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Getting to Know the Meaning of Pancasila as the Foundation of the State, Functions of Pancasila, and the symbol of Pancasila – Pancasila is a state foundation of the Republic of Indonesia. In it are the precepts that are used as the way of life of the Indonesian nation. The precepts contained in Pancasila have their own meanings that must be applied to the everyday life of every Indonesian.

The following is the meaning and significance of the Pancasila symbol and its application to each of the precepts. Check out the following information.

Pancasila meaning 

The word Pancasila comes from Sanskrit, namely the word panca which means five and the word sila which has a basic meaning. When combined, Pancasila has the meaning of the five foundations of the Indonesian state.

Pancasila, which is depicted with the symbol of a Garuda bird, has the meaning of being a source of strength. In addition, the golden color on the Garuda bird has a meaning as a symbol of glory.

 

Pancasila function

According to the book Pancasila as an ideology and the Foundation of the State, as a guideline for the Indonesian nation itself, Pancasila has nine functions that can be used by Indonesian people. Here are nine functions of Pancasila.

• Pancasila is used as the state ideology
• Pancasila is used as the basis of the state
• Pancasila is used as the soul of the Indonesian nation
• Pancasila is used as the personality of the Indonesian nation
• Pancasila is used as the way of life of the Indonesian nation
• Pancasila is used as the source of all applicable laws and the source of legal order in the Republic of Indonesia
• Pancasila which is used as the noble agreement of the Indonesian nation
• Pancasila is used as the ideals and goals of the Indonesian nation
• Pancasila is used as a philosophy of life that unites the nation

The Meaning of the Five Precepts in Pancasila

As its function as a way of life, Pancasila is divided into five precepts that must be applied by every Indonesian in daily life. The following are the five precepts and their meanings.

1. Belief in the One and Only God

Belief in One Almighty God is the first precept in Pancasila which means that we as Indonesian citizens must have faith in and fear God. In this case, of course, adjusting to the religion that we profess and the beliefs that are owned by everyone.

That way, this precept also has the meaning that we as a society living side by side must be able to respect each other among religious communities so that prosperity and a peaceful environment can be created.

2. Just and Civilized Humanity

Just and Civilized Humanity is the second precept in Pancasila which means that we as Indonesian citizens are asked to have an inner understanding of the equality of degrees in every human being, so that we can love and respect one another between individuals.

Apart from that, in this precept we are also invited to look after and help one another, defend the existing truth and justice, and be able to cooperate with each other in creating peace in the surrounding environment and the Indonesian nation as a whole.

3. Indonesian Unity

Unity of Indonesia is the third precept in Pancasila which means that we as Indonesian citizens must always prioritize the goals of unity, unity and the interests of the common country rather than our individual interests.

Also in this third precept, we are invited to have character and to be individuals who are willing and willing to sacrifice for the sake of achieving the independence of the Indonesian state, to show love for the Indonesian people as the motherland, and to have pride in the Indonesian state.

4. Democracy Led by Wisdom and Wisdom in Representative Deliberations 

Democracy Led by Wisdom and Wisdom in Deliberative Representatives is the fourth precept in Pancasila which means that we as citizens of the Indonesian state are invited not to impose personal will or desires, and to always put forward or prioritize common interests or the state.

In making a decision in various scopes, both work and daily life we ​​are always faced with various choices that must be made. In this precept we are invited to make choices that put forward common goals and resolve existing problems by way of deliberation or discussion.

5. Social Justice for All Indonesian People

Social Justice for All Indonesian People is the fifth precept in Pancasila which means that we as Indonesian citizens are invited to be able to always behave fairly in all activities carried out, in making decisions that must be mutually agreed upon by carrying out mutual cooperation.

In addition, we must also be able to have a balance between rights and obligations as Indonesian citizens by respecting the rights that other people have and continuing to carry out our obligations as Indonesian citizens.

The Pancasila symbol and its meaning 

As explained above, the symbol of Pancasila is a Garuda bird which is a picture of a power with a golden color that shows a symbol of glory.

In addition, the Garuda bird, which is on the Pancasila symbol, consists of seventeen books, eight feathers on the tail, nineteen feathers at the base of the tail, and forty-five feathers on the neck to describe the time when the independence of the Indonesian state was proclaimed on August 17. 1945.

Also on the Pancasila symbol, we can see a Garuda bird clutching a scroll that reads Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. In this case, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika has the meaning of unity that exists in diversity in Indonesia. Where even though Indonesian society consists of various tribes, races, and different cultures, they are still one unit.

However, in the Pancasila symbol itself there is a shield, each part of which represents the symbol of the five precepts in Pancasila. The following is the meaning of the symbol that each precept has in Pancasila.

1. The First Precepts of Pancasila

The first precept, namely God Almighty is depicted with a star symbol which is given a golden color inside a black shield. This illustrates that every Indonesian is a society that believes in and fears God Almighty.

The gold color symbolizes the meaning, namely the spiritual light that is owned by every human being. While the black color on the shield means the original color or the color of nature which shows God who is the source of all sources in this world.

In addition, even with the differences and diversity of religions that are adhered to by everyone, they still respect each other and the beliefs they have.

2. The Second Precept of Pancasila

The second precept, namely Just and Civilized Humanity, is depicted by the symbol of a chain numbering seventeen and not breaking. As well as the existing chain, there are two shapes, namely a circle and also a rectangle. The circular shape on the chain represents women, and the rectangular shape on the chain represents men.

By depicting this unbroken chain, it gives an illustration that every Indonesian society is a hereditary generation that is the successor to Indonesian independence and is interrelated and needs one another.

3. The Third Precept of Pancasila

The third precept, namely Indonesian Unity, is described by a banyan tree which is a shelter or shelter for every Indonesian. In addition, the banyan tree is also described as a symbol of the unity and integrity of the Indonesian people, because the banyan tree has a long single root that supports the tree’s growth and development.

The banyan tree becomes a picture or philosophy that every Indonesian can take shelter and shelter under the auspices of the Indonesian nation because every community has the same degree and is mutually respected.

4. The Fourth Precept of Pancasila

The fourth precept, Democracy Led by Wisdom and Wisdom in Representative Deliberations is depicted through the bull’s head symbol, which has the meaning of people’s power in the quote in the RI BPIP. The bull’s head can also be interpreted as a social animal that often gathers like Indonesian people who do everything by deliberation.

The bull’s head in the fourth precept can also be interpreted as a guide that shapes Indonesian society in discussing and also working together in solving a problem or finding a solution for the common good.

5. The Fifth Precept of Pancasila

The fifth precept, namely Social Justice for All Indonesian People, is illustrated by rice and cotton which gives the meaning of prosperity and welfare for the people of Indonesia. Rice can also be used as a symbol of feed, and cotton can be used as a symbol of clothing. Both of these are basic things or needs that must be fulfilled by every Indonesian people.

This can also be interpreted, Indonesia as a country has the responsibility and obligation to be able to prosper everyone and put forward common interests, especially the Indonesian people.

Points of Practice on Pancasila

The first precept, Belief in One God

• The Indonesian people declare their trust and devotion to God Almighty.
• The Indonesian people have faith and piety to God Almighty, conform to their respective religions and beliefs on the basis of a just and civilized humanity.
• Develop an attitude of mutual respect and cooperation for all adherents of religions.
• Building harmony in an inter-religious environment.
• Religion and beliefs held in relation to God Almighty are issues related to the personal relationship that a person has with God Almighty.
• Developing mutual respect and freedom to practice worship in accordance with the religion and beliefs adhered to.
• Do not force religion or belief on others.

The second precept, Just and Civilized Humanity

• Recognize and treat everyone according to their dignity and worth as creatures of God Almighty.
• Acknowledging that there is no difference in every person, including the degree, rights, basic obligations of every human being, without discriminating.
• Practice mutual love between each other.
• Adopt an attitude of mutual consideration.
• Develop an unselfish attitude towards one another.
• Uphold existing human values.
• Have a habit of doing humanitarian activities.
• Able to defend the existing truth and justice.

The third precept, Indonesian Unity

• Able to place unity, integrity and common interests for the nation and state above personal interests.
• Have the ability and willingness to sacrifice for the benefit of the nation and state.
• Apply a sense of love for the nation and country.
• Implementing a sense of pride in the homeland of Indonesia.
• Developing existing Indonesian unity.
• Maintaining the prevailing order based on freedom, eternal peace, and social justice.

The fourth precept, Democracy Led by Wisdom and Wisdom in Representative Deliberations

• As Indonesian people, we have the same position, rights and obligations.
• Unable to impose personal desires or wishes on others.
• Prioritize deliberation in decision making.
• The deliberations carried out to reach a consensus were followed by a spirit of kinship.
• Respect all agreed decisions.
• Have good faith and a sense of responsibility in carrying out the results of decisions.
• Common interests are always prioritized compared to personal and group interests in deliberations.

