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Definition of BI Checking – In this day and age, surely many people need additional funds to be able to fulfill their daily needs, such as buying a house, vehicle, or other needs.

Therefore, you could say borrowing money from a bank might be a solution that can be considered. Now, to be able to apply for credit to a bank, the BI Checking process must be carried out first.

Many people don’t know what BI Checking is? How does it work? The following is information about what BI Checking is and how it works. Listen to this explanation until the end, Sinaumed’s.

Definition of BI Checking

Previously, there were 3 types of credit including Unsecured Loans (KTA), Home Ownership Loans (KPR), and credit cards. If you make an application, then you will go through the BI Checking process, which means checking historical Individual Debtor (IDI) information, which records the smooth or bad credit payments you make.

This incoming information is in the debtor/SID information system which has now changed its name to the Financial Information Service System (SLIK) due to a change in supervision from BI to the Financial Services Authority (OJK).

Information on the credit history of banking or other financial institution customers is called a debtor information service (iDEB). Banks and a financing and financial institution that have access to debtor data, and are obliged to report debtor data to the Debtor Information System (SID).

BI Checking and Historical IDI which will store all debtor identities, owners, facilities for providing funds or financing received, collateral, guarantor, and collectibility. Many kinds of information from BI Checking can be accessed by members of the Credit Information Bureau every 24 hours per day.

Get to know a little about OJK SLIK

As of January 1 2018, debtor status is no longer in the BI Checking system. This is because the function originally owned by BI Checking has now shifted to OJK with the Financial Information Service System or what we call today as SLIK. This system will continue the tasks of Bank Indonesia related to the debtor’s credit status. Similar to BI Checking, SLIK also contains important information about the debtor’s credit history, payment installments, and collateralized assets.

The difference between BI Checking and OJK SLIK

When viewed in terms of tasks and functions, there is actually no significant difference between the two. The only difference is the institution that oversees it. Initially, BI Checking which was directly supervised by BI is now being forwarded to the SLIK system which is supervised by OJK.

With BI Checking or SLIK, an individual or an institution can check the credit quality using a service that is often referred to as the iDEB service or Debtor information. Just like BI Checking, SLIK also has the goal of facilitating banks in conducting screening and minimizing debtor default status.

Advantages of BI Checking and OJK SLIK

There are several points of advantage that can be obtained from the BI checking/ SLIK OJK credit status monitoring system, including:

1. Can be used as a process of analyzing one’s credit capabilities.
2. Can minimize the risk of one’s default in the future.
3. Can be used to give reputation value to the debtor.
4. It can be used by debtors to improve their credit status, which will later be useful in making it easier to obtain loans from a bank or other financial institution.

Functions of BI Checking

This BI Checking is very important to do because in order to find out the credit history to find out the collectibility status of the debtor. Whether the debtor can pay off all the credit given or not. In addition, BI Checking can also prevent bad credit from occurring.

Apparently, there are several functions carried out by BI Checking in the Indonesian banking world, including:

● First

It is very clear from the function of this integrated information system is to collect all data on debtors who have applied for credit to banks or other financial institutions. As a database that is managed directly by official state financial institutions, the confidentiality of information is guaranteed and access to this information has strict regulations.

● Second

As a reference for assessing a bank or financial institution when it has responded to a credit application. Because the debtor’s history can be seen very clearly, financial institutions can assess whether this prospective debtor has the credibility needed when getting a loan.

● Third

As a basis for analyzing credit applications that have been submitted, and analyzing the ability of a debtor to return the debt he has. Starting from discipline, the amount of money borrowed, the ability to pay, and others.

BI Checking Credit Score

When applying for credit, debtor customers will be given a score based on collectibility records. Here are the details of the scores:

● Score 1

Current credit, which means that the debtor always performs his obligations in paying installments every month and the interest is paid off without even being in arrears.

● Score 2

It is a DPK credit or can be called a special mention credit, which means that the debtor is counted in arrears on credit installments for 1-90 days.

● Score 3

Non-current credit, which means the debtor is counted as not paying credit installments for 91-120 days.

● Score 4

Doubtful credit, this can happen because the debtor has been counted in arrears on credit installments from 121-180 days.

● Score 5

Bad credit, which means the debtor is in arrears on credit installments for more than 180 days.

If a prospective debtor has a score of 3, a score of 4, and a score of 5, then he will be blacklisted by BI Checking, and the bank assesses that the prospective debtor has a score that is experiencing problems or is often referred to as a Non-Performing Loan (NPL).

The NPL indicator is very useful for banks, because it can measure how healthy a bank is. Because the NPL makes the bank’s capital continue to decrease, so it will not get the desired return.

Then, for a score of 2, the bank considers it something that still needs to be monitored, because debtors may experience NPLs. For debtors who get a score of 1, the bank will immediately process the credit they want. Debtors who get a score of 1 are highly favored by the bank.

However, the best way to get a good credit status is to pay your obligations on time. However, to improve your bad credit status, you can come directly to Bank Indonesia with a letter of explanation from your bank to arrange BI Checking status if all debts have been paid.

Tips for Safe BI Checking

If you have bad credit, then your reputation will not be good in the BI Checking records, including if you want to make a loan through a banking institution it will be difficult.

In the problem of bad credit, there are also many problems in matters of property ownership. This concern is also growing, especially among millennials.

How to View BI Checking Status Offline

The public can also view this information to see their credit history. The following is the procedure for viewing the status of BI Checking offline at the OJK office

1. Prepare a KTP for Indonesian Citizens (WNI) or passports for Foreign Citizens (WNA). For debtors who already have a business entity, they are required to bring a photocopy of the identity of the business entity and its management.
2. Come to the OJK office to fill out the SID application form.
3. If the documents are complete, the OJK officer will print the IDEB results.

How to View BI Checking Status Online

Apart from looking offline , you can also see the status of BI Checking online. Here is the procedure:

1.  Visit the SLIK application page
2.  Fill in the form and the queue number
3.  Scan and upload the required documents, such as KTP for Indonesian citizens and passports for foreigners. For business entities, it is mandatory to attach management identity, NPWP, and deed of company establishment.
4. Wait for the confirmation email from OJK
5.  The data will be verified, then the applicant will receive a notification from the OJK in the form of an online SLIK queue no later than D-2 from the queue date.
6.  Then, the customer prints the form, then signs 3 times
7.  Scan the signed form again to the WhatsApp number listed in the email along with a selfie photo by showing your KTP.
8.  Next, there will be verification, continue via WhatsApp and make video calls if necessary.
9. If it passes verification, IDEB SLIK results will be sent via email.

Documents to Request an IDeb at the OJK Office

If a debtor comes to OJK with supporting documents and fills out the debtor’s request form. The SLIK service serves three types of debtors to be able to request IDeb data, as follows:

1. Individual Debtors

• Photocopy of original identity using KTP for Indonesian Citizens (WNI) and passports for Foreign Citizens (WNA).
• If authorized, complete the original power of attorney with signatures and identity documents of the recipient of power in the form of KTP for Indonesian citizens and passports for foreigners.

2. Debtors who have passed away

Photocopy of original identity by showing documents in the form of identity of parties who have family relations or heirs of the debtor in the form of ID cards for Indonesian citizens and passports for foreigners.

3. Business Entity Debtors

1. Legalized photocopy of business entity identity and management identity along with the original identity of the director of the business entity.
2. TIN of business entity
3. Deed of establishment of business entity
4. The final articles of association that make up the composition and management of a business entity.
5. If authorized, complete the document in points 1-4 with the original power of attorney in the form of a signature and the identity document of the attorney in the form of a KTP.

How to Read BI Checking Information or SLIK Debtors

The debtor information form above contains complete information regarding search information, main data of the debtor, owner or manager, summary of facilities, credit or financing, collateral and guarantor.

Information about this SLIK debtor is confidential personal data and may not be disseminated. Therefore, we can be sure that the information was collected by ourselves. For clearer information, you can view SLIK or BI Checking debtor information on the ojk.go.id website .

How to Clear Names in BI Checking

Weaknesses from BI Checking or Historical IDI if the debtor gets a score of 3 because there are installments in arrears that can interfere if you want to apply for credit. However, you don’t need to worry, because BI Checking can make a bad score clean or also called bleaching by doing the following:

1. Credit installments or debts that are not paid / in arrears must be paid off immediately. Because at any bank you apply for credit, it is certain that you will not get approval because your score or record is still bad.
2. After paying off the credit or debt installment arrears, look at the existing BI Checking and see if the score has changed. If there have been no changes, then you can submit a complaint to the bank where you applied for credit.
3. Bring a letter in the form of an explanation or clarification from the bank where you applied for credit, then confirm to the OJK that you have completed your credit obligations. Then wait until the BI Checking is completely clean.

How to Avoid Bad Credit

For those who have no experience in managing finances well, sometimes they still cannot manage loan money. Then how to avoid this bad credit so that the BI Checking status remains safe?

1. Don’t apply for a credit card

If you have just applied for a mortgage for less than two years, your credit score will still be positive. Even so, don’t try to add to the loan using a credit card.

This is because having this credit card will trigger the owner to shop for consumer goods. The more the number of installment bills per month, the greater the risk of bad credit that you will experience and your BI Checking status will be at stake.

2. Pay bills on time with the maximum amount

One of the customer habits that triggers bad credit and affects the status of BI Checking is being late to pay monthly bills. Not only mortgage installments, but also electricity bills, telephone bills, and others.

Get used to paying all monthly bills on time with the maximum amount you can afford. Take advantage of the reminder / reminder application on your cellphone.

3. Avoid the minimum payment on a credit card

Many people often use a minimum payment or often referred to as a minimum payment to pay credit card bills and that’s actually okay. However, are you ready to pay the price? As a result, yes in the form of BI Checking. There is no guarantee that your debt will not accumulate, so you will have difficulty paying credit card bills.

4. Make a Target Budget

Start changing your old habits of spending unlimited money into someone who makes a budget for spending every month in a disciplined manner. Then, track these expenses for every transaction that goes in and out of money in your account.

Therefore, if you track your monthly expenses, you will be able to keep your BI Checking status safe.

5. Make payment in cash

Often you make transactions using a debit card or credit card. A study states that a person tends to spend around 18% more money when using electronic money. So, get used to paying using cash and start thinking twice about using money already stored in your wallet.

6. Take credit according to your needs and abilities

Lots of people nowadays are very concerned with a luxurious lifestyle, so spending is more than income, the easiest option to get fast money is through a credit card. Remember, you have to be aware of the limit where your ability to pay. Lower your prestige, lest you score a lot of debt.

Thus the discussion on BI Checking, starting from the meaning of BI Checking, to the BI Checking credit score. Hopefully all the discussion above can add to your insight.

If you want to find a book about economics, then you can find it at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Dennis Tan Kurniawan

For Sinaumed’s who have vacation plans to countries on the European continent. It’s good, to get to know the climate of Continental Europe first. By knowing the climate on the blue continent, you can certainly maximize your time when visiting there.

Well, this article will discuss the climate of the European Continent and various other interesting things. For more details, let’s see the review below!

Overview of Continental Europe

Europe is a continent consisting of the Eurasian peninsula to the west and occupies almost one-fifth of the world’s total land area. Europe itself can be said to be the second smallest continent in the world, with an area of ​​around 10,180,000 square kilometers. The European region is surrounded by many bays, fjords and seas. However, the coastline of this continent is irregular with a length of about 24,000 miles or the equivalent of 38,000 km.

Astronomically, the European Continent is located between 9º West Longitude (BB) – 60º East Longitude (BT) and 35º North Latitude (N) – 80º North Latitude (N). Meanwhile, when viewed in terms of geographical location, the boundaries of the European Continent, namely the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Asian Continent in the east, the Mediterranean Sea or Mediterranean Sea in the south, and the Atlantic Ocean in the west.

In addition, there are two large peninsulas that belong to the European Continent, including the European mainland and the Scandinavian region. Three other smaller peninsulas, namely Iberia, Italy and the Balkans are located in the south and directly face the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Sea is the boundary between the continent of Europe and Africa.

Regarding regional division, the European continent is divided into four regions, namely Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and Northern Europe. It’s just that the territorial divisions of the adult European continent are starting to fade. This is due to ties or cooperation economically and politically through the European Union agreement, or commonly known as the European Union.

Based on data quoted from Worldometers, there are 44 countries on the European Continent. A total of 10 countries are in the Eastern European region. Furthermore, there are 10 countries in Northern Europe. In addition, there are 15 countries in Southern Europe and 9 countries in Western Europe.

European Continental Climate

The European continent is basically famous for its winter. This is because this continent is outside the tropics so it tends to have subtropical and temperate climates. As a result, countries on the European continent have four seasons, namely spring, summer, autumn and winter. The following are climate characteristics on the European Continent, namely:

1. Climate of the Western European Continent

The west coast of Continental Europe has a climate that is influenced by the sea climate of the Atlantic ocean. The warm currents that often flow from the Atlantic Ocean keep the coastal areas in the area from freezing. This means that this area has moderate temperatures throughout the year, a low annual temperature range, and high rainfall. In addition, rainfall in Western Europe is quite abundant and the summer air is relatively cool.

Some countries in Western Europe that experience an oceanic climate are the United Kingdom (including England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), Ireland, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.

2. Central European Continental Climate

The central part of Continental Europe is a transition between a wet maritime climate and a dry continental climate. In addition, the Central European and Eastern European regions also have an eclectic grouping of climate systems, namely subarctic, humid continental, cold semi-arid, and subarctic climates continuing from Scandinavia to western Russia.

Further, there is a humid continental climate, covering most of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland and Moldova, as well as parts of Russia, Ukraine, Romania and Slovenia.

3. Climate of the Southern European Continent

The southern part of the European Continent has a warmer climate due to the influence of the Mediterranean sea climate and winds from hot desert areas. This means that this area also has cool, wet winters and relatively dry summers. In addition, the sky conditions throughout the year are also bright. Meanwhile, rainfall in Southern Europe is strongly influenced by maritime air masses or sea climate.

4. Climate of the North European Continent

The northern part of the European Continent has a colder climate because it is influenced by the polar climate. As a result, the region has long winters and short summers. This type of climate is usually found in Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Alps, and several other highlands.

Conditions on the Continent of Europe 

Please note, the natural conditions on the European Continent have their own characteristics. There are 4 categories of landscapes in Continental Europe. Well, here is an explanation of the four natural landscapes on the European Continent, namely:

1. Old Mountains in the north 

The continent of Europe has one of the most extensive mountain ranges in the world, those mountains are the old Mountains located in the regions of Norway, the Scottish highlands, and the northwestern highlands of Ireland.

2. Russian lowlands

Besides having mountainous areas, the European Continent also has a very famous lowland landscape located in Russia. This lowland area contains old metamorphose rocks. This type of rock used to sink to the bottom of the sea and at one time reappeared.

3. Great European Lowland 

After the Russian lowlands, the European continent still has a lowland that is between the old mountains in the north and the young mountains of the Alpine system. Most of this area has an altitude of less than 500 meters above sea level.

This is what makes two-thirds of the continent of Europe is lowland. This lowland stretches from western Europe to eastern Europe and is surrounded by the Ural Mountains. In addition, this plain is also in the middle of the Caspian Sea Lake, the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea, the Alps, and the Eastern Scandinavian region.

4. Young fold mountains in the South 

Young fold mountains are the result of activity that occurred during the tertiary period in parts of Southern Europe. This mountain range has the shape of a short arc that stretches from southwest to northeast.

This folding mountain path on the European Continent is composed of the Alps, Ural Mountains, and the Caucasus mountains. These three mountain ranges became known as part of the Circum Mediterranean Mountains system.

Population Composition of the European Continent

The population of the European Continent is basically not evenly distributed. This is because the distribution of the population of the European Continent is influenced by natural conditions and economic progress. The most densely populated Continental Europe tends to be in lowland areas around industrial centers.

Meanwhile, the low population density of the European Continent is mostly in high mountain areas, namely the Meseta mountains in Spain, the Alps, Alpenia, and so on. This also applies to other mountains that have infertile conditions, such as the limestone areas in Yugoslavia, Midi in France, Arctic Russia, Pripet Swamp, and the saline steppes north of the Caspian Sea.

According to data taken in 2019, the population of the European continent is around 748,150,542 people. Of all the countries on the European continent, the countries with the most population are in Russia, Germany, England, France and Italy.

The population of the European Continent has a very diverse composition. Nonetheless, most of the inhabitants of this continent are descended from the Caucasoid nation which is divided into several ethnic groups. According to race and physical characteristics, the European population can be divided into 5 ethnic groups. The following is an explanation of the 5 ethnic groups of the inhabitants of the European Continent, namely:

1. The Nordics

The inhabitants of Western Europe to Northern Europe are descended from the Nordics. The Nordics themselves are a people who once inhabited the area now known as Norway, England, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, Belgium and northern Germany. This nation has physical characteristics such as blond hair, blue eyes, narrow face, and long skull.

2. The Alps 

Apart from the Nordics, the European Continent is also famous for the Alps. The Alps are a people who mostly live in Central and Southern Europe, from France, Switzerland, Poland, Austria and southern Germany. The Alps have the following physical characteristics, black hair, black eyes, wide skull, not too tall.

3. The Mediterranean nation

Furthermore, there are Mediterranean peoples who mostly live in the Southern European region, such as Greeks, Italians, Portuguese and Spaniards. The Mediterranean people themselves have physical characteristics, namely black hair, black eyes, bodies and skulls resembling the Nordic people.

4. Slavic peoples 

Next, there are the Slavic peoples who have the same physical characteristics as the Alps. These Slavic peoples settled in Eastern Europe, namely Croatia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Czech, Russia, Ukraine and Slovakia.

5. The Dinaric Nation

The last nation on the European continent is the Dinaric people. The Dinars usually live in the territory of Romania. This nation has physical characteristics almost like other nations, it’s just that it has dark hair.

Apart from the five ethnic groups above, many immigrants from Africa, the Middle East and even Asia have left the European region today. Increasingly here, European society has various ethnic groups.

Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the European Continent adhere to very diverse religions. However, the religion with the largest number of adherents is Roman Catholicism. Then, there are Protestant Christians and Orthodox Christians. The population of the Jewish religion is also quite a lot in Europe. In addition, adherents of Islam also live in many European countries, especially the Balkans.

European history

Based on chronological records, Europe’s important events began in prehistoric times with the emergence of Homo sapiens (early humans). The early inhabitants of the Paleolithic Age were trying to survive. They are grouped into groups to gather plants and hunt wild animals.

Around 9000 years ago, European societies in the Neolithic Age had already begun to practice cultivating the land, producing crops and raising livestock. During this time too, many people began to use stone tools and people began to live in small groups, or villages.

As humans continued to travel from east to west across Eurasia (a combination of Asia and Europe), people began to become acquainted with new tools and methods. Starting from here, civilization began to develop along with the discovery of metal axes and arrowheads.

Furthermore, in the 8th century BC, Greece emerged from the Dark Ages. Classical Greek culture also exerted a strong enough influence on the Roman empire. This then made Greece the basis for various modern Western cultures until now, starting from the development of modern architecture, language, law and religion.

After the collapse of the Eastern Roman Empire (285-1450) it survived as the Byzantine Empire. Meanwhile, a series of tribes and tribal alliances in Western Europe moved into positions of power in the former Roman Empire.

In southeastern Europe, the Empire ruled by the Franks arose. The Franks then evolved into the Kingdom of France with parts of it turning into the Holy Roman Empire. This Frankish empire can be said to be the forerunner of Germany.

Elsewhere, the Anglo-Saxons were crossing the English Channel into southern England. He founded a series of kingdoms that became the Kingdom of England in AD 927. About 100 years later, the Kingdoms of Poland and Hungary would also form.

Around the end of the 8th century to the mid-13th century, came the heyday of the Vikings in Northern Europe and Scandinavia. With no reason for territorial control, the Scandinavian (Norse) Vikings aggressively explored Europe with the aim of trading. Besides tiu, the Vikings also arrived in Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland, and Anatolia, aka Turkey.

Entering the 15th century, many great powers emerged from the European Continent. Starting from England, France, Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain each played a dominant role in global affairs, especially after the start of colonialism.

The European colonial period, from the 1500s to the 1900s, was the period when European powers were establishing many colonies on the Asian continent, the African continent, and the Americas. In addition, during the 16th and 20th centuries, several European countries controlled North and South America, Africa, Oceania, and large parts of Asia.

At a time when almost everyone yearned for freedom around the world, the European colonial era was coming to an end. In particular, the British Empire did not become the first global monarch. On the other hand, World War I and II also damaged the European Continent.

The European situation slowly began to improve after the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989. This moment was then followed by the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. From here, European cultures and factions were soon integrated, forming the European Council which was the forerunner of the European Union.

In the present era, Continental Europe is becoming one of the major economic and political power centers. People in Europe are also known as innovative, optimistic, and resilient individuals who change the world.

Thus the discussion about the climate of the European Continent to its history. Hopefully all the discussion above is useful and can add to your insight. If you want to find books about Europe, then you can get them at sinaumedia.com .

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Umm

Reference:

• https://www.orami.co.id/magazine/iklim-benua-eropa
• https://www.tataruang.id/2022/08/01/LAY-astronomical-benua-eropa-beert-pengaruh-dan-limits-region/

Figures from the Battle of Ambarawa – Hello, Sinaumed’s friends , did you know?
The Battle of Ambarawa took place on November 20, 1945 and ended on December 15, 1945. The
battle took place between the TKR troops and the people of Indonesia against the British
Allies.

The incident occurred after the Magelang Incident after the Indian 23rd Division Artillery Brigade landed
in Semarang on 20 October 1945. They had come to deal with the prisoners of war. The Allies
promised not to disturb the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian side
allowed them to enter the territory of the Republic of Indonesia to solve the problem of Dutch prisoners of
war in the Magelang and Ambarawa prisons

After obtaining approval from the Governor of Central Java, Mr. Wongsonegoro carried out his mission with a
record of not disturbing the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, the Allied troops then advanced to
Magelang and Ambarawa.

The arrival of allied British troops, however, was followed by NICA, which then armed the former prisoners.
On October 26, 1945, an incident occurred in the city of Magelang which turned into a battle
between the TKR troops and the combined forces of the British and NICA allies. The incident
stopped after President Soekarno and Brigadier General Bethell arrived in Magelang on 2 November
1945.

However, the people fought tooth and nail in the Battle of Ambarawa on November 20, 1945. There were a number of
figures involved in the Battle of Ambarawa who played an important role against the Dutch at that time to
maintain independence.

List of Ambarawa Fighting Figures

Following are some profiles of figures involved in the Battle of Ambarawa who were willing to sacrifice in order
to defend Indonesia’s independence, which sinaumedia has summarized:

1. Colonel Soedirman

Colonel Soedirman, his real name is Raden Soedirman, was born on January 24, 1916 in Purbalingga, Central Java
province.

Colonel Soedirman’s parents were Mr. Karsid Kartawiraji, a sugar factory worker from Kalibagor, Banyumas,
and Mrs. Siyem was a descendant of the Rembang District Head. He has an older brother, Muhammad
Samingan. His wife is Alifah and he has 7 children.

Colonel Soedirman did not live with his parents, he was raised by his uncle Raden Cokrosunaryo, a
sub-district head in Rembang Purbalingga, so he could lead a more dignified and stable life. At
that time Raden Cokrosunaryo did not have children, so he adopted Colonel Soedirman as his son.
Together with his uncle, since childhood, the general was highly educated.

Soedirman in his youth was known as a pious child, diligent in research and diligent in understanding Raden
Muhammad’s Islam. He was later nicknamed Hajj because of his religious knowledge and often
preached to Muslims so far.

After his uncle’s death, the General was devastated by the loss of his adoptive parents. He
also had to go through very bad economic problems, fortunately he was still allowed to study at Wirotomo
without paying.

Thanks to his intelligence, he survives and continues to perfect his skills. General Sudirman
finally started co-founding an Islamic organization when he was still a teenager, Hizbul Wathan from
Muhammadiyah. Because of his dedication at an early age, Colonel Soedirman finally won the
trust to lead the organization in the Cilacap branch.

Colonel Soedirman’s leadership spirit was evident from a young age, so that the people were very ashamed
and respected this general. He also continued his education at Kweekschool
(a special school for teacher candidates) although this was ultimately not resolved due to financial
problems. General Sudirman returned to Cilacap and taught Muhammadiyah elementary school
teachers there.

Colonel Soedirman, the first and youngest Indonesian commander and general to participate in the Battle of
Ambarawa. Colonel Sudirman acted as commander of the Ambarawa war and finally won the fierce
war using the supit urang tactic.

At that time, the supit urang tactic was only used in very limited circumstances. However,
Sudirman’s courage, tenacity, and intelligence took advantage of this tactic.

Simply put, supit urang is a technique of attacking your opponent from both sides so as to make your
opponent pinned down. This attack technique managed to cut off communication between foreign
militaries, damaging the defense system. As a result, the Allies were completely
surrounded.

In the battle with the Allies in Ambarawa, Colonel Soedirman bravely led his troops and never gave up.
The victory thanks to this precise strategy was highly appreciated by the Indonesian military.
President Soekarno immediately gave him the rank of Commander of the Army.

2. Lieutenant Colonel Gatot Soebroto

Gatot Soebroto is one of the Indonesian military fighters in the struggle for independence. He
was born on October 10, 1907 in Banyumas, Central Java, the first son of Sajid Boedijoewono.

In leading the soldiers under him, Gatot Subroto always prioritizes the soldiers’ families.
Likewise with the condition of the people who are within its reach, the most important thing is the
people’s support for those who are fighting.

So it was only natural that a figure of the caliber of Gatot Soebroto could threaten Japan while occupying
Indonesia. People loved his attitude in keeping to the truth. It’s no joke, when a
Japanese soldier behaves arbitrarily towards the people, he immediately intervenes to defend the people.
The military experience he gained at the KNIL and PETA made him a prominent figure in the
Indonesian military center.

History records that his participation as a tactician in the Battle of Ambarawa on October 20, 1945 was a
tremendous success. The combat troops succeeded in expelling the Allies from the famous
Ambarawa palagan with the ” claw us” strategy with Colonel Soedirman (later to become Commander
in Chief).

Lieutenant Colonel Gatot Soebroto is one of the important figures in the Battle of Ambarawa.
The role of Lieutenant Colonel Gatot Soebroto as a participant in the Battle of Ambarawa was as the
main tactician. He accompanied Colonel Soedirman to fight foreign troops. The
selection of Lieutenant Colonel Gatot Soebroto as part of the Battle of Ambarawa was made after the
successful formation of the 5th Division in Purwokerto.

This division was led by Colonel Sudirman. He is also credited with being able to obtain
weapons from the Japanese army through a negotiation. The number of weapons was so great that
they were sent to BKR in West Java. During the Battle of Ambarawa, Lieutenant Colonel Gatot
Soebroto was appointed Commander of the Ambarawa Front.

3. Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman

Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman was born in Pontianak on July 12 1913. He attended Bojonegoro Vocational High
School. Isdiman’s childhood was spent in Cianjur. Ambarawa is a legacy fought for
by Isdiman and his troop of soldiers. He played an important role in the Ambarawa War.
He was Colonel Soedirman’s confidant to set the operational strategy in Ambarawa. He
commanded soldiers in the Ambarawa War against the Allies.

Indonesian troops under Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman tried to liberate two villages that the Allies wanted to
control. However, Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman was seriously injured in an air attack and was
taken to Magelang, but Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman died on the way to Magelang, but Lieutenant Colonel
Isdiman died on the way to Magelang. M. Sarbini immediately gave chase to them.

Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman is an officer of the People’s Security Army (TKR) and the commander of the
Banyumas TKR regiment. His skills made him a soldier that General Soedirman relied on.

Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman’s role in the Battle of Ambarawa was as a tactician or strategist.
General Soedirman ordered his troops to fight in Ambarawa to withdraw the coalition from the area
from Indonesia. Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman fought bravely, led his troops and determined his
strategy. Even in a difficult or uncertain situation, he is fearless.

Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman was among those killed in Allied air raids during the Battle of Ambarawa.
While on duty, his base is attacked by three Allied Mustangs and two Dakotas.
Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman’s leg was hit by an aircraft machine gun. He died en route
to a nearby hospital for treatment.

Lieutenant Colonel Isdiman is remembered as the living soul of the rebels, pumping the fighting blood of
the young guerrillas. Currently, Isdiman’s name is plastered on a street in Purwokerto, namely
Jalan Overste Isdiman or commonly known as Jalan Ovis.

4. Colonel GPH Djatikusumo

GPH Djatikusumo started his military career undergoing military training during the Dutch era, namely as a
Reserve Officer of the Opleiding Corps (CORO) but on March 3, 1942 Djatikoesoemo was still a CORO cadet,
assigned to fight against the Japanese Army in Ciater , Subang, West Java until March 8 1942 because on that day
the Dutch colonial government in the East Indies had begun to surrender unconditionally to the Japanese troops
at the air base from Kalijati.

After the Dutch surrendered, Djatikoesoemo also underwent military training called Jawa Boei Kanbu Giyugun
Resentai, where the education was carried out by the Japanese in Bogor, West Java, with the aim of training
officers for the Future Defense of the Indonesian National Army (PETA) to serve as volunteer commandos for
island defense forces Java. In facing the threat of Allied invasion after graduating from this
course, Djatikoesoemo also held the rank of Shodancho (Captain) and was assigned to Daidan (Battalion) I
PETA Surakarta Army.

GPH Djatikusumo was a key figure in the Battle of Ambarawa and served as commander of the IV Division.
The division’s primary task is to track down and encircle foreign troops. During the
fierce battle in Ambarawa, Colonel GPH Jati Kusumo showed extraordinary leadership. Leadership
is what keeps troops moving in the right direction. GPH Djatikusumo held many important
positions throughout his life. For example, the Chairman of BKR Surakarta, the Commander of the
TRI IV Division, the Chief of Staff of the Army, Ministers and Ambassadors.

5. Captain Surono Reksodimedjo

General TNI (Purn) Soerono Reksodimedjo (6 September 1923 – 3 August 2010) served as Army Chief of Staff
from April 1973 to May 1974 and Deputy Commander of the Armed Forces (Wapanab). He also served
as the Coordinating Minister for People’s Welfare of the Republic of Indonesia and the Coordinating Minister
for Political and Security Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia during the reign of President
Suharto.

At the time of the Palagan Ambarawa incident, he served as a captain under the command of the military unit
Lieutenant Colonel Gatot Subroto. And during his tenure as Governor of the NMA in 1965, Soerono
helped the Commander of the Kodam VII/Diponegoro at that time, Brigadier General Soerjo Soempeno defeat the
G30S/PKI action in Central Java, especially within the Diponegoro Regional Military Command itself, after
announcing the establishment of the Diponegoro Regional Military Command. The Central Java
Regional Revolutionary Council through RRI Semarang station at around 13.00 WIB, with Colonel Inf.
Intelligence Assistant Sahirman 1 Kodam VII/Diponegoro as President.

