a country that is recognized by the laws or regulations that apply in that country. A person’s citizenship status will be very important, because this status will indicate a relationship between an individual and a country.

This citizenship status is the legal basis for carrying out the implementation of civil rights or obligations as citizens. So, citizenship identity will have implications for the rights and obligations as citizens regulated in citizenship law.

Understanding in determining a person’s citizenship status can occur due to a number of possibilities. With one of them, this is caused by a number of countries that adhere to the principle of Ius Soli. Meanwhile, there are other countries that adhere to the principle of Jus Sanguinis.

Several citizenship statuses that can occur due to the principle of citizenship, consist of apatride, bipatride, and multipatride. Well, the following has summarized the discussion, including the following.

1. Apatride

Apatride citizenship status is the citizenship status of a person who does not have citizenship status at all. According to de jure, a person who is stateless is a person who is legally not considered a citizen by any country which should have an obligation to protect him.

Meanwhile, a person who has no de facto citizenship is someone who is outside their country of origin and cannot or because of a legal problem, or is not willing to take advantage of the protection offered by the state.

This can happen as a result of persecution that usually occurs with refugees or because of bad diplomatic relations that occur between the country of origin and the country where the person lives.

The causes of apatride in different parts of the world can vary. However, most are caused by cases of discrimination due to factors of race, ethnicity, gender, or religion. Such cases generally occur in minority groups for generations.

The status of apatride is condemned by international law and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) also proclaims the right to citizenship. The United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees (UNHCR) notes that there are more than half a million people who have apatride status on the continent and more than 12 million people worldwide with apatride status.

2. Bipatride

Bipatride is someone who has a dual citizenship status relationship. International law states that as a form of sovereignty of each country. So every citizen has the right to determine his nationality in accordance with the laws and regulations in force in that country.

Initially, dual citizenship was not considered a big problem internationally. However, several decades ago, an international agreement was made that dual citizenship must be avoided.

This is because dual citizenship is feared to be a potential threat that will give birth to betrayal, espionage or other subversive activities. However, the policies against bipatride began to disappear and a number of countries began to tolerate it

A number of countries that adopt bipatride, namely Europe, for example European countries, for example Sweden, France, Finland, France, Italy and Portugal no longer ask their citizens who have been naturalized in other countries to relinquish their old citizenship status.

Changes in policies and attitudes towards dual citizenship are based on international law. Based on the European Convention on Nationality which was signed by most European countries, it does not contain restrictions on citizenship status as an oddity that must be abolished.

3. Multipatride

Multipatride citizenship status is a status for someone who has more than 2 (two) nationalities. This multipatride case can occur if a man who has citizenship A then marries a woman with citizenship B, then lives and gives birth to a child in country C.

If countries A and B adhere to the Ius Sanguinis principle, while country C adheres to the Ius Soli principle, the child will have multipatride. The existence of multipatride was once rejected but when it was widely accepted by democratic countries.

Multipatride cases can occur because many immigrants come to a country and settle there. In addition, multipatride is also caused by the prohibition of double taxation, namely taxes in the country of origin and place of residence, the loss of compulsory military service, and gender equality to determine citizenship.

It has also been explained above that there is the term naturalization or citizenship. Naturalization in question is giving or acquiring citizenship and nationality to someone who is not a citizen of that country at birth.

In general, the basic requirement for naturalization is that the applicant holds legal status as a resident for a certain minimum period of time according to the current law.

In addition, the applicant also needs to promise to always obey and enforce state laws, which sometimes requires an oath or pledge of allegiance. Several other countries also require citizens to renounce any other nationality previously held.

Traditional naturalization is based on the principle of Ius Soli or Ius Sanguinis. Although now it is generally a mixture of these two principles. The opposite term for naturalization is denaturalization which means that it revokes one of the citizens or one’s citizenship.

This is the discussion about the principle of citizenship in Indonesia and also the principle of Ius Soli. For Sinaumed’s who want to know more deeply about the principles of citizenship in Indonesia, you can read related books by visiting sinaumedia.com so that you have #MoreWithMemreading information.

Types of Capital Markets – There are several investment instruments where people are more familiar with physical objects such as property or gold. However, not many people know about investment options through the capital market.

By choosing to invest using the capital market or capital market, it is not just giving the public an opportunity to make a profit. However, it also has an active role to improve economic conditions in the country.

The capital market is an activity related to public offerings and securities trading, public companies related to the securities they issue, and institutions and professions related to securities.

Meanwhile, according to Bruce Lloyd, the capital market functions as a liaison between investors and companies and government agencies through long-term trading of instruments such as stocks, bonds and others.

Types of Capital Markets

There are several types of capital markets. Based on the transaction time, the capital market is divided into the primary market and the secondary market.

1. Primary Market (IPO)

Quoting from the studiuangmu.ojk.go.id page, the primary market is the market where all securities or securities are traded for the first time to the public before being listed on the Stock Exchange. The primary market period is when shares or other securities are offered for the first time to investors (investors) by underwriters ( underwriters ).

Offers are made through securities brokers ( broker-dealers ) who act as stock selling agents. Well, this process is commonly referred to as an initial public offering (IPO).

Another popular term for the primary market is going public . The share price in the primary market is fixed. This is because the company has determined the price and number of shares to be offered before offering them on the primary market. Because the number of shares offered by the company is limited, it is not certain that all investors will get the amount they want.

It could be, investors get shares with a smaller amount than ordered, or even do not get at all. Especially if there is an excess of over-subscribed (excess demand). For example, the shares offered to the public through the primary market total 100 million shares. Meanwhile, the number of requests to purchase shares from all investors amounted to 150 million shares. Because it is oversubscribed (excess demand), investors can buy these shares on the secondary market.

Primary Market Characteristics

Quoted from the book Capital Markets and Portfolio Management (2011) by Mohamad Samsul, the main characteristics of the primary market are as follows:

1. The issuer (securities issuer) sells shares to the public through an underwriter intermediary.
2. The price offered is in accordance with the agreement of the two parties.
3. Purchasers of securities are not charged a transaction fee.
4. If there is an over-subscription (demand for shares is higher than the supply), the buyer may not necessarily receive the number of securities ordered.
5. Investors buy shares (securities) through designated underwriters.
6. Limited order period
7. Offers to sell shares usually involve public accountants, notaries, legal consultants and appraisal companies.
8. The primary market is often also referred to as the primary market ( primary market ) or the first market ( first market ).

Transactions of buying and selling of securities in the secondary market do not occur between investors and companies, but occur between one investor and another. After being listed on the stock exchange, it means that the company’s shares can be freely transacted by the public.