The fifth precept, Social Justice for All Indonesian People

• Develop actions that can reflect the attitude and atmosphere of kinship and mutual cooperation.
• Apply fairness to everyone.
• Able to maintain a balance of rights and obligations that are carried out.
• Able to respect the rights of others.
• Want and like to work hard.
• Appreciate the work of others that can be useful for the progress and prosperity of all.
• Carry out activities that can be a manifestation of equitable progress and social justice.

Functions and Examples of Pancasila in Everyday Life

1. Belief in the One and Only God

• In life in the scope of learning and the world of work, these precepts can be applied by worshiping and praying according to each religion and belief. In addition, by respecting other people who embrace religions or beliefs that are different from ours.
• In life in the scope of society, this first precept can be applied by respecting and appreciating neighbors even though they have different religions or beliefs.
• An example of applying the first precepts is by worshiping according to the religion and beliefs held by everyone.
• Able to respect and appreciate without discriminating between religions and beliefs that are owned by everyone.

2. Just and Civilized Humanity

• This second precept can be applied in a way that does not discriminate against everyone and wants to hang out or be friends with anyone without being limited by various aspects.
• An example of applying the second precept is being able to be fair to everyone, regardless of gender, both women and men.
• Have a good and civilized attitude towards everyone around you.

3. Indonesian Unity

• We can apply this third precept by loving and also using local or original products made by the Indonesian people as a form of supporting and encouraging the Indonesian people’s economy.
• With this third precept, we are taught to work together with one another and respect anyone without discriminating against status, ethnicity, race, religion, or class.
• An example of the application of the third precept is being able to maintain peace and harmony among Indonesian people, by respecting each other’s tribes, cultures, religions and languages.
• Can maintain unity and establish good relations between one another, so as not to cause division.

Democracy Led by Wisdom and Wisdom in Representative Deliberations

• The application of the fourth precept can be done by doing everything by deliberation and discussion to reach a mutual agreement.
• For example, we can apply it to the school environment, where in making a decision one has to listen to the opinion of each student who shows deliberation.
• If the submission of his opinion is not agreed upon, then speak properly so that no party is injured at the end of the discussion and reaches a good consensus.

5. Social Justice for All Indonesian People

• We can see the application of the fifth precept within the scope of the school through the class picket assignments. Where, we have to carry out the tasks that have been given to us properly without cheating.
• Apart from that, in social life we ​​can apply the fifth precept by helping neighbors and people around us without discriminating and looking at the social status that person has.
• Mutual respect for every community that has rights and obligations.
• Able to fight for justice that must be owned by everyone regardless of social status.

Currency in the World – Money is the official medium of exchange that has been approved by the government and society. Of course, you also know that every country always has a different type of currency from one country to another.

It will be easier for you to know the type of currency for each country by looking at a list of currencies in the world. Well, this article will explain more about each type of eye that exists in the world.

Of course, for those of you who want to know more about the list of world currencies. You can really read reviews about it only in this article.
Definition of Money in General

In modern economics, money can be interpreted as something that is available and will generally be accepted as a method or means of payment in the process of purchasing goods or using a service and other valuable assets and can be used to process debt payments.

Some experts say the function of money is a means of delaying payments. From this explanation, it can be concluded that money is an object that can be generally accepted by society and is used to measure value, exchange and process payments and purchases of goods and services and can be used as a means of hoarding wealth.

Types of money can be distinguished based on the material it is made of, for example, such as banknotes and coins.

Definition of Currency

After previously we have discussed the meaning of money. Next, we will learn together about the meaning of currency.

Currency is a unit price agreed upon by the government and the people of a country. As previously explained, each country has a different currency.

Even so, there are some currencies that are the same between one country and another. For example, America, Ecuador, Cambodia, Panama and the British Indian Ocean Region all share the same type of currency.

Meanwhile, for an example of a different currency, the Indonesian currency, namely the Rupiah, will be different from the Japanese currency, namely Yen.

Original Function of Money

In general, money has a function as an intermediary in the process of exchanging goods for goods which is also one of the methods of intermediary barter methods in the trade process. However, in more detail the function of money is divided into two, namely the original function and the derivative function.

An object can become money when the object meets certain conditions. The first requirement is that the object must be generally accepted. In order to be recognized as a common medium of exchange, the object must have the highest value or at least be guaranteed by the government.

Materials that can be used as money must also be durable, the quality is more likely to be the same and not easy to do counterfeiting and can have an amount that can meet people’s needs.

In addition, money must also be easily carried anywhere, portable and easy to share without the need to reduce value and be able to have a stable value over time.
Then, the original function of money is as follows.

1. As a medium of exchange

The original function of the first money is as a medium of exchange which can facilitate the exchange process. The existence of money will make a person do not need to exchange goods for other goods or barter. This is because the existence of money is intended to replace the barter process.

2. As a Unit of Count

Money also has a function as a unit of account. This is because money can be used to show the value of various types of goods or services that are traded.
Money can also show the amount of wealth a person has and money can be used to calculate the size of a loan. Money can also be used to determine the price of goods and services. As a unit of account, money will have an important role in the exchange process so that it can run more smoothly.

3. As a Store of Value

Money can be used as a store of value. This is because money can be used for the process of transferring purchasing power from the present to the future. When a seller receives money for the process of selling goods or services, the seller can save the money he earns to buy goods or services in the future.

Derivative Functions of Money

Money does not only have original functions. But money also has a derivative function. Now for more details, here is the derivative function of money.

1. As a Wealth Transferring Tool

Someone who wants to move to another place can also transfer their wealth, such as land or house buildings, into money. This can be realized by selling the house or land that he owns.

In a new place, the party concerned can buy a house or land again with the money obtained from the process of selling previous assets such as houses or land. From this it can be concluded that money can be a means of transferring wealth.

2. As a driving force for economic activity

If the value of money continues to be stable for a long time, it will usually make people invest. With these investment activities, economic activity will also increase.

3. As a Legal Instrument of Payment

Human needs for goods and services will increasingly increase and vary. Where these needs can no longer be met by exchanging goods or bartering.

In order to facilitate the process of obtaining goods or services, humans need a means of payment that can be accepted by everyone. Therefore, money can be used as legal tender.

4. As a Debt Payment Instrument

Money can also be used as a measure of future payments.

5. As a means of hoarding wealth

Some people decide not to use their money only for consumption purposes. Where some of the money will be legalized or saved for future needs.

 

 

List of World Currencies

According to Euro Change, currently there are more than 100 currencies that have been recognized and are located in various parts of the world. Of these, there are around 66 countries that use the United States dollar as a medium of exchange.

The list of world currencies in general will provide information in the form of the name of the currency of a country along with its code. Now for more details, here is a list of world currencies.

List of World Currencies with the Highest Exchange Rates

As previously explained, each country has a different currency. The amount of the value of the currency used is also influenced by how strong the economic conditions are in that country. Until now there are about more than 100 coins recognized by the United Nations.

The US Dollar or USD currency is one type of currency that is widely used in global trade processes. This makes the USD a reference for measuring the high and low of the currency of each country.

Even so, the USD is not the highest currency in the world for now. There are several countries with abundant natural resources, such as oil and gas, which usually rank first.

So below are some lists of the highest currency values ​​in the world quoted from various sources.

1. Kuwaiti Dinar (KWD)
2. Bahraini Dinar (BHD)
3. Omani rial (OMR)
4. Jordanian Dinar (JOD)
5. Cayman Islands Dollar (KYD)
6. Sterling Pounds (GBP)
7. Swiss Franc (CHF)
8. US Dollar (USD)
9. Euros (EUR)
10. Canadian Dollar (CAD)

Closing

Well , that’s some list of the highest value of money in the world. Thus the discussion about currencies in the world and also the function of money. Hopefully all the discussion above is useful for Sinaumed’s.

If you want to find books about finance, you can get them at sinaumedia.com. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information .

Author: Hendrik Nuryanto

Source:

• List of Currency Names in the World
• #Money Function
• List of Currencies in the World Complete with Names and Codes 
• The Highest Currency in the Fin World
• Currency

Definition of Landfill – Based on Law Number 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management, the final processing site (TPA) or landfill is the last place for waste management. TPA is a place where trash is isolated safely so as not to cause disturbance to the surrounding environment. This is why it is necessary to provide proper facilities and treatment so that security can be achieved properly.

Based on data from the 2007 Indonesian Environmental Status (SLHI) regarding the condition of landfills in Indonesia, most of the landfills in Indonesia are open dumping or open landfill sites, giving rise to environmental pollution problems. Data states that 90% of landfills are operated by open dumping and only 9% are operated by controlled landfills and sanitary landfills . Improving the condition of the TPA is very much needed in city-scale waste management.

Definition of Landfills

TPA or landfill is a place to dispose of garbage and other waste materials. This site is designed to minimize the impact of waste on human health and the environment. Quoting an explanation on the National Geographic website, the TPA is covered with layers of clay and thin plastic, then backfilled with several meters of soil so that plants can grow on it.

Some landfills will decompose over time, even if they are designed only to contain waste. The decomposition process in the landfill will produce methane, which is a dangerous and flammable gas. Several studies have found that methane has a negative impact on the environment and health.