6. Lieutenant Colonel Sarbini Martodihardjo

General TNI (posthumously) Mas Sarbini Martodihardjo (10 June 1914 – 21 August 1977) was a retired general
who was born in Indrosari Village, Buluspesantren District, Kebumen, Central Java and had served on the
battlefield many times in both the army and the army. . in the government of the
Republic of Indonesia.

During the struggle, especially on October 20 1945, he who at that time held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel led
troops from the Kedu Center Regiment, the People’s Security Army to attack and cover the siege of Allied troops
and NICA in Jambu Village, Ambarawa known as the Palagan Ambarawa Incident.

During Bung Karno’s reign, Major General TNI M. Sarbini served as Minister of Defense in the Dwikora II cabinet
in 1966, which was later replaced by Lieutenant General Suharto.

While still alive, Lieutenant General TNI H. Mr. Sarbini was widely known as the Father of Indonesian
Veterans and his name was immortalized as the name of the Veterans Building or Balai Sarbini which is
located in the Semanggi area of ​​Central Jakarta. To commemorate his services, in Kebumen,
where he was born, a SMK Jenderal M. Sarbini was also established.

The course of the Battle of Ambarawa

On October 20, 1945, Allied troops under Brigadier General Bethell landed in Semarang with the aim of
clearing prisoners of war and Japanese soldiers in Central Java. The appearance of this ally
was accompanied by NICA.

The first arrival was greeted by the Governor of Central Java Mr. Wongsonegoro who agreed to provide food and
other necessities for the smooth implementation of the Allied mission, when in fact the Allies promised not to
interfere with the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia.

However, when the Allied forces and NICA went to Magelang and Ambarawa to free the prisoners from the Dutch
troops, instead of arming the prisoners, which angered the Indonesian side. Armed incidents
finally started in the town of Magelang, until the fighting broke out.

It was precisely in Magelang that the Allied troops began to act as leaders who tried to disarm the
People’s Security Army and sow chaos. TKR or People’s Security Army Regiment I Kedu led by
Lieutenant Colonel. Pak Sarbini also responded to this action by surrounding the Allied troops
from various directions.

In the end they were saved from destruction through the direct intervention of President Soekarno who
calmed the atmosphere. The Allied troops then secretly left the city of Magelang and headed for
Fort Ambarawa.

After this incident, the Middle Kedu Regiment came under the command of Lieutenant Colonel. M.
Sarbini is busy with various jobs for them. The Allied retreat which had previously been
organized in the village of Jambu was intercepted by forces from the Young Forces led by Oni Sastrodihardjo,
also reinforced by troops from Surakarta, Suruh and Ambarawa.

The Allied Forces again confronted Battalion I Soerjosoemarno at Ngipik. During this retreat,
the Allied forces tried to seize two villages around Ambarawa.

Indonesian soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Sudirman tried to liberate these two villages
but ended up dying first. Since the death of Lt. Cabbage. Isdiman,
Commander of the Fifth Division in Banyumas, Col. Sudirman felt he had lost one of his best
officers and immediately took to the field to lead the battle. the presence of Col.
Sudirman also breathed new life into the Republic of Indonesia army.

The coordination organized by the branch command to encircle the enemy was tightened. The
tactics used include simultaneous surprise attacks in all areas. Reinforcements continued to
arrive from Magelang, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Salatiga, Purwokerto and others.

Right on November 23, 1945, as the sun began to rise, the tragedy of the shooting of the last surviving
Allied troops began at the Dutch Kerkhof and the church complex on Jl Street. Margo Agoeng.
The Indonesian army currently consists of Yon. Pastor Adrongi, Yon.
Soegeng and Yon. Suharto.

The Allied forces also surrendered the Japanese POWs with reinforcements from their tanks, then infiltrated the
Indonesian positions from the rear, so that the Indonesians then advanced on Bedono.

End of Battle

After another battle on a smaller but continuous scale, four days later on the 15th to be exact, the attack
was declared over. The Indonesian army, with the help of the people, regained control of the
city of Ambarawa. Furthermore, the Allies admitted defeat and withdrew to the city of
Semarang.

One of the main keys to this victory is having a strong sense of solidarity. Even when faced
with allied troops armed with various modern and sophisticated weapons, the freedom fighters were
fearless.

Colonel Soedirman was then promoted to Major General before the start of the Battle of Ambarawa. He
explained the importance of defeating the Allies in Ambarawa in the shortest possible time. One
of the reasons was that the military had big plans to make the city their main power base with the aim of
controlling the territory of the Central Java province. Through popular slogans, the poor,
corrupted or spoiled simply grow and disappear.

You can use the Smart Book on Knowing Indonesian Heroes as a reference to learn many
things about the nation’s heroes. This book is presented as an effort to remember their great
services from various important events in the history of the Indonesian nation.

In addition, this book is also intended so that the nation’s generation can emulate the noble qualities of
heroes and their fighting spirit. The struggle of the heroes to finally be able to win
independence is over, now is the time for the younger generation to fight for independence.
There are many meanings and lessons from the history of this nation and it is fitting for us to
protect the sovereignty of the beloved Republic of Indonesia.

Social Values ​​- Consciously or not, actually in social life there are a number of social values ​​that are embraced by the community itself. This social value will then regulate them in relationships or in the process of social interaction.

Starting from behavior, speech and so on, it is hoped that it can be more able to create a harmonious side in socializing with these social values. It is because of this that social values ​​become such an important factor and must be understood and practiced by society at large.

In general, social values ​​are guidelines for group life about what is considered good and what is considered bad. One of the characteristics of social values ​​comes from the interaction process and does not exist because it is innate.

There are still many things that you can find out more about social values ​​through the explanations provided in this article.

Definition of Social Values ​​in General

The first thing we will learn together is about the notion of social value. By understanding the meaning of this social value, at least you already have a general idea about the social value itself.

Simply put, social values ​​are standards in which there is a set of behavior and function as a guide for human life in society. Next, this standard will automatically be able to regulate all forms of action up to the speech of all people who are in a community group.

The existence of these social values ​​is expected to help each individual to obtain rights and carry out their obligations in a fair and equitable manner within the community. In addition, the existence of social values ​​can also help a group to achieve common goals.

For example, social values ​​that have the goal of creating harmony even though there are different ethnicities, religions, races and others. Therefore, later every member of the community group needs to emphasize these social values.

Next, the public will know better what is included in the good things to do and which are bad things and should not be done. In the end, everyone will be aware of the limits they have and try not to go beyond these limits so that they can be accepted by the community.

Social value can also be interpreted as a value held by the community about what they think is right and what they think is bad. To be able to determine what is good and bad, appropriate or inappropriate, one must go through a weighing process. This will also be influenced by rules that have existed since ancient times, such as the customs adopted by the community.

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), values ​​are characteristics (things) that are important or useful for humanity. While social is related to society. That means, social value is something that is considered good, appropriate, appropriate and can be used as a way of life by a group of individuals.

Understanding of Social Value from Experts

After knowing the meaning of social values ​​in general. Next, we will learn together about the meaning of social value according to experts. There are several experts who explain social values. The following are some of the opinions of experts on social values.

1.Anthony Giddens

Anthony Giddens explains that social value is a form of idea that is owned by a person or group about what is desired, what is appropriate to implement and what is considered good and bad.

So, according to Anthony Giddens, social values ​​can help determine what needs to be done and implemented. In addition, social values ​​can determine what things will be bad and not allowed to be done. Then, social values ​​can also help determine the good things that can be done in a sustainable manner.

2. Horton and Hunt

Horton and Hunt explain that social value is an idea that can explain an action in society. Where later the action can be said to be important or not important.

According to Horton and Hunt, social values ​​cover all actions taken by individuals within a group of people. This action will have good and bad judgments which at the same time can determine whether the action is important to take or whether the action is considered not important.

3. Kimball Young

Kimball Young explained that social value is an abstract and often unconscious assumption about what is considered important in society. Social value is referred to as an abstract assumption because social value is formed by itself, although there are several conditions that can form a social value intentionally.

These social values ​​will slowly be applied and passed down from generation to generation. Next, these values ​​will be considered important, but they are still not realized because they are abstract and inherited.

4. Darji Darmodiharjo

Dardji Darmodiharjo has an opinion about social value, namely as something that can be useful for human life physically and spiritually. Therefore, social values ​​can encourage individual behavior to be even better.

5. Hendropuspito

Hendropuspito explained that social values ​​are all forms of rules that are valued by the community because they have functional utility for the development of people’s lives. That means, social values ​​can be interpreted as the result of a collective agreement that has been recognized and obeyed jointly by a community group.

The purpose of the agreement results in the existence of social values ​​because in it there are a number of ideas, opinions and so on that will be obeyed and applied together. Later, social values ​​will become the standard of individual behavior in socializing with other individuals in society.

 

 

6. Soerjono Soekanto

Soerjono Soekanto explained that social value is an abstract concept that exists within humans. This concept can be considered right or wrong.

7. C. Kluckhohn

Kluckhohn has an opinion that social value is a measure used to be able to overcome willpower in certain situations. Social value will be a concept that is owned by individuals or groups that can influence forms, methods, goals and actions.

8. AW Green

AW Green explained that social value is a form of awareness that can take place accompanied by emotion towards an object.

9. Alvin L Bertrand

Alvin L Bertrand has an opinion about social value as awareness and emotion relative to an object of ideas.

10. Koentjaraningrat

Koentjaraningrat argues that social value is a concept that exists in human thought, some people will think that this is something noble. The system that exists in social values ​​will be a reference in acting.

Those are some opinions from some experts about social value.

Characteristics of Social Values

Social value also has several characteristics in it. The existence of these characteristics will be able to make social values ​​look different from other things that exist in people’s lives. Some of the characteristics possessed by social values ​​are as follows.

1. Generated From the Process of Social Interaction

The first characteristic of social value is derived from or the result of the process of social interaction. When a person is communicating with other people, social values ​​can be formed naturally or deliberately. An example is when someone wants the other person not to discuss a certain matter because this action could hurt him.

2. Results of the Learning Process

Social values ​​can be formed from learning outcomes. One can learn to know the boundaries of actions and speech while socializing by hands-on practice. An example is when someone says A because it is considered normal, slowly A’s words may be seen as hurting the other party. From this process can produce a social value.

 

3. Diverse

Social values ​​are embraced and shaped by a community group, therefore it is possible that social values ​​from one group to another will be different. As an example, Javanese and Sundanese people will have different social values.

4. Inherited

One of the characteristics possessed by social values ​​is inherited naturally and from generation to generation. Someone who is born and raised in a community group will automatically follow the social values ​​that have been formed from previous generations.

5. Not Static

Next, social value has a non-static nature, which means it will continue to grow. An example is an action and a speech. If previously it was considered normal, words and actions may now be considered insulting or hurting the feelings of others.

6. Binding Individuals or Community Groups

The next feature is that social norms will have the nature of binding individuals or a group of people and there is an obligation and need to always obey and also apply them. This can be formed naturally and unknowingly even though the social value is not even written down.

Those are some of the characteristics possessed by social values ​​and you can read in full.

Social Value Function

Previously it was explained that social values ​​can help humans to live better in a community group. But actually the existence of social values ​​also has several functions, you know. Some of the functions of these social values ​​are as follows.

1. As a guideline for human behavior in society

The function of the first social value is that it can be used as a guide for all individuals in a group of people so that they can behave properly. This is none other than because in the process of social interaction will communicate both orally and with body language or body movements.

Behavior can also be shown by actions taken when wanting something and when facing something. An example is when you have a fight with your partner at home, whether the action you take is to scream loudly or maybe you will stay quiet and calm while thinking about finding a way out.

In social life, everyone will prefer to be calm and silent without the need to shout high and even playing a hand is a good action. Social values ​​will regulate things like that with the hope that everyone in society can maintain their own behavior so that it can always be good and acceptable to reason.

2. Become Every Individual’s Social Control System

Social value also has a function as a method of social control. That means social norms can become a boundary between what should be done and what will be said. Social values ​​are able to provide boundaries so clearly to be able to show which actions are considered good or considered bad.

Every individual in a community group has the freedom to do good or bad. But in order to maintain peace and harmony, the action that must be done is a good deed. The existence of social values ​​is able to provide clear boundaries so that everyone can control their personal social behavior.

3. Acts as a Social Protector

Social values ​​will automatically be passed on to the next generation from the previous generation for such a long time. This happens not without reason, but because social values ​​can become social protectors.

Social protection here will display social values ​​that can prevent the occurrence of deviant acts, violations of law and human rights and so on. Of course this will be able to make people’s lives more orderly, harmonious and also peaceful.

4. Solidarity Tools

Social values ​​can have a function as a tool or media used to maintain solidarity and cohesiveness in society. This will make each individual prioritize the common interest and work together to achieve common goals.

 

 

5. Fulfilling a Social Role in Society

Social values ​​in society will be able to fulfill and enhance the role of each individual. This is because each individual is aware of their rights, obligations, responsibilities and so on. So that each of them has a role in social life.

6. Helps Help Normal Social

Social values ​​have a function as a medium to be able to build social normal. Therefore there is something called social law for people who violate these social values. For example, being ostracized, being gossiped about, not being invited to socialize and so on.

Examples of Social Values

After knowing various kinds of explanations related to social values. Finally we will discuss some examples of social values.

1. When there was an act of motorbike theft and the culprit was caught by the residents. Communities in the environment will realize that the act of theft is not a good act and must be avoided and cannot be imitated.
2. Communities in an area have crocodiles so they don’t dry their underwear on the side of the road so that no one sees it. This is done because the act of drying underwear outside the home or on the side of the road is impolite and violates social values. Therefore these actions should not be imitated. Perpetrators who still carry out these actions will usually receive sanctions, reprimands or being reminded by others not to carry out these actions.
3. There was a student who cheated while the exam was in progress. This act of cheating is one of the bad and despicable actions and must be avoided. Therefore, every student must be able to realize that no one chooses to commit acts of cheating. This is also included in social values ​​because basically there is no written law that explains if the act of cheating is an act that violates social or legal values.

From each of the explanations above, we become aware of how important social values ​​are for people’s lives. Basically social values ​​can be an individual able to distinguish which actions are good and which actions are bad while at the same time will continue to do good actions in social life.

Sinaumed’s can read books related to social values ​​and sociology by visiting sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia always provides the best products so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Hendrik

Sangjit is – Before running a household, couples who are going to marry according to
custom will generally hold several events including carrying out the application process, offerings, or
engagements. Various ethnic groups in Indonesia have pre-wedding events with unique procedures
and traditions passed down from generation to generation. Of the many customs before marriage
in Indonesia, one of them is sangjit.

Sangjit is one of the customs before marriage which is often carried out by the Chinese community.
Even though times have led to modern times, this sacred tradition cannot be overlooked or
abandoned. In fact, nowadays, this sangjit tradition is becoming simpler and simpler.

Then, what exactly is sangjit? What are the delivery or offerings or gifts that will be made
during the sangjit tradition? Check out the full review in this article, Sinaumed’s.

What is Sanggit?

Sangjit is a traditional procession that is generally carried out after the application process and before
the wedding takes place in a Chinese culture. This sangjit tradition is practically similar to
the seserahan tradition which is usually carried out by countries in Asia, including Indonesia.
Usually, Indonesian artists of Chinese descent will perform this sangjit event.

Therefore, sangjit can be regarded as an official engagement event that begins with the giving of the
male’s family to the female’s family. In this case, the intended offering is like a gift or
delivery.

The implementation of this sangjit tradition is generally carried out in closed conditions or only attended
by large families. In addition, it can also be interpreted as a formal meeting between the male
family and the female family to discuss marriage. The existence of this sangjit tradition
symbolizes sincerity for the groom who is willing to marry the bride and is also willing to take care of the
prospective woman after marriage.

This sangjit event is based on the agreement of the two families of the prospective bride and groom.
However, apart from being based on an agreement between families, this event was also held with
great seriousness. As for what will be discussed at this event, such as determining the place
for the reception, determining the wedding date, the time of implementation (usually according to the
beliefs of the Chinese community).

Sangjit is generally held during the day or around 10.00-13.00 and is held at least one week to six months before
the wedding day.

Meaning of Sanggit

In contrast to offerings in other cultures, the theme of red and gold colors is a characteristic of
sangjit. In general, doing sangjit is a condition that must be passed by the couple
(prospective bride and groom).

In fact, it not only shows seriousness, but this event is also believed to be a sacred event because it has
involved the extended family from both the male and female sides. In addition, the sangjit
event also functions as a meeting between the two families so that they can get each other’s blessings and
prayers, so as to strengthen ties between families.

The meaning of sangjit is not limited only as an act of exchanging gifts or handing over between two
families, but is also seen as an event full of positive meaning and Chinese cultural wisdom.
The goal is that the next generation will always remember their origins

Types of Compulsory Delivery from Men and
Their Meanings

There are at least 10 types of mandatory delivery that the man needs to prepare for the woman’s family.
In the past, delivery itself was considered as a means of offering to propose to a woman.
But now, its meaning has shifted to material gifts in goods or money that serve as provisions or
capital to marry the woman of choice. Here are 10 types of delivery that must be present and
carried during sangjit along with their meanings.

1. Delivery Box or Tray

For Chinese people, red is a symbol of happiness and joy. Therefore, by using a red box, it is
hoped that all the trays given will give happiness to the bride and groom who will lead a new life.

Apart from color, also pay attention to the number of boxes or trays used and the number of items in them.
The number of boxes to be given must be even, such as 8, 12, 16, and 18. Even if the number is
even, the number 4 must be avoided because according to Chinese belief, this number can bring bad luck. In
addition, in Mandarin, the number 4 also means having similarity in sound with a word that means
death.

2. Angpau Contains Milk Money and Party Money

Milk money is an amount of money given by the groom’s family to the bride’s family as a reward or a token
of gratitude to the woman’s parents. Apart from milk money, there is also party money or what
is also known as dowry money.

This amount of money is free and unlimited, depending on the ability of the groom. This money
is also a sign of the groom’s material readiness or readiness to bear all the costs of his wedding.
The denomination must contain elements of the numbers 8 and 9, which mean luck and eternity.

3. A Set of Clothing for Women

This gift means that in the future the groom will be able to meet all the clothing needs of the bride.

4. Makeup Supplies

The contents of this one sangjit tray are not required to be given to the prospective bride.
Generally, this tray will contain women’s needs in the form of cosmetic products and toiletries,
including mirrors.

The hope is that the bride will be able to take care of herself, so that she always looks beautiful and
attractive, especially on her wedding day. The mirror means that the bride and groom can later
reflect on themselves, so they don’t demand each other.

5. Jewelry

Apart from being a binding symbol, jewelry is also used as dowry which will be handed over at the sangjit
event. The jewelry given is usually made of gold in a complete set, starting from necklaces,
pendants, rings, earrings, and bracelets with a red jewelry box which symbolizes good luck and happiness in
marriage.

6. Even Number of Fresh
Fruits (8, 10, 12, 16, or 18 pieces)

Apples and oranges are the two types of fresh fruit most commonly used in the sangjit procession.
In addition to matching the color red and gold, both have a round shape, sweet taste and are easy
to find.

These fruits have symbols of happiness, peace, prosperity, and abundant sustenance. Apart from
apples and oranges, fruit delivery can also be filled with other fruits. All of these must be
an even number and avoid fruits with thorns, such as durian or rambutan.

7. Red Candles Tied with Red Ribbons

Two pairs of red candles with images of a dragon (liong) and a phoenix (hong) which are then tied with a
red ribbon have a symbol of lighting, safety, protection, and an antidote to negative energy that may appear
before the wedding day. Then, a pair of candles with a hong pattern will then be taken by the
bride’s family, while a pair of candles with a dragon pattern are returned to the groom’s family so that
each party can avoid bad luck.

8. A Pair of Pork Feet or Canned Food

The habit of eating dishes made from pig’s feet was carried out by the Chinese people in ancient times,
especially those from Fujian and Taiwan. Then, pig’s feet are believed to drive away bad luck
and contain the meaning of safety.

So, many of the ancient Chinese traditions still include pieces of pig’s feet in sangjit.
However, if this is not possible, this delivery can be replaced with pork leg dishes that are
packed in cans.

9. Various Kinds of Cakes and Sweets

Chinese cakes and sweets with a sweet taste and sticky texture must be served on the sangjit tray.
One of them is a red cupcake. This delivery then contains the meaning of hope for a
married life that will always be harmonious, multi-layered fortune, and a higher position.

As with other sangjit rules, the number of sweet cakes should be an even number, such as 8 or multiples
thereof. This is because the number 8 is believed to be the best because it looks like a symbol
of infinity and implies unlimited luck and fortune. Besides cakes, also provide various candies
or sweets that symbolize the hope of parents so that the lives of their children will bring good luck and
always be filled with sweet moments in the future.

10. Two Bottles of Red Wine or Champagne

A pair of bottles of red wine which is then given by the groom has the meaning of wedding wine.
This gift will also signify good luck for a woman’s parents. In return, the woman’s
family prepared two bottles of red syrup in exchange for these two bottles of wine.

Gifts from the Women’s Party

After receiving the various gifts given by the man’s family, the woman will also give gifts in return to
the man’s family. The gifts given are not as many as those given by the men.

Even so, this gift generally means that the woman’s family will maintain a good relationship after the
wedding. Below are some return gifts that will be received by the groom’s family:

1. Angpau left over from the party money which will then be partially returned, if the woman’s family decides
   that the costs of the wedding are fully borne by the man.
2. Half of the tray contains the amount of fruit, cakes, sweets, and canned food given at the initial offering.
3. Items needed by the groom, including complete clothing containing shirts, shirts, trousers, watches,
   perfume, shoes, belts, toiletries, underwear, and handkerchiefs.
4. A pair of red candles depicting a dragon will be given at the initial offering.
5. Two bottles of red syrup in return for arak or red wine.
6. Sweet foods such as candy and chocolate.
7. Angpau contains money to be distributed to the tray bearers from the groom’s side.

Surrender Meaning

All gifts in sangjit are then given stickers, red ribbons, and Mandarin writing Xuang xi , which
means happiness in married life. According to tradition, if the woman’s family takes all
the items delivered by the man, it means that the woman’s family will hand over the bride completely to
the man’s family and cut off family ties with the bride after she has a family.

In other words, by returning half of the gifts, the woman’s family can then still have contact with the
bride and groom. In addition, partial surrender will also give hope that balanced fortune and
luck will be owned by both parties.

Related Books

Wedding Journal : How To Prepare Your Marriage

Before taking a step and deciding to get married, we should understand about marriage itself, including the
consequences that will be faced. Also, it is necessary for us to prepare ourselves, especially
mental readiness. Do not let, marriage (preferably) once in a lifetime become a decision that
will be regretted.

We also need to know whether the couple is ” the one “, whether we are ready, whether the financial
readiness for the wedding is okay. Not infrequently, during the pre-wedding period, when we
and our partners prepare events that will be remembered for a lifetime, conflicts arise.
Well, how to react?

This book will guide couples who are preparing for marriage, from establishing the necessary conditions, to
organizing and preparing for the wedding.

Create Your Dream
Wedding Invitation, Make Creative Wedding Invitations

This book presents a variety of practical guide steps in order to design wedding invitations or wedding
invitations using photoshop software . Packaged in simple and easy-to-follow language,
this book can not only be a reference for Photoshop software users who are developing
themselves to become graphic designers, but can also be a source of inspiration for beginner-level
Photoshop software users.

The reviews presented in this book not only raise a trending wedding invitation design theme, but also
raise several other interesting themes. There are designs for wedding invitations with ethnic
nuances, then also invitations with full floral nuances, to wedding invitations with more free or
grunge motifs .

The appearance of several sample templates included in the accompanying CD makes this book even more
complete as a reference for stepping into a master wedding invitation designer .

When did you get married?

When did you get married? Are you sure you’re ready to get married? Marriage is
not as easy as updating the status quote , ” Instead of exchanging chocolates,
it’s better to exchange marriage books, ” you know . Try to
think carefully about what makes you want to get married quickly. If you’re just going
along, try to reconsider that desire.

Instead of wanting to get married, it’s better to use your precious time to learn about marriage and get to
know yourself first. If it’s appropriate to get married, there must be a way to experience the
consent granted process. “…for getting married is not only a celebration or wearing a
beautiful gown. It is a lifetime commitment.” –
Anizabella Lesmana (p. 89)

This book is perfect for those of you who want to know more about things to prepare before marriage.
This book contains 6 phases, the first phase is about knowing yourself, the second is about
overcoming fear, the third is about preparing yourself, then the fifth and sixth are about post-reception
life and maintaining marriage.

Marital Property

This book examines the equal rights and position of husband and wife regarding property ownership in
marriage. It is hoped that this book will be able to fulfill legal literature requirements in
general and enrich material for developers of family law and inheritance as well as marital property law in
particular.

The table of contents includes: 1. Marital Property in Indonesian Positive Law. 2. Joint
Assets in Mixed Marriages. 3. The principle of justice as the basis for equal rights and
position of husband and wife in marriage. 4. Joint Assets as Objects of Material Collateral in
Credit Agreements. 5. Moral Aspects as the Basis for Husband and Wife’s Responsibility for
Compliance with Credit Agreements. 6. Joint Assets as Objects in the Framework of National
Property Law.

Closing

Sangjit is one of the traditions from the Chinese which is still attached, especially in
Indonesian Chinese society. This tradition is carried out before the wedding takes place where
both the woman and the man give gifts or offerings. Along with the development of the times,
this sangjit tradition is carried out simply, but still full of meaning.

If you want to find various kinds of books about marriage, then you can find them at
sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always
provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has
#MoreWithReading information .

Characteristics of Poetry – Sinaumed’s friends, do you know about poetry? Poetry
is included in the category of literary works. The literary work is in the form of old poetry,
is a type of poetry that is combined according to rules starting from rhyme, bait and syllables.
Poetry has its own characteristics that make this type of literary work have artistic value.

Poetry is a type of literary work whose form is chosen and arranged carefully so as to sharpen people’s awareness
of an experience and evoke specific responses through sound, rhythm and special meaning.

Humans are able to express various images in the most intimate way, therefore poetry is born with a basic human
urge to express the reality of life that can give satisfaction.

That’s a review of poetry, and turning to old poetry. Old poetry is poetry that has existed
since ancient times or is classical and is usually used in traditional ceremonies. In contrast
to modern poetry which can be written freely without rules, old poetry has various rules that must be
followed regarding the number of words in 1 line, the number of lines in 1 stanza, the number of syllables,
and rhymes. This old poem from the Middle East was brought into the archipelago along with the
spread of da’wah, the arrival of Islam to Indonesia.

We can say that this poem is indeed ancient. However, in Malay literature, it is in accordance
with the explanation of poetry in general. Poetry in its development has undergone contemporary
changes and renovations so that poetry is designed according to the circumstances and situations that
occur.

However, does Sinaumed’s already know more about poetry? Not all beautiful essays that have been
arranged as well as possible are called poetry. Then what exactly is poetry? And
where did the poem come from? This article will clarify the meaning of poetry, its
characteristics, functions, types and examples of poetry.

Meaning of Poetry

Poetry according to language comes from the word sya’ara/sya’ura which means knowing and feeling it.
Whereas in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), it is interpreted as an old poem containing
stanzas of four lines ending in the same sound.

Strengthened by the understanding according to experts as follows:

1. Ali Badri

According to Ali Badri, poetry is a sentence that is deliberately arranged using rhythm.

2. Luwis Ma’luf

Poetry according to Luwis Ma’luf is a sentence that is intentionally given rhythm and rhyme.

3. Ahmad Hasan Az Zayyat

Ahmad Hasan Az Zayyat introduced that poetry is a sentence that rhymes and rhymes, which is expressed about a
beautiful composition and also describes the events that occurred.

4. Qudamah bin Ja’far

It is quoted in the book Naqd al-Syi’r that poetry is speech or writing that has rhythm, rhythm and rhyme as well
as elements of expression of taste and imagination which must be more dominant than prose type writing.

Poetry Features

Of course, after knowing the meaning of poetry, every literary work must have characteristics that
distinguish it from other literary works. The characteristics below are also to help Sinaumed’s
friends not to be mistaken in knowing the category of literary works with old poetry types.

1. Consists of four lines

The characteristics of this first poem are that it consists of four lines. However, poetry can
consist of several stanzas according to the poet’s wishes, but each stanza consists of four lines.

Poetry by Jalalludin Rumi

If the lover wants to find (line 1)
the temple of nothingness, go find it (line 2)
in
nothingness in the sky (line 3)
without limits, you seek him . (line
4)

The verse above shows the number of lines in the poem, as many as four lines according to the description.

2. Each line consists of four to six words

The characteristics of the second poem are that it consists of four to six words in each line.
Like the following excerpt of the poem:

As for/name/poetry/which/was written (5 words)
Kingdom/District/District/South Kalimantan (5
words)
As/material/teaching/knowledge (4 words)
For/relatives,/friends/all
(4 words)

3. Each line consists of eight-twelve
syllables

In these three characteristics, it has eight to twelve syllables. Sukh word is the number of
combinations of one or more consonant letters and one vowel. For example, the word dictionary
consists of one word: ka and mus. Here’s an example:

Ter/bang/nya/ sim/bang/an ber/pe/ri/-pe/ri/ (11 syllables)
Lin/tas/ di/ kam/pung/ ba/yqn/ jo/ha/ri/ (10
syllables) words)
Ter/li/har/lah to/pa/da/ pu/tri/nya/ Nu/ri/ (12
syllables)
Mu/ka/nya/ ce/mer/lang/ ma/nis/ ber/se/ ri/ (11 syllables)

4. All lines are contents

These four characteristics are not the same as a pantun which has a two-line sarong, the syair only
consists of the contents of the four lines. This is what distinguishes it from rhymes and old
poetry in general. Each line usually has a story or conveys a message, here’s an
example.

Our story begins in
the ancient times of maritime
times.
It was originally a country.
The emergence of the kingdom
of the king in the temple

The kingdom was named Negara Dipa.
The first king was Empu
Jatmika,
the only son of Mangkubumi and Sitira,
from Keling
Country in the Land of Java

Mangkubumi, a rich merchant
, a wise relative of the
king.
It is said that he has a beautiful son,
Empu
Jatmika.

5. Has a rhyme ending aaaa

The characteristics of this fifth poem are that it has a rhyme ending abab, here’s an example.