For example, investors who already have shares from transactions in the primary market, will usually sell these shares in the secondary market to get capital gains . Examples of transactions in the secondary market are stock transactions that we often do using online stock trading applications. It can be said that secondary market transactions are daily stock trading activities.

2. Secondary Market

The secondary market is a continuation of the primary market. Simply put, the secondary market is a market where all securities that have been listed on the Stock Exchange are traded. The secondary market provides an opportunity for investors to sell or buy all securities listed on the Exchange after the implementation of the offering on the primary market (IPO). Transactions of buying and selling of securities in the secondary market are no longer taking place between investors and companies.

But between one investor and another investor. After being listed on the stock exchange, it means that the company’s shares can be freely transacted by the public. For example, investors who already have shares resulting from transactions in the primary market will generally sell these shares in the secondary market to obtain capital gains .

Transactions up to cash withdrawals at ATMs are examples of transactions in the secondary market where we often do stock transactions using online stock trading applications . It can be said that secondary market transactions are daily stock trading activities.

The difference between the Primary Market and the Secondary Market

Quoting from the Kompas.com page, the similarities between the primary market and the secondary market are that they are both a place to buy and sell shares or securities on the stock exchange. However, there are several differences between the primary market and the secondary market. Here’s the difference:

• The price of shares in the primary market is relatively fixed, according to the issuer’s agreement with the underwriter, while the price of shares in the secondary market can fluctuate due to demand and supply of these shares.
• There are no transaction fees in the primary market, on the contrary in the secondary market there are buying and selling transaction fees that are charged to investors.
• The period for ordering shares on the primary market is limited while the period for ordering shares on the secondary market is not limited.
• Transaction activities in the primary market are only for the purchase of shares while transactions in the secondary market are opened for the sale and purchase of shares.
• Orders for shares in the primary market are made through intermediary selling agents, while orders for shares in the secondary market are made through stock exchange members.
• Money from the sale of shares in the primary market will belong to the issuer (issuer), while money from the sale in the secondary market will belong to the securities or seller.

Capital Market History

Based on the book “Effectengids” which was published in 1939 by Vereniging voor den Effectenhandel, securities transactions have been going on since 1880, but were carried out without an official organization so that the records regarding these transactions were incomplete. In 1878 a company focused on community and securities trading was formed, namely Dunlop & Koff which became the forerunner of PT. Prime.

Only on December 14, 1912, Amsterdamse Effectenbueurs opened a stock exchange branch for the first time in Indonesia and was located in Batavia (now Jakarta). This capital market is the fourth oldest market for the Asian level after Tokyo, Hong Kong and Bombay.

Initially, the reason for the Dutch government setting up a stock exchange in Batavia was because at the beginning of the 19th century various plantations were being built on a large scale so that the development process could run well, so the Dutch colonial government of course needed capital. So one of the sources of capital he used at that time was savings from Europeans and also the Netherlands who had incomes above the average.

On this basis, on December 14, 1912, this stock market was officially established with the name Vereniging voor de Effectenhandel, which when translated into Indonesian, the name is the Securities Trading Association. This market is located in Batavia with securities traded in the form of stocks and bonds.

Capital Market Function

• The capital market as a means of increasing capital for businesses

Companies can get funds by selling shares to the capital market. These shares will later be purchased by the general public, other companies, institutions, or by the government.

• The capital market as a means of equal distribution of income

After a certain period of time, all shares purchased will provide a share of the company’s profits (dividends) to the buyers or owners. Therefore, the sale of shares through the capital market can be considered as a means of equalizing income.

• The capital market as a means of increasing production capacity

With additional capital obtained from the capital market, the company’s productivity will also increase.

• The capital market as a means of creating employment

The existence of the capital market can encourage the emergence and development of other industries which have an impact on the creation of new jobs.

• The capital market as a means of increasing state income

Each dividend distributed to shareholders will be taxed by the government and additional income through this tax will increase state revenue.

• The capital market as an indicator of the country’s economy

The activity and volume of sales or purchases in the capital market which also increased solidly gives an indication that the business activities of various companies are running well and vice versa.

Capital Market Investment Instruments

The capital market is also often known as the stock exchange. In it, Sinaumed’s can find various types of securities that are traded every day. These types of securities include:

1. Stocks

Shares are securities that are proof of ownership of a company. Investors who have shares in a company, have the right to receive profit sharing or dividends.

2. Mutual funds

Mutual funds are known as investment instruments which are a place for collecting and managing funds from several investors. These funds are then managed by investment managers to be used as various kinds of instruments, such as money market, bonds, stocks, or other securities.

3. Debt or Bonds

Sinaumed’s can also obtain securities in the form of bonds in the capital market. Ownership of debt securities can be transferred, and the holder has the right to receive interest and repayment of debt at a predetermined period.

4. Exchange traded funds (ETFs)

This securities actually has similarities with mutual funds, both are collected collectively. It’s just that, EFT can be traded on the stock exchange like stocks.

5. Derivatives

Furthermore, there are also securities in the form of derivatives. These securities are known as derivative forms of shares. There are 2 types of derivatives that Sinaumed’s can find in the Indonesian capital market, namely warrants and rights.

Capital Market Benefits

The capital market has benefits for issuers, namely parties conducting Public Offerings, namely Securities offerings made by Issuers to sell Securities to the public based on procedures regulated in the applicable laws and regulations as well as for investors.

Capital Market Benefits for Issuers:

• The amount of funds that can be raised is large
• The funds can be received all at once when the primary market is over
• There is no convenant so management can have more freedom in managing funds and the company
• The company’s solvency is high so that it can improve the company’s image
• The issuer’s dependence on the bank becomes smaller

Capital Market Benefits for Investors

• Investment value develops following economic growth. This increase can be seen in the increase in stock prices which achieved capital gains
• Receive dividends for those who own or hold shares as well as floating interest for bondholders
• Can simultaneously invest in several instruments and reduce risk

Bonds As Profitable Investment Products

If new Sinaumed’s has the intention to make an investment, maybe Sinaumed’s can consider making bonds the best investment product. Indeed, bonds do not have the popularity of stocks as an investment product, but bonds can be used as a gateway for Sinaumed’s to start investing which can add to Sinaumed’s’ income while he is still productive at work.

As an introduction, bonds are an investment product that can be found in the capital market. Bonds are in the form of debt statements issued by related parties, usually coming from the government or corporations, but can also be issued by individuals. Bonds as the best investment product can also be applied to long-term and short-term investment types, because they usually have maturities ranging from 1 to 10 years.