TPA is an important subsystem in waste management. TPA is the place where the process of
collection, transportation, sorting, recycling and disposal ends. This phase can use a variety of methods, ranging from a simple level to a high-tech level (Wahyono, 2012). TPA is very much needed. If TPA does not exist, waste will accumulate in various places and cause various environmental pollution.

According to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-2454-2000, there are several methods of final disposal of waste, namely:

1. Open Dumping

This method is considered the simplest final disposal method because there is no special treatment for waste, and the operation is very easy. Garbage that comes in is just piled up without any further processing. This can result in environmental pollution, such as air pollution due to odors, water pollution due to leachate , aesthetics, and others.

2. Controlled Landfills

In contrast to the open dumping method , the operations used in this method are slightly more complicated and the operational costs are also quite large. This waste management method includes stockpiling, leveling, and compaction. After the capacity of the land used to accommodate waste is full, the waste pile is covered with a layer of cover for a predetermined period of time.

3. Sanitary Landfill

This method is the most complicated method compared to the previous two methods. The costs used are also relatively high, but have a positive impact on the people living around the TPA. In this method, waste is piled up to a certain thickness, compacted, covered with soil, and compacted again. Furthermore, trash can be spread again on the top layer of soil, and so on.

4. Landfill Mining

Land disposal or disposal of waste into the ground is the most common method found in waste management. This method of removing waste into the ground is carried out by backfilling or landfilling known as landfilling , which was first applied to municipal waste (Damanhuri, 2010 ) .

At this time, landfill mining is a new strategy that can be used to recover resources and materials that can be reused. The enhanced landfill mining (ELFM) concept is an updated landfill mining concept , which means extended landfill mining .

The ELFM concept can be defined as safe and integrated conditioning, excavation and valorization of stockpiled waste, which can be used as waste to material or waste to energy by using innovative technology with due regard to social and environmental criteria (Wahyono, 2012 ).

Gas Formation in Landfills

Landfill gas is produced from the decomposition process of waste buried in landfills by the activity of microorganisms. The decomposition process takes place anaerobically through several stages, namely:

• Hydrolysis , namely the breakdown of long carbon chains into simpler carbon chains in the waste degradation process by microorganisms.
• Acidogenesis , namely compounds with shorter carbon chains are converted into organic acids due to the activity of acidogen microorganisms .
• Methanogenesis , namely the degradation stage that produces methane gas and other gases due to the activity of methane-forming microorganisms (CH ₄ ).

In general, waste decomposition in landfills takes place anaerobically. Anerobic decomposition process of waste will form gas. The composition of the gas produced is strongly influenced by the microorganisms that decompose the waste and in general the gas produced is closely related to the anerobic decomposition phases of the waste.

The initial stage of waste decomposition is called the aerobic phase, which occurs at the beginning of landfill waste and oxygen is still in the waste pile. The second and third phases are called the acid transition phase which is closely related to the process of acidogenesis and begins to form carbon dioxide gas (CO2 ₎ . Furthermore, gas begins to form at the stage of metagonesis, namely the fourth phase which produces CH ₄ and CO ₂ . The fifth phase is the ripening phase when waste has become a more stable product.

The characteristics of the gas produced from the waste decomposition process is determined by the characteristics of the waste being stockpiled. The largest composition of the gas produced is methane CH ₄ and CO ₂ . These gases can be used as a very potential source of energy and if not managed properly will also cause pollution.

CH ₄ and CO ₂ are gases that contribute to greenhouse gases (GHG). Based on research data that has been widely carried out, CH ₄ has a power 21 times stronger in storing heat compared to CO ₂ gas . This condition causes waste management in landfills to be one of the contributors to global warming.

Based on SLHI data for 2007, it is known that waste management in landfills that do not manage gas properly contributes 3% to the effect of global warming in Indonesia. Related to this, the National Action Plan (RAN) on Climate Change on a national scale includes efforts to manage gas in landfills as one of the mitigation efforts to reduce global warming. Methane gas produced must be managed properly and can be used as an energy source.

Theoretically based on this chemical reaction, CH ₄ and CO ₂ are the most dominant gases produced from the anerobic waste degradation process. The amount or production of gas produced depends on several factors, namely:

• Elements of waste formation such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen obtained from waste characteristic analysis, namely ultimate analysis .
• The speed of waste degradation is divided into waste that decomposes quickly and slowly decomposes. The time for decomposition of easily decomposed organic matter is 5 years, while the time for decomposition of slowly decomposing organic matter is 15 years.

When gas begins to be produced, the pressure inside the landfill will increase, thus allowing gas movement within the landfill . Gas movement can occur vertically and horizontally if the pressure outside (barometric) is less than the pressure inside. The gas will tend to move vertically and escape, whereas if the outside pressure is greater, the gas tends to stay in the landfill until it reaches pressure balance.

Gas movement is very difficult to predict. Based on several studies that have been conducted, it is known that the movement of methane gas in a horizontal direction can reach a distance of more than 1,500 feet. The gas produced during the decomposition process must not just escape into the air. This is because the methane gas produced when in contact with air > 5% will cause an explosion, so that control and monitoring of landfill gas is necessary.

Gas control in general can be done by burning gas or using it as an energy source, especially for methane gas which can be used as a very potential energy source. In general, gas control systems can be distinguished between active and passive.

Leachate Formation

Waste that is disposed of in landfills undergoes several physical, chemical and biological changes. Simultaneously, these wastes will produce a liquid called leachate . Leachate is a liquid that is produced from exposure to rainwater in landfills. This liquid is very dangerous and toxic because it contains high concentrations of organic compounds and inorganic compounds, which are formed in landfills due to rainwater that enters them. In addition, the liquid may also contain metal elements, namely zinc (Zn) and mercury (Hg).

Leachate in everyday life can be analogous to brewing tea which carries suspended and dissolved matter from waste degradation products. The liquid can be processed into biogas and liquid fertilizer. This is because the water contains various kinds of organic matter, namely nitrates and minerals.

Impact of the Landfill Method

At first glance, the landfill method is relatively easy to implement and can accommodate large amounts of waste. However, this assumption is not correct because landfills can cause problems related to health and the environment. The main problem that often arises is the smell and contamination of leachate. In addition, methane gas from landfills that is not utilized properly will cause a global warming effect, and can even explode if it is compressed in the ground. This is why it is necessary to have a good leachate and biogas treatment unit in a landfill system .

Sembiring and Muntalif added that another impact caused by these liquids is contamination of surface water and groundwater in the vicinity, because generally these liquids contain BOD values ​​of 2,000–30,000 mg/L and COD of 3,000–60,000 mg/L. Several cases of leachate pollution in Indonesia that were successfully recorded by Usman and Santosa are dozens of shrimp ponds that failed to harvest in the Cilincing area, North Jakarta, pollution of residents’ wells around the Bantar Gebang TPA, and pollution of the Asem River flow.

Bibliography

Book

• Ali, Munawar (2011). Leachate Seepage: Impact on Food Crops and Health . Surabaya: East Java Veterans National Development University Press. ISBN 978-602-9372-44-1.
• Arief, Background Muhammad (2016). Industrial Waste Treatment: Knowledge Bases and Workplace Applications . Yogyakarta: Andi. ISBN 978-979-2955-45-3.
• Artomo (2015). Green Pages: Wise and Smart Ways to Manage the Environment from Home . Jakarta: Agro Media Library. ISBN 978-979-0065-51-2.
• Hadisuwito, Sukamto (2007). Making Liquid Compost Fertilizer . Jakarta: Agro Media Library. ISBN 978-979-0061-16-3.
• Hariyanto, Sucipto, et al (2019). Abiotic Environment (Volume 1) . Surabaya: Airlangga University Press. ISBN 978-602-7924-95-6.
• Ngatimin, Sri Nur Aminah; Syatrawati (2019). Techniques for Overcoming Agricultural Soil Pollution in Cities and Villages . Yogyakarta: Leutika Prio. ISBN 978-602-3717-09-5.
• Sutanto, Rachman (2002). Application of Organic Agriculture: Popularization and Development . Yogyakarta: Kanisius. ISBN 978-979-2101-86-7.