It is said that Paksi Simbangan whose name is
Beautiful and sweet as well as its
demeanor
Its eyes are brilliant diamonds
its beak is resounding
beyond compare

6. Contains stories or messages

With this latter feature, poetry usually contains stories that contain elements of myth, history, religion
or philosophy, or are simply fiction. But poetry can also contain advice or piweling and wise
advice.

Types and Examples of Poetry

After getting to know the characteristics, Sinaumed’s must know the types of poetry and examples, for learning
materials or knowledge about poetry, of course this is an excellent thing to understand more deeply about the
poetry.

1. Romantic Poem

Romantic poetry is poetry that contains love that is found in solace stories, saga and folklore.
This poem is used to display a long atmosphere, for example regarding figures of speech, life,
religion, love, friendship and the like. This is an example of a romantic poem.

Love Potion

Love is not just a word
And not just lust
Love is just a
feeling
Write and clean

And the feeling of
humility is not excessive
Which gives
peace
even though in confusion

Love is also a feeling
Who can see logic
So if love is
blind
And also not logic

Mala is not love
But thirst for body
Who controls
logic
And eyes heart chest

2. Panji Poetry

Panji poetry is solace. This poem has the theme of the story of the depiction of war, in this
poem there is an element of love. Here is an example of a banner poem.

Ken Addition

If you become water,
Kakang becomes a fish in
the sand

If you become the moon
Kakang becomes the back of a
merawan
Aria ningsun golden tempawan
Don’t scatter, that’s okay
sir

Master is like a flower,
Brother has become a
beetle.
Master has given Brother a doubt.
There is no pity for
you, brother

If you become a piece of rampak wood,
you become a
peacock.
No matter how far, you
can’t even move

3. Historical Poetry

Historical poetry is poetry based on historical events in the past. Most of the historical
poetry contains war. Here is an example of historical poetry.

South Kalimantan witness

Starting from the word we wrote,
all thoughts were
devoted
to composing a welfare poem,
stringing events in
sequence

As for the name of the poem written by
the Kingdom of Negaradipa in South
Kalimantan
as material for knowledge
for all of you,
friends

Although the historical evidence for South Kalimantan
is not in the form of objects
with inscriptions
, work documents can be proven
according to
research by historians

Former works that can be mentioned,
such as the Agung Temple, evidence of
relics.
Its location in Amuntai has been confirmed,
its
restoration has also been carried out

4. Figurative Poetry

Figurative poetry is conveying messages in figurative form. This poem is often referred to as
animal and flower poetry, because its content is satire or an allegory of an event. As for an
example of figurative poetry, below.

I’m not wanted

I’m just an ordinary flower.
Not as beautiful as a
rose
. It’s red
and always adored

I’m just a fringe flower,
not as pure as jasmine
, which
is white and clean
and always proud of

I’m just an ordinary flower,
even beetles are reluctant with
me,
even birds are reluctant with me,
even bees don’t seem to
know I exist

I really don’t have diamonds I
never held gold
Diamonds
never adorned me
Only this feeling in my heart

I can’t deny my love,
I can’t refuse my feelings.
This
gift will always be there,
even if it’s only one side

You’re a perfect human being.
No defects, no
injuries.
Everything is perfect.
Never escape my sight for
you

This love is not to be expressed.
There is no strength,
courage.
Even the effort really doesn’t feel worth it.
Because I
just nod, longing for the moon

5. Religious poetry

Religious poetry is very important poetry, this religious poetry has several types, namely, Sufi poetry,
poetry about Islamic teachings, poetry of advice and historical poetry of the prophet’s story.
An example of this poem is as follows.

The soul must be self-aware

Listen, O true friend
, a simple poem from the bottom of the
heart
. About life in this mortal world.
About the pebbles that
must be faced

Temporary life is just worship
Not swearing is not
immoral
Do not be lulled into temptation of lust
Until worship is
missed

Don’t be negligent about prayer , don’t
be stingy
with
alms.

God never forgets
God never turns us away
Because God is
always with us
But we always forget Him

Where do we go when we are happy,
choose others to express
joy,
where do we go when we are sad
, remembering God complaining
about sorrow

Try to always remember God.
Pray and surrender.
Both ups
and downs within
O Allah, O our Lord

Often we ask for forgiveness
So that the soul is like
dew
Don’t be stunned later
When life leaves the crown

1. Poetry Book Best Seller List
2. Understanding Poetry: Types, Examples, and How to Make Poetry
3. Definition of Gurindam: Characteristics, Types, Functions, and Examples
4. Definition and Characteristics of Poetry (Old & New)
5. Definition of Pantun: Purpose, Function, Type, Characteristics, and Examples

Elements and Functions of Poetry

The elements in poetry are divided into two, namely intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements:

1. Intrinsic Elements

• The theme is the main idea that the poet wants to convey through his poetry to every reader
• Feeling is what the poet wants from the expression in the form of his characteristics, point of view,
  character and so on
• The tone is the intonation or emphasis in the contents of the poem which can be ridiculing, advising,
  joking, rejoicing, criticizing, compassionate and so on.
• Mandate is a message or advice that the poet wants to convey to every reader

2. Extrinsic elements

• The background of the poet’s life
• Poet education
• Cultural and social background
• Adat or something customary environment of the local community

Poetry Function

1. Working in arts and cultural activities of the community
2. Poems can be used as songs or songs to accompany certain dances
3. Poetry can be used as entertainment, for example sung in certain assemblies and wedding customs
4. The melodiousness of the voice or the softness of the tone of the poetry tries to disturb the feeling and in
   turn leaves a deep impression
5. Poetry is also used to convey teaching through the story and again
6. Poetry is also a medium of information for the local environment

That’s some more extensive information about the definition, characteristics, functions, types and examples
of poetry. We hope that this will inspire you to write old poetry-type literary works in the
poetry category, and also for Grameads friends who like poetry, you can find a collection of interesting
poetry books only at www.sinaumedia.com . Prey!
Don’t run out, sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always recommend interesting and
motivating books for us Sinaumed’s.

OCD – Childhood should be filled with sweet and happy memories with parents and friends. But in fact, not all children are lucky and can feel an abundance of love from their parents. Some children actually have to accept and deal with the divorce of their parents at a very young age.

Don’t think that young children don’t understand anything. In fact, this very bad event can cause deep trauma that he can remember into adulthood. As a result, children can grow up with a high risk of experiencing various kinds of psychological disorders. One of them is obsessive compulsive disorder, also known as OCD. Check out how childhood trauma can trigger OCD here.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder is the fourth most common mental disorder after phobias, substance abuse disorders and major depressive disorders. Most patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder come to several doctors before they go to a psychiatrist and generally receive 9 years of therapy, only then do they get the correct diagnosis. This shows that doctors other than psychiatrists are important to get the correct diagnosis.

The prevalence of obsessive–compulsive disorder in the general population is 2 -3%. In one third of obsessive–compulsive patients, the onset of the disorder is around age 20, in men around 19 years and in women around 22 years. The same comparison is found in adult men and women, however, male adolescents are more easily affected than female adolescents.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to certain areas of the brain. Research on these disorders is expected to be able to find abnormalities earlier as well as observe the development of therapy. Thus the results of a study from the University of Cambridge, England. As reported by the journal Science, brain imaging is useful for diagnosing the disorder. In patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, it shows that the orbitofrontal cortex in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder does not work properly.

A total of 14 people with this disorder became respondents. A total of 12 of their relatives also underwent tests. Brain imaging measures activity in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. The part that should be the center of decision making is not completely activated. Meanwhile, brain activity in people without the disorder appears normal.

Many studies support the hypothesis that serotonin dysregulation influences the formation of obsessive–compulsive disorder symptoms, but serotonin as a cause of obsessive compulsive disorder is still unclear. Genetics is also thought to have an influence on the occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder where significant differences were found between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Definition of OCD

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a type of mental disorder. People with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder have uncontrollable and recurring thoughts and urges (obsessions), as well as compulsive (compulsive) behaviors. An example of a compulsive behavior is washing your hands 7 times after touching something that might be dirty. These thoughts and actions are beyond the control of the sufferer. Although the sufferer may not want to think or do this, he is powerless to stop it. In other words, OCD can significantly affect the lives of sufferers.

OCD Risk Factors

Risk factors for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder include heredity, brain structure and function (still unclear), and living environment. However, the thing that has the most influence is the living environment that does not support the psychic development of the sufferer as a child, that is, when children are often ridiculed or ridiculed because of their imperfections. This can lead to a mutual feeling of wanting to do the perfect thing.

 

Causes of OCD

OCD is a common disorder that affects adults, adolescents, and children worldwide. Most people are diagnosed by age 19, usually earlier in boys than girls. The exact cause of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is not known. However, several of the above factors influence the occurrence of this disorder.

Other causes and risk factors for OCD, namely:

In addition to life experience, heredity is also the biggest trigger for OCD psychological disorders. Having a parent or sibling with OCD can put a person at high risk of experiencing the same disorder. OCD is thought to occur because there are certain genes passed down by parents that affect a person’s brain development. However, what types of genes have an effect on causing OCD are still being studied until now.

Another risk factor that may also influence the emergence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a person’s personality. People who are neat, conscientious, perfectionists, and have high discipline are at greater risk of experiencing OCD.

OCD symptoms

People with OCD have symptoms of obsessions, compulsions, or both. These symptoms can interfere with all aspects of life, such as work, school, and personal relationships. Obsessions are recurring thoughts, urges, or mental images that cause anxiety.

Meanwhile, compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder feels the urge to do in response to obsessive thoughts. Common compulsions include excessive cleaning and/or hand washing, ordering, and organizing things in a special and appropriate way. People with it can also repeatedly check various things, such as checking repeatedly to see if the door is locked or the oven is off.

Symptoms may come and go, subside over time, or get worse. People with OCD can prevent symptoms from appearing by avoiding situations that could trigger their obsessions, or perhaps using alcohol or drugs to sooth themselves. Although most adults with OCD recognize that what they are doing is unreasonable, some adults and most children may not realize that their behavior is out of the ordinary. Parents or teachers usually recognize the symptoms of OCD in children.

Here are examples of obsessions that people with OCD can experience:

• Fear of being dirty, for example anti-touching things that have been touched by other people or refusing to shake hands.
• Paying close attention to order and symmetrical layout, for example arranging clothes based on color gradations.
• Excessive feeling of fear, so that the sufferer can repeatedly ensure that the door of the house is locked.
• The emergence of unwanted thoughts, usually related to aggressive attitudes, sexuality, beliefs, and religion. For example, a sufferer can suddenly swear for no apparent reason.

The following are some of the symptoms that are common in people with OCD:

1. Obsessive Thoughts

Obsessive is a thought disorder that occurs repeatedly and causes anxiety. These obsessive thoughts can appear suddenly when sufferers are thinking or doing something.

Obsessive symptoms experienced by people with OCD can include:

• Anxious or afraid of contracting a disease so avoid shaking hands or touching objects.
• Stress when you see a collection of objects that are not aligned or symmetrical.
• Fear of doing something that is dangerous to oneself or others, for example doubting whether to turn off the stove or lock the door.
• Fear of saying something that might offend others.
• Worried about throwing away items that have been collected

2. Compulsive Behavior

Compulsive is a behavior that is done repeatedly to reduce anxiety or fear due to obsessive thoughts. People with OCD will feel relieved shortly after engaging in a compulsive behavior. However, obsessive symptoms can reappear and make people with OCD repeat compulsive behaviors.

Symptoms of compulsive behavior include:

• Bathing or washing hands repeatedly until blisters.
• Arrange objects facing the same direction or by type.
• Checking repeatedly whether it has turned off the stove or locked the door.
• Repeat certain words or sentences silently so you don’t say them wrong.
• Collecting or hoarding items, such as unused letters or newspapers.

In general, the symptoms of OCD in children and adults are not much different. However, the symptoms of OCD in children are sometimes less obvious. Therefore, parents need to be vigilant if their children show the following symptoms:

• Often change clothes because they are considered dirty.
• Puts his things in one part of the house and will be offended if they are moved.
• Tend to only use one particular toilet when in public.
• Excessive use of hand soap, body wash, or toilet paper.
• Avoids socializing with peers and does not enjoy sharing his or her possessions.

OCD Types

The following are types of sufferers of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or OCD, including:

1. The Checkers

The checkers type identifies that people with OCD are people who always check or examine something. They are obsessed with always checking what they are doing. For example when he closes the door, he will do the same thing repeatedly to make sure that he has closed the door.

2. Washers and cleaners

Washers and cleaners are people with OCD who are obsessed with cleanliness. They have a fear of something dirty and do not want to be contaminated with germs. People with OCD with this type always pay too much attention to cleanliness and feel that their surroundings are always dirty and rarely want to touch other people because they think other people contain lots of germs.

3. Orderers

Orderers are people who focus on something to get it in the right place. People with this type of OCD will be very depressed when they see or are around objects that are untidy or don’t match their color. Some examples of people with this type of OCD are that they often feel nauseous or angry when they are eating mixed vegetables, they will indirectly separate carrots from carrots, rice from rice and other side dishes from the same type of side dish.

4. Obsessionals

People with obsessional type OCD have obsessive and intrusive thoughts that make them do things that must be precise, appropriate and perfect. For example, a person with this disease may believe in things such as not going to sit in a red chair due to certain myths or having to always wear white because he cannot see himself wearing any other color. Some people who suffer from this type always pay attention to the details of every thing they do, for example, they have to enter the house using their right foot, wash their hair 7 times to make sure their hair is clean.

5. Hoarders

Hoarders are people who like to collect things that are not important and worthless.

 

OCD diagnosis

Steps to help diagnose OCD include a physical exam. This may be done to help rule out other problems that could be causing the symptoms and to check for associated complications. Next, laboratory tests are performed including a complete blood count (CBC), thyroid function tests, and screening for alcohol and drugs. Psychological evaluation, including discussing thoughts, feelings, symptoms, and behavior patterns. Diagnostic criteria for OCD are in the Diagnostics and Statistics of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association .

 

OCD treatment

Unfortunately, OCD cannot be cured. However, sufferers can relieve symptoms that interfere with their activities by undergoing several treatments. Treatment for OCD consists of medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of the two. Although most people with OCD get better after getting treatment, some people with OCD continue to experience symptoms.

Sometimes people with OCD are also found to have other mental disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and body dysmorphic disorder (a disorder in which a person mistakenly believes that part of their body is not normal). It is important to consider these other disorders when making treatment options.

SRIs and SSRIs are two types of medications used to help reduce OCD symptoms. In addition, some other medications that have also been shown to be effective in treating OCD in both adults and children are tricyclic antidepressant drugs, which are members of the older class of ” tricyclic ” antidepressants, and some of the newer SSRI drugs. If symptoms don’t improve with these types of drugs, research shows some patients may respond well to antipsychotic medications.

Apart from drugs, psychotherapy is also effective in treating OCD in adults and children. Research shows that certain types of psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and other related therapies (eg, habit-reversal training) can be as effective as medication for many individuals.

Research has also shown that a type of CBT called Exposure and Response Prevention (EX/RP) is effective in reducing compulsive behaviors in OCD, even in people who don’t respond well to SRI medications. For many sufferers, EX/RP is an additional treatment option when SRI or SSRI medications are not effective at treating OCD symptoms.

OCD treatment aims to control the symptoms that appear, so the method used depends on the severity of the symptoms. Treatment methods for OCD sufferers can be in the form of cognitive behavioral therapy, administration of antidepressant drugs, or a combination of the two methods. In some patients, treatment is necessary for life.

Apart from medication, psychotherapy is also effective for treating OCD in both adults and children. Evidence has shown in some cases that certain types of psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and other related therapies (eg, habit-reversal training) can be as effective as medication for many individuals. In some cases it has also been shown that a type of CBT called Exposure and Response Prevention (EX/RP) is effective in reducing compulsive behavior in OCD.

OCD prevention

There is no sure way to prevent obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, getting treatment as soon as possible can help prevent OCD from worsening and interfering with the person’s daily activities and routine.

How do OCD children socialize with their surroundings?

Basically, excessive anxiety makes children always do what is believed to make them calmer. If not stopped immediately, this makes it difficult for him to socialize because he is too worried about the condition of the environment around him. Then, how do OCD children socialize?

Of course with the assistance of parents. The role and support of parents is an important factor in overcoming OCD disorders in children. Every time your little one wants to do the same thing over and over, mom or dad can help explain to him that what he’s worried about isn’t actually happening. For example, a child is too worried that his hands are still dirty, so he returns to washing them again and again. Well, mom or dad can tell him that his hands are actually clean of germs and dirt after he first washed them.

When to See a Doctor?

If you experience this disorder and it impacts your daily activities and causes difficulties, you should immediately contact your doctor to get further treatment.

Reference:

• WebMD . Retrieved May 2022. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
• Mayo Clinic . Retrieved May 2022. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Legong Dance – Bali is one of the spearheads of tourism in Indonesia. This
island, known as the Island of the Gods, has a lot of tourism potential, from natural tourism to traditional
and cultural tourism. Natural tourism in Bali offers panoramic beauty of very beautiful
beaches. As for its culture, Bali has various types of regional dances such as the Kecak Dance,
Legong Dance, and others which have not been eroded by the increasingly modern times.

In this article, we will discuss more about the Legong Dance, which is a traditional dance originating from
Bali. This dance reflects the grace, beauty, and shrewdness of Balinese dancers.
Usually, this dance will be performed during traditional ceremonies or when welcoming tourist
guests.

Get to know Legong Dance

Legong is a group of classical Balinese dances that have a fairly complex repertoire of movements and are
tied to the accompaniment percussion structure which is said to be the influence of gambuh. The
word Legong itself comes from the word “leg” which means flexible and flexible dance movements, and “gong”
which means gamelan. So, the word “legong” in this case means dance movements that are bound by
the gamelan that accompanies it. The gamelan used to accompany the Legong Dance is called
Gamelan Semar Pagulingan.

Legong dance itself was developed in the palaces in Bali in the second half of the 19th century.
It is said that the idea for the Legong Dance began with a prince from Sukawati who was still
seriously ill and dreamed of seeing two graceful dancing girls accompanied by a beautiful gamelan.
When the prince recovered from his illness, his dream was translated into a dance repertoire with
complete gamelan.

In accordance with their origins, the new Legong dancers are two girls who have not menstruated.
Then danced under the full moon in the palace courtyard. The two dancers are called
legong, which are always equipped with a fan as a tool. In some legong dances, there is an
additional dancer called a condong, who is not equipped with a fan. The structure of the dance
itself usually consists of papeson, retailer, and pakaad. In the times, the Legong Dance lost
its popularity in the early 20th century due to the widespread form of the Kebyar Dance originating from the
northern part of Bali. Then, a new revitalization effort began in the late 1960s by digging up
old documents for reconstruction.

History of Legong Dance

According to the Babad Dalem Sukawati, this Legong dance was created based on a dream from I Dewa Agung
Made Karna, namely King Sukawati who reigned from 1775 to 1825 AD. tapa at Jogan Agung Temple, Ketewel
village, Sukawati area, he dreamed of seeing an angel dancing in heaven. They dance using
headdresses made of gold.

When he woke up from his meditation, he immediately ordered Bendesa Ketewel to make several masks whose
faces looked like the ones in his dream when he was meditating at the Jogan Agung Temple. Then
he also ordered them to make a dance similar to the one in his dream. In the end, Bendesa
Ketewel was able to complete nine sacred masks according to the request of I Dewa Agung Made Karna.
Sang Hyang Legong dance performances can also be performed at Jogan Agung Temple by two female
dancers.

Not long after the Sang Hyang Legong dance was created, there was a Nandri dance performance group from
Blah Batuh led by I Gusti Ngurah Jelantik who performed a performance that was watched by Raja I Dewa Agung
Manggis, namely Raja Gianyar at that time. He is very interested in dances that have a style
similar to the Sang Hyang Legong dance. While ordering two artists from Sukawati to rearrange
it by using two female dancers as the dancers. Since then, the classic Legong Dance, which we
can see today, began to create.

Development of Legong Dance

The development of the Legong Dance is not only confined to the palace, but has also spread to various
regions and villages. In the village itself, this dance is delivered to dance teachers from the
village, then they are tasked with teaching the dance to the people in their respective villages.
The villages that have learned this dance include the villages of Saba, Bedulu, Peliatan, Klandis,
and Sukawati. This Legong dance is then taught by teachers to their students which will later
be shown in the main part of the odalan ceremony.

In addition, the development of Legong Dance has also penetrated into religious events or animist beliefs.
This dance cannot be separated from the Hindu Palace culture and also the Hindu Dharma.
This is caused by these cultures that take part in the process of creating the Legong Dance.

Legong Dancer

This Legong dance will be presented by two teenage female dancers who have not experienced menstruation.
The two dancers are called legong, where they will dance in the palace environment right under the
sun. The distinctive features of this dance can be seen from the dancers who carry fans as
complementary properties. There is also a leaning dancer who acts as an additional dancer whose
difference can be seen clearly, that is, leaning does not hold a fan during the performance.

The Meaning of Legong Dance

The meaning of Legong Dance is related to religious elements and also Balinese culture. As
previously mentioned, this dance is offered at animist religious events, where it is a form of expression of
gratitude for the Balinese people aimed at their ancestors for all the blessings they have received.
This enjoyment is in the form of abundant blessings, be it sustenance, health, and other pleasures
that are also felt by their offspring.

However, the meaning of Legong Dance is getting wider along with the times. Not only as an
expression of gratitude, but also developed into an entertainment dance in a welcoming dance which is useful
for attracting tourists to visit Bali. Sure enough, the tourists visiting Bali really enjoyed
the cultural-themed performances.

Legong Dance Movement

Based on the dance movements, Legong Dance has several elements derived from Gambuh Dance.
There are three basic movements included in the Panititaling Pagambuhan, namely Agam, Tandang, and
Tangkep. The following is an explanation of the three basic movements of the Legong Dance,
namely:

1. Religion

Agam is the basic movement of dancers who play various characters. In carrying out this
movement, dancers are required to be able to portray the characters in the dance story being carried.

2. Away

Away is a dance movement in the form of walking and other movements. Legong female dancers
must walk and move according to the gambuh accompaniment. These movements include ngelikas,
ngeleog, nyelendo, nyereseg, away nayog, away nultil, nayuh, and also agem nyamir.

3. Capture

Tangkep is a basic movement that comes from a combination of supporting expressions. This one
element is called facial expressions when the dancer plays the fan while dancing, including:

a. Eye Movement: Dedeling and Manis carengu
b. Neck
Movement: Gulu Wangsul, Scraping Leaves, Ngilen, Ngeliet, and Scratch
Shoulders
c. Finger Movements: Nyeliring, Passion, and
Nredeh
d. Movement When Holding a Fan: Annoying, Nyekel, and
Ngaliput

Property for Legong Dance

When performing the Legong Dance, useful properties are needed to support the performance.
Apart from that, props can also help bring the dancers’ performances to life. The
following are some of the properties used to perform the Legong Dance, including:

1. Coil

This coil property has a shape like a headdress. Gelungan itself has several types whose use
is adjusted to the type of dance to be performed. Of the many types of galungan, one of them is
gelungan legong sambeh bintang which is made from coconut leaves or ron with plendo and puring leaves which
are used as decoration. This type of coil has a shape similar to Uang Kepeng which is colored
white, green, red and flowers as a complement.

Apart from that, there are also types of pupundakan coils. Where this type of gelungan has a
triangular crown on the back and is usually often used when staging the Legong Keraton Dance.
The third type of bun is the pepusungan bun with a hair fold at the back as its trademark.
Meanwhile, the hair on the other side, namely the front and sides, will be decorated with
frangipani flowers.

2. Hand Fan

The hand fan property is also included in the property which is characteristic of the Legong Dance.
Where this hand fan will display a luxurious impression. This fan adopts a bright
color and is quite shiny. In the middle of the fan usually has a long pattern and is sharp at
the end.

3. Rocking Flower

This ornamental property which is typical of its use adjacent to the crown is called Kembang Goyang.
As the name suggests, Kembang Goyang is made of white flowers that are arranged in such a way that
they are elongated upwards. While at the top end, there is a red flower. This
Goyang Flower will add to the attractiveness of the Legong Dance because as the name implies, the flowers
will move following the movements of the dancers’ heads.

4. Crown Head

Used on the head as a crown, this one property belongs to the group that must be present when staging.
As with any crown in general, the crown is gold in color and is combined with hanging ornaments on
the left and right sides of the property. The dangling decoration will also move to follow the
movements of the dancer’s head.

5. Badong

This one property will usually be used on the neck like a necklace. Where this necklace looks
very luxurious with the effect of using it from the lower neck to the top. Usually, badong is
made using animal skins and is colored gold.

6. Bracelet

The bracelets used by the dancers are usually made of silver which weighs around 25 mg. So it
will not burden the dancers. On the bracelet, a Balinese carving was also made as a cultural
representation and also Balinese characteristics.

In addition to the properties mentioned above, the dancers also usually use traditional costumes or
clothing which are definitely typical of Bali. Apart from the props attached to the dancers’
bodies, there are also musical instruments. Where the musical instruments used are traditional
Balinese instruments in the form of Gamelan Semar Pagulingan.

Legong Dance Floor Pattern

Legong dance is a type of traditional dance with curved and circular floor patterns. The
circular pattern of the legong dance floor is generally used when there are 2 dancers. However,
if there are more than two dancers, then the floor pattern for the legong dance used is a half circle and a
diagonal.

This dance, originally from the Island of the Gods, is one of the sacred dances for religious ceremonies or
entertainment and welcoming events. Its history, which is related to the dream of a prince from
the Kingdom of Bali, also contains elements of cultural values ​​that exist on the island of Bali.
So, it’s only natural that this enchanting dance is always performed and preserved from time to
time as one of the legacies for the next generation.

Legong dance accompaniment music

In staging the Legong Dance, the dancers will be accompanied by original Balinese gamelan music, namely
gamelan semar pegulungan. Various kinds of instruments will complement each other in
harmonization according to the standard in dance performances, including elements of good and right wirama,
wiraga, and also wirasa.

Gamelan Semar Pagulingan

In the muni-muni chess ejection, this one gamelan is called gamelan samara or in the form of an
intermediate barungan which produces a melodious sound to entertain the king. Because of its
melodiousness, this gamelan is often played at night when the king wants to rest. Semar
Pagulingan comes from the word semar which means samara, pagulingan which means a bed or bed.
Nowadays, this traditional music has also become an instrumental offering to accompany dance and
theatrical drama. Balinese people know 2 types of semar pagulingan, namely:

– Semar Pagulingan with 7 tone pelog tunings
– Semar Pagulingan with 5 tone pelog tunings

The two types of semar pagulingan gamelan physically tend to be smaller than the barungan gong kebyar.
This can be seen from the size of the gangsa and trompong instruments compared to the gong kebyar.
Instruments or musical instruments in gamelan semar pagulingan include:

Amount	Unit	Instrument
1	fruit	trompong with 12 pencons
2	fruit	bladed vine gender 14
2	fruit	gangsa barungan bladed 14
2	wait	gangsa hanger pande
2	wait	gangsa hanger kantil
2	wait	jegong
2	wait	7 bladed jublag
2	fruit	small drum
2	fruit	kajar
2	fruit	claneng
1	fruit	kempur or small gong
1	pangkon	rick
1	fruit	gentorag
1	fruit	fiddle
1-2	fruit	flute

The musical instrument that plays a very important role in barungan is the binoculars, which are melodic
regulators. Trumpet can be used to replace the flute in the procession. The
melodies will be assisted by the fiddle, gender vines, gansa barangan, and also the flute.
While the rhythm will be filled by the jublag and jegongan as the song’s performers.
Then, the drum is an instrument to regulate the dynamics of percussion.

Many of the songs performed by the semar pagulingan instrument come from pegambuhan songs.
Several villages in Bali are still actively playing gamelan semar pagulingan, namely Sumerta in
Denpasar, Paket, Teges, and Peliatan in Gianyar.

Those are some explanations about Balinese Legong Dance. Hopefully the explanation above can
add to your insight about the culture in Indonesia.

Herbivorous Animals – This morning the air is very bright. The forest dwellers greeted this bright morning with joy. Herds of sheep with thick fur resembling blankets have gathered in the meadows together with herds of cows, horses and giraffes, they are ready to eat the green grass that grows in the vast expanses of the meadows.

Meanwhile, on the other hand, Pak Tani is seen feeding his best friend’s little rabbit. These cute little rabbits eat the carrots given by Mr. Farmer with gusto.

Well, Sinaumed’s, from the story fragment above, surely you already know the types of animals in the story above. Can anyone answer the types of animals in the story above? Yes, that’s right, if you look at the type of food consumed, the animals above are herbivorous animals. Why is that? To be clearer, consider the following review of herbivorous animals.

Definition of herbivores

From the story above, it can be concluded that herbivorous animals are animals that eat plants, both leaves, seeds, or fruits. They survive by relying on the plants that live around them.

The species of herbivorous animals range from small insects to large mammals. According to the story above, herbivorous animals live in groups with their own kind, such as in meadows, forests, then some are in rice fields, scattered in various parts of the world.

Herbivorous animals live in groups close to the food sources of these animals, some live with their families, such as elephants and their children. At the level of the food chain, herbivorous animals enter the first level consumer group or primary consumers.

However, herbivorous animals are also producers for carnivorous animals which occupy positions as second level consumers in the food chain. Because the food material is plants, herbivores do not need sharp fangs to tear their food, but have wide textured molars, which allow them to digest their food easily.

Herbivores are also divided into types of herbivores that eat certain parts of plants, and herbivores that eat all parts of plants. Fruit-eating herbivores are known as frugivores . There are other herbivorous animals that only eat leaves, known as folivores .

The next, herbivorous wood-eating animals, known as xylophagus . Apart from animals, parasitic plants are also considered herbivores. Parasites are organisms that depend on other organisms for life. Parasitic plants get nutrition from other plants called hosts, so parasitic plants are also categorized as herbivores.

Mostly, plant-eating animals are docile, many are even kept by humans, to be bred for consumption as a fulfillment of nutrition from animal protein, such as beef, mutton, and so on. In addition, herbivorous animals are also bred by humans for livestock, which are then taken for their fur, skin and milk as well. Because they are classified as tame animals, it is not uncommon for these herbivorous animals to become prey for carnivorous animals.

Characteristics of herbivores

Every living creature must have uniqueness, both physical characteristics, food consumed, living habitat, and so forth. Likewise with herbivorous animals. Herbivorous animals have characteristics that are definitely different from carnivores and omnivores. What are the special characteristics of this herbivorous animal? Let’s continue reading the review.