The Founder of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara – Before becoming a unitary state in the form of a
republic called Indonesia as it is now, various regions scattered throughout the archipelago had their
respective governments under the rule of local kingdoms which were still traditional in nature.

On the main islands in Indonesia, such as Java and Sumatra, the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia have
been born which have been successful throughout the history of civilization in the Eastern world.
This does not include small kingdoms spread across the archipelago, in areas such as Kalimantan,
Sulawesi, Bali, the Maluku Islands, to Papua.

The form of government in the form of a monarchy or kingdom itself is a form of government in which the
leader who holds power gains legitimacy or recognition from the people based on a shared belief that the
leader is an incarnation of an almighty figure in human form. A king is usually considered to
have the knowledge, skills, and charisma that only certain people have so that the people regard him as a
special figure.

In the theory of constitutional law, an empire can be formed due to the existence of certain elite groups
that have succeeded in controlling all the land in the local area so that the common people are a class that
“rides” on the king. In addition, a king usually controls food sources, such as agriculture and
animal husbandry, thus determining the continuity of the kingdom’s economy as well as determining the taxes
that must be paid by the people.

In order to achieve political stability in the kingdom and to avoid disturbing forces from both inside and
outside the kingdom, the government formed by a king must also be equipped with complementary tools in the form
of military force.

By using military force, the king was able to secure his kingdom from domestic rebellion by deploying soldiers
who were tasked with quelling conflict while protecting his kingdom or carrying out conquests by ordering his
troops to go to war.

In a kingdom, the power of a king is absolute or unlimited. What a king decrees is a word that
must be recognized as the truth by his people. Thus, the highest sovereignty in this form of
government is held by a ruling king. In another sense, the king is the country itself and the
people are the part that must obey what the king orders.

The power of the king himself tends to be unlimited by time, except for death itself. In
practice, kings who died usually handed over power in governing the kingdom to their descendants, especially
sons who were the oldest and had the most influence.

In addition, it can be said that in the monarchical form of government itself, the power holders tasked
with assisting the king can only be owned by certain elite groups, especially those from the king’s closest
relatives and associates. Thus, in this form of government it will be seen clearly between the
elite or aristocratic groups and the common people.

The kingdoms that once stood in Indonesia itself have experienced a long cycle, starting from the
pioneering period, development, glory, to collapse. A kingdom that has succeeded in building a
strong economy so that it can meet the needs of its people will certainly be more durable in power.
On the other hand, if the kingdom fails to achieve prosperity for its people, then of course
collapse will soon come to it.

Strengthening military forces and foreign policy is also an important milestone in the survival of an
empire. In addition, the character of a king who leads is also an important milestone in the
continuity of a kingdom. A king who is wise in ruling by himself will strengthen power.
Meanwhile, an incompetent king will be very instrumental in the process of destroying the
kingdom.

Of the many kingdoms that have existed in Indonesia, the Tarumanegara kingdom is one of the kingdoms that
has placed an important milestone in the history of the archipelago. This kingdom became one of
the most influential kingdoms during the 4th to 7th centuries AD. By controlling almost the
entire western part of the island of Java in its time, the Tarumanegara kingdom had succeeded in reaching
its peak of glory almost perfectly.

In this article, we invite Sinaumed’s to get to know more about the Tarumanegara Kingdom, from its founding,
heyday, to its downfall. Apart from that, we will also discuss what are the important legacies
and key figures during the survival of this kingdom. Here’s the discussion.

Place and Year Founded Tarumanegara Kingdom

The Tarumanegara kingdom was centered on the banks of the Citarum river, West Java. This
kingdom was founded not by local people, but by a nobleman from Salankayana, India named Maharesi
Jayasingawarman. As a result of the chaos and colonization by Maharaja Samudragupta of the
Magada Kingdom, Jayasingawarman fled and founded a new kingdom in the archipelago. Based on the
Kebon Kopi Inscription and the Ciaruteun Inscription, the Tarumanegara Kingdom existed around the 4th or 5th
century AD.

This Hindu-style kingdom was formed by Jayasingawarman after he was received by King Dewawarman VIII of the
Salakanagara Kingdom. After being married to the daughter of King Dewawarman VIII,
Jayasingawarman then opened a new territory to the area now known as Bekasi and was named the Kingdom of
Taruma in 358 AD. Since then, Jayasingawarman ruled for 24 years afterwards or to be precise until 382
AD.

After establishing the Tarumanegara Kingdom, the capital of the Tarumanegara Kingdom, Jayasingapura,
replaced the center of government of his father-in-law’s kingdom, the Salakanagara Kingdom.
Since then, the Tarumanegara Kingdom ruled over local kingdoms, while the Salakanagara Kingdom was
only an ordinary regional kingdom.

Founder of the Tarumanegara Kingdom

Jayasingawarman was the founder of the Tarumanegara Kingdom in the period 358 – 382 AD. He was an Indian
maharesi from the Salankayana dynasty located in India. He then decided to go to the
archipelago because his territory was attacked and conquered by Maharaja Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire.
Jayasingawarman then married the daughter of King Dewawarman VIII, King Salakanagara, who at that
time ruled over parts of West Java.

During Jayasingawarman’s reign, the center of the royal administration shifted from Rajatapura to
Tarumanegara. Rajatapura or commonly called Salakanagara (Silver City) is the capital of the
Kingdom of Salakanagara which is located in the Teluk Lada area, Pandeglang Regency, Banten.

The city became the seat of government for the kings of Salakanagara, from Dewawarman I to Dewawarman VIII.
After the center of government moved to Tarumanagara, the status of the Salakanagara Kingdom
changed to become a regional kingdom or it could be equated as a state, in addition to the Tarumanagara
Kingdom appearing to be the main kingdom in the West Java region.

Since the death of Jayasingawarman, Dharmayawarman has continued to rule the Tarumanegara Kingdom.
However, unfortunately Dharmayawarman’s actions have not been recorded in history. It
was only since Purnawarman’s reign as the third king that the Tarumanegara Kingdom managed to reach its peak
of glory.

Throughout the history of the Tarumanegara Kingdom, there were 12 kings who had ruled before the kingdom
finally collapsed. The kings of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara who once served are as
follows.