Journal

• Daryat, Fikri, et al (March 2017). “Analysis of Leachate Water Quality from the Pekanbaru City Garbage Final Disposal Site Based on Biological, Physical and Chemical Parameters” . Journal of Riau Biology . 2(1). ISSN 2527-6409.
• Herison, Ahmad (April 2009). “Prototype Design of Coagulation Installation and Facultative Pond for Leachate Treatment (Case Study of TPA Bakung Bandar Lampung)” . Engineering Journal, Faculty of Engineering, University of Lampung . 13(1). ISSN 0852-7733.
• Larasati, Andita Intan, et al (April 2015). “Effectiveness of Heavy Metal Adsorption in Leachate Using Activated Carbon, Zeolite, and Silica Gel Media at Tlekung Landfill, Batu” . Journal of Natural Resources and Environment . 2(1). ISSN 2655-9676.
• Malita, Yosi Apri, et al (April 2015). “Characterization of Leachate Magnetic Minerals (Leachate) Cold Water TPA Padang City Using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopice)” . Pillars of Physics . 5(3). ISSN 2685-2608.
• Novianty, Tika Christy, et al (January 2015). “Geospatial Analysis of the Distribution of TPS and TPA in Semarang City Using Geographic Information Systems (TPS Case Studies: Pedurungan District, East Semarang District, Central Semarang District, and West Semarang District)” . Journal of Geodesy, Diponegoro University . 4(1). ISSN 2337-845X.
• Purwanti, Heny (December 2014). “Study on the Impact of Leachate Canals on the Environment from the Operational Aspect of Galuga Landfill (Case Study: Galuga Landfill, Cibungbulang District, Bogor Regency)” . Journal of Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Pakuan University . 1(25). ISSN 1411-5972.
• Purwati, Sri; Surachman, Aep (December 2007). “Potential and Influence of Plants in Pulp and Paper Wastewater Treatment with Wetland Systems” . Cellulose Journal . 42(2). ISSN 2527-6662.
• Ramadhan, Fajri, et al (March 2019). “Estimation of Leachate Distribution with Geoelectrical ERT Method” . Indonesian Geography Magazine . 33(1). ISSN 2540-945X.
• Rezagama, Arya, et al (December 2016). “Separation of Organic Waste Leachate Water from TPA Jatibarang Using Chemical Coagulation-Flocculation” . Diponegoro University Engineering Journal . 37(2). ISSN 2460-9919.
• Sari, Resti Nanda; Afdal (January 2017). “Characteristics of Leachate at the Cold Water Waste Disposal Site in Padang City” . Andalas University Physics Journal . 6(1). ISSN 2302-8491.
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• Sembiring, Elsa Try Julita; Muntalif, Barti Setiani (October 2011). “Optimizing Leachate Processing Efficiency Using Constructed Wetland” . Journal of Environmental Engineering . 17(2). ISSN 0854-9796.
• Syamsudin, et al (December 2007). “Utilization of a Mixture of Solid Waste with Black Leachate from the Pulp and Paper Industry as a Biobriquette Material” . Cellulose Journal . 42(2). ISSN 2527-6662.
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• Ulfah, Azrina, et al (July 2017). “Determination of Organic Pollution Levels Based on Concentrations of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), and TOM (Total Organic Matter) in Muara Sungai Lumpur Ogan Komering Ilir” . Maspari Journal: Marine Science Research . 9(2). ISSN 2597-6796.
• Usman, Sarip; Santosa, Imam (October 2014). “Treatment of Garbage Wastewater (Lachate) from TPA (Final Waste Disposal) Using the Constructed Wetland Method” . Journal of Health Polytechnic of Health, Ministry of Health, Tanjung Karang . 5(2). ISSN 2548-5695.
• Yenita, Riski Novela; Siprana, Ade Pulasta (November 2015). “The Influence of Leachate Physical and Microbiological Parameters on Environmental Health at the Muara Fajar Rumbai Landfill Pekanbaru” . Journal of Community Health . 3(1). ISSN 2548-8538.

Inventor of algebra – Who doesn’t know mathematics? It seems that everyone will know about mathematics because this subject is always synonymous with numbers and calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). Therefore, in studying mathematics, various kinds of formulas will definitely be presented. In fact, one type of material in mathematics can have more than one formula.

The many formulas in mathematics make some people, especially students, find it difficult and complicated to understand math problems, so they have difficulty doing mathematics. In fact, for some students there are those who think that math is a scary thing, so they don’t like math.

Whereas in human life, almost all developments that occur in science and technology use mathematical formulas, such as in the field of astronomy, in the field of architecture, in the field of technology, and so on. In other words, without the science of mathematics, it is very likely that until now there have been no important discoveries in human life.

Talking about the sciences in mathematics is indeed very much. One of the many mathematics that has an influence on human life is algebra. Some people may already know or understand algebra, a math science that has been around for a long time.

According to some historical records, there were two inventors of algebra, namely Diophantus and Al-Khwarizmi. Below we will explain more about the inventor of algebra along with how to calculate algebra. So, read this article to the end, Sinaumed’s.

Understanding Algebra

Algebra is a form of mathematics that discusses a simplification and problem solving by using substitute symbols, namely constants and variables. Therefore, algebra can be said that one of the branches of mathematics in which there is number theory, geometry, formulas, so that algebraic theory can be used to carry out several studies. Algebraic is a mathematician who does research on algebra.

We can see algebra that can be used to solve problems in everyday life in a trader who wants to find out the profit of the goods he is going to sell. Apart from that, algebra can also be used by parents to give their children pocket money for school. We should study the benefits of algebra that can be applied in everyday life so that when we want to trade, we can calculate maximum profit.

The word “algebra” comes from Arabic, namely ” al-jabr ” with the meaning of meeting, settlement, or completion. The development of science in Europe which was more advanced at that time made the word “al-jabr “, then absorbed into the European language, namely algebra. The word has become a general term and is widely known by many people and scientists.

Meanwhile, in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses letter signs to describe or represent numbers (a, b, c, as a substitute for known numbers and x, y, z for unknown number). In short, algebra is arithmetic that has many benefits in life and can make it easier for humans to solve various kinds of problems.

Usually a branch of mathematics, namely algebra, has begun to be taught to junior high school students (SMP) or more precisely when a grade 7 student. Algebra is taught to grade 7 students, usually in the form of simple algebraic forms, such as algebraic addition, algebraic subtraction. , algebraic multiplication, and algebraic division. By learning this simple algebra, grade 7 students are expected to be able to apply it in everyday life, so that calculating things becomes easier.

 

 

Algebra Inventor

1. Diophantus

Based on other historical records, some say that the inventor of the branch of mathematics, algebra, was Diophantus, he came from Alexandria. Apart from that, algebra is also believed to have existed and been developed since the days of Ancient Babylon. At that time, the Babylonians had already developed quadratic equations, linear equations, and indefinite linear equations.

Diophantus wrote a book called Arithmetica , the book contains algebraic solutions, resulting in the modern number theory known as the Diophantine equation or infinity. Can be known as Diophantine because some equations already have more than one possible answer. Diophantus, who wrote the book Arithmetica , is thought to have been born between 200 and 215 AD. In addition, the first book written by Diophantus consists of solving more than 100 problems that produce first-order equations.

In fact, he is also called the “Father of Algebra” because he has provided knowledge about number theory, mathematical notation, and algebra which can be identified through the theory of equations. The algebraic system created by Diophantus does not use symbols and is known as the syncopalet.

During his lifetime, Diophantus had written more than 10 manuscripts, or to be more precise, written 13 manuscripts. However, of the 13 nasihs, only 6 have been manuscripts and 6 of these manuscripts have been preserved from damage, so that the information in them can be studied.

 

 

2. Al-Khwarizmi

The branch of science from mathematics, namely algebra, was discovered or created by Al-Khwarizmi who was born around 780 AD. He is someone who really likes mathematics, so he is very diligent in studying mathematics. He has a full name, Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi and was born in Bukhara and has lived in Khawarizmi for a long time. Al-Khwarizmi’s birthplace and residence today is known as Khiva or part of the country of Uzbekistan.

During his lifetime, Al-Khwarizmi had a profession as a teaching staff or as a lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad. Algebra science which Al-Khwarizmi also came from the book he first wrote and that book entitled al-jabr . His first book contains systematic solutions from linear and quadratic notation.

Al-Khwarizmi lived during the leadership of Al-Ma’mun and it was at that time that the development of science was at its peak or at the peak of its glory. Therefore, at that time, there were many researchers who conducted research, including Al-Khwarizmi, who discovered algebra. The development of science is marked by the existence of a large library and scientific research center created by Harun Al-Rashid. In that place, there are lots of translated books in which there is also Al-Khwarizmi’s book.

The ability possessed by Al-Khwarizmi in making algebra is not without reason, he often reads books, so he has the expertise to master several languages. Thus, Al-Khwarizmi was very happy in the world of research, especially those related to mathematics.

His love for mathematics made Al-Khwarizmi create many works, such as Al-Kitab Al Mukhtasar Fi Hisab Aljabr W’al-MuqabalaI which discusses the basics of algebra. This work became the starting point for the science of algebra to be known by Europeans and is still known and used today. Thanks to his book and knowledge of algebra, Al-Khwarizmi is often known as the “Father of Algebra”.

Apart from that, Al-Khwarizmi also made several works related to mathematics which were written in the book Al-Kitab Al-Jam’a Wal-Tafriq Bi-Hisab Al-Hind . This book contains calculations and sums based on the Hindu calculation system and this book is also known as Dixit Algirizmi . Thanks to this book which has been translated into Latin, Al-Khwarizmi is known by many people in Europe under the name Algorizm.

Today, Algorizm is known as the concept of an algorithm. The concept of algorithms has been used in various types of science, such as things related to computers and the field of engineering .

Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi died in 266 Hijri or in 850 AD. Even though he has passed away, thanks to his works and the branch of mathematics he created, it is easier for us to find solutions to problems, especially those related to mathematics.