1. The main food is in the form of plants, be it leaves, fruit, or wood.
2. Including viviparous animals, or those that reproduce by giving birth.
3. Including the group of mammals, or suckling.
4. Most of its habitat on land.
5. Including warm-blooded animals, or animals that are able to maintain their body temperature, at certain temperatures stably.
6. Having molars with a wide texture.
7. Does not have sharp canine teeth.
8. The majority of these herbivorous animals have four legs.
9. Have a backbone or often referred to as vertebrate animals.
10. Many cultivated and used by humans.
11. In general, they fall prey to carnivorous animals.

 

 

Herbivore digestive system 

Herbivores have textured teeth adapted for cutting and chewing their food. The teeth of herbivorous animals do not have sharp canines, but are equipped with incisors which function to cut their food, and molars which function to grind their food.

Animals have 4 activities when eating, namely prehensile (taking food), mastication (chewing), salivation (secreting saliva), and deglutisi (swallowing food). Herbivorous animals have a large number of stomachs or a long caecum .

An example is a cow which is a ruminant animal or a ruminant animal. Cows have four stomachs that function to maximize the process of digesting food. These four stomachs are the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum.

In the first and second stomach or rumen and reticulum is the stomach which functions as a temporary warehouse for food that has been swallowed. In this stomach food will be digested enzymatically by enzymes produced by bacteria or its symbiont microbes.

After that the food will be vomited back into the mouth and chewed a second time, then passed on to the omasum where there are glands that produce enzymes, these enzymes are then mixed with the bolus. The bolus will be forwarded to the abomasum, which is the actual stomach.

In other herbivores it is equipped with a long caecum . The caecum is the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine. In other animals, there is a short intestine called the appendix. Caecum in herbivores serves as a site for enzymatic digestion of cellulose. Inside the cecum there are cellulotic microbes that are in symbiosis with herbivorous animals.

Wow, long yes, the process of digestion. So where do you get the nutrition from? Well, herbivorous animals rely on plants or other autotrophs as a source of nutrition. Stiff plant structure, will be difficult to digest, because animals do not have cellulose enzymes. So, herbivores will carry out symbiotic mutualism, or have a mutually beneficial relationship with non-pathogenic cellulotic microorganisms, ranging from protozoa to bacteria.

 

 

Examples of herbivores

Surely you are increasingly curious, how and what are the examples of these herbivorous animals? Check out the following explanation.

Cow

Cows are the same as goats. Many people raise cattle, especially in Indonesia, because raising cattle has many benefits, namely to produce offspring that can be bred again, the meat can be taken to make steaks, sausages, satay and other preparations because they are tasty and delicious.

In addition, cows can be taken for their milk because they contain protein which functions to build immunity in the body. Their hides are taken, both for food processing and for raw materials for crafts such as shadow puppets, shoes, bags, and so on.

Then the manure can be used for plant fertilizer, as well as biogas, as an alternative to fuel for household needs. Wow, that’s a lot of benefits.

Before the discovery of the field plowing tractor, in ancient times, cows were used by farmers to plow their fields. Apart from that, cows were also used as a means of transportation in ancient times, which connected one village to another.

The main food of this cow is grass. So, it is certain that this animal is a herbivore animal. Cows are widely spread all over the world. There are Limousin cattle from France, Brahman cattle from the United States, Simental cattle from Australia, and many other types of cattle that we can find in Indonesia.

Rabbit

Rabbits are mammals from the Leporidae family . Rabbits reproduce by giving birth, or are called viviparous. The name rabbit comes from the Dutch language, namely konijntje which means rabbit.

This means that Indonesian people have known rabbits since the colonial era, even though in 1972 on the island of Sumatra a species of Sumatran rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) was found. Currently rabbits are cultivated as pet rabbits and broiler rabbits.

But in general, rabbits are divided into two types, namely wild rabbits and domestic rabbits. Wild rabbits are also divided into two, namely hares (Lepus curpaeums) and wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Rabbits have a simple digestive system, are herbivorous animals that cannot digest fiber properly, they are called pseudo-ruminant livestock. The main food for rabbits is carrots, other types of vegetables, even fruits.

In Indonesia, especially the island of Java, many rabbits are raised commercially in the Lembang area, where ornamental rabbits are the prima donna for breeders. There are also many consumers of broiler rabbits in Lembang, especially the culinary type of rabbit satay being the main commodity. So, rabbits that are not included in the decorative rabbit category, are used as culinary processed ingredients.

Panda

This animal looks cute and adorable. Panda is part of the bear family which was discovered in central China in 1869. Even though it is classified as an omnivore, its hobby for eating young bamboo makes pandas also fall into the category of herbivorous animals.

Uniquely, pandas will consume bamboo when they are on a diet, even though these pandas are able to consume quite a lot of bamboo in a day. Pandas need to eat that much, because even though bamboo contains protein, sugar, fat and other nutrients, most of the calories possessed by bamboo are locked in cellulose fiber which is difficult to digest. Pandas are able to chew bamboo with very fast movements. Apart from having sharp teeth, pandas also have a throat specially designed by the creator, so that they can withstand the sharpness of bamboo. Unique right?

Elephant

This one mammal is also unique, has a fairly large body, has narrow eyes, wide fan-like ears, and a long nose which is called a proboscis. Elephants are herbivorous animals that live in various habitats, such as grasslands, forests, deserts and swamps.

The female elephant is an animal that loves the family. Female elephants live in groups with families. Usually a group consists of one female with her young, or several female groups live in contact with their young. In large groups, the oldest individual female elephant, usually called the grandmother elephant, will be the leader of this group.

Sinaumed’s, it turns out that elephants need 16 hours per day to collect food in the form of plants around them. Elephant food consists of grass, leaves, twigs, roots, a little fruit and flowers.

Elephants must consume large amounts of food, as elephants only digest about 40% of the food they eat. The texture of the molars that elephants have is quite a lot to chew so much food too. In a day, an adult elephant can consume 140 kilograms to 270 kilograms of food.

However, sixty percent of the food that enters the body is only left in the body, alias is not digested. Another unique part of the elephant’s body is the trunk. The trunk is an important body part for elephants. The trunk has strong muscles, the trunk functions to help eat, drink, and even help humans who will climb onto their backs. Isn’t that amazing?

Giraffe

The giraffe is perhaps the only herbivorous animal that has a long neck compared to other herbivorous animals. The function of this long neck will help the giraffe reach its food which is in a tall tree.

Even though it is very long, the giraffe’s neck is only composed of seven vertebrae similar to the arrangement of the human neck. In addition to reaching for food that is located far above. The giraffe’s long neck is also used as a weapon to defend itself in the event of an attack from the enemy. What often happens is a fight between male giraffes over a female. Wow, it looks like a human.

Horse

This herbivorous animal plays an important role in human life. Horses are useful for helping humans, from being used as a means of transportation, for sports facilities, to war purposes. But recently, horses have also been widely processed into delicious culinary delights, in the form of horse satay and there are also other products in the form of wild horse milk.

Apart from living for breeding, horses also breed wildly, in Indonesia the population is in the Sumbawa area, NTB. The main food sources for horses are hay and leaves. These two types of horse food are the most important nutrients for horses. Horses are animals that can produce great power to pull transportation equipment, as well as race on the horse racing track.

Nowadays, providing nutrition for horses must be really considered when keeping horses. The sources of nutrients used are also diverse. This is because some horses have a tendency to be hyperactive, in other words overly excited and overly excited.

So, the type of food that is appropriate to give is food that releases its energy slowly such as fiber and oil. This type of food contains the safest type of energy and causes minimal disease.

For horses that are lazy and inactive, it is more suitable to be given feed with a type of food that can release its energy content quickly, such as starch contained in cereals or grains such as oats and barley. However, this feeding must also be adjusted for certain horses, because some foods have the potential to cause various types of diseases.

Well, Sinaumed’s, that’s a bit of a story about herbivorous animals, starting from the definition, characteristics, and some examples of unique herbivorous animals. Interesting to follow right?

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Get to know Mahapatih Gajah Mada – A friend of Sinaumed’s, of course you already know this character. Searching for traces of the history of Majapahit’s glory is incomplete if you don’t talk about Patih Gajah Mada. Gajah Mada is the most influential mahapatih figure in the long journey of the Majapahit Kingdom to its peak of glory.

He is known as a mighty governor who is loyal to the Majapahit throne to continue to maintain integrity and expand the influence of the kingdom. One of Gajah Mada’s roles during the heyday of Majapahit was to unite the archipelago, as he said in the Palapa Oath.

His services are still glorified by the people of Indonesia until now. The Indonesian people have considered him a hero, a symbol of patriotism and national unity.

The story of his life, career and struggles can be obtained from several sources, especially from the Pararaton Book, Kakawin Nagarakretagama ( Nāgarakṛtâgama ), and inscriptions dating from the late 13th century.

However, Nagarakretagama’s records or the Singhasari Inscription 1351 (Gajah Mada Inscription), two of the main sources for classical historical studies, are not sufficient to explain Gajah Mada in detail and completely.

Likewise, several chronicles that appeared later, some of which even describe the figure of the Mahapatih as a figure in the air and come from a land that is out of nowhere.

So, to get to know this figure more clearly, let’s look together at a brief explanation about Gajah Mada, which has been summarized from the following sources. Happy reading.

The Origins of Gajah Mada

Illustration of Gajah Mada, this sketch is based on an old drawing by Mohammad Yamin that is out of date.

No one knows for certain that Gajah Mada was born, except for his own father and mother. This is because there are no written sources that mention it clearly, unequivocally and with certainty. Several chronicles describe the birth of Gajah Mada with explanations that are far above logic.

However, Mohammad Yamin, a figure from the Indonesian movement, dared to mention the origins of Gajah Mada. This opinion was later expressed by Agus Aris Munandar, a doctor and archeology expert from the University of Indonesia.

In essence, these two figures said that Gajah Mada was born around the headwaters of the Brantas River and at the foot of Mount Kawi and Mount Arjuna. Agus Aris Munandar said Gajah Mada was born in Pandaan, a small town that was developing on the slopes of Mount Welirang Arjuna.

Pandaan or Pandakan (now including the Pasuruan Regency, East Java), was once noted as a special place by Pararaton, when Singhasari fell and Majapahit grew.

Gajah Mada’s father was probably named Gajah Pagon, who accompanied Raden Wijaya when fighting Jayakatwang followers from Kediri. Gajah Pagon could not be an ordinary person, it is even very possible that he was the son of one of Kertanagara’s concubines because in the Pararaton Book, the name Gajah Pagon is specifically mentioned.

At that time, Raden Wijaya was so worried about Gajah Pagon who was injured and was entrusted to a Head of Pandakan Village. According to Agus, Gajah Pagon probably survived and then married the daughter of the Head of Pandakan Village and eventually had a child, namely Gajah Mada who served Majapahit.

Gajah Mada may also have the same grandparent as Tribhuwana Tunggadewi. The difference is that Gajah Mada is the grandson of the concubine’s wife, while Tribhuwana Tunggadewi is the grandson of Kertanagara’s official wife. Thus, it is not surprising and understandable that Gajah Mada respects Kertanagara very much.

Kertanegara is his own grandparent. Only the descendants of Kertanegara will be happy to build a caitya (sacred building) in the form of the Singasari Temple to commemorate the greatness of their ancestor. The concept of the Dwipantra Mandala political idea from Kertanagara may have also inspired and encouraged Gajah Mada to initiate the Palapa Oath.

The majority of sources state that Gajah Mada was born in 1299 and has another name Jirnnodhara. He was a warlord and mahapatih of the Majapahit Kingdom who was very influential during the leadership of Hayam Wuruk and was famous for his oath, namely the Palapa Oath.

 

The meaning of the name Gajah Mada

According to Hindu mythology, the word “elephant” is believed to be the vehicle (riding animal) of the god Indra, while “mada” in Old Javanese means drunk. The name Gajah Mada is interpreted in two ways, namely as a vehicle for the king or executor of the king’s orders and as a person who seems drunk when facing various obstacles that hinder him.

Gajah Mada inscription dated 1273 Saka (1351 AD), found in Singasari, Malang, East Java.

In the Gajah Mada Inscription it is written that Gajah Mada has another nickname, namely Rakryan Mapatih Jirnnodhara which may only be considered as a title. However, it can also be considered as his real name. As for Jirnnodhara itself, it means “builder of something new” or “restorer of something that has been damaged/collapsed”.

In a literal sense, Gajah Mada is the builder of a sacred building for Kertanegara which did not exist before. However, in a figurative sense, he can be seen as a restorer and successor of Kertanegara’s ideas in the Dwipantara Mandala concept.

Gajah Mada career

Gajah Mada began his career in Majapahit by becoming a bekel (troop head) bhayangkara (king’s bodyguard) during the reign of Prabu Jayanegara in 1309–1328. According to Pararaton, when he was the commander of the Bhayangkara special forces, Gajah Mada managed to save Prabu Jayanegara and take him away to Badander Village, and succeeded in quelling Ra Kuti’s rebellion.

As a reward, Jayanegara made Gajah Mada a governor in Kahuripan in 1319–1321 to accompany Tribhuwana Tunggadewi. However, two years later he was appointed governor to replace Arya Tilam who resigned as governor in Daha/Kediri.

After Jayanegara died in 1329, Aryo Tadah or Mpu Kewes as the Majapahit governor wanted to resign from his position. He submitted his resignation to the queen mother Gayatri who replaced Jayanegara.

Mpu Kewes resigned because he was old and sick. He then appointed Gajah Mada who was then a governor in Kediri as his successor. However, Gajah Mada did not immediately agree because he wanted to provide a service first to Majapahit by defeating the rebellion of Keta and Sadeng, who were rebelling at that time.

After Keta and Sadeng were conquered by Gajah Mada in 1334, he was officially appointed Mahapatih Amangkubhumi (Prime Minister) to replace Mpu Kewes, who had wanted to retire from 1329.

Gajah Mada is famous for his oath, namely the Palapa Oath. The Palapa Oath was a statement made at the ceremony of his appointment as Mahapatih Amangkubhumi Majapahit in 1334. At that time, Queen Tribhuwana Tunggadewi ruled Majapahit.

The contents of the Palapa Oath are found in the Middle Javanese text Pararaton which reads:

” Even if Huwus loses to the Archipelago, Isun Amukti Palapa, but loses to the Gurun ring, Seran ring, Tanjung Pura, Haru ring, Pahang ring, Dompo, Bali ring, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, Samana Isun Amukti Palapa” .

The meaning of the oath is:

“ If I have subdued the entire archipelago under the rule of Majapahit, I (will) break my fast. If you defeat Gurun, Seram, Tanjung Pura, Haru, Pahang, Dompo, Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, then I will break my fast “.

When the oath was made, many laughed at and belittled Gajah Mada’s aspiration to unite the archipelago.

The meaning of the names of the places mentioned in the Palapa Oath are as follows:

• Desert: Lombok Island;
• Seram: Kingdom of Seram, West Sumbawa Regency, West Nusa Tenggara;
• Tanjung Pura: Kingdom of Tanjungpura, Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan;
• Haru: Kingdom of Aru, Karo Regency, North Sumatra;
• Pahang: Pahang, Malaysia;
• Dompo: Dompo Kingdom, Dompu Regency, West Nusa Tenggara;
• Bali: Bali Island;
• Sunda: Kingdom of Sunda;
• Palembang: Palembang or Sriwijaya;
• Tumasik: Singapore.

Although many people doubted the oath he swore, he almost succeeded in conquering the Archipelago. Gajah Mada carried out the policy of unifying the archipelago for 21 years, namely between 1336 and 1357.

Gajah Mada started his conquest campaign assisted by Admiral Nala by using sea troops to the Swarnnabhumi (Sumatra) area in 1339, Bintan Island, Tumasik (now Singapore), the Malay Peninsula.

Furthermore, Gajah Mada together with Arya Damar in 1343 conquered Bedahulu (in Bali), Lombok, and a number of countries in Kalimantan, such as Kapuas, Katingan, Sampit, Kotalingga (Tanjunglingga), Kotawaringin, Sambas, Lawai, Kendawangan, Porcupine, Samadang, Tirem , Sedu, Brunei, Kalka, Saludung, Sulu, Pasir, Barito, Sawaku, Tabalung, Tanjungkutei, and Malano.

During the Majapahit reign led by King Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389), Gajah Mada was the mahapatih who led the Majapahit Kingdom to reach its peak of glory. It was also during the reign of Hayam Wuruk that Gajah Mada’s career peaked.

He continued to make conquests to the eastern region until 1357, such as Logadah, Gurun, Breadfruit, Taliwung, Cow, Volcano, Seram, Hutankadali, Sasak, Bantayan, Luwu, Buton, Banggai, Kunir, Galiyan, Salayar, Sumba, Muar (Saparua) , Solor, Bima, Wandan (Banda), Ambon, Wanin, Seran, Timor, and Dompo.

However, Gajah Mada’s glory faded when the Bubat War broke out in 1357. The Bubat War was a war that took place in 1279 Saka or 1357 AD in the 14th century, during the reign of Hayam Wuruk.

The war occurred due to a dispute between Gajah Mada and Prabu Maharaja Linggabuana from the Sunda Kingdom at Bubat Guesthouse, due to an imbalance between the Majapahit troops and the Sunda Kingdom troops which resulted in the death of almost the entire Sundanese party, including the King of Sunda and Princess Dyah Pitaloka.

The events of the Bubat War began with King Hayam Wuruk’s intention to marry the daughter of Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi from the Land of Sunda. That said, Hayam Wuruk’s interest in the princess was due to the circulation of a painting of the princess in Majapahit; painted secretly by an artist of the time.

The intention of the marriage was to strengthen a long broken brotherhood between Majapahit and Sunda. Raden Wijaya (founder of the Majapahit Kingdom) is a descendant of Dyah Lembu Tal and Rakeyan Jayadarma (king of the Sunda Kingdom).

The general reason that can be accepted is that Hayam Wuruk did have the intention to marry this woman driven by political reasons, namely to tie an alliance with the Land of Sunda. With the blessing of the Majapahit Royal family, Hayam Wuruk sent a letter of honor to Maharaja Linggabuana to propose to Mayang Sari.

The wedding ceremony is planned to be held in Majapahit. The Sundanese royal council actually objected, especially Mangkubumi Hyang Bunisora ​​Suradipati. This was because according to the customs prevailing in Indonesia at that time, it was not uncommon for the bride to come to the groom’s side. In addition, there are allegations that this was a diplomatic trap for Majapahit, which at that time was expanding its power, including by controlling the Kingdom of Dompu in Nusa Tenggara.

Linggabuana decided to still go to Majapahit, because of the sense of brotherhood that already existed from the ancestral lines of the two countries. Linggabuana left with the Sundanese group for Majapahit and was accepted and placed at the Bubat Guesthouse.

The Sundanese king came to Bubat along with his consort and daughter Dyah Pitaloka, accompanied by soldiers using 200 small boats and the total number was 2,000 ships coming to the Majapahit Kingdom, as told in the Sundanese Song.

However, according to an interpretation of the Panji Angreni story by historian Agus Aris Munandar (an archaeologist at the University of Indonesia), Gajah Mada was ordered by Krtawarddhana (Hayam Wuruk’s father) to cancel the marriage because he had arranged for him to marry Indudewi, daughter of Rajadewi Maharajasa who was domiciled in Daha (Kediri).

Agus said that Gajah Mada was only an extension of Hayam Wuruk’s parents, who were worried that the position of empress of Majapahit would fall into the hands of Dyah Pitaloka. Gajah Mada then advised Hayam Wuruk not to continue with the wedding plans. This made the Sunda Kingdom feel humiliated, so they finally chose to fight against Majapahit to protect their honor.

The general version circulating in society according to the Song of Sundayana, this war occurred due to the ambition of Gajah Mada’s Palapa Oath. With this intention, Gajah Mada made excuses that the arrival of the Sundanese group at Bubat Guesthouse was a form of the surrender of the Sunda Kingdom to Majapahit.

Gajah Mada urged Hayam Wuruk to accept Dyah Pitaloka not as a bride, but as a sign of submission to the State of Sunda and acknowledgment of Majapahit superiority over the Sundanese in the archipelago.

Before Hayam Wuruk had yet to give his decision, Gajah Mada had already deployed his troops to Bubat Guesthouse and threatened Linggabuana to admit Majapahit’s superiority.

In order to maintain his honor as a Sundanese knight, Linggabuana refused the pressure. Finally, there was an unequal war between Gajah Mada and his large army, against Linggabuana with a small army of balamati (royal bodyguards), as well as royal officials and ministers who participated in the visit.

As a result of this Bubat incident, it is said in the records of the Sundanese Song that Hayam Wuruk’s relationship with Gajah Mada became tenuous. Gajah Mada himself faced opposition, suspicion and criticism from various officials and nobles of Majapahit. This is because they think that Gajah Mada’s actions were very careless and reckless.

He was considered too bold and presumptuous by not heeding the wishes and feelings of King Hayam Wuruk himself. This unfortunate event marked the decline of Gajah Mada’s career, because Hayam Wuruk then bestowed upon him a fief in Madakaripura (now Probolinggo).

Although this action appears to be a gift, it can be interpreted as a subtle suggestion that Gajah Mada should start considering retirement. Madakaripura land is located far from the capital city of Majapahit.

Gajah Mada also died in 1364 and after that died of illness. With the death of Gajah Mada, the greatness of Majapahit was increasingly receding.

This incident also elicited a number of reactions reflecting the disappointment of the Sundanese people, namely the enactment of a regulation banning estri from outsiders , the contents of which were not allowed to marry outside the Sundanese circle of relatives, or some said one was not allowed to marry Majapahit. This regulation was then interpreted more broadly as a prohibition for Sundanese to marry Javanese.

Several other reactions of disappointment from the Sundanese people were the absence of roads bearing the names Gajah Mada or Majapahit in the city of Bandung, the capital city of West Java, which is the cultural center of the Sundanese people.

On March 6 2018, ‎Soekarwo (Governor of East Java), Ahmad Heryawan‎‎ (Governor of West Java), and Sri Sultan ‎‎Hamengkubuwana X (Governor of Yogyakarta) held a Cultural Reconciliation of Sundanese-Javanese Cultural Harmony at Hotel Bumi Surabaya.

They agreed to end the post-Bubat problem by changing the names of arterial roads in Surabaya, Yogyakarta and Bandung. The first Indonesian telecommunications satellite was named the Palapa Satellite, as a form of respect for Gajah Mada as the telecommunications unifier of the Indonesian people.

Not only that, the name Gajah Mada is also used as the name of the best university in Yogyakarta, namely Gadjah Mada University.

So, that’s a brief explanation of the Origins and Career History of Gajah Mada . Appreciating the services of national figures, like Gajah Mada, is not only by remembering and thanking them in their hearts, but also by emulating their attitudes and actions.

Sinaumed’s can visit sinaumedia’s book collection at www.sinaumedia.com to get references about other heroes, starting from their life background, education, and struggle history.

The following is a recommendation for sinaumedia books that Sinaumed’s can read to learn about Indonesian history so they can fully interpret it. Happy reading.

Author: Fandy Aprianto Rohman

• 6 Very Inspiring Heroes of Independence
• Biography of Ir. Sukarno, the proclaimer of Indonesian independence
• Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa Biography: His Life History and Struggle
• Biography of WR Supratman, the creator of the song Indonesia Raya
• After the Proclamation, Why Should the Indonesian Nation Defend Independence?
• History and Meaning of the Proclamation of Independence for Indonesia

Definition of Export and Import – Sinaumed’s must have heard or learned about export and import, right? In a country, export and import activities have an important role and are closely related to economic activities. Then export and import activities become international trade activities carried out between countries.

In simple terms, an activity of selling goods or services abroad is called export. While the activity of buying a product or goods from abroad is called import. Export and import activities are commonly carried out by Indonesia as a developing country.

In order for Sinaumed’s to be able to recall the meaning of export and import, this article will fully explain the meaning, purpose, benefits, and commodities of export and import activities in Indonesia. Check out this article to the end, OK?

Definition of Export and Import

Definition of Export

An activity of removing goods from the customs area is called export. What is the customs area? In simple terms, the customs area is an area belonging to the Republic of Indonesia which consists of water, land and air areas within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

The trade system by removing goods from within the country to abroad by fulfilling the applicable provisions can also be referred to as export activities. As one of the economic sectors, export activities play an important role through the expansion of markets in several countries.

It can be concluded that export is an activity or activity of releasing products and goods from within the country to abroad by following standard regulations and applicable provisions. Export activities are generally carried out by a country that is capable of producing goods in large quantities and this amount has been fulfilled domestically.

Why so? If the country is able to meet domestic needs, then it can send goods to countries that are unable to produce them. Then in export activities have a term called exporters.

What is meant by exporter? In general, exporters are activities of legal entities or individuals who carry out export activities. Export activities carried out on a large scale will involve Customs and Excise as a traffic controller for a country.

Each item to be exported has its own conditions depending on the type of goods. Not all individuals or communities are able to carry out export activities because there are several procedures that must be followed.

When compared with import activities, export activities are much easier to carry out. Because import activities have many regulations that must be obeyed, especially in terms of taxes. In export activities, there are only a few products that are subject to export taxes, namely exports of rattan, wood, and crude palm oil.

Export activities are able to create new effective demands that make goods in the domestic market seek innovation to increase productivity. Then export activities can increase economic growth and expand overseas markets for certain goods.

There are two ways that can be done in export activities, namely ordinary exports and exports without L/C. What is the difference between the two? The difference between the two lies in the use of letters of credit as a means of payment.

Ordinary export activities will carry out sales abroad with all the applicable conditions. Then the usual export activities are addressed to buyers using L/C. Meanwhile, export activities without L/C can be carried out if the trade department has issued a special permit.

Export Purpose and Benefits

1. Controlling Product Prices

A country that carries out export activities is able to take advantage of over capacity in a product. That way, the country is considered capable of controlling the price of export products that occur in the country.

Why? Because these domestic products will have cheaper prices when they can be produced easily and in abundance. In order for the country to be able to control prices in the market, it carries out export activities to other countries that need these products more.

2. Growing Domestic Industry

An activity or trading activity in the international scope that is carried out to provide stimulation to requests from within the country is called export. Export activities can also be interpreted as trading activities involving international markets.

A country’s export activities will give birth to other, much larger industries. Increased export demand for a product will have a direct impact on industrial development in a country.

That way, export activities will produce a more conducive business climate. Then the country will accustom itself to compete with intense competition in international trade.

3. Increase the State’s Foreign Exchange

The value of wealth owned by a country in the form of foreign currency is called foreign exchange. For the economic development of a country, export activities or activities will have a positive impact.

The existence of export activities is useful for opening new market opportunities abroad. This opportunity will grow the expansion of the domestic market, investment and foreign exchange in a country.

4. Increase employment opportunities

Export activities will indirectly create new jobs. That way, export activities also help reduce the unemployment rate. In addition, export growth in Indonesia will create jobs that will reduce the poverty rate.

Indonesian Export Commodities

Indonesia as a developing country has the five largest export commodities, namely textile products, rubber, palm oil, cocoa, and forest products.

1. Textile Products

Indonesian people often import textile products from abroad. However, Indonesian original textile products are no less good than other countries.

Indonesia has a relatively large number of textile industries and has succeeded in increasing domestic foreign exchange. Therefore, Indonesian original textile products are ranked in the top 5 export commodities.

2. Rubber

Don’t be surprised if rubber is used as the main commodity in export activities in Indonesia. Why? Because Indonesia itself is the second largest rubber producing country in the world, you know, Sinaumed’s. Indonesian rubber products are consistently sent to several developed countries, namely China, America and Japan.

3. Oil Palm

Palm oil is a product that is often used as raw material for cooking oil, butter, soap, and some beauty products. Most of the palm oil will be exported in the form of palm oil and palm kernel oil. Indonesian palm oil products are sent to several countries, such as Pakistan, India and China.

4. Cocoa

Sinaumed’s shouldn’t be surprised if cocoa becomes an export activity commodity in Indonesia. It should be noted that Indonesia itself is the third largest cocoa bean producing country in the world. Exported cocoa beans will later be processed into chocolate or other foods.

Cocoa beans which are divided into several qualities will later be selected before being exported. Cocoa bean products that have met the Indonesian National Standard or SNI will be sent abroad.

5. Forest Products

Indonesia as a tropical country has good and abundant wood industry development prospects. Paper and wood pulp are some of the forest products sent abroad.

 

Definition of Import

What is meant by import activities? An activity or activity of marketing goods products from the customs area or buying a product of goods from another country to meet domestic basic needs is called import. Trade that is carried out by entering goods from abroad into the Indonesian customs area and complying with the provisions of laws and regulations is called an import transaction.

Activities to enter goods from one country into the customs territory of another country can also be interpreted as import activities. Import activities involving two countries are represented by the interests between the two countries.

As a simple example, Indonesia, which does not have wheat products, must import wheat products from other countries in order to meet domestic wheat needs.

The process of assistance by customs is needed when the activity of sending imported goods is carried out on a large scale. In simple terms, the government will apply a tax rate on each product to each importer.

These tax rates make imported goods products have relatively high prices because there is a tax burden that must be paid by consumers. When compared with local products, imported goods tend to be more expensive.

Please note, not all products or goods are allowed to enter as imported goods. The Directorate of Customs and Excise has established regulations that allow and prohibit the entry of imported goods. Imported goods that contain elements of pornography, illegal drugs, animals and firearms are prohibited from entering.

Purpose and Benefits of Import

Meeting domestic needs is the main objective of import activities. Export and import activities themselves are a form of communication or cooperation in each country.

In addition to meeting domestic needs, the purpose of carrying out import activities is to increase the balance of payments and reduce the outflow of foreign exchange to other countries. Then import activities are useful for increasing the potential of a country.

Import activities are useful for obtaining goods and services that cannot be produced by a country due to geographical factors and so on. In addition, import activities are beneficial for obtaining raw materials and modern technology. Indirectly, import activities will support the country’s stability.

Based on the description above, it can be concluded that there are three points for the purpose of import activities.

• Meet domestic needs
• Strengthening the balance of payments position.
• Reducing the release of foreign exchange abroad.

 

Export and Import Commodities                                            

A product of goods and services that is able to meet the needs of buyers is referred to as a commodity. The type of commodity to be exported to a country certainly has its own advantages. Then Sinaumed’s needs to know three factors that can influence the superiority of a commodity, namely natural factors, technology, and production costs.

1. Natural Factors

One of the factors that can influence the superiority of a commodity is the geographical conditions of a country. For example, Indonesia as a country with a tropical climate has geographical conditions that allow rubber trees to thrive.

2. Technology Factors

In the process of making a commodity, the use of technology has a major effect on the quality of the product itself. So, it can be concluded that the technological advances used will affect the superiority of a commodity product.

3. Production Cost Factors

In addition to natural and technological factors, the superiority of a commodity is also influenced by production costs. The price of an item is influenced by production costs. Lower production costs will make the price of an item cheaper.