1. Jayasingawarman (358-382 AD)
2. Dharmayawarman (382-395 AD)
3. Purnawarman (395-434 AD)
4. Wisnuwarman (434-455 AD)
5. Indrawarman (455-515 AD)
6. Chandravarman (515-535 AD)
7. Suryavarman (535-561 AD)
8. Kertawarman (561-628 AD)
9. Sudhavarman (628-639 AD)
10. Hariwangswarman (639-640 AD)
11. Nagajayavarman (640-666 AD)
12. Linggawarman (666-669 AD)

The pinnacle of Tarumanagara’s glory

Throughout the history of the Tarumanegara Kingdom, there was only one king who really had a big impact on
the Tarumanegara Kingdom. During Purnawarman’s leadership, the Tarumanegara Kingdom succeeded
in building a national capital known as Sundapura in the coastal area in 397 AD. The name of this new
capital city later became the origin of the use of the name “Sunda” for the people of West Java to this
day.

It didn’t stop there, based on the Tugu Inscription, Purnawarman was also said to have succeeded in
bringing the Tarumanegara Kingdom in a large-scale project, namely digging the Gomati River along the 6112
spears or 12 km which at that time played an important role in the development of trade connecting the main
areas that stretched along the royal territory. In addition, the river plays a role in
providing water supply during the dry season and controlling floods during the rainy season.

The success of Purnawarman’s leadership also had a big impact on the Tarumanegara Kingdom. The
territory conquered by the kingdom was successfully expanded to cover almost the entire western part of
Java, including what is now the territory of several cities such as Cirebon, Bogor and Jakarta, as well as
almost the entire province of Banten. Thus, there are 48 regions that are part of the power of
the Tarumanegara Kingdom. Economic and military strengthening is one of the important milestones in the
process of progress created by King Purnawarman.

The people of the Tarumanegara Kingdom generally live with a livelihood as farmers and live under an
orderly government. Based on the records of the Chinese explorer of the 5th century AD, Fa
Hien, apart from farming, people also make a living in the animal husbandry sector, animal hunting, trade in
rhino horn, turtle shells, and silver.

Not only strengthening domestic politics, Purnawarman is also active in activities related to foreign
policy. Thanks to his expertise in diplomacy, Purnawarman managed to build diplomatic relations
with the kingdoms of China. Thus, international trade between the Kingdom of Tarumanegara and
China could run well. In addition to trade affairs, the shipping sector that can connect people
in the two regions has also been achieved as a result of this diplomatic relationship.

The success of the Tarumanegara Kingdom under Purnawarman’s leadership was not solely due to his hard work
alone. In developing domestic and foreign politics, Purnawarman was assisted by his two younger
brothers, Cakrawarman who served as commander in chief and Nagawarman who served as commander of the sea.
Apart from being known for Purnawarman’s brilliance in politics during his time as king, he is
referred to as a king who has good moral standards, is virtuous and always fights for the interests of his
people.

As a kingdom whose founders came from the land of Hindustan, the Tarumanegara Kingdom was not spared from
the practice of worship based on Hindu teachings. Based on Fa Hien’s records, in 414 AD not
many people adhered to Buddhism, while Hindus succeeded in dominating the population of the Tarumanegara
Kingdom. Under Purnawarman’s reign, the Kingdom of Tarumanegara once performed a ritual
offering of 1,000 head of cattle to Dewa Brahmana as recorded in the Tugu Inscription.

The Fall of the Tarumanegara Kingdom

The Tarumanegara Kingdom began to lose its strong influence since it was ruled by the twelfth king, Linggawarman,
who had ruled since 666 AD. After three years in power, Linggawarman died so that the power he held had to be
handed over to his son-in-law, Tarusbawa.

Tarumanegara’s power was not continued by Tarusbawa because he preferred to return to his home territory,
the Kingdom of Sunda, which had previously been under the rule of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara.
For Tarusbawa, the Tarumanegara Kingdom no longer had the big influence it had in the past, so it
was considered obsolete. He began to plan to establish a new power to the foundation of the
Kingdom of Sunda, his kingdom of origin. Tarusbawa also tried to transfer the center of power
of the Tarumanegara Kingdom to the Sunda Kingdom. This invited further divisions when the Galuh
Kingdom, which was also under the rule of the Tarumanegara Kingdom, withdrew from the rule of the
Tarumanegara Kingdom.

As a result of the power struggle after Linggawarman’s death, the ruins of the Tarumanegara Kingdom
eventually split into two kingdoms. The Kingdom of Sunda and the Kingdom of Galuh continued the
journey of the Tarumanegara Kingdom with their respective governments which were separated by the Citarum
River that stretched between the two. This collapse was also supported by an onslaught from
outside where at that time the Majapahit Kingdom began trying to attack and conquer the Tarumanegara
Kingdom.

Relics of the Tarumanegara Kingdom

Throughout its reign, the Kingdom of Tarumanegara left some historical evidence which can then be used as
historical sources for historians to this day. Evidence of the historical heritage of the
Tarumanegara Kingdom can be found in various forms, such as inscriptions, statues and literary works.
Here are some of the remains of the Tarumanegara Kingdom that still remain today.

Inscription

An inscription is a charter or document that can be used as a historical source. Usually,
inscriptions are written on a hard and durable material such as stone, metal, and ejection. In
proving the existence and history of the Tarumanegara Kingdom, historians obtained a lot of information from
the inscriptions found.

Throughout the archaeological excavations carried out so far, there are seven inscriptions which are proof
of the existence of the Tarumanegara Kingdom. These inscriptions were found scattered,
especially in the Bogor area where five were found, followed by in Jakarta where one remained, then in
Lebak, Banten which was found one. Here are seven inscriptions left by the Tarumanegara
Kingdom.

Ciaruteun or Ciampea inscription

This inscription was found in Ciampea, Bogor. In this inscription, we can find carvings of
spiders and footprints as well as poetry written in Palawa letters and in Sanskrit which reads “These
two (footprints) that are like (the soles of) Vishnu belong to the king of the world who is brave and famous.
Purnawarman the ruler of Tarumanagara.”

Jambu or Koleangkak inscription

This inscription was found in a Jambu plantation, about 30 km west of Bogor City. The
inscription, which is commonly called the Jambu Inscription, contains praise for the greatness, valor and
courage of King Purnawarman which reads, “The famous and loyal to his duties is the peerless king named Sri
Purnawarman who rules over Taruma and his armor cannot be penetrated by the arrows of his enemies. belongs
to these two footprints, which always succeeds in destroying the enemy’s fortress, which always gives a
banquet of courage (to those who are loyal to him), but is a thorn for his enemies.”

Coffee Plantation Inscription

This inscription was found in Muara Hilir, Cibungbulang. In this inscription, two elephant
feet can be found which are likened to the footprints of Airawati’s elephant, the elephant that was the
vehicle of Lord Vishnu.