Those are the two mathematicians who are credited with discovering algebra for the first time. However, it turns out that the “Father of Algebra” is still being debated by many experts, some believe that algebra was created by Diophantus and there are also those who believe that algebra was created by Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi.

In their book entitled The Development of Arabic Mathematics , two scientists named R Rashed and Angela Armstrong say that the algebra created by Al-Khwarizmi has differences when compared to the algebra from Diophantus. According to them both, Al-Khwarizmi’s algebra has a basic form that is easier to apply or use in everyday life. Meanwhile, Diophantus’s algebra is considered to be used as a tool in calculating number theory.

In other words, it can be said that the science of algebra created by the two inventors has differences, especially in terms of its application. Although it is still debated who the founder of algebra is and who is the real “Father of Algebra”, many scientists believe that the first algebra applied to the discipline of mathematics was the algebra of Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi or known as algebra Al-Khawarizmi.

Elements of Algebraic Algebra 

The algebraic elements that are often used in scientific disciplines have several elements, including:

1. Equation Formula

Equation formulas can be said to be one of the techniques in mathematics which is usually used to equate a problem into the simplest and most complex mathematical forms. In other words, this equation serves to form a mathematical formula according to the problem.

For example, it is known that the number of dolls owned by Putri and Fitri is 15. If Putri has 5 dolls, how many dolls does Fitri have?

The above questions will be easily solved, if you use algebra. First change the variables to x for Putri and y for Fitri.

x + y = 15

x = 5

After changing the variables, we can only count how many dolls Fitri has:

x + y = 15

5 + y = 15

y = 15-5

y = 10

So, the number of dolls owned by Fitri is 10 dolls.

2. Variables

A variable is a symbol which is usually a letter which functions as a substitute for a value that is not fixed or can change. This variable property depends on the equation that contains it. Therefore, variables are also referred to as variables. Symbols are letters in variables, such as a, A, b, B, c, C, and so on. However, usually the symbols used are the letters x, X, y, Y, z, Z.

5x + 7y – z = 0

In the example above there are 3 variables where the variables are letters, x, y, and z.

3. Coefficient 

If a variable is a symbol of a value, then the coefficient is different, which means the value used to multiply a variable. In general, coefficients that only have a value of 1 will not be written down. The following is an example of a coefficient, namely:

8x + 4y + z = 0

The example of the equation above can be said that the coefficient of x is 8, the coefficient of y is 4, and z is 1.

4. Constants

A constant is a value that exists in an algebraic form that has an invariable or fixed nature. Usually, the characteristic of a constant is that it is not related to a variable. In some formulas, constants can be symbolized using letters (a, b, c, and so on) or can use special symbols, such as (π). For more details, see the example below

5x + 7 = 10

K = x2r

From the two examples of equations above, we can see that the constants in the first equation are 7 and 10. Meanwhile in the second equation, the constants are

5. Power (Exponent)

A rank or exponent is a variable that exists in an algebraic form in the form of a rank. In the exponential calculation operation there is a second priority that is parallel to the arithmetic operation after the brackets in the mathematical arithmetic operation.

x = 5y2

If the value of y is 6, then the value of x can be found, namely “

x = 5y2

x = 5 . 62

x = 5 . 36

x = 180

6. Degrees

In algebra, degree is a value of the highest rank that already exists in the algebraic form variable, here is an example of algebraic degree:

7. Tribe

In algebraic form, term is a total of all elements that already exist in algebraic form. This term is usually used as a way to make algebraic expressions easier to say.

Algebraic Forms

In its application, algebra has several forms, each algebraic form must consist of fixed values ​​(constant) and variable values ​​(variables). Algebraic forms can be used in addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and powers. Here are some examples of algebraic forms.

1. 3b

2. 4x + 3

3. 6y – 2

4. 4a2 + 3a – 6

5. 1/x + 1/y

How to Calculate Algebraic Addition and Subtraction

In algebra, addition and subtraction can only be done based on the same or similar terms.

An example of algebraic addition:

4x + 6y + 3y + 2x

= 4x ​​+ 2x + 3y + 6y

= (4x + 2x) + (3y + 6y)

= 6x + 9y

An example of algebraic subtraction:

5x – 3x – 4y

= 2x – 4y

How to Calculate Algebraic Multiplication

In algebraic multiplication, each constant can be done by multiplying the coefficients of each variable.

4xy x 5 = 20xy

Meanwhile there is also an algebraic multiplication in which the variables are multiplied as a whole, be they coefficients or variables.

5yz xz = 5yz2

How to Calculate Algebraic Division

This division in algebra makes it easier to calculate, it must be converted into a fraction

Example of dividing a variable by a constant:

Example of dividing variables by variables:

An example of dividing a variable by a more complex variable:

Source: From various sources

History of Volleyball – Which of you are part of the sports lovers? For those
of you who are a part of sports lovers, you must be quite familiar with this one handball sport.
Yep, that’s right, volleyball. In short, the game or sport of volleyball is a sport
that is carried out by two opposing teams or groups.

Even though volleyball is very fun when played with friends, sometimes a question arises that maybe
ordinary people don’t know about it. When talking about volleyball, there will certainly be
lots of questions, one of the questions that often arises is “what is the history of volleyball?”

In this article, we will discuss more about the history of volleyball that Sinaumed’s can know.
So, take a look at this review, until it’s finished, yeah, Sinaumed’s. However, before
entering the main discussion, a brief description of volleyball as a sport that is played in teams or groups
will be given.

In the game of volleyball, it focuses more on using the strength of the hands, feet and proper jumping
techniques. In addition, volleyball also requires the strength of the fingers to hit the ball
or pass the ball to friends.

A. Definition of Volleyball Game

The game of volleyball or what is known in English as volleyball is a type of sports game that
contains games from two opposing teams or groups. A team or group in a volleyball game
contains six players.

During its development, volleyball received a variation known as beach volleyball. Different from
indoor volleyball , beach volleyball only contains two players. In
addition, the field is not as large as an indoor volleyball court .

Like other sports, the game or sport of volleyball has a parent organization that oversees it.
The world volleyball sports organization is overseen by the FIVB ( Fédération Internationale
de Volleyball ) organization which acts as the parent organization for international coverage.

Meanwhile, in Indonesia, volleyball sports or games are managed by the PBVSI (All-Indonesian Volleyball
Association) organization. As time goes by, Indonesian volleyball continues to experience
development, especially men’s volleyball which won the recent SEA Games championship.

B. Understanding Volleyball According to Experts

Several experts in Indonesia also expressed their opinion regarding the meaning of the game or sport of
volleyball. The following is an understanding of the game or sport of volleyball from the
experts.

1. According to Setiadi

Setiadi said that volleyball is a team sport or game where the main tool is using the ball.
The way to play volleyball is to bounce the ball using your arm or you can also use other limbs,
then the ball will be hit so that it moves across one court. The maximum limit for one team to
play the ball is 3 times the game.

2. According to Subroto and Yudiana

According to Subroto and Yudiana, volleyball is a team or group game that prioritizes cooperation and mutual
understanding between players from each member of the team or group.

3. According to Sudjana and Somantri

According to Sudjana and Somantri, the notion of volleyball is a game that uses a ball as its main tool.
The main tool used must comply with applicable regulations and have been determined by the FIVB
organization. The rule is a ball with a circumference of 65 cm to 67 cm and a mass of 260 cm to
280 cm.

C. Volleyball Game

As you already know, this volleyball game or sport is played by 2 opposing teams or groups. In
each team or group there are six players who are competing to achieve the goal, namely victory.
Victory can be achieved by a team or group by collecting or achieving a score of 25 and a
game will occur if you have experienced the same score of 24.

In the game or sport of volleyball there are several size provisions, such as provisions for the size of
the field, ball and net. The general size of the volleyball court itself is 9 meters x 18
meters. The size for the boundary line used as the attacker’s place is 3 meters measured from
the center line. The size for the border is 5 meters.

The size of the ball has been determined by regulations from the FIVB which states the size of a ball with
a circumference of 65-67 cm. The ball is made of leather, both genuine and synthetic.
The inside of the ball is made of rubber or something similar. The ball weighs about
260-280 grams.

As for the size of the net is about 9.5-10 meters long. The net used by male players is about
2.43 meters high, while the women’s net is about 2.24 meters high. Meanwhile, the net has a
width of about 1 meter.

D. Role of Volleyball Players

Like other games or sports, in a volleyball game or sports team there are also players and their respective
roles. In the game or sport of volleyball itself is divided into four roles, namely the
tosser/setter role, the spiker/smash role, the libero role, and finally the defender role (defender).

Tossers/Setters

Players with the tosser role have the role of ball feeder to other players as well as being a regulator of
the course of a volleyball game.

Spikers/Smash

Players with the spike or smash role play the role of hitting the ball with the focus on
falling in the opponent’s area so that the team gets a score.

Liberos

Players with the libero role are also known as defenders who have the privilege of being able to freely enter and
leave with conditions that are not allowed to produce smash hits across the barrier/net.

Defend / Defender

Then the last one is the defender who has a role as a defender in blocking or holding various types of attacks
launched by the opponent.