Prohibited goods in Import Export

In Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 18 of 2021 concerning Export Prohibited Goods and Import Prohibited Goods, which include:

1. Goods prohibited from export in the forestry sector
2. Goods prohibited for export in the agricultural sector
3. Goods prohibited from exporting subsidized fertilizers
4. Mining export prohibited goods
5. Goods prohibited from export of cultural heritage
6. Goods prohibited from export of metal scrap and scrap.

Export-import activities are not immediately carried out. We have a few things to look at. As well as goods that are prohibited in export-import activities. Goods that are prohibited from export must meet the following criteria:

1. Related to the protection of animals, health, fish, plants, human safety and the environment.
2. Related to national security, national interests, public interests, including social, cultural, and public morals.
3. Natural plants and wildlife.

Furthermore, goods that are prohibited from importing are as follows:

1. It is prohibited to import certain types of sugar
2. Prohibited import of rice with certain types
3. Prohibited import of substances that deplete the ozone layer
4. Prohibited imports in the form of used bags, used sacks and used clothes
5. Prohibited import of goods based on cooling systems
6. It is prohibited to import in the form of hazardous and toxic waste or B3 waste. Non-hazardous and toxic waste or non-B3 waste.
7. Import of hand tools is prohibited
8. Imports of medical devices containing mercury are prohibited

If you are interested in import and export and transactions, Sinaumed’s can read and get the book which is available at www.sinaumedia.com .

Export and Import Procedures

In exporting an item there are several steps that must be done. Following are the basics in the export procedure, as follows:

1. Sales contract letter or Sales Contract Process

For the first, make an agreement letter in the form of a document between the exporter and the importer. The document contains terms of payment, price, quality, quantity, method of transportation or delivery, insurance and so on.

2. Issuance of Importer Payment Guarantee Letters to Exporters or Letter of Credit (L/C) Opening Process

Following is the next process after the sale and purchase agreement, namely:

• The importer asks the foreign exchange bank to open  a letter of credit . Guarantee letter for the money to be paid to the prospective exporter according to the agreement stated in  the sales contract .
• Foreign exchange banks will open  letters of credit in their network of banks in the exporting country. This bank is called an advising bank .
• The Advising Bank checks the validity of  the letter of credit from the prospective importer’s foreign exchange bank. After that the Advising Bank sends a Letter of Credit as collateral for the exported goods.

3. Issuance of Shipping or Delivery Documents or Cargo Shipment Process

After the exporter receives the letter of credit from the Advising Bank, the prospective exporter will do the following:

• Prospective exporters order vessels at import-export shipping companies.
• Then the prospective exporter is required to make a Goods Export Declaration (PEB) at the Customs Office at the port. In addition, prospective exporters must pay export taxes and additional export taxes at  the advising bank or the bank that we use for export and import services according to what is in  the sales contract .
• Furthermore, the shipping company loads the goods and submits several proof of shipment documents. The evidence is submitted by the exporter to  the advising bank to forward it to the foreign exchange bank where the importer is located.
• Importers receive shipping documents if they have made payments to foreign exchange banks. Documents are important for importers because they are a condition for picking up goods. To collect goods, the importer must show proof of payment to the shipping agent for the imported goods.

4. Disbursement of Shipping Documents or Claims on Goods that have been paid by Importers or Shipping Documents Negotiations Process

Is taking money that has been paid by the importer to the bank. Here’s how:

• After receiving the documents from the shipment, the exporter prepares other documents required by the letter of credit, such as invoices, packing lists, country of origin certificates, packing lists, and others. After it is complete, it is submitted to the Advising Bank to obtain the appropriate payment in the Letter of Credits.
• The Advising Bank checks the completeness of documents and the accuracy of shipping documents to issue payment money.
• Complete shipping documents will be sent to the foreign exchange bank in the importing country to receive payment for the exporter
• The foreign exchange bank checks the completeness of the documents received. Then the foreign exchange bank pays off the payment to the advising bank in Jakarta.
• After that, the foreign exchange bank submits the document to the importer which will be used to collect the imported goods.

Furthermore, if you want to import an item, then the following are the import procedures that you can do:

1. If you want to send imported goods from abroad to Indonesia, use a ship or plane.
2. Request complete original import documents from overseas suppliers to be sent immediately to Indonesia.
3. Make payment of Import Duty and Import Tax according to the type of goods imported.
4. Payments can be made through banks that have collaborated with the government in paying import taxes.
5. Notification to Customs and Excise by using the Goods Import Notification (PIB) document, as well as the complementary import documents.
6. After that Customs will assign a green, yellow, red, or priority line to your import process.
7. If your import is approved, Customs will issue an SPPB or Approval Letter for the Release of Goods.
8. If the SPPB is issued, legally the imported goods have been permitted or legally to enter Indonesian territory.
9. Then transport imported goods from the customs area (TPS or airport) to your place. Transportation of goods usually uses land transportation such as trucks, buses, cars.

For further knowledge regarding export and import, Sinaumed’s can read and obtain his book which is available at www.sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, we always try to provide the best and latest information for you.

Example of Export and Import Policy

In international trade there are several policies in the export and import of goods. The following are examples of export and import policies, as follows:

1. Dumping Politics

Dumping politics is goods or services abroad and setting prices lower than domestic prices. The purpose of this Dumping Politics is to increase overseas markets and kill competition. This method is often done by companies to get a lot of profit.

Dumping politics occurs so that domestic purchase prices do not decrease. There are several types of dumping politics, as follows:

• Sporadic Dumping
  That is dumping done in the short term. The purpose of sporadic dumping is to prevent goods from piling up in the domestic market due to excess production of goods.

• Persistent Dumping
  That is a practice that is carried out continuously and permanently, due to market differences between importing and exporting countries or also called international price discrimination.

• Predatory Dumping
  That aims to immobilize its rivals. When competitors fall, the dumping actors will raise the price of their products as desired.

2. Free trade policy

It is an agreement between the two countries that does not make any regulations regarding the activity of buying and selling goods. So trade between countries allows the flow of commodities to enter and leave the region without any obstacles.

3. Tariffs

Tariffs are taxes imposed on objects or goods that will enter the territory of a country. All goods entering a country or region will be subject to tariffs or taxes according to the value of the goods.

4. Import Restrictions or Import Quotas

Import restrictions are made when a country experiences an increase in its production process. Import quota is a direct limit on the amount of goods imported. This method is carried out so that domestic products are not eroded by the presence of foreign products, so that local traders can compete in a healthy manner.

Besides that, the way to limit the entry of goods is by installing tariff and quota barriers which are useful for improving the balance of a payment.

5. Export subsidies

Export subsidies are government policies to encourage exports of goods and reduce sales of goods in the domestic market. Export subsidies are grants of funds from the government to companies in order to increase the amount of goods exported.

The domestic market uses direct payments, low-interest loans, exporters’ tax wishes, or advertising in other countries with government funding.

To add insight regarding exports and imports, Sinaumed’s can read and obtain his book which is available at www.sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, we always try to provide the best and latest information for you.

Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine

 

1. Getting to Know Export Import: Definition, Purpose, Benefits, and Commodities 
2. International trade
3. Negative Impacts of International Trade 
4. International Trade Theories
5. Positive Impact of International Trade

• Type of Sole Proprietorship
• Type of Group Business
• Definition of Goods Market
• Definition of Request and Offer
• Definition of Money
• Definition of Inflation
• Definition of Banks
• Economic Principles
• Definition of Scarcity
• Definition of Macroeconomics
• Microeconomics
• Economic Recession
• Economic growth
• Economic Globalization
• People’s Economy
• Economic agents
• Economic Problems in Indonesia
• Economics
• Types of Economic Systems
• Types of Business Entities

Well, Sinaumed’s, that’s an explanation of the meaning of export and import . Hopefully this article is useful for Sinaumed’s who are studying international trade.

Customer is – Sinaumed’s, if you know the word customer, you will definitely not be separated from business matters. The word customer is a word that comes from English and has a meaning, namely customer. In running a business, of course, it is necessary to have a buyer who will buy the goods or services provided by the producer company.

Generally, everyone who owns a business knows how to manage and retain their customers. For companies that sell products, to be able to find out customer complaints or satisfaction, usually companies or shops have customer service. In this article, we will discuss more deeply what a customer is.

Understanding Customers

The customer has several meanings both in general and according to experts, the general understanding of the customer is an individual or household, a company that buys goods or services produced by producers in economic transactions. Specifically, a consumer is someone who is used to buying goods at a particular store.

In Indonesian, customer means customer. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), customers are people who buy (use and so on) goods (newspapers and so on) on a regular basis.

Understanding Customer According to Experts

Some experts also express the understanding of the customer, among others.

1. According to Jerald Greenberg

Individuals or groups who shop for products in the form of goods or services by considering various factors, such as quality, place, price, service, etc. based on their own decisions.

2. According to Vincent Gaspersz

It’s all the people who demand that you meet a certain standard of quality and they will have an effect on your performance.

3. According to Philip Kotler

Individuals or households that shop for or obtain goods or services for their own consumption.

If consumers are satisfied with a product or service from a company, then they will be more loyal to that company in the future and can influence the impact of recommendations from one customer to another.

Customer Types

Consumers are generally divided into several types, including:

1. Internal Customers

This type is a consumer who comes from the inner scope of the company. Usually, they buy a product or service which will later be resold to other people.

In addition, this type has a share or influence on company performance. Such as marketing employees, operational employees, delivery employees, HRD (human resource management) and others. In order to maximize its performance, internal customers need good collaboration and teamwork, so they can get a large number of end customers.

2. External Customers

External types are customers who actively and directly use the products or services of the manufacturing company. This can also be called the end consumer, such as business owners, students, or housewives.

Usually, they (customers) exist because the company has good performance, quality, or quality of goods or services, so that consumers can directly feel satisfaction with a product or service. By providing the best quality goods or services to customers, commitment from customers will also be higher.

3. The first customer

This type of customer is a consumer who acts as an intermediary for selling products. However, these consumers are not the final users of a product or service from a company.

The first customer difference is that it does not come from the scope of the company, but rather is a general individual or group that distributes products or services from a company. Such as resellers of beauty products, tour booking service bureaus, food raw material agents, and the like.

 

 

Customer characteristics and how to deal with them

1. Cheap Customers

This characteristic can be said to be a consumer who prefers products at low and affordable prices, and prefers discounts. Usually, because there are factors such as savings that encourage them in choosing a product or service.

Consumers like this will ask about certain promotions, bonuses or discounts when shopping. The best way of marketing is to provide promotions as attractive as possible. That way, consumers will be more interested in trying the products you offer.

2. Difficult Customers

Then, the characteristics of difficult customers generally often perceive negatively and will compare products or services. This is caused by several factors that can cause this to happen, the most common factor being an unpleasant shopping experience.

In dealing with consumers like this, the thing that companies can do is be patient with them. Also, don’t start an argument and try to use polite language when communicating. Companies should not focus too much on this type of customer, because it will waste time without making a sale.

3. Sophisticated Customers

This type is a consumer who has high knowledge of a product or service before he decides to buy it. When a company handles this type of consumer, you should have good product knowledge.

This is because they usually have done research and have many references to the product or service that you offer.

The advantage of this type of customer is that after you have succeeded in impressing them, they will usually become loyal customers and be able to recommend your product to others. So, you must have more detailed product knowledge when dealing with consumers like this.

4. Affluent Customers

This type is a consumer who does not pay much attention to product prices. These consumers are the most important factor to consider a business asset in your marketing efforts.

They are customers who are always loyal to a product. However, they tend to guide the best in terms of both service and quality. So, it is important for companies to pay attention to individuals to attract them in order to encourage repeat purchases.

5. Grumpy Customers

This characteristic is a consumer who has a high temperament and irregular emotions. The way to deal with him is to be calm, patient and able to listen to everything he says carefully. You also have to understand what caused the anger and be able to explain this to consumers in the most friendly way.

6. Silent customer

This type is a customer who doesn’t talk much and tends to only look at goods or products. The way to deal with consumers like this is that you need to try to get their attention, such as starting the conversation first and trying to get along with them. If you talk to him first, it will make him feel more comfortable and you can ask him what he needs.

7. Impatient Customers

As the name suggests, these consumers are customers who always prioritize speed and accuracy of service. Consumers like this are often impatient in asking for a lot of products in a short period of time. If you find consumers like this, then you only need to have great patience and alertness so you don’t disappoint these customers.

Distribution of Customer Loyalty

According to Jill Griffin, customer loyalty is divided into 4 parts based on repeat, high and low purchase patterns. Here are 4 types of customer loyalty.

1. No Loyalty

There are some consumers who do not develop loyalty or loyalty when buying products. Without product loyalty it has a low association with repeat purchase rates. Basically, this group is included in the company’s target market in general. However, they do not become consumers and use products or services.

2. Weak Loyalty (Inertia Loyalty)

This consumer loyalty is low attachment and high repurchase. This is usually caused by consumer buying habits. The reasons consumers buy products or services are usually based on situational factors.

For example, consumers buy gasoline because the gas station is close to where they work. Consumers will choose the nearest gas station, which is near their place of work, even though there are several gas stations that are far away.

The company considers the possibility of weak consumer loyalty. This type of customer loyalty leads to positive things. In addition, consumers can experience an increase in high loyalty because of the products and services offered by these companies.

3. Hidden Loyalty (Latent Loyalty)

This type of customer loyalty is said to be relatively high, but the rate of repurchase is included in a low number. Consumers will repurchase based on their situation and attitude.

For example, in a couple of lovers where the woman likes shrimp while the partner, namely the boy, doesn’t like shrimp. Finally, the woman is occasionally invited to go to a place to eat that has shrimp or it could also be that the couple then chooses to find another restaurant that they can enjoy together.

4. Premium Loyalty

Premium loyalty is the highest level. Customers will buy products to make purchases continuously. Companies expect consumers to be loyal to use their products continuously.

Examples of consumers with high loyalty are consumers who are proud to have used a product or service, so they buy the product and even give recommendations to those closest to them. An example we can take is when a woman buys a skincare product and feels comfortable with the skincare product because it can solve her facial skin problems, she will recommend her friends to buy the product.

 

 

Customer Service

Sinaumed’s, with these many consumer characteristics. It would be better if the company had a place to accommodate all complaints or messages and criticism from consumers. Usually we call it Customer Service.

In Indonesian, Customer Service can also be referred to as customer service. Understanding Customer Service is a service provided by the company to answer questions and problems from consumers. In carrying out its work, customer service works by establishing interactive communication with consumers.

Communication can be done in various technical ways, such as face-to-face, telephone, email, chat to social media. Through this interaction, Customer Service will provide answers and understanding or guidance to customers to solve problems regarding problems with product use.

Customer Service function

1. Public Relations

Its main role is as a liaison between the company and its customers or other external parties.

2. Sales Means

Not only answering consumer complaints and questions, customer service must also be able to take advantage of the moment to do cross selling .

3. Maintain Customer Trust

As a person who interacts directly with customers, customer service must be able to maintain consumer trust and not leave a bad impression.

4. Collect Customer Data

The role of this customer service is to enter customer data into the business system. Usually, when placing an order, the customer service will enter information directly into the system.

Skills that Customer Service Must Have

1. Set the customer’s Language and tone

If you get an angry customer, a customer service person should respond calmly and not sound frustrated. If you reply in a calm tone, then it will also rub off on your consumers

2. Active listening

When customers are in a state of frustration, what they need is not a solution, so they stop providing solutions but resolutions.

3. Time management

As a customer, of course you don’t want to wait long to get answers to the questions you ask, do you? therefore a Customer Service must be able to have time management to solve problems.

4. Product knowledge

A customer service person is a person who directly deals with the company’s consumers, therefore it is necessary to know all the product knowledge that the company sells.

5. Multitasking

A customer service is expected to handle more than one chat at a time, this is to achieve efficiency. but don’t take too many calls because it will make consumers wait too long.

The difference between Customer, Consumer and Client

Maybe according to Sinaumed’s, these three words have the same meaning, namely as a party that buys the services or products offered by the seller. Even though they have the same meaning, the three have differences. Check out the explanation below.

customers

As previously explained, a customer is someone who buys or uses goods on a regular basis. that is why the relationship between customer and business cannot be severed and is very close in nature. Customers are also considered as a source of strength for a business, giving rise to the term buyer is king. That means, the relationship between the seller and the customer may last for a while, but the customer still has the right to obtain high-quality products or services according to the price paid.

consumer

Consumers are people who are included in the category of end users of a product or service. What’s the difference with the customer? A consumer is not necessarily a customer, but a customer may become a consumer at the same time. Is Sinaumed’s confused? Check out the example below

You sell special food for pets such as dogs or cats and those who buy these products can’t be the dogs and cats, right? Therefore, the product that you will sell will be purchased by humans who raise dogs or cats.

After that, the product will be consumed by the dog or cat. So in this case, it can be concluded that pet owners are customers and pets are consumers.

Client

Clients are people who use the services of an organization or professional person. Same with consumers and customers, clients are also individuals who use services or products sold by sellers. However, clients are usually more likely to use services than products.

This is what makes the client synonymous with someone who likes to ask for advice or assistance from a service provider company they trust. This is because a client is someone who uses certain services and in practice he wants to get maximum results.

These three things are important for you to know, Sinaumed’s, so that you can clearly understand the marketing strategy for the product or service that you will use.

 

Well, Sinaumed’s, that’s a complete explanation about the customer, up to the difference between the consumer and the client. Do you understand more about the customer? If Sinaumed’s wants to find out more about customers and books about customers, then you can get them at sinaumedia.com so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Cultural Lag – Many of us as part of modern society definitely want to know the latest world information just to find out information, add insight, or just looking for entertainment. However, in the midst of today’s development, there are some people who actually choose to close themselves off from their surroundings or even the outside world because they choose not to be the center of attention by following the trends that are happening in society.

The simple impact that is certain to occur from this attitude is that they become less informed about the latest life that is happening in the world or only in the environment around them or become culturally behind. A simple example, when someone chooses not to use a smartphone, their information knowledge about news or world news is less than someone who uses a smartphone.

Another example, if you have ever watched the film Captain Fantastic (2016) this film can be categorized as a result of being left behind in culture because in the film it tells about a family who lives in the forest and does not want to have anything to do with the outside world (urban) even though they still have broad insights. by learning science through books or music taught by their father in the forest but still the result is that they are unable to adapt to the culture of today’s world except what happens in the forest where they live.

It can be said that this social phenomenon can occur because they refuse to have a new culture emerge even in the midst of the globalization era, either for reasons of maintaining traditional culture or indeed they simply close themselves off from social life. This phenomenon is now known as Cultural Lag or cultural lag.

But with this new term, do we know it well? Or are we even experiencing it ourselves because the world’s development is too fast making us not want to know too much about this world’s development that is getting faster?

So because of that, let’s try to discuss what is Cultural Lag this time ? Definitions, examples, and their impact in our lives. Next, let’s look at the discussion below.

Definition of Cultural Lag

Cultural lag in Indonesian is called cultural lag. In the book Citizenship Education: Building Democratic Citizenship, cultural mismatch is another element of a changing culture.

This cultural lag occurs due to the inactivity of one of the cultural factors. Cultural lag is also known as an imbalance of one cultural factor to accommodate another cultural factor that has changed. Meanwhile, William F. Ogburn explained the theory of cultural shift from a sociological perspective. The theory explained that cultivation and growth would always be different. In theory as a whole, cultural backwardness explains the different levels of cultural progress. Where culture grows fast, while other cultures run slowly.

Differences in the level of progress are part of cultural mobility. The concept of backwardness has several distinct meanings, such as the period in which a new invention appears and the acceptance of that invention.

This cultural backwardness is part of a social phenomenon that often occurs in society. Cultural change describes what happens in a social system when it experiences change and its effects are unequal. Often, cultural lag is the result of friction between new discoveries and the existing customs of the surrounding community.

According to the sociology dictionary, cultural lag is the period between the entry of new technological developments (material culture) into a culture or a society. Cultural lag can be defined as the time it takes for a culture to catch up with technological innovations. Cultural lag can also be called cultural mismatch.

Maybe we will agree with the statement that as long as we are alive, then as long as we are still learning.
Especially for people who are still working as students, university students, prospective teachers,
or teachers themselves, of course the word learning is increasingly attached to everyday life.
We have basically done almost all learning theories, but often we are not aware that what we are
doing actually has a theory. Therefore, let’s try to understand the basis and concepts of
learning from Bruner’s theory.

Bruner’s theory itself is one of the theories that has had a significant impact on the field of education,
especially for learning mathematics. Then from the existence of this theory, his thinking
sparked discovery learning learning. Then, how did this learning theory succeed in developing
one of the latest learning models in this century? What are its contributions to learning in
mathematics? Everything will be explained in full below.

Bruner’s biography

Jerome Seymour Bruner was born on October 1, 1915 in New York City. Bruner was born blind and
could not see until cataract surgery in infancy. He was a graduate of the Psychology study
program at Duke University in 1937. Next, Bruner also succeeded in obtaining his master’s degree in 1939 and
also a Ph.D in 1941 at Harvard University.

During World War II, Bruner served under General Eisenhower in the Psychological Warfare Supreme division
of the Allied Forces European Expeditionary Force. After the war ended, Bruner continued to
work at Harvard University in 1945. When he was working at Harvard, Brunei began to actively produce various
kinds of research on how a person thinks.

At that time, Bruner met with many psychologists at Harvard and many of them adhered to behaviorism which
views every behavior performed by humans as a response to a stimulus provided by their environment.
Even so, Bruner does not fully agree with the theory. Until finally he and Leopos
conducted a series of experiments which resulted in a new theory of perception called New Look.

The New Look reveals that perception is not something that happens immediately, as has been assumed in the
old theory. Vice versa, perception is a form of information processing and also interpretation
which involves choices. His view was that psychology itself should be concerned with how people
see and also interpret the world and how they respond to stimuli.

In 1960, Bruner and George Miller founded the center for cognitive research at Harvard University.
Both firmly believed that psychology should be concerned with cognitive processes that differ from
those of humans and the way thoughts are structured in logical syntax. This then spawned
Bruner’s prominent contribution, namely pioneering the school of cognitive psychology which gave impetus so
that education could pay attention to the importance of developing thinking.
Bruner’s
Learning Theory

Bruner provides more views on human cognitive development, how humans learn, or gain knowledge and
transform knowledge. The basic premise of this theory views humans as processors, thinkers, and
also creators of information. According to him, learning is an active process that allows
humans to discover new things beyond the information given to them. Bruner’s theory discusses
human learning activities that are not related to age and also the stage of development.

Bruner’s approach to learning is based on two assumptions, namely the first is that the acquisition of
knowledge is an interactive process, and the second assumption is that people construct their knowledge by
connecting incoming information with previously stored and obtained information. Bruner
explained about four educational themes. The first theme explains the importance of knowledge
structure, then the second theme is learning readiness, and the other theme emphasizes the value of
intuition in the educational process. The last theme is about motivation or the desire to learn
and the various ways available to teachers to stimulate this motivation.

Discovery Learning

In his theory entitled “Learning Development Theory”, Bruner explains the learning process that uses mental
methods, namely individuals who learn to experience what they learn for themselves so that the process can
be recorded in their minds in their own way. Next, this one learning theory is adapted into a
discovery learning learning model that encourages students to learn independently by finding it for
themselves.

In discovery learning, students will learn through active involvement with various concepts and principles
in solving problems. Then the teacher will encourage students to gain experience by doing
activities that allow students to discover principles for themselves. This learning arouses
students’ curiosity, motivates students to continue working and also interact with the environment around
them to find answers.

Bruner’s Learning Stages

The interaction that occurs between students and the environment will provide opportunities for them to
make discoveries. In connection with this physical experience, according to Bruner, in the
learning process, children will go through three stages, including:

1. Enactive Stage

At this stage, a person will know an aspect of reality without using thoughts or words and consists of
presenting past events through motor responses. In this way, a set of activities will be
carried out to achieve certain results. In other words, at this stage children will be directly
involved in manipulating or tinkering with an object. For example, we want to introduce the
concept of fractional numbers, so we can use an apple that is divided into two equal parts.

2. Iconic Stage

In this stage, presentation activities will be carried out based on internal thoughts, where knowledge is
presented through a series of pictures or graphics carried out by the child. It will also be
related to mental which is a picture of the objects it manipulates. Children will not directly
manipulate objects as students do in the enactive stage.

At this iconic stage, namely a stage of learning something knowledge where the knowledge is represented or
manifested in the form of visual images or visual imagery, images, or diagrams that describe concrete
activities or concrete conditions that exist in the enactive stage mentioned above in point a.
Language becomes more important here because it acts as a medium for thinking. Then,
someone will reach a transitional period and use iconic representations based on the sense of symbolic
representations based on abstract ways of thinking.

3. Symbolic Stage

In this stage, language is a symbolic archetype, where the child will manipulate symbols or symbols of
certain objects. Children are no longer attached to objects as they were at the previous stage.
At this stage, children are able to use notation without dependence on real objects.
At the symbolic stage, learning is represented in the form of abstract symbols, namely arbitrary
symbols that are used based on the agreement of people in the field concerned, be they verbal symbols, for
example words, letters or sentences, mathematical symbols, or abstract symbols that are other.

For example, in studying the addition of two whole numbers, learning will occur optimally if students learn
this from the start using concrete objects, for example combining 3 marbles with 2 marbles and after that
counting the number of marbles. These are the reactive stages.

Then, learning activities are continued by using pictures or diagrams that represent the 3 marbles and the
2 marbles combined, then counting the number of marbles altogether, by using the picture or diagram or the
second stage, which is iconic. The students can do the addition by using the visual image of
the marbles. Then in the next stage, namely the symbolic stage, students can add the two
numbers by using number symbols, namely: 3 + 2 = 5.

We can accept the steps given by Bruner in simple logical learning. Where the introduction of
learning starts from the simplest or real things, then reaches the abstract things. Maybe we
can apply this concept in our daily learning process.

Bruner Mathematics Learning

Bruner is one of the educational leaders who is engaged in mathematics as the material being tested.
According to him, learning mathematics will be more successful if the teaching process is directed
at the concepts and structures made in the subject matter being taught, in addition to the related
relationships between concepts and structures. By getting to know the concepts and structures
included in the material being discussed, children will later understand the material they have to
master.

According to Bruner, there are four principles regarding how to learn and teach mathematics which are
called postulates or theorems. Theorems or theorems related to learning mathematics according
to Bruner and also Kenvey based on their experiments and experiences include:

1. The Argument of Compilation

The argument for the arrangement says that students will always have the ability to master definitions,
theorems, concepts, and also other mathematical abilities. Therefore, the best way for students
to start learning concepts and principles in mathematics is to construct the concepts and principles they
are learning themselves.

2. Notational Proof

The notational theorem says that the mathematical notation used must be adapted to the child’s level of mental
development, namely enactive, iconic, and symbolic.

3. The argument for contrast and
diversity or variation

The argument for contrast and also diversity says that a concept must be contrasted with other concepts and
must be presented with various examples. For example, to be able to understand the concept of
the number 2, students will be given activities to make groups of objects that have 2 members. In addition,
they will also be given activities to make groups of objects that do not have 2 members. Then, they can also
choose which group belongs group of 2 objects and which group is not a group of 2 objects.

4. The Attribution Proposition

The argument for this association says that one mathematical concept has a close relationship with other
mathematical concepts, both in terms of content and in terms of the use of formulas. For
example, the formula for the area of ​​a rectangle is a prerequisite material for the invention of the
formula for the area of ​​a parallelogram derived from the formula for a rectangle.

Learning Methods in Bruner’s Theory

Bruner’s theory says that students should learn by participating actively with concepts and principles.
So that later they will be encouraged to gain experience and conduct experiments that will allow
them to discover the various principles themselves. The knowledge gained by this discovery
learning method shows several positive impacts, including:

1. The knowledge will last a long time or can be remembered in other ways.
2. Discovery learning
outcomes have a better transfer effect compared to other learning outcomes. In other words,
concepts and principles that are made into one’s cognitive property are easier to apply to new
conditions.
3. Overall discovery learning will enhance students’ reasoning
and ability to think freely. Specifically, discovery learning will train students’
cognitive skills to find and solve problems without help from others.

Then it was argued, that discovery learning would arouse students’ curiosity, provide motivation to work
continuously until they found answers. Moreover, the approach can teach skills, solve problems
without help from others, and also require students to analyze and also manipulate information, not just
receive it.

The structure of the field of study, especially given by the basic concepts and principles of the field of
study. If a student has mastered the basic structure, it will be easier for them to learn other
subject matter in the same field of study. In addition, they will also find it easier to
remember new meaningful material, which they can use to see connections that are essential in that field of
study. That way, they can understand things in detail.

Bruner’s Theory of Instruction in Bruner’s
Learning Theory

In Bruner’s theory, pure discovery learning takes time. Therefore, in his book entitled “The
Relevance of Education (1971), Bruner suggested that the use of discovery learning would only be applied to
certain limits, namely by directing it to the structure of the field of study. In this section,
it will also be discussed how teaching or instruction is carried out in accordance with the theory put
forward regarding learning. According to Bruner, a theory of instruction should include:

1. Optimal experience for students to want and be able to learn.
2. Structuring knowledge for optimal
understanding.
3. Details of the order in which the subject matter is presented
optimally.
4. The form and also the provision of reinforments.

The Optimal Experience For Students
Who Will and Can Learn

According to Bruner’s Theory, learning and problem solving depend on alternative investigations.
Therefore, teaching or instruction must expedite and regulate alternative investigations, from the
student’s point of view. This alternative probe requires activation, orientation, and
maintenance. In other words, this alternative investigation requires something to get started.
Once initiated, the condition must be maintained or maintained. Then guarded so as not
to lose direction.

This is an explanation of what Bruner’s theory is and the various stages that must be passed.
For Sinaumed’s who want to know more deeply about other learning theories, they can read related books
by visiting sinaumedia.com. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides
quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Aves is – Kingdom animalia or animals is so vast that those who study it will never run out of learning topics and can get something new in it. There are so many animal species from various classes in this kingdom that are interesting to study.

Aves is a class that has its own uniqueness and characteristics compared to a number of other classes. In this article, Sinaumed’s will learn about the Aves class, starting from its definition, anatomical structure, how to reproduce, to a number of examples of Aves species.

What Are Aves?

Aves, as previously discussed above, are basically birds. These animals have hard backbones or also known as “vertebrates”, like the other two classes of animals in the animal classification, namely Mammalia and Reptiles.

Aves also have a number of characteristics that resemble mammals and reptiles. Aves have the same warm blood as Mammals, and reproduce by laying eggs like Reptilia. This way of breeding will be discussed later in another session in the same article.