Monument Inscription

This inscription contains the story of the excavation of the Cabdrabaga River by Jayasingawarman and the Gomati
River by Purnawarman.

Cidanghiang or Lebak inscription

This inscription was found in Pandeglang, Banten with the contents which read “This is a sign of true
virtuousness, majesty and courage from the king of the world, noble Purnawarman, who is the banner of all
kings.”

Muara Cianten inscription

The Muara Cianten inscription is one of the inscriptions left by the Tarumanegara kingdom and is located on
the banks of the Cisadane river, or more precisely near Muara Cianten. The full address is
Kampung Pasirmuara, Ciaruteun Ilir Village, Cibungbuang District, Bogor Regency.

Pasir Awi inscription

The Pasir Awi inscription is located in the Cipamingkis hill forest area, Bogor Regency. The
location of the height of this inscription is approximately 559 meters above sea level.

Statue

Arca is a sculptural art that has the purpose of being used to worship certain gods.
Throughout the historical excavations of the Tarumanegara Kingdom, statues were found,
including:

1. Rajarsi statue
2. Statue of Vishnu Cibuaya I
3. Statue of Vishnu Cibuaya II

Literature work

Literary works are one of the historical sources to trace the whereabouts of the Tarumanegara Kingdom. One
of the famous literary works at that time that has ever been found is the Wangsakerta Manuscript.
The manuscript was made by a team led by Prince Wangsakerta from Cirebon. The
manuscript was written from 1677 to 1698.

We have seen how the Tarumanegara Kingdom once had a huge influence on the history of the archipelago.
As one of the oldest kingdoms in the archipelago, the Tarumanegara Kingdom also experienced phases
of birth, glory, and collapse like other kingdoms.

Meanwhile, we can still trace further how the situation was at that time and how the description of the
founder of the Tarumanegara kingdom can be seen through the relics that have been found in
the present and there is still the opportunity to expand knowledge about it through the discovery of related
historical relics in the future.

Knowing history can add insight as well as our knowledge, you can also find out about history through history
books that can be found at sinaumedia.com . Reading lots of books and
articles will never hurt you, because Sinaumed’s will get #MoreWithReading information and
knowledge.

Regional songs of Papua – Indonesia are very well known as island nations, from Sabang to Merauke. In fact, there is a song that tells about the Indonesian archipelago, namely the song From Sabang to Merauke. With this song, it indicates that the area of ​​the territory of Indonesia is very wide.

In addition, each island in Indonesia has its own characteristics, ranging from musical instruments, traditional clothing, to songs. Songs originating from an area are better known by many Indonesians as “Regional Songs”. One of the many regional songs that have distinctive characteristics and can describe the people in that area is the Papuan folk song.

On this occasion, we will discuss more about Papuan folk songs . So, you can read this article to the end, Sinaumed’s.

Papua region

Papua province was previously named Irian Jaya which covers the entire western part of Papua. Since 2003 it has been divided into two provinces, with the eastern part still using the name West Papua (Pabar).

Papua Province has an area of ​​312,224.37 km² and is the largest and largest province in Indonesia. Papua Island is located at the eastern end of Indonesian territory, with potential natural resources that have economic and strategic value. Not only that, the island of Papua also always attracts tourists to come to this island because it is known for the beauty of its deep sea.

To the north it is bordered by the Pacific ocean. To the east it is bordered by the province of sandaun, Papua New Guinea. To the south it is bordered by the mountainous province of Papua, Central Papua. To the west it is bordered by the province of Central Papua.

The development of the origin of the name of the island of Papua has a long journey along with the history of interactions between foreign nations and Papuan people, including with local languages ​​in interpreting the name Papua. Before being divided, the island of Papua was a province of the Papua Province itself.

During the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies, this region of Papua was better known as Dutch New Guinea. Then, after joining the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), almost all of the island of Papua was known as the Province of West Irian from 1963 to 1973.

Then later, the name was changed to Irian Jaya by President Soeharto at the time of inaugurating the Freeport copper and gold mine. The name that remained officially used until its publication, Law No. 21 of 2001 concerning the Special Autonomy of Papua mandated the name of this province to be changed to Papua.

In 2003, accompanied by various protests, Papua was divided into two provinces by the Indonesian government. In the eastern part it still uses the name Papua while in the western part it becomes West Irian Jaya Province and then becomes West Papua. This eastern part is now the province of Papua.

The name West Papua is still often used by the Free Papua Organization (OPM), a separatist movement that wants to separate from Indonesia and form its own state. Papua is an island located in the north of Australia and is part of the eastern region of Indonesia.

Most of Papua’s mainland is still in the wilderness. Papua is still a form of wilderness. Papua is the second largest island in the world after Greenland.

About 47 percent of the territory of the island of Papua is part of Indonesia, which is known as Netherland New Guinea, West Irian, West Irian and Irian Jaya and recently known as Papua.

The other half of this island territory is the territory of the island nation of Papua New Guinea (Papua New Guinea), which is a former British colony. The population of the two countries actually have ethnic kinship, but then they are separated by a border line.

Papua has an area of ​​421,981 square kilometers with a population of only around 2.3 million. More than 71% of Papua’s territory is a stretch of tropical rainforest which is difficult to penetrate because it consists of steep valleys and high mountains and some of these mountains are covered with snow. The border between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea is marked by 141 east longitude which cuts the island of Papua from north to south.

Like most other islands in the South Pacific, the Papuans come from mainland Asia who migrate by ship. The migration began 30,000 to 50,000 years ago.

Therefore, many activities are difficult to do in order to reach the city, resulting in them being outside of modern Indonesian civilization because it will be very difficult for them to make voyages to other islands that are farther away. European explorers who first came to Papua called the local population Melanesians.

Papuan Food

Not only the beauty of tourism that is owned, but also delicious and diverse food. If you visit Papua, of course the taste will be very lacking if you don’t have culinary specialties from Papua. The following are typical Papuan foods that must be tried:

1. Papeda

If Sinaumed’s visits Papua, it won’t be complete without tasting the pleasures of Papeda. This food is a substitute for rice as a carbohydrate in Papua. Papeda itself is made from the sago tree which is squeezed, filtered, and then cooked.

Its thick and dense texture makes some people feel challenged the first time they eat it because it’s not easy. The plain taste of papeda is usually combined with yellow sauce, fish and other vegetables.

If Sinaumed’s wants to know more about Papuan sago, you can buy the book below at sinaumedia.com .