E. History and Developmental Phases of the
Game of Volleyball

History or the beginning of the creation of the game or sport of volleyball itself originates from the United
States until finally the game which became one of the sports at the Olympics developed to all corners of the
world.

1. History of the Name of the Game of Volleyball

Do you know? The volleyball game or sport itself is a form of a combination of four big ball
games or sports. What are the four big ball sports? The four big ball branches
consist of basketball, tennis, baseball and handball.

In the past, when volleyball was just created, the game was not known as volleyball game. At
that time, people were more familiar with and called this game or sport as Mintonette.

Then, who created or invented the game or sport of volleyball is a physical education teacher at the YMCA ( Young
Men Christian Association ) named Willian G. Morgan.

2. History of the Creation of the Game of Volleyball

The creation and discovery of the game or sport of volleyball began with a meeting between the two physical
education teachers, namely Willian G. Morgan who was the originator of the game or sport of volleyball with one
of the originators of the game or other sport which contributed to the creation of the game or sport of
basketball.

Do you know who is the creator or originator of this big handball game? Yep that’s right, he
is Dr. Naismith James.

After meeting with Dr. Naismith James, within four years later, William G. Morgan created and initiated the game
or sport of Mintonette or what is currently known as the game or sport of volleyball.

According to historical records, it is said that the beginning of creation and the emergence of this volleyball
game or sport was only intended for students who were studying at the YMCA (Young Men Christian Association) who
were adults or were no longer young.

Because of that reason, Willian G. Morgan created this game or sport of volleyball, which is set at a tempo that
is not as fast as the tempo of the game of basketball, which was coined by Dr. Naismith James.

3. History of the First Rules of Volleyball
Game

The game rules of volleyball are of course made and determined by the originator of the game or sport,
namely William G. Morgan. He set some initial rules such as the size of the net or what was
originally created as a net with a height of 1.98 meters, then the net with a height of 1.98 meters was
installed in the middle of the field.

Then, for the second rule, namely setting rules or conditions for the size of the field, namely with a
fixed size, of 7.6 meters x 15.2 meters. Then, the last one is the provisions for the rules for
the duration or length of time of the game.

In a match there are nine sessions with three chances to hit with serve technique for each team in a match or
volleyball game.

4. Changing Mintonette’s Name to Volleyball

Over time, the game or sport that used to have the name Mintonette has changed its name to volleyball or in
Indonesian it is defined as volleyball. The change in the name of the game or sport occurred in
1896.

When Willian G. Morgan changed the name from Mintonette to volleyball, it was marked by the first match
simulation event held at the YMCA ( Young Men Christian Association ) Training School
.

Willian G. Morgan received an invitation from Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick around in early 1896.
Willian G. Morgan took advantage of this invitation by fulfilling the arrival of an invitation given by Dr.
Luther Halsey Gulick as a means to demonstrate how the flow and provisions of the game of
volleyball that he created and sparked.

Apart from that, Willian G. Morgan also conducted several seminars to explain the various aspects contained in
the volleyball game or sport he created.
One aspect that can be learned from Willian G. Morgan’s
explanation is that the place for the game of volleyball is that it can be done indoors or outdoors.

The second aspect that can be learned from the explanation that Willian G. Morgan explained is that the
game of volleyball can be followed by many players. Why is that? At that time,
there was no limit to the number of players in volleyball.

Then, the last aspect that can be picked up from the explanation that Willian G. Morgan explained is that the
main goal or achievement of the game of volleyball is to train or defend one’s own area or area from opponent
ball attacks and score as much as possible by passing the ball through the net or net.

5. History of the Development of Volleyball in the
World

Over time and the development of the era, volleyball games or sports have changed the rules and regulations
in the game. This can be proven by changes in using the smash technique .

Changes in the use of this technique were first introduced in 1916. Four years later, in 1920 to be exact,
new rules and regulations were created regarding the three-touch rule in volleyball. After
that, a new regulation was born regarding the number of scores or scores that were previously 15 changed to
a score of 21.

It is known that starting in 1900, the game of volleyball began to spread to countries outside the United
States, namely in Canada. After experiencing spread through Canada, the sport or game of
volleyball has spread and developed to all corners of the world.

After the game or sport of volleyball spread to all corners of the world, an organization was formed which
acted as the international parent organization that overshadowed the sport of volleyball. The
name of the international volleyball parent organization is FIVB which stands for Federation
Internationale de Volleyball .

Two years later, an official world-class volleyball game or sport championship was held. The
world championship was held precisely in 1949.

6. History of the Development of Volleyball in
Indonesia

In Indonesia itself, the game or sport of volleyball was introduced and became one of the subjects taught
by physical education teachers at Dutch schools in secondary schools, such as HBS and AMS. Do
you know what HBS and AMS are?

Hoogere Burgerschool or abbreviated as HBS is a public high school founded in 1863 by the Dutch.
Whereas AMS itself stands for Algemeene Middelbare School which is a public high school which was
officially established on July 5, 1919 in Yogyakarta.

Even though the game and sport of volleyball had been introduced and taught in various schools at that time, the
sport or game of handball still could not take a place in the hearts of the people of Indonesia.

The game or sport of volleyball just got a place in the hearts of the Indonesian people when the Indonesian
state was in the period leading up to independence. The sport began to be popular and right in
1951, the game or sport of volleyball was officially included in the number of matches at PON 2 which was
held in Jakarta.

In 1954, IPVOS (Association of Soerabaja Volley Ball Association) decided to form a main organization for
volleyball in Indonesia. Although running slowly but surely, the development of the game or
sport of volleyball in Indonesia has experienced significant developments.

It didn’t take long before several volleyball clubs appeared in various regions of Indonesia.
Due to the good enthusiasm of the people of Indonesia, finally the volleyball parent organization
in Indonesia sparked by holding a competition with this sport.

This competition was held on January 22, 1955. The competition was held in the city of Jakarta, which was when
the first national competition championship was held.

In establishing the PBVSI organization itself, it was initiated by the IPVOS organization (Surabaya Volleyball
Association) and Pervid (Djakarta Indonesian Volleyball Association).
After the formation of the
PBVSI organization, a leader was also appointed for the organization, namely Wim J. Latumeten.
After that, the first PBVSI congress was held in May 1955, held in Jakarta.

In 1955, this organization officially became a member of the FIVB organization. PBVSI also has
three levels of competition, namely Proliga (annual volleyball game or sport competition in Indonesia),
Livoli (inter-club volleyball competition or championship in Indonesia), and National Championship (match or
competition participated by various representatives from PBVSI registered club).

So, that’s some information about the history of the game or sport of volleyball, both the history of its
formation and the history of the spread of this game or sport throughout the world, including Indonesia!

This is a review of the history of volleyball , starting from the definition,
regulations, naming, to its development in Indonesia. Of course volleyball is an
alternative daily exercise that is worth trying. Sinaumed’s can read books related to other
sports, such as swimming, athletics by visiting sinaumedia.com so you have #MoreWithReading
information.

History of the Plate Dance – If you hear the name of West Sumatra Province, what is the
first thing you think of or remember? Is that Rumah Gadang, a traditional house from West
Sumatra? Or is it just rendang, a traditional, distinctive and popular food from the province
of West Sumatra?

When discussing traditional arts or regional arts, West Sumatra actually has a lot of art and is full of
meaning. However, there is one regional art that is best known by the public and is the pride
of the area which is on the northern tip of Sumatra. It is an art from the branch of dance,
plate dance.

The history of the plate dance is very long and has a deep meaning for the people of West Sumatra.
This traditional dance originating from Solok, West Sumatra, has become one of the proud provincial
identities. This is because this dance performance is often a regional attraction as a venue
for the promotion of Indonesian tourism and culture.

The province which is famous for its wealth of culinary spices, is one of the provinces in Indonesia that
has a very high level of cultural diversity compared to other regions. This is reflected in
several ways, such as regional languages, traditional houses, to traditional dances and traditional
dances.

Being a representation of West Sumatra from the many regional dances that exist, the plate dance is a very
popular art and is in great demand by the Indonesian people at large. The movements and
properties used in this dance are also very distinctive, so it is not surprising that this has attracted
attention from various walks of life, from local to international.

It is said that the history of the plate dance began when Huriah Adam popularized this traditional dance.
Due to its uniqueness and success in attracting audiences, plate dance is now often performed at
welcoming guests of honor or opening regional traditional ceremonies. Together with dances from
other provinces, such as the jaipong dance, saman dance, and pendet dance, this plate dance often represents
Indonesia in the promotion of national tourism and culture.

The plate dance is actually a traditional dance from Minangkabau which displays the attractions of dancers
when they move and dance using plate attributes. Then, the dancers will start swinging the
plate in their hands following a pattern of fast and regular movements.

The dance is performed for a certain time without a single plate being allowed to slip from his hand.
And for the movements, the dancers will usually take steps in silek or silat
typical of Minangkabau. Of course this is what adds the unique value of a traditional
dance.