Despite having a number of characteristics in common with the two classes of animals, Aves has a quite striking difference, namely the presence of hair all over its body. The presence of these furs is something that neither Mammals, which usually have hair, nor Reptiles, with their scales, lack.

Another thing that makes them unique is their ability to fly and hover. This is because Aves have a pair of wings on the sides of their bodies, which can be stretched and used to fly. The feathers all over their bodies are also very light, allowing them to float.

Their ability to fly is one of the reasons why Aves can be found in various parts of the world. They can live in a wide variety of temperatures, climates, and environments. Until now, there have been recorded 10,400 species of Aves that have been discovered and studied.

Another interesting fact about Aves is that they are the descendants of a number of giant reptiles that once ruled the earth: dinosaurs. A number of Dinosaurs are known to have similar body postures and bone shapes to the Aves in the modern era, making these Dinosaurs considered the ancestors of the Aves.

The topic of dinosaurs is always interesting to discuss. As one of the prehistoric animals in the past, this animal has many uniqueness that we cannot find in animals at this time. If Sinaumed’s is included in the category of people who like to know about dinosaurs, you can try reading the book “ Wow! 4D Encyclopedia: Dinosaurs” .

Aves Anatomy

Each animal class has its own unique anatomical structure and makes them different from other classes. And of course this also applies to Aves, who have an anatomical structure with a focus on making it easier for them to fly.

The shape of an Aves’ body, from bones, organs, to body hair, is all designed so that they can fly longer. Aves’ body shape also makes them unique in hunting and defending themselves.

If we talk more specifically about Aves anatomy, we can spend quite a long time. Therefore, this time, Sinaumed’s will study Aves anatomy in outline, and what differentiates it from other classes.

1. Bone Structure

Aves bones can be said to be quite sturdy like animal bones in general. However, what distinguishes the Aves bone from other classes is that there are cavities inside the Aves bone. This made their bones much lighter than normal bones, and helped them to fly more easily.

2. Blood Circulation

Because they spend a long time in the air, Aves’ blood circulation is fairly fast. Aves heart is actually similar to other classes, which has 4 cavities. The difference is, their heart is able to beat and pump blood as much as 1000 times per minute when flying, or about 16 times per second.

3. Sensory

Aves’ sensory systems are so sharp, that many of them are able to feel things much more sensitively than other classes. In comparison, Aves’ sense of sight can be up to 5 times farther than humans, and they can hear sounds that we cannot hear.

4. Skin

Aves’ skin is covered with light hair all over their bodies. In a number of parts, one of which is the legs, their bodies have hard skin resembling scales, which serves to protect these parts as well as a weapon for hunting. Aves also have a hard beak that is used to peck at prey or opponents.

Of course, there are more things that Sinaumed’s can know more about Aves anatomy. You just need to read a lot of Aves books and references if you are interested in this topic. One of the recommended books that you can read about Aves is the book “Aves Invertebrates – Exploring the Animal World”.

 

How to breed

As previously mentioned in the definition of Aves, this class reproduces by laying eggs. And not much different from Reptilia, Aves eggs are covered in a hard shell, so that the children inside can be well protected from predators.

There is no animal from the Aves class that does not lay eggs. Nonetheless, there are a number of differences that can be found in the way they lay their eggs. Starting from the location where the eggs are placed, the number of eggs released after they give birth, to how long it takes before the children can finally hatch.

1. Location to Place Eggs

The location for laying eggs for each Aves is different from one another. One thing that Sinaumed’s probably already knew was that Aves always lay their eggs in the nest. But the nests you know about may be different from the nests in which Aves lay their eggs.

This difference is partly due to the fact that each Aves has a different habitat. There are some Aves that may nest in trees, if they live in forested or urban areas. However, for those who live in mountainous areas, like it or not they have to nest around the mountain.

Not only that, anatomical differences are also quite influential. Aves who have the ability to fly can certainly lay their eggs in high places. However, flightless Aves do not have this ability, and inevitably have to nest in the lowlands.

2. Number of Eggs When Giving Birth

Again, there are quite striking differences in the number of eggs laid by each Aves species when giving birth. This difference makes it impossible for us to generalize one Aves species with another Aves species when discussing the number of eggs.

One of the factors that affect the number of eggs when Aves give birth is their body size. Generally, the larger the Aves species, the fewer eggs they will lay. The number of eggs usually ranges from 1 egg to 2 or a maximum of 3 eggs.

Smaller Ave species are usually able to lay more eggs than larger Ave species. Some species can lay anywhere from 7 to 8 eggs at a time. There are also Aves species that can release 14 eggs when they give birth.

3. Time Required for Hatching

Like the number of eggs produced when giving birth, the time it takes before the eggs can hatch is also usually influenced by the body size of the Aves species. It should also be noted that generally, the larger an animal is, the longer it will take them to carry a fetus before their time of delivery.

Smaller Aves species usually only take about 10 to 14 days for their eggs to hatch. Usually, the growth and development period they go through is also shorter than that of large Aves, ranging from 19 days to 21 days.

While a number of large Aves species require longer time for their babies to hatch, which is around 20 days to 35 days. The babies that hatch are of course larger than the babies of the small Aves species. This makes their growth and development period longer, which can be up to 2 months to 3.5 months.

Aves example

In this session, Sinaumed’s will be given a number of examples of Aves species. As previously explained, there are at least 10,400 species of Aves in this world. Of course, we cannot discuss all of these species in this article.

Therefore, the Aves species that will be discussed below are representative of similar Aves species. These species have many differences from one another, showing how varied the class Aves is. Check out the following explanation.

1. Eagle

Eagles are carnivores that can be found on the continent of North America, such as the United States and Canada. Adult eagles have a body size of up to 2.3 meters if you count the length of the wings, and their body weight can reach 3.3 kilograms.

The eagle’s main prey is fish, although it is not uncommon for these birds to prey on other small mammals such as rabbits. They are usually found in forest areas or on the edge of lakes, and often nest in nearby trees. The speed of an eagle when flying can reach 100 kilometers per hour.

2. The Canary

Canaries are a type of bird that is usually kept as a pet in many households. Canaries were originally native birds from the Micronesian Islands, before being brought by sailors from Spain, and bred as pets.

Although they are more often kept in cages and kept as pets, canaries are apparently often taken by miners underground when they work. It is known that Canaries have the ability to detect carbon monoxide gas, which is harmful to humans, and is often found in mines.

3. Bird of Paradise

Birds of Paradise or also known as “Birds of Heaven” in English, are a type of bird commonly found around Southeast Asia to Australia. Birds of Paradise live in trees in the forest, and usually have nests there.

Birds of Paradise fall into the omnivore category. They usually eat fruits or insects they find in the forest. Because of their beautiful feathers, Birds of Paradise are often hunted by humans, making their status slowly becoming increasingly rare.

4. Ostriches

Ostriches are one of the few types of Aves that do not have the ability to fly. Instead, they are blessed with strong legs for running and defending themselves. Ostriches are often found in desert areas or savanna plains on the African Continent, from Egypt, Somalia to Tanzania.

Ostrich eggs are known as the largest bird eggs in the world, reaching a weight of 1.5 kilograms and having a diameter of up to 12.5 centimeters. Ostriches are widely distributed to various parts of the world, to be raised and used for their feathers as decorations.

5. Penguins

Penguins are another type of Aves that don’t have the ability to fly like Ostriches. Even though they both can’t fly, penguins have quite striking differences compared to ostriches, ranging from habitat, food, to other abilities.

This type of Aves is commonly found in cold regions such as Antarctica, Greenland Island and Iceland. Penguins do not have the ability to run or walk fast, but are able to swim well, and can reach up to 8 kilometers per hour. This speed allows them to easily hunt fish in the sea and avoid predators.

6. Flamingoes

The Flamingo is a unique Aves known for its characteristic pink coat color . These animals are usually scattered around lakes, rivers, and sometimes the coasts of the African continent, the Asian continent and the South American continent. They live in colonies, where there can be up to 50 flamingos.

Even though it is known to have a pink color all over its body, it seems that the original color of the Flamingo is white. The pink color apparently comes from the food they eat, one of which is crustaceans. The flamingo’s body absorbs nutrients from the shrimp, and changes their pigment.

7. Chicken

Chickens are the last type of Aves to be discussed in this article. Sinaumed’s may already know that this species is an animal that is usually used as livestock, and its eggs and meat are used as food throughout the world.

Due to their status as livestock, chickens can be found in various locations around the world, regardless of climate and environment. Chicken is also one of the animals that can eat anything. What the chicken eats will affect the nutrition and content in the meat and eggs when eaten by humans.

The Aves species above are enough to represent tens of thousands of other Aves species that exist in the world. And if you are really interested in learning more about the various Aves species, all you need to do is read on. The book “Britannica Educational Series: Birds” is one of the reading materials that can increase your knowledge about Aves.

Thus ends the article which discusses Aves, starting with its definition, then a brief explanation of the anatomy of Aves, how they reproduce, as well as a number of examples of species from Aves that are scattered in various parts of the world.

Hopefully this article can add to Sinaumed’s’ knowledge about the Aves class, and can trigger your curiosity about the Animalia kingdom in general, so that you can gain new knowledge.

Apart from aves or birds, Sinaumed’s can also increase their knowledge on many things by visiting the www.sinaumedia.com site . sinaumedia, always provides books and articles for your reading intake, so that Sinaumed’s can get #MoreWithReading information and knowledge.

Author: M. Adrianto S.

Understanding Animal Fiber – Animal fiber is a natural fiber that consists mostly of certain proteins.
Fibers can be natural fibers and synthetic fibers. Synthetic fibers can be made of
plastic materials. Natural fibers can be from plants and animals. Animal fiber is
a layer of fiber that is usually used by humans for textiles and crafts.

Animal fibers commonly used in the world of manufacturing and hand spinning are wool fibers from domestic
sheep and silk. And the very popular fibers are alpaca and mohair fibers from Angora goats.
Unusual fibers such as Angora wool from rabbits and Chiengora for mass production. And
not all animal fibers have the same properties, even within a species the fibers are also
inconsistent.

Merino is a very soft and silky wool, while Cotswold is coarser. But merino and Cotswold are
breeds of sheep. This comparison can be continued at the microscopic level, comparing diameters
and fiber structures. With animal fibres, and natural fibres in general, individual fibers look
different, whereas all synthetic fibres look the same. This provides an easy way to distinguish
between natural and synthetic fibers under a microscope.

Most preferred animal fibers come from European countries. The animal fiber that is usually
used is the fur. The fiber is smooth and soft. Comfort, elasticity, flexibility,
beauty affect the sale value. The high selling value of fiber is of course based on the quality
of the goods. Animal fiber can also be a material at a fantastic price, this is due to the high
quality of animal fiber. The higher the quality, the higher the selling price.

Animal fibers are used for textile materials in the form of thick, smooth and soft jackets.
People in European countries really need this fiber because the air is cold there. The
classification of fiber from animals includes staple fiber and filament fiber.

Fiber Types

Natural fibers are fibers produced by plants, animals and geological processes. This type of
fiber can experience weathering. Natural fibers can be classified into several types of fibers,
namely:

1. Plant fiber

Plant fiber is a material similar to thread and when it comes from plants, it is referred to as plant
fiber. Plant fiber is also known as natural fiber, because this fiber is obtained from plants.
Various kinds of natural fiber materials from plants can be used by craftsmen to be produced into a
craft.

Natural fibers derived from plants are classified into four, namely fiber from seeds, stems, leaves and
fruit. Plant fibers are usually composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and sometimes also contain
lignin. Here are some examples of natural types of fiber, namely cotton and natural
fibers.

a. Hemp Fiber

Hemp fiber is a plant fiber that originates from the Boehmeria nivea plant. This plant fiber
has long been used in China as a material for wrapping corpses. This sedat is usually used as a
raw material for making canvas and rope crafts.

Not only that, this fiber is also very important in Japan, because it is a raw material for making Kimono
clothes. In Indonesia, hemp fiber has been growing since the Dutch Colonial period.
The following are the characteristics of hemp fiber, namely:

• • It has a very white color and is also clean
  • Does not change color even when exposed to sunlight
  • Has resistance from bacteria and fungi
  • It has a flexible texture and is very comfortable to wear

b. Abaka fiber

Abaka fiber is a fiber produced from Musa textilis, which is a plant that is similar to the banana plant
and originates from the Philippines. Abaca fiber is also known as Manila.

The benefits of abaca plant fiber are quite a lot. Usually the people of the Philippines use
this fiber as a raw material for handicrafts and for making clothes for nobles or respectable families in
the Philippines. There are several characteristics of abaca fiber, namely:

• • It has a white to ivory color
  • There are also cream to light brown
  • There are also black ones.

c. Urine fiber

Urene fiber is a fiber produced from the Urena lobata plant. The benefits of urea fiber as a
basic ingredient for household needs, such as in the manufacture of sacks. This fiber has
several characteristics, namely:

• • It has a slightly creamy white color and is shiny
  • It has a smooth and soft texture
  • Very supple

d. Sun fiber

Sunn fiber is a fiber produced from the Crotalaria Juncea plant and is the most widely produced in India
and Pakistan. The benefits of this fiber as a raw material for making nets, paper, sacks and
also rigging. The following are the characteristics of sunn fibers, namely:

• • The fiber has a very light color and is shiny
  • Sunn fiber is quite resistant from fungi and microorganisms
  • Has a fairly firm texture

e. Kenaf fiber

Kenaf fiber is a fiber from the stem of the Hibiscus Cannabinus plant and is most commonly found in India
and Pakistan. The outside of the stem has a rougher texture than the inside.
Following are the characteristics of kenaf fiber, namely:

• • Has a light brown color
  • Contains high cellulose
  • As a basic material for paper

2. Wood Fiber

Wood fiber is fiber that comes from woody plants. Wood fiber has a beautiful texture that is
different from the others. Here are some examples of wood fibers, namely: Teak wood fiber,
mahogany wood fiber, sonokeling wood fiber, sungkai wood fiber, ironwood fiber, acacia wood fiber, sengon
wood fiber, pine wood fiber, and also camphor wood fiber.

3. Animal Fibers

In general, animal fiber is composed of certain proteins. Examples of animal fibers that can
be used by humans are sheep wool (wool), leather, fur, and silk. Mineral fibers, generally made from
asbestos. Currently asbestos is the only mineral that occurs naturally in the form of long
fibers.

Here are some explanations of the classification of animal fiber, namely:

a. Staple Fiber

Staple fiber is a form of animal hair in the form of wool. Examples of animals are sheep,
alpaca, cashmere, mohair, rabbit and vicuna. The most widely used animal fiber is wool which is
from sheep wool.

b. Filament

Filament is a form of fiber in the form of a network. An example of a filament is the fiber
that comes from the silkworm larvae. From caterpillars to cocoons and these cocoons are used as
threads and then spun into silk cloth. Silk cloth itself has a high selling value in the
market. Silk fabrics are embroidered from any country, so apart from having a high selling
value, they can also be imported to various countries around the world.

Here are some types of fiber derived from animals, namely:

a. Wool

Wool fiber is the hair that grows from the skin of sheep and is a relatively coarse and crimped fiber with
scales on its surface. Wool fibers consist of protein. The appearance of this
fiber varies, depending on what breed of sheep it is. The finer, softer and warmer fibers tend
to have more scales and are finer.

Thicker, less warm fibers have less scale and are coarser. Generally, better wool fibers with
finer scales appear duller than poor quality fibers which have fewer scales. The following
characteristics are found in wool fibers, namely:

• • Hair looks wrinkled Elastic Hygroscopic
  • Easily absorbs moisture
  • Fusifies at a higher temperature than cotton
  • Lower rate of flame spread, heat release and combustion heat
  • Resistant to static electricity

Wool fiber has many benefits so it is used as the most popular fiber material. Following are
the benefits of wool fiber as follows:

• • For the manufacture of clothing-jackets, jackets, pants, sweaters, hats and so on
  • Manufacture of blankets, carpets, felt and upholstery
  • Horse rug, Silk Fiber saddle cloth

b. Silk Fiber

Silk fiber comes from the saliva of silkworms when they become cocoons. This type of silk
cloth made from this fiber has high selling power, because it has a luster and smoothness that other fibers
do not have. The strength of the fiber is also good but in the wet state the strength of the
silk fiber is reduced to 15%.

Silk fiber has physical characteristics such as smooth, shiny, soft, supple, strong and can adapt to the
existing air temperature. When silk fiber is used as clothing, the silk fiber will feel cold
and can absorb sweat well. However, silk fibers can turn yellow if exposed to too much
sunlight. Silk fiber is also heat and acid resistant but is resistant to moths.

The following characteristics are possessed by silk fibers, namely:

• • Shiny, fine texture, soft and non-slip
  • Light, strong, but can lose up to 20% of its strength when wet
  • Moderate to poor elasticity. If extended, stay stretched
  • May weaken if exposed to too much sun
  • Can be damaged by insects, especially if left dirty
  • Can be damaged by insects, especially if left dirty

Silk fiber is used in the manufacture of shirts, ties, blouses, formal gowns, high fashion, women’s
underwear, pajamas, robes, men’s suits and summer wear. In addition, there are many
applications for furnishing upholstery, wall coverings, and leather wall decoration.

c. Alpaca Fleece Fiber

Alpacas are animals that resemble Ilama, but the body of an alpaca is smaller. Alpaca is taken
for its fur and the fiber is used to make knitwear and sewing items, such as sheep’s wool.
Alpaca fiber is a natural fiber obtained from alpaca, which is a unique animal that belongs to the
camel family and also resembles llamas.

This natural fiber is soft, durable, luxurious and silky. Compared to wool, this fiber is
warmer, less barbed, and also does not contain lanolin, which makes it hypoallergenic. Alpacas
are naturally water resistant and difficult to catch fire.

There are two types of alpaca fiber, namely: Huacaya, an alpaca that grows soft spongy fiber, has natural
wrinkles, making this elastic thread very suitable for knitting. Suri has no wrinkles and is
therefore more suitable for woven items.

Alpaca can be made into a wide range of products, from very simple and inexpensive clothing made by
indigenous peoples to sophisticated, industrial and expensive products such as clothing. The
card making, spinning, weaving and finishing processes of alpaca are very similar to the processes used to
manufacture wool.

d. Cowhide Fiber

Cowhide has many benefits, besides being used as a variety of processed foods, cowhide can also be used to
make crafts. The nature of this fiber material is of course very good and durable as well as
flexible, so it is very suitable as a raw material for making bags, shoes, and so on.

In the aspect of fashion and animal products, leather is a flexible and durable material made by tanning
animal skins, generally cowhide. Leather has been used as a raw material for clothing, vehicle
interiors, furniture, book covers, drums, musical instruments and so on.

Today most of the skin is made from cowhide. Goat, sheep and deer skins were also used to
produce a material that was softer and valued at a higher price. Deer skins can also be used as
gloves in temperate countries. Other animal skins include pig, buffalo, crocodile, dog, snake,
kangaroo and large poultry such as ostriches.

Kangaroo skin is strong, flexible, lightweight and anti-abrasion, and is often used as a material for whips
and jackets for motorcycle users. Football boots and boxing gloves. The
traditional Japanese sword Katana uses stingray skin on the handle.

e. Crocodile Skin Fiber

Estuarine crocodile is a type of crocodile whose skin is widely used as fiber for a product that is
expensive. In America, alligator crocodiles are usually used as the utilization of its skin
which is a raw material. Crocodile skin fiber is usually used as raw material for making shoes,
wallets, bags, and even clothing materials, such as jackets, suits, and other fashions.

f. Fleece Fiber

Not all sheep can use their fur, you know Sinaumed’s, Merino sheep are a special type of sheep and of course
have thick fur that can be used as a natural fiber material. Sheep Fleece is usually used to
make woolen fabrics and several other materials.

Sheep’s wool fiber has a curly and dense nature which is a technique of gathering the hair by shearing at
the end of winter. The sheep’s wool is then woven into threads and woolen fabrics that we
usually find on the market.

g. Bear Hair Fiber

Bear fur can also be used as material for making clothes and jackets. Even though it is
difficult to get it, the average population who live in countries with cold climates, wear clothes and
jackets made from bear fur.

h. Horse Hair Fiber

Various types of brushes are usually made from horse hair fibers because they are considered to be better
for painting. In addition to brushes, horse hair fibers can also be used for strings in several
types of traditional musical instruments due to the unique power of horse hair to produce tones and
sounds.

Wow, it turns out that the fibers that we use every day from clothes, cooking tools, musical instruments
and others are made of various kinds of fibers, ranging from plants, wood to animals. If
Sinaumed’s wants to find out more information about how to care for these animals to produce fibers and how to
make them into goods, Sinaumed’s can read books available at www.sinaumedia.com .
As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best!

Founder of Grab – Getting to Know Who Founded Grab and Its Development – ​​Grab is one of the largest
online transportation companies in existence today, where Grab has been operating in a number of countries
in Southeast Asia, for example Singapore, Indonesia and other Asian countries. Behind Grab’s
success, of course, there is the extraordinary figure of Grab’s founder.

Anthony Tan is the name behind the success of an online transportation service called Grab.
Anthony founded an online transportation service with the aim that people can make things easier
quickly and easily. Currently, Grab itself has a number of services, ranging from Grab Express,
Grab Car, Grab Bike, Grab Food, Grab Taxi, and other services.

To find out more about Grab, here is a complete discussion about Grab, starting from the profile of the
founder of Grab, the history of Grab’s founding, the development of Grab, to the key to success according to
Grab’s founder, Anthony Tan. What are you curious about? Let’s pay attention to
the full discussion below.

Grab Founder Profile

Grab was founded by a man born in Malaysia named Anthony Tan. This Anthony figure comes from
Chinese descent. Father and mother Anthony Tan are successful businessmen in their home
country, Malaysia. Even in 2015, Anthony’s father managed to become one of the richest people
in Malaysia.

Anthony Tan is a graduate of a well-known university called Harvard School with a degree he obtained in
2011 as a master. This man of Chinese descent has a desire to build a business in the taxi
sector. Until finally his wish was sparked because of his grandfather’s successful history in
building a taxi business in Malaysia at that time.

Then, at the young age of Anthony Tan, who was 30 years old, Anthony managed to build a new business called
Grab. This was proven when at the age of 38, Grab has become a very successful online
transportation service and is available in almost all countries in Southeast Asia.

The History of the Founding of Grab

The history of the establishment of this grab consists of two things, namely the beginning in Malaysia and
the change of name, which was originally a new service called Myteksi, which changed to Grab.
Here is the discussion.

a. The Beginning in Malaysia

At first, Anthony Tan started the Grab business because he heard concerns from a friend who said that his
friend found it difficult to find a taxi in Malaysia. Hearing this, Anthony Tan felt moved.
Then he thought of providing taxi services easily and quickly.

Until finally, a new service was formed with the name Myteksi. This service has two systems in
the form of a digital ordering and mapping application. This system was created to make it
easier for prospective customers to get a taxi quickly and easily.

The Myteksi service developed by Anthony Tan existed when he was still in education. This
service is one of the systems created to meet the needs of college assignments. However, seeing
the enormous potential of the Myteksi system, it made Anthony Tan even more serious about managing the
application.

At that time, in 2012 Myteksi company was created by Anthony Tan for the first time. With
Myteksi’s headquarters located in the country of Singapore. His presence in Singapore at that
time was because Anthony Tan’s main target was taxi services for Malaysia and Singapore.

b. Changed Name From Myteksi to
Grab

Anthony Tan also repeatedly changed the name of his online transportation company, initially named Myteksi,
changed to Grab Taxi, and finally changed its name to just Grab. In 2012, this company began to
build even more seriously. With its headquarters in Singapore, Grab is quickly recognized by
many people.

Seeing the fairly rapid development of Grab, the founder of Grab, namely Anthony Tan, also has the desire
to increase funding from outside. Then, a foreign company from Singapore named Vertex Venture
Holdings provided funding of up to 10 million dollars to develop Grab as Decacorn.

Following this funding, many capital companies emerged that wanted to participate in it. For
example, funds of 15 million dollars from GGV Capital from China, then Tiger Global from America, which
funded 65 million dollars, and a large capital addition of 250 million dollars from Softbank Corp.

So, that’s the history of the first time the Grab company was founded. Anthony Tan as the
founder of Grab always innovates in providing better services.

Grab developments

Certainly Grab’s current success is inseparable from the long process of development in the field of online
transportation services. Following are the developments of Grab that you need to know about,
including:

a. Grab Development Facility

In 2015, Grab began to actively improve its services. With one of them creating a development
facility. The purpose of this facility is to make Grab more advanced.

The development and research facilities are made at Grab’s business headquarters in Singapore.
At a cost of nearly $100 million, Grab finally has its own research facility.

In its development, Grab brought in a number of experts who have expertise and abilities in the field of
technology. In fact, not only that, Grab also collaborated with a former Facebook engineer
named Wei Zhu.

Of course, this is a very significant input and it is hoped that Wei Zhu can make Grab have a reliable
transportation system.

b. Acquisition To Company

Not only making developer facilities, but Grab has also acquired many companies so that it can have new
innovations. One of the things that had a big influence was his acquisition of Uber in
2018.

Grab wants to unify Uber’s services with Grab’s own services, the merger has proven to be effective and
good in improving Grab’s own services. However, the impact obtained by Grab is that it is
obliged to give 27.5% of its shares to Uber owner named Dara Khosrowshahi.

Even though Grab shares are widely divided, Anthony Tan has always believed that it was necessary to do so.
Considering that Grab has started to enter a number of countries, of course it requires more
manpower and new innovation from Uber itself.

c. Overseas Expansion

This overseas expansion has begun to be carried out by Grab so that Grab is not out of date.
For example, opening a development facility in Seattle, United States.

This step was taken so that Grab can always update the digital world, especially the latest technology from
Uncle Sam’s country. Moreover, with an overseas expansion, Grab can recruit experts directly
from the United States.

Of course, this can support Grab’s operations even better. In fact, this can also have a
positive influence so that the development of Grab in the future will be even better.

The expansion of Grab for the first time in the United States has raised a number of new speculations, namely
Grab’s desire to enter America.

However, this was directly denied by the founder of Grab, namely Anthony Tan. He said that he
just wanted to always be updated on the latest technology. Meanwhile, he is only targeting the
Asian market at the present time.

d. Grab Begins to Enter Indonesia

In recent years, Grab has been very ambitious to provide services in all regions of Asia.
Indonesia itself is one of the most important goals of this transportation company.
Grab successfully entered Indonesian territory in mid-2014.

Even though its arrival brought pros and cons, in reality Grab has now been able to be well received by
Indonesian citizens. Not only that, domestic business actors are currently collaborating a lot
with Grab. With the existence of online transportation called Grab, it is hoped that it can
make the community’s economic development more rapid.

e. Grab Services Until Now

Until now, Grab has become one of the best online transportation services and always innovates by providing
various new services. Examples of services from Grab include Grab Express, Grab Car, Grab Bike,
Grab Food, Grab Taxi, and other services.

Grab has reached almost all countries in Southeast Asia, making Grab the first Decacorn company in
Southeast Asia with a digital basis. The development of Grab is inseparable from the best
service that is always provided by Grab for customers or partners who work with it.

Anthony Tan as a founder of Grab said that his main focus now is to grow Grab’s reach.
Particularly in the Asian region, Anthony Tan has no intention of targeting even bigger markets,
for example the European region. Apart from that, currently Grab has become one of the biggest
companies that almost everyone in Asia knows.

5 Keys to Success According to Grab
Founder, Anthony Tan

There are 5 things that can make Anthony Tan successful and you can emulate them to be able to achieve
success with your own version. According to the founder of Grab, Anthony Tan, the 5 keys to
success are as follows:

a. Do Self-Actualization

As someone who was born into a wealthy family, it does not make Anthony Tan feel safe and only rely on
family business. Even though he is the youngest of 3 (three) siblings, Anthony Tan has never
had a spoiled attitude.

He is precisely the only child who can think far ahead. Then, what’s the result?
When his two older brothers were still in the family business, Anthony Tan was able to set up his
own company.

b. Dare to Take All Risks

Dare to take all risks is not an easy matter. Because you are required to leave something that
you have in order to do everything that is uncertain.

However, without any doubts, Anthony Tan decided to get away from the shadow of his family and set up his
own company. Before starting his business, Anthony Tan actually knew what risks and challenges
he would face later.

Introducing new technology to drivers was not an easy thing at that time. Because, maybe they
will refuse to participate because they don’t know how to run the application.

Even so, all this did not make Anthony Tan feel hopeless and stop walking. He actually has
great confidence that his business will actually be able to run.

c. Always Enthusiastic and Persistent

Without any doubts, Anthony Tan himself visited a number of places that became bases in order to introduce
the application he made to transportation drivers. He goes to malls, gas stations, airports and
other bases to give drivers an understanding of the importance of technology in the future.

Not only that, when Anthony Tan first started his business journey, he also experienced what it was like to
be a call center admin. This was deliberately done in order to provide direct understanding of
the various problems that occur in the field. With criticism and suggestions given by drivers
and customers, Anthony Tan now understands how to improve his business so that it can be even better.

d. Sensitive and Caring for
the Surrounding Environment

In forming a business that can be well received by the wider community is not an easy thing.
You really need to understand what people need and use every day.

Well, you won’t find that if you just stay at home and rely on the internet. You must really
go down into the community to see and know firsthand the problems of the community.

That is what Anthony Tan does. He sees that there are many problems that occur in the field of public
transportation. For example, when you take a metered taxi you will easily be played by drivers
by taking a detour.

Not only that, issues regarding security now often haunt potential customers, especially a woman.
With Grab, Anthony Tan tries to give awareness to the problems that occur in people’s lives.
Anthony Tan provides a solution so you can know the taxi meter from start to finish and always feel
safe when driving.

e. Learn From Every Mistake

Anthony Tan admits that his Grab business doesn’t always run smoothly without any hiccups or obstacles.
Because in 2013, when Grab started to leave Malaysia and was about to enter Manila, the
Philippines. He said that poor management and planning prevented his business from doing well
there.

In fact, there was once a misunderstanding that resulted in the salaries of all drivers not being paid for
1 month. However, this incident always reminds Anthony Tan and makes Anthony Tan a lesson to
this day. According to Anthony Tan, things like that are reminders that can build Anthony Tan
into someone who is not easily satisfied with what he has achieved.

Thus the discussion about Grab, starting from the profile of the founder of Grab, the history of the
founding of Grab, the development of Grab, to the key to success according to the founder of Grab, namely
Anthony Tan. Hopefully the above understanding can provide insight into knowledge and you can
apply it so that it can be useful for you.