2. Cheating Shrimp

This one food has a name that is quite unique, namely Cheating Shrimp. The name of this cheating shrimp is obtained from the shape of the shrimp’s claws which resemble crabs, so it seems as if they are cheating on their identity.

The type of shrimp used in cheating shrimp is a freshwater crayfish, so it is not surprising that it is very large in size. Cheating prawns are usually cooked by frying or boiling.

3. Sago caterpillar

Another typical Papuan food with a unique taste is the sago caterpillar. This unique food is usually consumed by the Kamoro tribe because it is considered to have a high vitamin content. As the name implies, this caterpillar is found on old and weathered sago stems. One of the dishes made with sago caterpillar as the main ingredient is mangosteen.

4. Ants Nest

Ant nest is a plant that can be easily found in Papua. This food is quite busy being hunted by tourists because it is believed to be able to treat various types of diseases thanks to its various nutritional content. Ant nest plants are usually found on the sidelines of rocks.

5. Lontar Cake

In a way, lontar cakes are Papuan-style milk pies . With a center that has a soft texture and a fairly hard edge of the cake, lontar cakes will remind you of Balinese milk pies, only they are larger in size. That said, the name of this cake used to be rontart. However, because the pronunciation is quite difficult, the people of Papua call it lontar cake.

6. Sago Plate

The typical Papuan food made from sago is plate sago. The taste of the sago plate itself is actually bland. But now, you can enjoy it with a sweet taste thanks to the existing modifications.

Apart from sago, this one food also has a mixture of peanuts, coconut and sugar. You can easily enjoy the hard texture by dipping it in a cup of coffee or tea.

7. Manokwari Grilled Fish

Of course, this grilled fish can be easily found in the Manokwari area, Papua. Sinaumed’s can easily find grilled Manokwari fish at roadside food stalls. The main ingredient used for this typical Papuan food is tuna with the addition of a typical Papuan chili sauce.

To get recipes for Indonesian and Papuan specialties, Sinaumed’s can read books available at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best!

 

Example of Papuan Blood Song

It turns out that Papuan songs do not only contain a collection of rhythmic lyrics, but also contain messages and advice to listeners. This was discovered by Umm Fatimah Ria Lestari’s research in her journal entitled Didactic Elements in the Poetry of the Papuan People’s Song , which was published by the “Papua Language Center and West Papua Province”.

In the journal it can be concluded that the educational elements contained in it include:

1. The intellectual element, in this case, is the attitude of being diligent or serious in studying, the attitude of being independent, the attitude of protecting nature and its contents, the attitude of never giving up, the attitude of mutual cooperation, togetherness or cooperation.
2. The elements of ethics and religion, in this case, are respect for parents, friendship, toughness and mutual love.
3. The philosophical element, in this case, is the attitude of love for the homeland (land of birth, land of hometown).

In addition to the three explanations above of how valuable Papuan regional songs are, in some of the lyrics of the song titles there are elements of ownership and struggle.

For most people, Papuan folk songs are often heard, such as Yamko Rambe Yamko, Apuse, and Sasojo. In fact, there are a lot of Papuan regional songs, without further ado, here are some lyrics from Papuan regional songs.

1. Sajojo

Sajojo, sajojo
Yumanampo mass papara
Samuna muna muna Keke
Samuna muna muna Keke

Sajojo, sajojo
Yumanampo mass papara
Samuna muna muna Keke
Samuna muna muna Keke

Sajojo, sajojo
Yumanampo mass papara
Samuna muna muna Keke
Samuna muna muna Keke

Kuserai, kuserai, rai-rai-rai-rai
Kuserai, kuserai, rai-rai-rai-rai
Inamgo mikim ye
KIA afternoon, afternoon break, yes
Inamgo mikim ye
KIA afternoon, afternoon break

Sajojo, sajojo
Yumanampo mass papara
Samuna hypocrites Keke
Sajojo. Sajojo
Yumanampo mass papara
Samuna

2. Yamko Rambe yamko

Hee yamko rambe yamko aronawa Kombe
Hee yamko rambe yamko aronawa Kombe

Teemi nokibe kubano ko bombeko
Yumano bungo awe ade
Teemi nokibe kubano ko bombe ko
Yumano bungo awe ade

Hongke hongke hongke riro
Hongke Jombe jombe riro
Hongke hongke hongke riro
Hongke jombe jombe riro

3. Apuse

Apuse cocoon Dao
Yarabe Soren doreri
Wuf lenso bani nema baki Pase
Apuse cocoon dao
Yarabe Soren doreri
Wuf lenso bani nema baki Pase
Arafabye aswarakwar
Arafabye aswarakwar

4. Diru diru Nina

Diru diru Nina…o..wa
Sawape diru Nina
Nina o…

Diru diru Nina…o…wa
Sawape diru Nina
Nina o…

Amai yenusi rumape fine…a
Sawape diru Nina, Nina o…

Amai yenusi rumape fine..a
Sawape diru nina, Nina o…

Diru diru Nina..o..wa
Sawape diru Nina

Diru diru Nina…o..wa
Sawape diru Nina
Nina o…

Amenya akanya
Amenya akanya

Dinoyo…and Seno
Dato Usa soon…

Amenya Ba Akenya ba
Danioyo…and Seno
Datousa sega…

5. Mowi soup huh

Awin Kamam Sye Ai Awino Supinema
Dorek Arwo Sonai Arwo Napur Cancer

Aibon bonjos be suranda
Kaymara bruno arwo
Ai awino sye ai awin, mowiya soup

Awin kamam sye ai awino supinema
Orya isyun imbruk Mura ifur karkar

Sarai tomorrow Rin ya Isik,
Kyamara brin Mandira
Ai awino sye ai awin sup mowiya

 

6. Pick a chord

Pasi barekna Paik akori, Paik beyun yaswar muraro
Ras bayun yabe sonai Yaman soup Rik nadairo
Yarir yaburo bubes ayena, Sarai ayena yendisarena
Be soup amberi murem wambarek knam fawawi
Yorfa Sinar Kamasan color ya besoruya
Insa y sarai sweet Kabarei, sondi kabarei
Insa yakaber raso yakaber ,
Be bubes bosen saprop ayena
Yoma yaker yanak yamun do mob ayena

7. Rofandu

Rofandu laden with delicious
Yber faro manseren
Ronangi mobe kaki be advise
Insama rasya yabor yaye last
Imboi yakenem so Allah mami ro
Korea Sabe Korea

Sye stiff and rakem nanggau
Inema ya nanjar
Sye karwaro karwar kaku
Inema yafafko