So, what is the actual history of plate dance? How is the story of this plate dance
formed, and what are its characteristics, movements, and floor patterns? Curious?
To answer that, come on , see the information below. Check this
out !

History of Plate Dance

In ancient times, around the 12th century AD, the Minang people at that time still worshiped God as their
belief. They really believe that it is God who has given people abundant crops and has
protected them from all kinds of dangers.

Therefore, the community started the tradition of giving offerings to the Gods by giving their crops.
The offerings are then placed on plates and delivered by the girls who have been prepared
beforehand. The girls will wear fine traditional clothes and behave gently to face the
Gods.

After that, the offerings that had been prepared for the Gods were brought while the plates were being
moved to and fro. This is done with the aim of being a place to show off the abilities that
every girl has. It is from this event 800 years ago that it is alleged to have been the
beginning of the creation of the plate dance or the history of plate dance.

As time goes by, this plate dance is also growing. In fact, its development became even more
rapid during the reign of the Sriwijaya kingdom. At that time, the plate dance began to be
recognized by other regions and became a popular dance throughout West Sumatra.

However, the popularity of plate dance at that time did not last long. When the Sriwijaya
kingdom was conquered by the Majapahit kingdom in the 16th century, some of the dancers were forced to move
to Malay because they were refugees from Sriwijaya.

Some of them have moved to Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam. These two areas in fact have a
different cultural background from the culture in Minang.

Therefore, the plate dance brought by the dancers to the area must also change and follow local customs,
namely Malay customs. This event is also the origin of the emergence of plate dance history in
the Malay area.

Meanwhile, in the Minang area itself, it turns out that there has been a very drastic change in the plate
dance art. This was increasingly seen when the Islamic religion was brought by the Majapahit
Kingdom, making offerings made by the people to the Gods no longer needed.

Furthermore, this dance actually became an art that was offered or demonstrated to the king and high-ranking
royal officials as entertainment at certain events in the kingdom.

The practice of the plate dance as a royal performance, apparently made this dance popular again and liked
by many people, especially among the Minang people. The plate dance began to transform and be
performed at common people’s events.

In its development, this plate dance was originally used as a dance offering to entertain the king and
guests of honor. After that, this dance also began to be used as a means of entertainment,
including filling in someone’s wedding ceremony, with the assumption that the married couple is king and
queen in a day.

Development of Plate Dance History

The development of plate dance culture in the repertoire of today’s Minangkabau society has indeed
experienced many shifts in functions and values. This is because at this time the plate dance
is not only managed and preserved by the government and residents of the West Sumatra area, but also by some
Minangkabau people who live overseas.

The main objective of managing and developing this traditional dance outside the Minang area is none other
than to maintain the existence of the plate dance. Moreover, the plate dance is part of the
identity and cultural heritage of the Minang people in Sumatra.

Over time, the values ​​and aspects contained in the plate dance have actually shifted from time to time,
keeping up with the times. This happened in Sumatra or even in overseas lands.

We can see the development of the history of the plate dance itself from various aspects. One
of them is the value of the plate dance which was previously used as a complement to traditional ceremonies,
now its function is also transferred as an entertainment show.

In fact, currently there are many regional dance studios that have collaborated with entertainment agencies
to develop and introduce the plate dance more broadly. Even so, this development certainly
cannot kill the existence and role of the plate dance as one of the original identities of Minang
culture.

The plate dance, which continues to be popular, has made it experience many developments in new ideas and
designs. This was born from the thoughts of a modern individual choreographer.
Even so, the Minangkabau people and the Sumatran people in overseas still consider that the essence
of this traditional dance that has developed in quality is still referred to as the original Minangkabau
plate dance, a traditional dance that has existed since 800 years ago.

Characteristics of Plate Dance

1. The movement

As previously mentioned, the plate dance was originally a movement used to bring offerings to the Gods.
Therefore, the people will put a lot of food on the plate for the girls who are also dancers to
bring it.

However, after Islam entered, the tradition of delivering offerings was no longer allowed.
Finally, the plates are empty and not filled with anything. However, there are some
versions of the plate dance which add burning candles to the surface to make the dance more attractive when
performed in front of a large audience.

2. Number of Dancers

According to the historical origins of the plate dance, this dance can only be danced if the number of
dancers is odd. The number of dancers can start from the numbers one, three, seven, to
nine.

In general, this dance will be performed for approximately 10 minutes, or a maximum of 15 minutes.
The duration of this dance is quite long when compared to other dances. This happens
because in the plate dance performance, there is a ritual called worship of the king or worship of the bride
and groom which will be performed before or after the dance ends.

3. Plate Dance Clothing

Apart from the number of dancers and the duration, another characteristic of the plate dance is that the
dancers must wear clothes that look beautiful. The clothes used are usually bright red with
gold patterns which are believed by the community to be the color of luck and wealth.

4. Accompaniment Music

As for the musical accompaniment, at the beginning of its appearance, this plate dance was usually only
accompanied by traditional musical instruments such as gongs and tambourines. However, after
the development of the times which demanded that music be played more beautifully, the saluang, drum, and
talempong were used as additional musical instruments.

Saluang is a musical instrument made of bamboo and is played by blowing. While drums and
talempong are percussion instruments, what distinguishes them is that talempong is made of brass and drums
are made of animal skin. These three musical instruments are added to the accompaniment with
the aim of adding to the dynamics of the song.

Plate Dance Show

At the time of the performance, the dance will begin after the musicians start hitting the gong as a sign
of the start of the performance. After that, the dancers will enter the arena while worshiping
the king or the bride and groom as a sign of respect.

Then, the dance begins with the dancers twisting their plates to the right and left according to the beat
of the music. This is done with fast and dynamic movements, provided that the plate that is
held cannot be separated from the dancer’s grip. Because, if the plate is released, then the
dancer will receive an extraordinary embarrassment, especially from the Minang people directly.

The movements used in the plate dance usually take from the traditional Minang silat movements.
Terutana for dances danced by men again. In addition, the plates brought by the
dancers will also collide with each other so that they will create a beautiful clinking sound.

However, there are also some dancers who deliberately use a ring on their middle finger to produce that ringing
sound.

After that, another distinctive feature of the plate dance is that there are specially arranged plates that
point towards the bride and groom. Then, the dancers will step on the arrangement of the plates
so that nothing is missed. If you have reached the end of the arrangement, the dancer will move
backwards by stepping back on the previous plate arrangement.

The dancer must not show his back, that’s why he must walk backwards. If the dancers make it
past the plate arrangement, they can worship the bride and groom three times as closure.

In extreme plate dance, the plate held by the dancer will be thrown to the floor to be broken.
Then, the dancers must continue the dance by dancing on the broken plate without feeling pain or
injury from the broken plate.

Plate Dance Movement

The plate dance is also known as a group dance performed by more than two dancers. The
distinctive feature of the plate dance performance is that the dancers carry plates in both hands with the
surface of the plate facing outwards. Then, the dancers will dance this dance with movements
that are agile, energetic, dynamic, and even tend to be acrobatic because they often display difficult
movements.

The dancers will move to the music that comes from a combination of the saluang and talempong musical
instruments. The tempo of the music used is initially soft and regular, but over time the tempo
of the music will change to become faster. The dancers also have to follow the beat of this
musical accompaniment.

There are many types of plate dance movements. However, most of these movements originate from
several basic human movements in everyday life. This really reflects the history of the plate
dance as a dance used as an expression of gratitude for the abundance of a given harvest.

The plate dance movements are in the form of basiang movements, bacamin movements, mangompu suto movements,
buai anak movements, malunyah movements, bagolek movements, maiinjak piriang movements, and manyemba lalok
movements. Apart from everyday movements, plate dance movements also come from several things.
Like the reed babega moves, the basic pencak silat moves, the bungo kambang moves, the bagaluik
squirrel moves, and so on.

As for some of the movements in this traditional dance, it turns out that it was inspired by the gardening
movements carried out by the community. These movements are the singanjuo negligent movement,
weeding movement, hoeing movement, throwing garbage, fencing movement, pulling out seeds, sowing movement,
planting movement, unwinding movement, and pasambahan movement.

In addition, there are also movements inspired by rice planting activities. The movements
carried out are the motion of taking rice, the motion of delivering juadah, the motion of picking up rice,
the motion of aerating rice, the motion of manggampo rice, the motion of morning filing, the motion of
pounding rice, the motion of carrying rice, the motion of winnowing rice, the motion of stepping on broken
glass, and the motion of mutual cooperation .

Conclusion

The plate dance is a traditional dance originating from the Solok area, West Sumatra. This
dance, which also comes from Minangkabau custom, is usually performed by an odd number of dancers wearing
beautiful red or gold colored clothes.

The history of this plate dance began when the Minangkabau people used to make offerings to the Gods for an
abundant harvest. The offerings were placed on a plate and carried by the girls while twisting
their bodies to show their abilities before the Gods.

However, this tradition did not last long. After Islam entered the land of Sumatra and the
collapse of the Sriwijaya kingdom, the dance offerings to the Gods were no longer used.
Instead, this dance is used as a dance that is shown to kings and officials as a sign of
respect.