Founder of Gojek – Transportation services are one of the things we always use and benefit from in our
daily lives. There are three types of transportation services that are well known by the public
in general throughout the world, including land transportation, air transportation, and sea transportation.
Of the three types of transportation, land transportation is the transportation service most often
used by people for their daily lives.

As the name implies, ground transportation is a delivery service that operates in the mainland.
This one transportation service can transport people, objects, or goods from one location to
another and from one address to another. In Indonesia, there are many types of land
transportation that we can use, including motorcycle taxi services, taxis, public transportation, buses,
rickshaws, and many more.

In the 2000s, motorcycle taxi services in Indonesia began to change and develop into an online system.
In the past, ojek services could only be found in the traditional way. For example, we
have to go to the motorcycle taxi post first so we can use the service. But it’s different from
today, where we can order motorcycle taxi services from anywhere and anytime.

This online motorcycle taxi service is very well known among the public with the name Gojek Indonesia.
Gojek itself has another name, namely PT Aplikasi Karya Anak Bangsa. The main focus of
the Gojek service is to make it easier for anyone to order a motorcycle taxi online. The
application can also be downloaded for free via your smartphone.

The first online motorcycle taxi innovation in Indonesia is the work of a nation’s son named Nadiem
Makarim. For his innovation, Nadiem was finally able to help and assist many Indonesian people.
Then in 2020, Nadiem was appointed Minister of Education of the Republic of Indonesia.

Even so, the development of the Gojek company continues to run optimally, even progressing from year to
year. Before discussing Gojek’s development from time to time, it would be better if we
discussed the career journey of the founder of Gojek, Nadiem Makarim.

Biography of Nadiem Makarim

By utilizing technological sophistication, Gojek has certainly succeeded in carrying out an industrial
revolution in the field of ojek transportation. Various features have been provided by Gojek,
ranging from online motorcycle taxis, delivery of goods, online shopping, to ordering food delivery.
All of these innovations started with Nadiem Makarim. So, to find out more about
Nadiem Makarim’s profile or biography, here is the full review.

Nadiem Makarim’s childhood

Nadiem Anwar Makarim was born in Singapore on July 14, 1984. His father, Nono Anwar Makarim, is a lawyer
who is quite prominent and also works from Pekalongan. Meanwhile, her mother named Atika
Algadri works in the non-profit sector. Where the mother of Nadiem Makarim is the daughter of
one of the pioneers of Indonesian Independence. Then Nadiem Makarim also has two
sisters.

For education Nadiem Makarim took, namely he started elementary school in Jakarta, then he graduated from
high school in Singapore. After completing his high school education, in 2002 Nadiem Makarim
continued his education at Brown University, United States of America majoring in International Relations.
Then for a year Nadiem decided to take part in an exchange program at the London School of
Economics. In addition, Nadiem also continued his education at Harvard Business School, at
Harvard University and graduated with a Master of Business Administration or MBA degree.

Career Journey

After Nadiem Makarim finished his education, Nadiem is known to have worked at the Mckinsey company and
also the Company which is a well-known consulting firm located in Jakarta. Nadiem worked at the
company for about three years. Apart from that, Nadiem is also known to work as the Co-Founder
and Managing Editor at Zalora Indonesia. After that, Nadiem worked as Kartuku’s Chief
Innovation Officer. Because he had experience from this job, Nadiem then ventured to quit the
job he was doing. Then in 2011, Nadiem founded a company called GO-JEK.

Stories From GO-JEK Business Ideas

Initially, Nadiem got the business idea for the Gojek transportation service during a discussion with his
regular motorcycle taxi drivers. Nadiem himself rarely uses his car because of his high
mobility. So that he often or almost every day uses motorcycle taxi drivers to take him to his
workplace so he can get through Jakarta’s traffic jams. At that time, Nadiem was still working
as Kartuku’s Chief Innovation Officer and Co-Founder and also Managing Editor of Zalora Indonesia.
From Nadiem’s ​​conversations with the motorcycle taxi drivers he used, he began to discover the
fact that most motorcycle taxi drivers spend a lot of time just waiting for customers. In fact,
it is very difficult to find customers who want to use their services. In fact,

However, Nadiem Makarim sees that the availability of this type of transportation is not too much compared
to other types of transportation. That way, it’s often quite difficult to find.
Nadiem Makarim has the desire to provide motorcycle taxi transportation anywhere and anytime when
needed. When viewed from the side of Jakarta’s traffic jams that are getting worse, fast
transportation services and fast delivery will certainly be needed so that they can help the people of
Jakarta and its surroundings. It was from this problem that Nadiem saw an opportunity to create
a service that could connect motorcycle taxi drivers and passengers.

The beginning of GO-JEK

In 2011, Nadiem Makarim officially founded the Gojek company which later served as one of the CEOs or
founders of Gojek. At the beginning of the founding of the Gojek company, Nadiem only had 20
ojek drivers. While the system provided is still a telephone call center.
Therefore, for customers who want to use the ojek driver, they must directly contact the call
center that has been provided. At that time, the number of employees he had was still limited,
the drivers were also few. But the belief that Gojek’s founder has in his company is enormous.
Until finally this has made Gojek able to survive until it develops very rapidly in the next few
years.

History of the Establishment of Gojek Indonesia

Are you one of those people who often use motorcycle taxi services to take them somewhere, for example to
school or work? Transportation services have an important role in our daily lives.
Without transportation services, it is impossible for us to move easily from one place to another.
As with the example above, just imagine if you have to walk from home to the office or other
workplace that is far away. How to travel like that would definitely be quite troublesome and
also tiring. On the other hand, not everyone also has a private vehicle or can drive their own
vehicle.

Especially in big and dense cities like Jakarta, where the level of congestion is very high due to the
large number of private vehicles passing by on the highway. This congestion factor makes most
people do not want to have a private vehicle. This is because they think that their vehicles
have contributed to making Jakarta’s traffic jams worse. All of the factors mentioned earlier
make many people finally choose to use online motorcycle taxi transportation or other public transportation.
Most people consider Gojek’s online motorcycle taxi transportation service as one of the answers
and solutions that are quite appropriate, easy, fast, and also practical to meet the needs of inter-city
transportation services.

The Gojek application was launched to the general public in Indonesia for the first time in 2010, to be
precise in the DKI Jakarta area. As of today, the Gojek Indonesia application has been
downloaded and used by users more than 50 million times. The Gojek application has also been
operating in the field of online transportation in various cities in Indonesia. In fact, Gojek
has also expanded to countries in the Southeast Asian region, such as Singapore, Vietnam and Thailand.
In these countries, the Gojek Indonesia application has also successfully competed with
transportation services that had developed earlier, such as Grab and Uber.

Kevin Aluwi Founder
of Gojek who Plays an Active Role in Developing Startup Businesses

The name Kevin Aluwi is not as popular as Gojek founder Nadiem Makarim. But in reality, this
man has played a major role in Gojek’s progress. Kevin Aluwi was born in Jakarta on September
1, 1986. He is one of the founders of Gojek besides Nadiem Makarim. After Nadiem Makarim said
goodbye from Gojek, Kevin’s name slowly sounded and was increasingly taken into account when he took on the
role previously held by Nadiem. After Nadiem Makarim was appointed as Minister of Education and
Culture (Kemendikbud), Kevin began to be given the power to become Co-CEO to replace Nadiem Makarim.

Kevin is one of the people who has contributed greatly and is also a different color in the
telecommunications industry, especially for startup businesses. From a business that is rich in
ideas and innovations that can provide solutions to every problem faced by consumers.

Entered the List of Young Leaders and
High Influence

Kevin Aluwi was once included in the “Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia” list. It is a list of young
people who are considered as promising young leaders, game changers, and talented entrepreneurs.
These startup businesses generally rely on technology to help grow their business.
Therefore, there is nothing wrong if some people think that a startup business is one of the
businesses engaged in technology. That’s what makes a new breakthrough in the field of
technology. So that Kevin’s name began to soar like his pioneering business, namely
Gojek.

Kevin Aluwi is a graduate of the University of Southern California, Marshall School of Business.
He is indeed one of the people behind the founding of the Gojek company. Within
Gojek’s own corporate structure, Kevin was once an analyst at Salem Partners LLC by fully contributing in
carrying out every strategic role by adopting the Gojek ecosystem data business intelligence.
To develop a product innovation and growth of Gojek.

His success in developing a startup business makes him often share knowledge. In July 2021,
Kevin launched a Young Forward Together Program for 1.00 startups which was jointly carried out with Telkom
through the Telecommunication and Digital Research Institute (ITDRI). This is done in order to
acquire digital talent as well as explore innovation, especially for areas in eastern Indonesia, such as
Papua, Kalimantan, Maluku and Sulawesi.

The program exists as a forum for Indonesian talents to be able to develop their skills and capabilities in the
digital field and to be able to freely explore and also express their ideas and innovations to provide a
sustainable solution.

The Young Forward Together with 1,000 Startup Program is expected to be able to help the government which
needs around nine million digital talents in the next fifteen years. That means, every year, it
is hoped that there will be 600 digital talents that must be obtained. That is a number that is
quite challenging, because you only expect from formal education.

Therefore, every year college alumni must be prepared to become digital talents, the number of which may
still be under one hundred thousand. Thus, the country only has a shortage or digital gap which
is quite large every year. So there’s nothing wrong with Kevin having high hopes for new
startups. Especially local startups that can develop technology and innovation like what Gojek
has done.

The development of Gojek in the hands of Kevin Aluwi

Under Kevin’s auspices, Gojek has grown rapidly and processes around 2 billion transactions per year.
Where in his leadership, the Gojek Company has carried out fundraising or a budget collection
process that has made several top companies start to look to Gojek. For example, Google,
Tencent, Sequoia, and also Temasek and Astra International as one of their local investors.

Not only that, in an effort to expand its wings, Gojek has also succeeded in carrying out an expansion as
evidenced by the launch of services in Singapore, Vietnam and Thailand. Gojek himself has
acknowledged that he is one of the most widely used on-demand applications in Indonesia. For
example, food delivery services and payments have replaced transportation services. In Kevin’s
hands, Gojek has become a company with a valuation of more than 10 billion dollars.

Apart from cooperating with Global companies, Gojek has also successfully partnered with Tokopedia.
Where the two decided to merge and create a new name, namely GoTo. GoTo is a fairly
large technology group in Indonesia that provides a reliable ecosystem for various solutions in living
everyday life. The formation of the GoTo group is a business collaboration and also the largest
collaboration carried out by internet companies and media services in Asia to date.

GoTo itself in this case will unite the strengths of the two technology companies by creating solutions
that are unique and also complement each other globally. The trick is to combine e-commerce
services, transportation, finance, and delivery of food and goods. In addition, GoTo has also
created a digital consumer platform that is quite large in Indonesia and serves most of the household
consumption needs. Going forward, the network of business partners and driver partners within
the GoTo group will complement each other by presenting a wide selection of goods and services that are
considered unrivaled.

This is an explanation of who the founders of Gojek were and how Gojek developed from time to time until it
finally became one of the largest digital companies in Indonesia. How about it, are you one of
those people who often use Gojek services?

The discovery of the proton occurred in 1815 when the British chemist Willian Prout revealed that all atoms
are composed of hydrogen atoms or commonly called protyles. The channel rays or ions which have
a positive charge and are formed from gases were discovered by a German physicist, Eugen Goldstein in 1886.
He observed that the ratio of charge to mass of hydrogen ions was the highest among all gases.
In addition, Goldstein also observed that hydrogen ions have the smallest size among all ionized
gases.

The atomic nucleus was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 during his research on his famous gold foil.
He concluded that all particles have a positive charge inside the atom which is concentrated in a
single nucleus and most of the volume inside the atom is empty. Rutherford also discovered that
the total number of positively charged particles in the nucleus equals the total number of negatively
charged electrons surrounding it.

History of Proton Discovery and Proton Discovery

If the maa of electrons is 0, then a particle will have no mass. However, in reality,
particles of matter have a mass that can be measured, and these atoms are neutral. How is it
possible if the atom is neutral and has mass, if there are only electrons in the atom?

The existence of positively charged particles contained in atoms was hinted at by Eugen Goldstein around
1886. With the discovery of electrons, scientists increasingly believed that in an atom there must be
positively charged particles that are useful for balancing the negative charge of electrons. In
addition, if the only particles that make up an atom are electrons, then the sum of the masses of electrons
will be smaller than the mass of an atom.

In 1886, Goldstein also conducted an experiment using a gas cylinder that had a cathode and had been given
holes and then carried an electric charge. After that, the gas behind the cathode becomes lit.
This event shows that there is radiation originating from the anode that penetrates into the hole
in the cathode plate. The light is called anode light or positive light. The
properties of the anode rays are:

a. Anode rays are particle radiation, so they can rotate a propeller
b.
In an electric or magnetic field, it is deflected to the negative pole, so the anode beam is
included in the positively charged radiation
c. The particles
present in the anode beam depend on the type of gas present in the tube

The results of this experiment proved that during the process of forming electrons towards the anode,
positive rays would also form going in the opposite direction through the holes in the cathode.
After trying to put various kinds of gases into the tube, it turns out that it is hydrogen gas that
can produce the light with the smallest positive charge, either in terms of mass or charge. So
the particle is called a proton. The mass of the proton is equal to 1 amu or atomic mass units
and the charge on the proton is equal to +1.

The presence of positively charged particles making up the atom was increasingly evident when Ernest
Rutherford, a person from New Zealand, moved to England in 1906 with his two assistants, named Hans Geiger
and Ernest Marsden. They then conducted a series of experiments to find out the position of the
particles in the atom. Their experiment is known as the scattering of alpha rays on a thin
sheet of gold. They then managed to calculate that the mass of the positively charged particle
was estimated to be 1,837 times that of the electron. Now we call it the proton.
The term was only recently used starting in 1919.

Mass of 1 electron = 9.11 × 10–28 grams
Mass of 1 proton = 1.837 × 9.11 × 10–28 grams = 1.673 × 10–24
grams

From the three observations, it was found that the α particles fired at the thin gold metal plate, most of
them will be forwarded and some will be deflected. There are even some that are reflected.
It was quite a shock for Rutherford. His discovery led to the collapse of Thomson’s
atomic theory. In his experiments, the reflected α particles were thought to have hit something
solid in the atom. That way, the atom is not homogeneous as described by Thomson.
In fact, according to Marsden, there is a fact that one in 20,00 α particles will turn at an angle
of 90 degrees or even more.

Based on the symptoms described above, several conclusions were obtained including:

a. Atoms are not solid balls. Because almost all the particles in it are alpha
(α) passed on. That means, most of the atomic volume is empty space.
b.
Particles that experience deflection are α particles that have approached the atomic nucleus.
This is because they both have a positive charge.
c.
The reflected particles are α particles that have hit the atomic nucleus.

Based on the facts obtained from these experiments, Rutherford proposed the atomic capital that he
discovered and stated that the atom consists of a very small atomic nucleus and has a positive charge and is
surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is equal to
the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus. So that the atom has a neutral nature.
Rutherford also considered that in the atomic nucleus there are neutral particles which function to
bind positive particles so they do not repel each other. From these experiments, Rutherford was
able to estimate the atomic radius to be approximately 10–8 cm and the core radius to be approximately 10–13
cm.

What Are Protons?

Protons are a type of subatomic particle, where these particles are the minimum particles that make up an
atom. In addition, the proton is also included in the fermion family which is equipped with a
positive electric charge. All matter is generally made of atoms and each turn consists of three
different types of particles, and is equipped with three types of electric charges, among others:

1. Electrons with a negative charge
2. Neutrons with a neutral charge
3. Protons with a
positive charge

Characteristics of Protons

Protons are composite particles that are stable and much larger than electrons, which is 1,836 times as
described above. Apart from that, the proton is also endowed with a positive elementary charge
of 1 (1.6 x 10^-19 C). On the other hand, the proton itself is composed of three elementary
particles. The half-life of the proton is greater than 1035 years, in which case the proton is
very susceptible to decay. Then, the proton also has other subatomic particles and their own
spin. it is intrinsic and invariable angular momentum and within it is 1/2. This
property is very useful for nuclear magnetic resonance and is also used for other modern technological
applications.

Proton Structure

Protons and neutrons have their own structure. Within the protons as well as the neutrons, we
can find elementary particles that are eternal. These particles are known as quarks.
In its core, protons and neutrons are connected through a considerable force, namely in the form of
interactions whose job is to regulate the behavior of quarks and form individual protons and neutrons.
Protong is often said to have a quark composition derived from uud. So that the
quantum number has the following charge:

q (uud) = ⅔ + ⅔ + (-1/3) = +1

The mass of the proton above is 938.272 MeV/c2. Meanwhile, the mass of the three quarks is
only around 12 MeV/c2, which is only about 1 percent of the mass energy of the neutron. As with
protons, most of the mass or energy that comes from neutrons is in the form of strong nuclear force energy
(gluons). Quark neutrons are then combined with gluons, which are exchange particles for the strong nuclear
force.

Proton Stability

Free protons or protons that are no longer bound to nucleons or electrons are stable particles that have
not been studied to spontaneously decompose into other particles. In addition, these free
protons are found naturally in a number of situations and conditions. For example, free protons
make up 90 percent of cosmic rays. Where the energy or temperature is high enough to separate
it from electrons that have an affinity. Proton decay is also related to the law of
conservation of baryon numbers. The Baryon number is a generalization of the nucleon number
conserved in reactions and also in non-relativistic nuclear decay.

The law states that:

The sum of the numbers in the baryon number originating from all the incoming particles is the same as the sum of
the numbers in the baryon number originating from all the particles resulting from the reaction.

atomic nucleus

Protons are usually found in the atomic nucleus, protons, and neutrons. Where the three are
often referred to as nucleons. On the other hand, electrons orbit around the three particles in
a dispersing manner. Then the atomic nucleus is associated with a fairly strong nuclear force.
Where in the case of large atoms like Uranium, they can produce other forces, such as
electromagnetic. The nucleons are the highest percentage of the mass of any atom.
Hence, they can determine the difference between chemical elements and other elements.
Like for example, the hydrogen atom which has only one proton in its nucleus. While
helium has two protons as well as one or two neutrons, depending on the specific isotope.

Atomic Number

The atomic number of each element can be seen on the periodic table. Where the atomic number Z
usually indicates how many protons there are in a particular type of atom in its nucleus. Each
chemical element has a different atomic number. Although their behavior is equally determined
by the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. So, for example, chlorine (CI) has 17 protons
in its nucleus. Hence the atomic number also amounts to 17. It never varies, even between
isotopes of the same atomic version. This is because they have different numbers of neutrons in
their nuclei.

Proton’s Charge and Mass

In physics, a proton is a subatomic particle that has a positive charge of 1.6 × 10-19 coulombs and also has a
mass of 938 MeV (1.6726231 × 10-27 kg, or about 1.836 times the mass of an electron. An atom is usually composed
of a number of protons and also the neutrons in the atomic nucleus, as well as the number of electrons
surrounding the atomic nucleus.In a neutrally charged atom, the number of protons will be equal to the number of
electrons.Where the number of protons in the nucleus will usually be in charge of determining the chemical
properties of an atom. The nucleus of the atom is often referred to as the nucleus, nuclei, and also nucleons.
Then the reaction that occurs or is related to the atomic nucleus will be referred to as a nuclear reaction.

physical properties

Protons usually have less mass than the neutrons that are in the nucleus. Yet they are 1,836
times more massive than electrons. The actual mass of the proton is 1.6726 x 10^-27 kilograms.
It is one very small mass. The “^ -” symbol will represent a negative exponent.
The number is the decimal point followed by 26 zeros, so the number becomes 16,726.
Inside the electric charge, the proton turns into a positive, no longer as a fundamental particle.
Precisely the proton is actually composed of three tiny particles which are usually called
quarks.

Functions in Atom

The protons in the atomic nucleus are responsible for helping to bind the nucleus together. In
addition, protons will also attract negatively charged electrons. Where the number of protons
in the atomic nucleus will determine the chemical element. This number is known as the atomic
number or often represented by the capital letter Z.

Energy for the Stars

Inside the sun as well as in all other stars, these protons combine with other protons through nuclear
fusion. However, this fusion still requires a high rate of 1 million degrees Celsius.
This temperature will cause the two lighter particles to melt into a third particle.
The mass of the particle is less than that of the two initial particles combined.
Albert Einstein discovered in 1905 that matter and energy can be conserved from one form to
another. This explains how the loss of mass during the fusion process appears, which is the
energy from the star’s emission.

Example of Protons

It should be understood that free protons are real. The nucleus of the hydrogen atom as well
as the H+ ion are examples of free protons. Regardless of the isotope, each hydrogen atom will
have one proton. Then each helium atom will have two protons and each lithium atom will contain
three protons and so on.
Thus a complete explanation of the proton inventor, history,
definition, structure, properties, and more. For Sinaumed’s who are interested in studying
physics or chemistry in more depth, this material also needs to be understood and studied.
In order to increase knowledge of physics and chemistry. I hope the article is
easy to understand.

Spoilers are – Ever heard of the word “ spoiler ”? Does Sinaumed’s know what that means? We often hear the word spoiler when a work, whether in the form of a novel, manga, anime, film, TV show, and so on, has not appeared or aired for a long time, but someone else has already told us about the path and story content of thework .

So, to understand more about spoilers , you can see the full review below, Sinaumed’s.

Spoiler meaning

Spoilers are leaking the contents of the story, both orally and through certain platforms that can spoil people’s enjoyment when enjoying the work. The term is often interpreted as an act of leaking the contents of a story which often reduces one’s comfort when enjoying a work.

In language, the word ‘ spoiler ‘ comes from English which means ‘leak’. This word is usually pinned on those who like to tell the storyline of a work that has just appeared and is much anticipated.

Meanwhile, according to Wikipedia, in the media and the internet, spoilers are writings or statements about a story, which reveal the storyline. Reading parts of a story can reduce the pleasure of reading that story, because the pleasure of reading a story usually depends on the dramatization or tension that the story creates.

Usually in the mass media and the internet, disclosures are hidden in a certain way, so that only those who wish to see these disclosures can read them.

According to the Cambridge Dictionary , spoilers are information that can spoil the fun. Also, spoilers can be defined as information in newspaper articles, blogs, etc. that tells what will happen in a program, thus spoiling the enjoyment of the audience or new readers if you haven’t seen it before.

Usually, in an article or review that contains spoilers there will be a warning such as “ spoiler warning-if you haven’t watched it, stop reading now! “. The warning was given because spoilers make most people unhappy.

Therefore, in an article or review that contains spoilers, they often write ” spoiler alert ” or ” spoiler warning ” at the beginning of the article so that readers know that the contents of the article or review will leak the contents of a work, so that readers can prepare themselves and decide whether to keep reading or not.

The spoiler method is not just telling orally. But it can also be in the form of video recordings to writing. One of the bad effects of receiving leaks from a story is that it can reduce the pleasure of reading that story, because the pleasure of reading a story usually depends on the dramatization or tension caused by the story.

From the explanation above, it can be concluded that spoilers are leaking the contents of the story to other people. Plus there’s been some research on spoilers and why they make you uncomfortable or don’t want to hear them.

A study in Live Science found that spoilers or leaking of the main plot may not completely spoil the experience, but they can reduce tension and decrease overall enjoyment.

 

Spoiler Types of People

Understanding spoilers isn’t complete without discussing the types of spoilers. The following are the types of people who are spoilers, including:

Intentional Spoilers

Of the many people, the worst spoilers are those who deliberately provide the contents of the course of a film or a story, because they have watched or read the book. Usually, this spoiler is often known as an acute spoiler because it is difficult to remove.

In fact, they will feel they will benefit if they do spoilers . Apart from the benefits, the acute spoiler also feels that he gets a sense of satisfaction from carrying out these actions even though many people don’t like them.

Accidentally Became A Spoiler

It’s not just an acute spoiler , sometimes there are some people who accidentally become spoilers . Usually, they let slip the contents or storyline of a film. This second type of spoiler usually reveals the storyline more often because they are very enthusiastic about the film.

That enthusiasm then gives recommendations to their friends to read a book or watch a film, even though without realizing they have already told the contents of the book or film. Even so, those who accidentally become spoilers will usually immediately apologize for being so enthusiastic.

Spoiler for a Job Demands

After discussing the two types of spoilers, there are also spoilers that are made because of the demands of a job. Although intentionally giving spoilers because of work, when published they will generally be given a label that says “Spoiler Alert” . That way, readers will know if the contents of the content contain spoilers .

By and large, work related to spoilers is a critic. In this case, critics can be anything, such as book critics, film critics, and so on.

Reasons For No Spoilers

In the information age like today, spoilers can be done at any time and through various platforms. The development of social media is often used by irresponsible people to disseminate, for example, snippets of scenes or one page of comics and novels.

Spoiling is the act of leaking the plot of a show. In fact, the act of spoiling can keep you from enjoying the show because you already know how the story goes. This spoiling action will usually be obtained from someone who has watched the film first and is not from the official film.

Besides that, spoilers are also prone to occur in articles that discuss a work. So, the writer, reviewer or critic needs to be careful when reviewing a film or novel so as not to give too many spoilers .

There are several reasons why someone does not take spoiling, including:

1. Violating Film Copyright

The first reason why everyone should not do cinema piracy is because it would violate copyright. Please note that any copyright violators will be penalized for violating the rule of law.

In the rules of film spoiler law there is copyright to protect certain works that have been registered by the creator. The existence of copyright, of course, will protect the work from all forms of violations committed by the perpetrator.

So, we shouldn’t do spoilers or become spoilers . This needs to be done so that we are not subject to sanctions for violating copyright. That way, other people can enjoy a work in a fun and exciting way.

The development of social media is very rapid, especially in Indonesia, making spoiler cases widespread. Without realizing it, giving spoilers on social media will reduce the interest of the audience in the wider community. In fact, every cinema story maker will keep as secret as possible about every part of the plot.

However, the perpetrators arbitrarily violated by distributing film footage, even for a short time, could disturb the comfort of potential viewers. What’s more, if an audience has not watched the film directly, they will definitely not be curious anymore, so that the curiosity that every viewer should have will be reduced because they have seen spoilers. Don’t let your spoilers do it even if it’s only sharing on your own social media.

Sharing movie spoilers that have been watched makes many parties aware of the puzzle before watching. That way, it will be easier to predict the plot of the cinema story, while other reasons must be known so as not to violate piracy.

2. The creator of the work is directly harmed

The reason for not allowing spoilers for the next film can make the creator of the work feel the loss directly. Even the losses received by the creators are far greater than the gains from selling the work.

Maybe many people already know that every film made will definitely cost a lot of money. The amount of money to pay for the crew on duty, players, and other things causes losses to be created directly. In fact, with the existence of spoilers , it can harm a cinema maker or a work. Apart from that, it can have long-term effects where one of them is not being able to produce films or works anymore.

So, viewers or readers should be aware that spoilers are actions that can harm many people. Therefore, the Indonesian people should always avoid pirating video films or leaking the contents of a book.

Disrespecting works is one of the biggest reasons for being prohibited from carrying out an illegal act, namely spreading film spoilers . If you do this, it directly disfigures the work and harms the creator. In fact, it is possible that the creator of the work will be lazy to produce even better works.

With an explanation of these various reasons, it is highly recommended for all of us to avoid pirating other people’s works in any form, especially cinema.

Spoiler Impact

1. Makes Someone Lazy to Watch or Read a Work

Spoilers often occur in a joke or casual conversation about a work. Often someone, whether intentionally or not, tells the contents of a story that ends up with a spoiler .

Even though it is often considered a trivial thing, spoilers can have a bad impact on the recipient of the story leak. This can lead to reduced pleasure when reading or watching a work. In fact, it’s not uncommon for someone to cancel their intention to enjoy a work because they’ve already received too many story leaks.

That way, the creator of the work can suffer a loss because his work becomes unsold in the market. In fact, it may be difficult for creators of works to make good works again.

2. Spoilers Penalties

Sinaumed’s, spoilers are a form of piracy. Legally, spoilers can be threatened with imprisonment or fines, you know!

Based on Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright Article 113, it is stated that someone who distributes films/works for economic gain is categorized as piracy with a maximum imprisonment of 10 years and/or a maximum fine of IDR 4 billion.

As is well known spoiler is leaking the contents of the story. Spoilers can also be in the form of video recordings to writing. Several types of spoilers deliberately record and upload film footage to the mass media. Over time, uploading footage of films currently showing in theaters has become a trend in society.

Of course, this is not justified by the Copyright Law and the ITE Law. For anyone who does this, can be punished with imprisonment of 10 years and/or a fine of IDR 4 billion.

Copyright infringers can have a negative impact on creators. Losses both economically and morally, so to prevent this from happening and to overcome them, it is necessary to have a governing law. Law enforcement of copyrights is usually carried out by copyright holders in civil law, but there is also a criminal law side.

Criminal sanctions are generally imposed for serious counterfeiting activities, but are becoming increasingly common in other cases. Criminal sanctions for copyright infringement in Indonesia generally carry a minimum prison sentence of one month and a maximum of seven years, which may or may not be accompanied by a fine of at least one million rupiah and a maximum of five billion rupiah.

As contained in Law Number 33 of 2009 concerning Films: Article 40 paragraph (1), which reads: “Anyone who intentionally distributes, exports, shows funds or shows films as referred to in Article 33 paragraph 6 is subject to imprisonment for a maximum of 5 years and/or a maximum fine of IDR 50,000,000.00 (fifty million rupiah).” Meanwhile, regarding the administrative sanctions that will be obtained by the film pirate, it is regulated in Article 78 of Law no. 33 of 2009.

Of course this had to start immediately at a time when all the rules had to be consistently implemented if they were to be upheld. Piracy in the field of film or video recording is increasingly common. One of the reasons is because the original film is a product that cannot be consumed by all parties in every circle because the original film is set at a fairly high price.

 

Spoiler Guide

Compiled from Wired and The Spectrum , there are several things that can be done to become connoisseurs of good works and addressing spoilers , namely:

1. Don’t be a bully

This also applies to a narrower scale, such as within your circle of friends. For example, if you know a friend is reading Harry Potter for the first time, don’t tell them what will happen in the second book onwards or reveal which characters will die.

If you do this, instead of making it look like you have extensive knowledge in your work, it can actually brand you as a nuisance.

2. Don’t Expect Not to Get Spoilers

Hoping to stay away from spoilers , especially in today’s information age, this seems a bit excessive, especially for works that have been published for months or years.

Realize that you are too late to enjoy certain works. Even so, you can avoid spoilers, don’t dig into deeper information regarding the work you are enjoying.

3. Don’t Read Articles Related to Certain Works

If you’re enjoying a piece of work and don’t want to be bothered by spoilers , then try to avoid reading articles about that work. Also, don’t peek at the fanbase page of certain works too often.