Sinar yafo be targeting
Sinar ya pakrek nadi
Fakman targeting yena
Insana yaksun ro koreri wa

Sye…kaku and rakem nanggau
Inema ya nanjar
Sye..karwaro karwar kaku
Inema yafafko

Sinar yafo be targeting
Sinar ya pakrek nadi
Fakman targeting yena
Fakman barbor yena
Insana yaksun ro koreri wa

Fakman targets yena
Fakman barbor yena
Insana yaksun ro koreri wa

8. Akai bipa mare

Akai bipa mare
Ata Mare mare raune
Akai bipa mare
Ata Mare mare raune

The work of anamore village
Pokani wants waya Ima Moko maku

9. Padaido

Aimando mios Ayedi Padaido
Adira Mowi bedawu nawa
Fafisu yabe kapira ro menu Yedi
Sinan APUS sube manmin ya Rao
Payamyum sawarwar subena
Yaswar suara

Padaido mios ayedi au monda
Ro soup Bondi yaswar ma yamander

Man yainebyaro soup bondi
Saneri ‘fur saneso rao
Ras risa na yakaber Mura ro
Be aimando mios Kasun ayedi
Bosen inasmano insareko
Yaswar na ara

Padaido yasuri yabaro
Yenbepioper yas yamasasi ro

Bape sy arafabye
Inema yabor yayera

Marisen bepon nawayan naburo

Apus annoys Yesu Suburo
Adira Mowi on the beep of
Yuswana Ara

10. I’m insose

Insose rasinema wayun waburo
Warbe supo bondina
Insose rasinema wayun waburo
Warbe supo bondina

Sondayu ran seduces
Kube mura mumaro
Yan seduces sondayu
Kube mura mumaro

Sye….e..e..ro
Insos waswar ya bake

Sye….e..e..ro
Insos Yaswar AU Rao

Discussing the island of Papua is of course endless. Sinaumed’s can get more information about Papua by reading books available at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, we always try to give the best, especially in providing #MoreWithReading information.

The order of the human digestive organs – As living things, in our bodies, food will go on an extraordinary journey to increase energy intake as well as being the support of life. Starting from the mouth to the anus, the journey that food takes is with the digestive system. In the midst of the journey, we will get the benefits of food: nutrients and energy will be transferred throughout the body.

Enzymes and digestive organs help the human digestive system work. After passing through the digestive system, nutrients will be absorbed from food and distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. Leftover food whose “contents” have been absorbed must be removed from the body in the form of feces.

Step by step, this is an explanation of how the digestive system works and the order of its organs, Sinaumed’s!

What Is the Digestive System?

The digestive system is a system that consists of the digestive tract which is also often referred to as the GI tract, plus the pancreas, to the gallbladder. The alimentary canal itself is a series of hollow organs joined by a long, twisting tube, which runs from the mouth to the anus.

The hollow organs that are included in the digestive tract, such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, to the anus. The liver, pancreas and gallbladder are included in the digestive system as solid organs.

Basic Biochemistry: Digestion and Absorption of Food

In the small intestine, there are three parts. The first part is the duodenum . In the middle, there is the jejunum and at the end is the ileum. Meanwhile, things that are in the large intestine are the appendix, cecum, large intestine, rectum. There is a finger-shaped pouch attached to the cecum, called the appendix.

The cecum itself is the first part of the large intestine after which it is called the large intestine. Meanwhile, the end of the large intestine is the rectum.

In our digestive tract, there is a normal bacterial flora or microbiome that aids in digestion. In addition, parts of our NIH circulatory system and external links also help. They work with hormones, nerves, blood, bacteria, and our digestive organs in digesting the food and fluids we consume every day.

Order of the Human Digestive Organs

Sinaumed’s, let’s get to know the order of the human digestive organs before discussing the importance and how to maintain their health. Check it out below!

1. Mouth

The beginning of the digestive tract is the first organ we should all be familiar with: the mouth. In fact, digestion begins even before we actually take a bite of food in our mouths. When we see and smell the aroma of bread or rice with delicious side dishes, our salivary glands are active.

When we start eating, we chew our food into smaller, easier-to-digest pieces. The food mixes with saliva and begins to break down into simpler forms for the body to absorb and use. When we swallow, our tongue presses the food into the esophagus.

2. Esophagus

The esophagus is located in the throat, to be precise, near the trachea or windpipe. Food enters the esophagus from the mouth when we swallow. A small fold called the epiglottis will fold over the throat at that time, so that food doesn’t mistakenly enter the trachea which is the respiratory tract. If that happens, we will choke.

With muscle contractions that form peristalsis in the esophagus, food will be delivered from our mouth to our stomach. However, a ring-like muscle at the bottom of the esophagus called the esophageal sphincter must relax to allow food to enter. The muscle then contracts and prevents stomach contents from moving back up into the esophagus.
If the esophageal sphincter doesn’t contract and food travels back up into the esophagus, you may experience heartburn or acid reflux.

3. Stomach

The stomach is a hollow organ that functions as a “container” that holds food when it is mixed with gastric enzymes. With these enzymes, food continues the process of breaking down into a form that the body can use more and more. The cells in the lining of our stomach secrete strong acids and enzymes that are tasked with doing so.

After that, the food will be delivered again to the small intestine.

4. Pancreas

Digestive enzymes are enzymes released by the pancreas into the duodenum which will break down proteins, fats and carbohydrates. This organ also creates insulin and passes it on to the bloodstream. For information, insulin is the main hormone for sugar metabolism in our body.

5. Gallbladder

The gallbladder organ is in charge of storing and concentrating bile from the liver and then releasing it into the duodenum in the small intestine which will help absorb and digest fat.

6. Small intestine

This is the small intestine which has three segments: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The 22-foot-long muscular tube that breaks down food with enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver is the small intestine. This organ also has peristalsis which facilitates the movement of food and mixing with digestive juices from the pancreas and liver.

In the small intestine, the duodeni, is in charge of processing sustained digestive slowdowns. Meanwhile, the lower jejunum and ileum are tasked with absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream.

Food that is processed in the small intestine is initially semi-solid and ends in a liquid form. This is because of the contribution between water, bile, enzymes, and mucus in the change in consistency. Food is moved to the large intestine after the nutrients have been absorbed and the remaining food has passed through the small intestine.

7. Colon

The process of “waste” food until we empty our stomach comfortably will be the responsibility of the large intestine. This organ is a 6-foot-long tube of muscle that connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine consists of the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon which are connected to the rectum.

Food waste or dirt left over from the digestive process will pass through the large intestine with peristalsis, and initially in liquid form and finally into a solid form. After the stool has passed through the large intestine, water is released and the feces are stored in the sigmoid colon until movement directs them to the rectum once a day or two.

Generally, it takes about 36 hours for stool to pass through the colon. Most of the dirt that is there is leftover food and bacteria. Some useful functions will be carried out by good bacteria, such as processing waste and food bacteria, synthesizing various vitamins, to protecting us from harmful bacteria.

When the large intestine is full of stool, it empties its contents by directing it into the rectum to make us begin the process of elimination, aka defecating.

8. Rectum

The 8-inch straight space is the rectum which connects the large intestine to the anus. The rectum itself is in charge of receiving feces from the large intestine, signaling to us that there is feces that must be removed, to hold feces until “evacuation” occurs. When something in the form of gas or feces enters the rectum, the sensor will send a message to our brain which finally decides the possibility of excretion.

If according to our brain, the dirt can be expelled at that time, then the sphincter will relax and the rectum will contract to throw it away. If the stool cannot be removed at that time, the sphincter will actually contract and the rectum will accommodate, so that the feeling of heartburn will temporarily disappear.

9. Anus

The last part or organ of the digestive system is the anus. The anus itself is a canal that is 2 inches long, consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The upper lining of the anus can detect rectal contents. This is what allows us to know whether the contents are solid, liquid, or just gas.

At the anus, there is a sphincter muscle that surrounds and functions to control stool. An angle is created between the rectum and anus due to the pelvic floor muscles. This angle is useful for preventing stool from coming out when it shouldn’t.

The internal sphincter itself is always tight except when feces enters the rectum. Thus, we will not be able to defecate unconsciously, like when we sleep soundly.
When the urge to go to the toilet, we will rely on the external sphincter to hold the stool until it reaches the toilet. After that, then he relaxes to expel feces.
How Important and What is the Role of the Digestive System?

Our bodies need nutrition from food and drink in order to stay healthy and work properly. That is why the digestive system is so important. Nutrition itself, including protein, fat, vitamins, carbohydrates, NIH external links, minerals, and water. With the digestive system, nutrients can be broken down into parts that are small enough for our bodies to absorb and use as energy for cell growth and repair.

Here are the details:

• Protein breaks down into amino acids.
• Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Carbohydrates break down into simple sugars.

Every organ in our digestive system can help move food and liquids along the digestive tract. They also break down the food and liquid into smaller, and even smaller, parts.
After that, then our body can absorb and transfer nutrients to various places in our body. When the large intestine absorbs water and food waste into stool, hormones and nerves help control the digestive process.

The First Step Overcoming Digestive Problems

 

 

 

What Happens To Digested Food?

Most of the nutrients in our food are absorbed by the small intestine. Meanwhile, the circulatory system will pass it on to other parts of the body for storage or use. In that case, special cells help nutrients that are absorbed pass through the intestinal lining into the blood. So, the blood will carry sugar, amino acids, glycerol, to vitamins and salts to the liver. After the nutrients are processed, they will be sent directly to the body when needed.

There is also a network of vessels that carry white blood cells and lymph throughout the body to fight infection, absorb fatty acids, and vitamins, which is called the lymph system.

Our bodies will also be able to use amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol to build substances for energy, growth, and cell repair.
How the Body Controls the Digestive System

Our hormones and nerves work together to help control the digestive process. Signals flow within the digestive tract and back and forth from the GI tract to our brains.

Hormone

The cells that line the stomach and small intestine make and release hormones that control how our digestive system works. These hormones tell the body when to make digestive juices and send signals to the brain that we are hungry or full. Our pancreas also creates an important hormone for digestion, Sinaumed’s.

Nerve

We have nerves that connect the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord, to the digestive system and control some of the digestive functions. For example, when we see or smell food, the brain will send a signal that causes the salivary glands to make our mouth water to prepare ourselves to receive food.

We also have an enteric nervous system (ENS), which is the nerves in the walls of the digestive tract. When food stretches against the walls of the digestive tract, our ENS nerves release many different substances that speed up or delay the movement of food and the production of digestive juices. Nerves send signals to control the action of our intestinal muscles to contract and relax to push food through our intestines.

Disturbances in the Digestive System

What are some common conditions that affect the digestive system?

There are temporary and long-term or chronic conditions, diseases, and disorders that affect the digestive system. So, it’s normal that we sometimes have conditions such as constipation, diarrhea, or heartburn from time to time.

If you often experience digestive problems like this, be sure to contact your doctor. This could be a sign of a more serious disorder that requires medical attention and treatment.

Short-term or temporary conditions that affect the digestive system include:

Constipation

Constipation generally occurs when we have bowel movements less frequent than usual. When constipated, our stools are often dry and hard, making it difficult and painful to have a bowel movement.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea is when we have loose or runny stools. Diarrhea can be caused by many things, including bacteria, but sometimes the cause isn’t known.

Hemorrhoids

Swollen hemorrhoids, enlarged veins that form inside and outside our anus and rectum. They can be painful, uncomfortable and cause rectal bleeding.

Stomach Flu (Gastroenteritis)

Stomach flu is an infection of the stomach and upper small intestine that is usually caused by a virus. Usually, this lasts less than a week. In fact, millions of people get the stomach flu every year.

Boil

Ulcers are sores that develop on the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine. The most common causes of boils are infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen.

Gallstones

Gallstones are small pieces of solid material formed from digestive juices that form in the gallbladder, the small organ beneath our liver.

How to Maintain Digestive Health

If you have a medical condition, always ask your doctor about what we should do. Don’t forget to eat to stay healthy and be able to manage the condition. In general, the following are ways to maintain a healthy digestive system:

• Drink water often
• Eat fibrous
• Eat a balanced diet
• Eat foods with probiotics or take probiotic supplements
• Don’t rush and chew your food well
• Do sports exercises
• Avoid cigarettes and alcohol
• Manage stress

Anatomy Physiology Textbook and Digestive System Disorders

 

 

Closing

The digestive system in our body already has its own role. Therefore, if there is a part of the human digestive system that is injured or sick, the digestive system may not work well. Therefore, we should maintain a healthy lifestyle so that the digestive organs can function properly.

One healthy lifestyle that can be done to maintain the digestive system is to eat nutritious food. Thus the discussion about the order of the human digestive organs , hopefully this is useful, Sinaumed’s.

That is an explanation regarding the digestive system and the sequence of our digestive organs. If you want to learn more about digestion and our body, you can buy the book via sinaumedia.com . So, you can be #MoreWithReading .