4. Waiting

Try waiting a few weeks before discussing a crucial plot in a movie or TV show with your friends.

5. Let Others Experience It Alone

If the ending or plot twist of a success story surprised you, let other people feel the way you have.

In short, don’t leak important points in the story to friends or people who haven’t, want to, or are currently enjoying the work.

Being a spoiler is one of the actions that should not be done because it can harm many people. Therefore, we should not take any spoiler action so that creators of works can continue to produce quality works.

After reading this article to the end, I hope Sinaumed’s can be wiser in using social media and gadgets so he doesn’t become a spoiler .

Sinaumed’s can get more information by reading books available at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information .

Know What Minus Eye Is, Causes and Prevention – If you find it difficult to see objects that are far from you, or can’t read writing from a distance, it means you have a nearsighted eye disorder or minus eye. Nearsightedness in the medical world is called myopia. There are many reasons why the eye can have nearsightedness, for example reading books too close, or using gadgets too close. However, many also say that minus eyes are hereditary.

There must be someone around you who said that the minus eye was inherited from his father or mother. Researchers reveal that this nearsighted eye disorder can be passed down in families. However, it is also driven by external factors such as not taking care of eye health or often reading in a room with low light. Then, how do you prevent nearsightedness or reduce eye minus? Check out the article below to understand more about nearsightedness.

What is Minus Eye or Miopia?

Myopia or nearsightedness is difficulty seeing distant objects. People who are nearsighted will find it easier to see closer objects. This minus eye condition is quite common and can be helped by using glasses, contact lenses or eye surgery. Myopia is not an eye disease, but a disorder of the eye that makes people unable to see from a distance.

In a normal eye, light from outside will fall right on the retina. In contrast to myopia, light from outside will fall in front of the retina. Because light from outside does not hit the retina exactly, objects that are far away will appear blurry.

Farsightedness can be passed down from father or mother to child. Farsightedness is generally found in children aged 9 to 12 years. When children become teenagers, this nearsightedness can get worse. Nearsightedness can also occur in adults.

Nearsightedness ranges from low to high. High levels of nearsightedness will usually stabilize when a person is 20 to 30 years old. This high degree of nearsightedness can be corrected by using minus lens glasses or using contact lenses. If the person is not comfortable with wearing glasses every day, then eye surgery can be done to correct the minus eye.

However, it needs further attention, because people with minus eyes have a higher risk for other eye diseases than people who do not have minus eyes. One of the eye diseases that can be triggered by minus eyes is damage to the retina. People who have a high level of minus also have a higher risk of glaucoma and cataracts than people who have normal eyes.

Cataracts are a disease that occurs in the lens of the eye. This disease or disorder can interfere with daily activities for sufferers. Disorders of this cataract appear gradually and are usually painless. Meanwhile, glaucoma is a condition caused by a buildup of pressure in the eye. This buildup can damage the optic nerve. If this eye disorder is not treated immediately, people with glaucoma can experience permanent blindness.

Because cataracts have symptoms similar to myopia, you need to see a doctor if your pupils are white, your vision becomes blurry, it’s very difficult to see at night, the object you see becomes double and you need more light for activities. glaucoma is when your vision becomes blurry suddenly, your eyes feel very painful, you feel nauseous and dizzy, and you see colored rings around lights or lights.

Prescriptions from doctors can help the eye focus light to fall right on the retina. In addition, eye surgery can also improve vision. The most common surgical procedures used for nearsightedness are photorefractive keratectomy and LASIK. Photoreactive keratectomy is a surgery that uses a laser to carve out the middle layer of the eye’s cornea. This aims to flatten the curve on the cornea so that light can focus on the retina.

LASIK surgery is nearsighted surgery using a laser to create a thin fold in the top layer of the cornea of ​​the eye. For people who have very high minuses, they are usually advised to undergo cataract surgery or use eye drops that can slow the development of other eye diseases.

Minus Eye Symptoms

Symptoms of minus eye are:

• Vision becomes blurry when looking at objects at a distance
• See distant objects by squinting or partially closing your eyes so you can see objects clearly.
• Headaches that can be caused by tired eyes.
• Difficulty when driving, especially at night or it can be called night blindness.

Because minus eyes tend to be detected when they are children, or are usually diagnosed

during early adolescence, parents should start paying attention to the condition of their child’s vision if the child often crosses his eyes, draws himself closer while watching TV, or looks at the blackboard, is not aware of distant objects, often blinks or rubs his eyes frequently.

3 Common Causes of Minus Eyes

The cause of nearsightedness is that the retina receives an image formed by light rays from outside. Furthermore, the object depicted will be sent to the brain through the optic nerves which are part of the brain. This farsightedness can occur when the cornea is too concave or the eyeball is longer so that light rays from outside will fall in front of the retina, not on the retina. Researchers don’t know the exact cause of nearsightedness, but heredity and bad daily habits could be one of the causes.

Historically, there is a long history of increasing myopia in people who are actively involved in doing more work at work. In fact, scientists since the 1800s have demonstrated a link between people with higher education being farsighted compared to those who are not highly educated or often work outside.

For the most part, nowadays humans are often exposed to close-range stimuli such as looking at cellphone screens, computer tablets or other digital devices. Researchers still can’t say for sure whether digital tools are really something to worry about or not. In addition, the environment also has a role. Studies show that time spent outdoors seems to have a greater effect than lingering indoors.

Children who spend more time outdoors tend to be far less likely to develop nearsightedness than those who spend more time indoors. Previous researchers weren’t sure why this had an effect, but they suggested a link with exposure to sunlight or being in an environment that was oriented at a greater distance than indoors.

1. Descendants

Maybe many of us don’t realize that nearsightedness can be genetically inherited. If one of your parents has nearsightedness, chances are that you will be nearsighted too. What’s more, if both of your parents are nearsighted, then the chances of you being nearsighted will be even greater. Research says that there are 40 genes that cause a person to experience nearsightedness because it is passed down by their parents.

2. Too often do activities in the room

Rarely doing outdoor activities is said to be one of the causes of minus eyes. This is due to the light that is indoors and outdoors is different. Indoor light tends to be darker than natural light outdoors. This of course can affect eye health. Insufficient or dim lighting will tire the eyes quickly and reduce the ability of the eyes to capture light.

3. Reading or playing gadgets too close

Reading a book can be one of the causes of nearsightedness if you read a book in a dim place or too close to your eyes.

People who have a hobby of reading are said to be more likely to be nearsighted than those who don’t. This also applies if you use the gadget too close and the light is dim.

Most people use their gadgets before going to bed with less light and close range, this will make the eyes tired and nearsighted. Try to get used to reading or playing gadgets with a distance of 40 cm.

How to Prevent Minus Eyes

Doctors say that the development of nearsightedness can be reduced by 50 percent. Of course, to avoid the minus getting higher, it would be better to take precautions. Here are some ways to prevent or control myopia.

1. Have your eyes checked by a doctor

Usually many parents are worried if the doctor recommends wearing glasses all day. Parents fear that their children will rely on glasses so that their nearsightedness may increase.

Not a few parents also avoid checking their children’s eyesight to the doctor. However, research shows that if you don’t check your child’s vision from an early age, it will cause your nearsightedness to get worse.

Therefore, if children complain that it is difficult to see distant objects, it is better to have them checked early before their vision gets worse.

2. Increase outdoor activities

Research shows that doing more outdoor activities can reduce the development of myopia. Although this research needs to be carried out further, spending time outside is an important factor in preventing myopia.

Usually doctors will recommend playing outside for 120 minutes for children every day. Doing outdoor activities can also help reduce obesity, increase vitamin D and dopamine levels, besides that it can also increase socialization with other people.

3. Low Dose Atropine

A 0.1% atropine solution has been shown to reduce the development of myopia quite effectively. However, this solution does not slow down the rate of increase in eyeball length. Some researchers say that this solution can reduce the development of myopia by as much as 90%.

This atropine solution is given as much as one drop in the eye every day at bedtime at night. Low doses of atropine are fairly safe, but high doses can have unwanted side effects. Check with your doctor to find out if atropine is right for you or not.

4. Food for healthy eyes

A healthy lifestyle can certainly reduce visual impairment significantly. Some nutrients such as zinc, vitamin C, vitamin E and beta carotene can reduce the risk of eye disease. In addition there are also omega-3 which can help improve eye health. Here are foods that are good for eye health.

a. Fish

For this one food, many may already know about its benefits for eye health. Many types of fish have omega-3 fatty acids. If we eat fish that have lots of omega-3 fats, this can improve eye health. Some types of fish are tuna, mackerel, anchovies and sardines. The oil in the fish’s body can cure dry eyes, especially dry eyes caused by looking at gadget screens for too long.

b. Nuts and seeds

Besides fish, nuts also have high omega-3 fatty acids. In addition to omega-3 fatty acids, nuts also contain vitamin E which can protect the eyes. Nuts that are good for the eyes include cashews, walnuts and others. Apart from nuts, seeds are also rich in omega-3 and vitamin E. Seeds are good for the eyes such as basil seeds.

c. Fruits

Fruits certainly have many benefits for the body. One of the fruits that are good for the eyes is citrus fruits. Citrus fruits contain vitamin C. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can fight eye damage due to aging. Apart from oranges, there are also grapes and red guava which contain vitamin C.

d. Green vegetable

Besides fruits that are good for the body, vegetables are also very good for consumption, especially green vegetables. Green leafy vegetables are rich in lutein, vitamin C and zeaxanthin which are good for eye health. These green vegetables include spinach, kale, cabbage, mustard greens, and others.

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e. Carrots and Sweet Potatoes

Carrots are rich in vitamin A and beta carotene. Beta carotene is the compound that gives carrots their orange color. Vitamin A has an important role in vision.

Vitamin A is a protein component that can help the retina to absorb light. Beta carotene has an important role that is needed by the body to make vitamin A. Apart from carrots, sweet potatoes are also rich in beta carotene. Sweet potatoes are rich in antioxidants and vitamin E.

f. Meat

Beef will contain zinc which is related to long-term eye health. Zinc can help delay vision loss due to age or macular degeneration.

The eye organ itself has a high zinc content, especially in the retina and also the blood vessels around the retina. Meat that contains zinc is beef, pork and chicken.

g. Egg

Besides meat, eggs are also one of the foods that are good for eye health. Eggs are a food that contains a very good source of lutein and zeaxanthin and can reduce the risk of vision loss due to age. In addition, eggs are also a good source of vitamins C and E and zinc.

h. Mineral water

Mineral water has many benefits for the health of the human body. The health of the body also includes the eye organs. Mineral water can help prevent dehydration in the body which can trigger dry eyes.

Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity has indeed brought many changes and advances in education, especially science. Even those who are not in the field know Einstein. In this article, we will invite you to get to know in depth what the theory of relativity looks like and whether there is evidence for it in the real world.

As one of the most influential figures in the world, Albert Einstein has his popularity from the theory of relativity which has changed the world. It would not be an exaggeration to say that it changed the world, because through Einstein’s theory it helps humans little by little to solve the puzzles that occur in the universe. Also helps humans find other discoveries.

But before delving deeper into the evidence for the truth of Einstein’s theory, you need to know in advance what its history was like.

Get to know Albert Einstein

This alumni of the University of Zurich is said to have been a genius since childhood in the fields of mathematics and physics. Little Einstein from the age of 12 years was able to master algebra, Pythagoras, and calculus. He had also mastered integral and differential calculus by the age of 14.

Einstein’s intelligence, which was above average, brought him closer to mathematics, physics and philosophy. Even an artist Kant whose work is complicated and difficult for ordinary people to understand was so easy for little Einstein.

Over time Einstein studied and participated in the fields of mathematics and physics which changed the views of other scientists towards existing theories.

Einstein often produces papers that are so intelligent with his own style of theory. Starting from an explanation of the photoelectric effect, explaining Brownian’s law of motion, to sparking his theory of the law of relativity.

For Einstein, the laws of classical mechanics, which were originally explained by Newton about predicting the motion of celestial bodies (determinism), are no longer relevant to the laws of the electromagnetic field. This is what finally sparked him to make the special theory of relativity. The theory then developed in the gravitational field and then came the general theory of relativity.

As an influential figure in the world of physics, Einstein has contributed so many scientific legacies in the form of theories that have changed the views of other people towards physics and chemistry education. One of the most influential theories is relativity.

Apart from that, there are also other theories which have also become references for many scientists afterward, see more in the following book!

why? People: Albert Einstein

What is the Theory of Relativity and What Are the Benefits?

1. Discovery of the Theory of Relativity

Since time immemorial, physical scientists have believed in the principles of classical physics belonging to Newton who discovered the concept of gravity and stated that space and time are absolute. However, in the 19th century many unexpected phenomena began to appear that could not be explained by Newton’s laws, such as when the planet Mercury began to orbit the sun faster than originally calculated.

Then in 1905 Albert Einstein put forward his theory of relativity which broke the principles of classical physics, where this theory began to answer all the strange questions that were happening in our nature at that time.

In his opinion, the absolute was the speed of light and the laws of physics for all observers whether moving or not. Thus, based on the theory of relativity, it states that space and time can be bent. So what’s the explanation?

There are two types of the theory of relativity put forward by Einstein which solves the world’s questions on all natural phenomena and also in everyday human activities.

a. The Special Theory of Relativity

As already mentioned, relativity believes that the laws of physics and also the speed of light are absolute, while space and time are relative. Einstein discovered the special theory of relativity which held two postulates.

The first postulate , that the laws of physics are absolute or have the same properties in any constant or fixed (inertial) frame of reference. This means that in any constant frame of reference (constantly moving or not moving at all) the laws of physics have the same form.

Still confused? In one case, you are on the side of the highway and see your friend in a car traveling at 80 km/hour. In frame 1, that is, from your point of view, it is your friend who is in the car who is moving, while you are still. On the other hand, in frame 2, from the point of view of your friend, it is you who is moving, while he is still in the car.

The second postulate states that the speed of light is always constant and has a value (c = 3x 108 m/s) and does not depend on the light source and the position of the observer.

For example, in one frame of reference there are two observers where one is moving and one is stationary. Both observe the same event. So both have different perspectives on space and time.

This is of course inversely proportional to Newton’s law which states that space and time are always absolute. So that there are several impacts that occur due to the existence of this special theory of relativity, namely as follows.

1) Time Dilation

This time dilation or expansion of time is the impact of the special theory of relativity which states that space and time are relative. Time dilation occurs because of differences in motion between the two observers in space and time.

2) Long Contractions

This length contraction explains that there is a possibility of shortening the distance from two points measured to two observers who move relatively.

3) Relativistic Mass

According to the theory of special relativity, it explains that the mass of an object that is moving tends to be greater than the mass of an object that is not moving.

4) Relativistic Momentum

If the relativistic mass explains the possibility of a heavier mass. This relativistic momentum explains that when an object has mass, then a speed has momentum. So that in the context of the special theory of relativity there is also the possibility of changing the momentum.

5) Relativistic Energy

Relativistic energy is the product of mass and also the square of absolute speed. At this relativistic energy it is possible that energy and mass can be equivalent. So that this law is also called Einstein’s law of mass-energy equivalence.

How, already have an idea of ​​the special theory of relativity? In addition to the special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein also put forward the general theory of relativity in 1915.

b. General Theory of Relativity

After discovering his special theory of relativity, Albert Einstein tried to combine Newton’s theory of gravity with his own relativity. With all the experiments and failures many times, Einstein finally found a combination of the theory of gravitational relativity, namely the general theory of relativity.

In the general theory of relativity, Einstein explained that gravity exists as part of space and time. Gravity does not just exist, but is the result of the curvature of space and time caused by the existence of a mass quantity.

So that this mass makes space and time to bend, as well as objects around the curve that are attracted to the source of the bend.

For example, if you put a napkin or a piece of cloth on the floor, then place a basketball right in the middle of the cloth. Then what happens is that the fabric will form a curve caused by the ball.

So if you put other small objects around the basketball it will automatically be pulled towards the arc. This is what is called gravity according to Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

Interestingly, this general theory of relativity seems to be increasingly opening the door for our knowledge in the world of physics to be able to understand this vast and mysterious universe. Through this theory, scientists have succeeded in answering the reason Mercury moves around the sun faster, as well as a shift of 43 arcseconds per century.

2. Proof of the Theory of Relativity

Einstein’s theory has also been proven by new discoveries. Some natural phenomena that occur in this universe are also finally being answered more clearly and clearly.

a. There is a Black Hole

In about 1915 a Schwarzschild scientist solved the problem through Einstein’s field equations which explained that there is a geometry of spacetime around stars. This star also has a very high density with super large gravity.

The star’s strong gravity can bend spacetime so that all objects and light cannot get out of there. Astronomers estimate the location of a black hole with high gravity by changing the properties of the sky material around it.

b. The Big Bang Theory

In accordance with the general theory of relativity, scientists predict that the universe started with a very dense and super hot object which then exploded. This shows that our universe is expanding into smaller and smaller pieces of matter and moving farther and farther apart.

This prediction was confirmed by Edwin Hubble who observed a spiral nebula in a galaxy like the Milky Way. The nebula is moving, shifting and expanding.

c. GPS

The impact of the emergence of Einstein’s theory of relativity that changed the world so much is the existence of a GPS that is so accurate in measuring distances and estimated time. This GPS system works using satellites that transfer data and information to signal-catching stations on earth and then sends them to GPS technology.

With GPS, we can estimate and calculate locations accurately, which of course has a big impact on transportation equipment such as cars, trains and planes.

d. Analog Television

The next technological sophistication that was born thanks to the theory of relativity is that there are TVs that can broadcast broadcasts with pictures and sound. On tube or analog TV still use cathode rays which transfer electrons to a magnetic phosphor. These electrons create color pixels on a television screen at 30 percent the speed of light, thus creating an image.

Advances In Chemistry

Relativity seems to have a super big and wide impact, such as helping scientific progress in chemistry. This is evidenced by the discovery of mercury and the discovery of liquid metal. Based on relativity, there is an influence of speed and mass on mercury which is bound to its constituent atoms, causing the compound to melt and melt even at normal temperatures.

e. Nuclear Technology

All nuclear-based technologies that exist today are also not far from the theory of relativity. Starting from nuclear engines, nuclear power, and atomic bombs, everything is based on relativity. Nuclear reactions occur from the splitting of atomic nuclei in a chain that shoots neutrons many times. This reaction was also formulated by Einstein with E=MC2.

Conclusion

Einstein’s relativity became a refinement of the classical physics theory sparked by Sir Isaac Newton. We come to understand that gravity is formed because of a mass large enough to bend space and time, which makes objects around it pull closer.

So that the closer the object is from the source of the curvature the greater the gravity and the slower the time, and vice versa. This is the reason why in the movie Interstellar 1 hour on planet Miller equals 7 years on Earth.

Understanding physics makes everything seem clear and predictable, both the history of the universe in the past and predictions for the future. Relativity is only a small part of the vast field of physics, but by understanding just one law of relativity we can already understand what happens to everyday life and the universe.

Then, what if you understand all of physics? Maybe you can find new theories like Newton and Einstein to explain phenomena that are still unsolved. An example is looking for a bridge that can combine the theory of relativity with quantum physics, which is still unsolved until now.

Interested in discovering the riddle of the universe through physics? Then you need to fill in your knowledge through reading about physics such as the theory of relativity, or even emulate Einstein’s perseverance in learning through a collection of scientific books from sinaumedia.

Logic Magic Physics

If the universe is likened to a puzzle, then only about 5% of our scientists have found the puzzle piece, one of which is through physics. So by continuing to study science, both science and other sciences are a clue to find answers to the incomplete puzzle of the universe.

Because no matter how small an effort we make to understand this universe, it can have a big impact on future generations. The greater the knowledge we have, the higher our chances of achieving a much better life. That’s all, I hope this article is useful!

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What is NFT – Want to know what is NFT? In fact, non-fungible tokens (NFT) are an increasingly popular type of digital asset. From art, food to rare tweets. This one object is predicted to be the cause of the influence of a new phenomenon among young investors.

According to the Coindesk website, NFT revenue alone has reached $174 million since November 2017. This is pretty cool, right? Well, actually, what does NFT mean? Is it worth it’s popularity? Here’s the explanation for Sinaumed’s .

What are NFTs?

Before discussing how it works, you need to check what NFT has first. On the “Forbes Management” page, NFTs are referred to as digital assets that represent real-world objects such as paintings, music, game items , to short videos.

Digital assets are bought and sold online, usually paid for using cryptocurrency , which has been encoded using other crypto assets and underlying software. Since 2014, NFTs are now popular because they are considered a practical way to buy digital graphics.

NFTs are usually evaluated as one of the very limited trading processes and have their own identification code.

Through this NFT, you can see the digital jobs that everyone is selling. Please note that there are no brands in this NFT. This happens because the NFT is authorized by the purchaser to the original element. Not only NFTs, but also congenital certifications that serve as certifications for titles are also included.

 NFT Working Method

NFTs are part of the blockchain. Therefore, NFT buyers can prove that they are the sole owner of the assets they are purchasing. No one can revoke the NFT buyer’s ownership after it has been paid.

NFT is also a digital asset that cannot be duplicated again and again. The buyer’s NFT is unique and can be proven by proof of purchase on the cryptocurrency blockchain. For example, a tweet from Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey was auctioned off as NFT and sold for $2.9 million. Though, anyone can take a screenshot and own the tweet.

However, it can only be sold by Jack Dorsey and NFT buyers. To be tradable, NFTs must go through the NFT printing process.

Then, what is the NFT embossing process ? It is the process of converting digital files into crypto collections or assets on the blockchain , as expressed by Ethereum. This process requires a third-party marketplace or printing agency such as Open Sea, MakersPace, Mintable,  and The Drop.

The difference between NFT and Cryptocurrency

After reading the definition of what an NFT is, you might think it is an asset like cryptocurrency . Though, the two are not the same. Why?

According to the Asia One website, the main difference between NFTs and cryptocurrencies lies in the word “replaceable”. What are NFT “replaceable” objects? This term actually means exchangeable for goods of the same value.

For example, you can pay for a $10 asset with two $5 assets. Apart from that, you can also exchange 1 Bitcoin for 1 Bitcoin item. Not only that, the goals between the two are also different. When you buy cryptocurrency , you are basically exchanging currency like a money changer. For example, buy one Ethereum for $2,840, then later you can save it until one day the price of Ethereum goes up and sell it right away.

On the other hand, all non-fungible tokens like smartphones have certain IMEI, specifications and features that make them unique. It is these aspects that make NFTs to be called assets rather than cryptocurrencies.

Examples of Using NFTs

As previously explained, NFTs are blockchain- based digital assets that can represent certain objects such as paintings and other properties. This is considered to be one of the best ways to buy and sell digital assets, as NFTs provide certificates of ownership that only buyers and sellers can access.

Based on this, NFT has been applied to many industries from business to arts. Here are some examples.

• NFTs in Arts 

NFT is known as one of the latest technologies currently booming in the art world. This is true because its characteristics and uniqueness have re-evaluated the digital arts sector. NFT itself provides security for works published online. For foreigners, content distributed online is usually easy to claim and can harm the creator.

Thanks to blockchain technology, NFTs ensure that the artist owns the work. This is an opportunity for digital artists who suffer from the risks of plagiarism and creative plagiarism. The smart contract system built into the NFT technology also allows artists to view and record royalty percentages as their work is changed.

• Corporate Sector NFTs 

The next sector that applies NFT is the business industry. Among other things, NFTs are often used as a link between tangible assets, such as proof of ownership of land and other assets.

Stored physical certificates of ownership are considered more secure on the blockchain with a short verification process. Buyers do not need to worry if their valuable certificates are lost or stolen by others. This is because ownership data is already stored on  the blockchain .

• NFTs in Entertainment 

Recent examples of applications for NFTs are in the entertainment sector such as games , sports and collectibles. NFT is currently developing a market for collectibles, which it says has great potential.

Some of the most popular collectibles include top-shot NBA game trailers , virtual cats Crypto Kitties, and quirky CryptoPunks avatars. Estimates for all three collections can be in the millions of dollars. The NFT and blockchain- based “gambling” market is also one of the most promising cryptocurrency sectors in the world.

The famous NFT games are Crypto Kitties and Axis Infinity . In the game Crypto Kitties, you need to collect, raise and breed unique digital cats. Meanwhile, Axis Infinity requires players to collect NFT-based digital pets called Axis to fight against other players. Most NFT games use a pay-to-earning system that allows players to earn tokens by actively playing games.

Reasons to Buy NFT In 2022

Based on the previous explanation, NFT is the most popular type of digital asset on the market today. However, citing the Forbes website, because the market is always new, investing, buying and selling NFTs is still quite risky. In fact, most of the NFT market is still speculated and there may be significant price changes, according to the experience of other digital assets in recent years.

Nonetheless, here are some reasons why you should buy an NFT in 2022.

 1. Unique and no exchange rate 

Quoted from Kompas, one of the interesting things about NFT investing is that there is no exchange rate. The value of purchased NFT assets in 1 billion IDR cannot be exchanged for USD 69,400 or coins and 36.38 Ethereum. In other words, NFTs are digital assets that buyers can invest in with a modified value.

 2. Currently Popular

Selling NFT assets through auctions is a great strategy for making money in this modern era. Why so? Because this digital asset is trending in the market. For example, the artist known as “Beeple” once sold a collage of his works and was auctioned for IDR 82.9 billion.

 

How to Create an Open Sea Account for NFT Trading

Before you start trading, you must first create an account with Open Sea . Here’s how to create an Open Sea account to buy and sell NFTs:

• Open the following link https://opensea.io, you can use a browser on a laptop or cellphone, depending on where you installed your digital wallet. For example, Open Sea is opened via the Google Chrome browser on a laptop
• To start registration for an Open Sea account, click on the wallet icon or profile picture icon and select the “ Connect wallet ” option.
• Choose the digital wallet that you are using, for example MetaMask
• Next, open the MetaMask extension that you have installed on Google Chrome, by clicking on the quiz icon which is usually next to the site’s search box. Next, click on the “ Connect Wallet ” option. Then your MetaMask digital wallet will be connected to OpenSea
• Next, click on the “ Account ” option and then on the “ Profile ” option to configure a profile in OpenSea
• Enter your username, email address and more, then click the “ Save ” option
• OpenSea will send a message to your email address. Open the message to verify the Open Sea account creation request. So, you now have an OpenSea account and are ready to buy and sell NFTs in this marketplace.

How to Create and Sell NFTs on OpenSea

How to Create an NFT in OpenSea

• First on the Open Sea homepage, click on the “ Create ” option.
• Import or upload the file you want to create an NFT for. It can be images, photos, videos, and more.
• Enter the name of the NFT and several other parameters, such as content-aware parameters and parameters of the blockchain you will use.
• When finished with the settings, click on the “ Create ” option at the bottom of the OpenSea page.
• Well, your NFT is ready to be sold.

How to Sell NFTs on OpenSea 

• Go to the “ My Collection ” option by tapping on the profile picture icon in the upper right corner of the Open Sea page
• Choose your NFT and then click the “ Sell ” option
• Choose the sales program that you will use. If you want to sell directly, click the “ Fixed price ” option, while for the auction system, click the “ Hourly bid ” option.
• Enter the price of the NFT with the desired Ethereum cryptocurrency
• You can also set the duration of the NFT sale in the “ Duration ” column

When the configuration is complete, click on the “ Complete List ” option. Next, Open Sea will open your MetaMask extension to confirm your NFT sales subscription.

Please note that in order to confirm an NFT sale, you must have at least 0.05 Ethereum balance on MetaMask. Then, for every transaction on OpenSea, a fee of 2.5% of the NFT sales will be charged. You can also earn royalties by selling NFT up to 10%

As it grows, NFT sales continue to set new records. One of the most popular NFT works is Beeple which sells for 69.3 million US dollars or the equivalent of around 995.1 billion Rupiah. Besides Beeple’s works, there are other, more expensive NFT works.

List of 10 Most Expensive NFTs in the World

1. The Merge $91.8 million (Rp1.318 trillion)

The Merge officially became the most expensive NFT ever sold on December 2, 2021, with nearly 30,000 collectors participating and a total of US$91.8 million. This is the only NFT on the list that has multiple owners.

2. Everyday’s: the First 5000 Days US$69.3 million (Rp 995.1 billion)

Mike Winkelmann’s most expensive NFT work aka Beeple sold to a single buyer on March 11, 2021. Beeple works are highly respected and premium works of art. This work is actually a collage of his 5,000 works. Since 2007, Beeple has pledged to create one piece of art once a day.

3. Clock US$52.7 million (Rp756.7 billion)

Clock is the work of Sir and Julian Assange, and literally moves like a clock, counting down the days when WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange was imprisoned. The purpose of this NFT was to raise money for Assange’s legal defense, and it was eventually acquired by the Assange DAO, a group of over 10,000 people who donated their money to buy the NFT and support Assange.

4. HUMAN ONE US$28.895 million (Rp414.91 billion)

HUMAN ONE is one of Beeple’s NFTs that has been sold for a very high price. HUMAN ONE goes on sale November 9, 2021 for nearly $30 million. According to an interview with Christie’s, this work is closely related to ‘Everyday’s’

5. CryptoPunk #5822 US$23 million (Rp 330.2 billion)

CryptoPunks NFT dominates the ranks of the most expensive NFTs in the world, with code 5822 selling for more than US$23 million.

6. CryptoPunk #7523 US$11.75 million (Rp 168.72 billion)

Outshining all its CryptoPunk counterparts, #7523 is a rarer third collection, backed by a hefty price tag.

7. CryptoPunk #3100 US$7.67 million (Rp 110.1 billion)

As of March 11th 2021, just one day after the #7804 went out of stock, the #3100 is more expensive than its brethren. CryptoPunk #3100 is one more odd pun, but this time he’s wearing a headband. #3100 is the seventh most expensive Crypto Punk on the market.

8. CryptoPunk #7804 US$7.6 million (Rp 109.1 billion)

CryptoPunk #7804 has the form of an alien punk. This alien is one of nine “Alien” Crypto Punks, wearing a hat and pipe.

9. Crossroad US$6.6 million (Rp94.77 billion)

Beeple’s Crossroad is just a 10 second clip showing people walking past a huge corpse with slurs written all over it. This Beeple product is highly appreciated because it offers something a little different from the usual NFTs you see.

10. A Coin for the Ferryman US$6,034 million (Rp 86.64 billion)

One of XCopy’s earliest works , ‘A Coin for the Ferryman ‘, premiered in 2018 and sold for over US$6 million on November 4, 2021. This work has the shape of a combination of squares on a multi-colored background, accompanied by a GIF image making it unique and something the owner can be proud of.

We have finished our discussion of the currently popular NFTs. To learn more about investing, there are several recommended books that are worth reading and can be found easily at sinaumedia.