Apart from performing in front of the king, this dance is also performed in the ceremony of welcoming
guests of honor or guests of honor. After that, this dance was growing and popular among
ordinary people. The plate dance is also transformed as a means of entertainment in wedding
ceremonies, where the bride and groom are considered king and queen for a day.

So , that’s an explanation of the history of plate dance that has been summarized for Sinaumed’s.
Hopefully the information is useful, yes!

If you want to find books about dance, then you can get them at sinaumedia.com .
With sinaumedia books, you can become #MoreWithReading.

Getting to Know the History of G30S/PKI Events – The existence and establishment of a
country certainly has a very long history, including Indonesia. After becoming independent on
August 17, 1945, it was necessary to struggle for the Indonesian people to exercise sovereignty as a whole.
The Indonesian state even had to face various upheavals after gaining independence.
One of them is the event called the September 30th Movement carried out by the Indonesian Communist
Party in 1965. This event is better known as the G30S/PKI. What is G30S/PKI?

A. Get to know the history of the G30S/PKI

It could be said that the G30S/PKI or the 30 September 1965/PKI Movement was the biggest betrayal that
happened to the Indonesian nation. The event occurred at night, at the turn of September 30 or
October 1, to be precise. This tragedy involved the Cakrabirawa Troops as well as the
Indonesian Communist Party or PKI.

This movement had the goal of overthrowing President Soekarno’s government. Not only that,
they also wanted the Indonesian government to turn into a communist government. G30S/PKI was
directly led by its chairman at that time named Dipa Aidit. The chairman of this movement was
very aggressive in inciting all Indonesian citizens to support the PKI. They gave the promise
that Indonesia would be more advanced and peaceful if under the rule of the PKI.

DN Aidit as the central figure of the PKI movement, according to historical experts who existed during
President Soeharto’s regime, was the main mastermind behind the 30 September 1995/PKI movement.
In carrying out the treason, this movement was carried out under one command led directly by the
Commander of Battalion I Tjakrabirawa, namely Lieutenant Colonel Untung Syamsuri.

The movement started from the city of Jakarta and also Yogyakarta. At first they targeted the
Higher Officers and Council of Generals. The beginning of this movement was only aimed at
kidnapping and forcibly bringing Generals and Officers to Crocodile Hole. However, there were
several soldiers from Cakrabirawa who decided to kill the High Officers and Generals they brought to Lubanh
Buaya.

The generals killed by the PKI included General Karel Satsuit Tubun and General Ahmad Yani.
The rest of the Generals and High Officers who were not killed eventually died slowly due to
injuries from torture while in Lubanh Buaya.

The following are some of the heroes of the Council of Generals as well as High Officers who died because of the
atrocities of G30S/PKI members at Lubang Buaya:

1. Posthumous Lieutenant General Ahmad Yani who died at his home, Central Jakarta. Now his
house has become a museum which is named Sasmita Loka Ahmad Yani.

2. Major General Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono

3. Major General Raden Soeprapto

4. Brigadier General Donald Isaac Panjaitan

5. Major General Siswondo Parman

6. Chief Police Brigadier Karel Satsuit Tubun who died at his home

7. Brigadier General Sutoyo Siswomiharjo

8. Colonel Katamso Darmokusumo was a victim of the G30S/PKI tragedy in Yogyakarta

9. Lieutenant Colonel Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto, the victim who died from the G30S / PKI incident in Yogyakarta

10. Ade Irma Suryani Nasution, namely Putri Abdul Haris Nasution who also died in the G40S/PKI incident

11. Captain First Lieutenant Pierre Andreas Tendean who died at the house of General Abdul Haris Nasution

Due to the G30S/PKI incident which left deep wounds for the Indonesian people, the people demanded
President Soekarno to dissolve the Indonesian Communist Party or PKI. With a heavy heart,
finally the PKI Party, which had become a force for President Soekarno in the Crush Malaysia action, was
officially disbanded. Then, President Soekarno gave a mandate to clean up all of his government
structures to Major General Suharto, who was known for his letter, namely the Order of March 11,
1966.

Below the author will explain some chronology and other facts from the G30S PKI incident as well as a brief
history after the incident:

B. A Brief History of the G30S/PKI

The G30S PKI was a movement that had the goal of overthrowing President Soekarno’s government and turning
Indonesia into a country that implemented a communist system. The movement was led directly by
DN Aidit, who at that time was the chairman of the PKI or Indonesian Communist Party. In the
early hours of October 1, 1965, Lieutenant Colonel Untung who was a member of the Palace Guard Troop or
often called Cakrabirawa, led troops who were considered loyal or loyal to the PKI.

The movement targeted Indonesian Army High Officers. They arrested six of the officers.
However, 3 of them were immediately killed at his home. While the others were forcibly
taken to Lubanh Buaya. All the bodies of TNI AD officers were found a few days later.

C. High Officials Who Became Victims

The following are the six high-ranking TNI Army officers who died in the G30S/PKI tragedy.
– Lieutenant
General Posthumous Ahmad Yani
– Major General Raden Soeprapto
– Major
General Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono
– Major General Siswondo Parman
– Brigadier
General Donald Isaac Panjaitan
– Brigadier General Sutoyo Siswomiharjo

Meanwhile, the TNI Commander, AH Nasution, who was the main target, managed to escape and escape.
However, the daughter of AH Nasution named Ade Irma Nasution died from being shot. He
died along with his aide named First Lieutenant Pierre Andreas Tendean who was kidnapped and shot at
Crocodile Hole. The six generals mentioned above as well as First Lieutenant Pierre Tendean are
now designated as Heroes of the Revolution. Since the promulgation of Law Number 20 of 2009,
this title has been recognized as a National Hero.

Not only that, several other people were victims of the murders in Jakarta and Yogyakarta.
Here is a list of names:

– Police Brigadier Head Karel Satsuit Tubun
– Colonel Katamso Darmokusumo
– Lieutenant
Colonel Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto

D. Post-G30S/PKI

After the G30S/PKI tragedy occurred, Soekarno then ordered Major General Suharto to eliminate and clean all
elements of the government from the influence of the Indonesian Communist Party. This was done
at the insistence of the Indonesian people because they considered that the incident had deeply injured the
brand. After being ordered by Soekarno, Suharto immediately moved swiftly. After
that, the PKI was declared to be the driving force behind the coup and then the masterminds behind it were
hunted down and arrested. This includes DN Aidit who had run away and fled to Central Java.
But then he was caught.

In addition, members of other organizations deemed to be sympathizers or related to the PKI were also
arrested. These organizations include CGMI, Lekra, People’s Youth, Indonesian Women’s Movement,
Indonesian Farmers’ Front, and others. Various social groups also participated in destroying
the PKI headquarters in various regions. They also attacked various institutions, offices,
shops, and also universities which were considered to be related to the PKI.

At the end of 1965, it was estimated that there were around 500,000 to one million members and PKI
supporters who were suspected of being murdered. Meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of others
were interned in concentration camps.

E. Commemoration of the G30S/PKI during the New Order
Era

In the era of President Soeharto’s government, the 30 September 1965/PKI Movement was always commemorated
every September 30. Not only that, October 1 is also commemorated as Pancasila Sanctity Day.
This was done as a way to commemorate the services of the seven Revolutionary Heroes who died in
the tragedy. Suharto also had the idea to build the Pancasila Sakti Monument in the Crocodile
Hole area, East Jakarta.

F. Enshrined as Propaganda Film

In 1984, a propaganda docudrama about this tragedy was officially released. The film was
produced by the National Film Production Center, which at that time was led directly by Brigadier General G.
Dwipayana who was also a member of Suharto’s presidency. Production of the film cost 800
million.

Many suspect that the film is intended as political propaganda, given the background of the film’s
production. Moreover, in the era of President Soeharto, the film became a mandatory viewing for
school children. Which is always broadcast on TVRI every September 30th night.
However, since President Soeharto stepped down from office in 1998, the films directed by Arifin C.
Noer stopped being shown on TVRI. This happened because there was pressure from the public who
considered that the film was not in accordance with the actual incident.

Next, sinaumedia.com will provide a selection of reference books that tell the truth about the history of the
G30S/PKI. These books are very suitable to read for the younger generation who wish to know
about this tragedy in depth.

1. Sarwo Edhie and the 1965 Events

Through this book, readers will find an interesting fact about a story related to a political figure who
played a very important role in 1965 named Sarwo Edhie. Like how the names Sarwo Edhie and
Suharto became popular after the political upheaval in 1965 until Sarwo Edhie’s role in the G30S PKI
incident. Tragedy throughout 1965-1966, starting from the dissolution of the Indonesian
Communist Party and the replacement of the president, has catapulted his name to become a turning point in
his life’s journey. As commander of the RPKAD and the Army Para Command Regiment, Colonel Sarwo
Edhie was one of the figures who spearheaded the operation to annihilate the PKI.

2. Sjam

Not much different from the first book, this second book which was compiled by the Tempo team will reveal
about another character who was in the G30S PKI tragedy named Sjam Kamaruzaman. Sjam is a man
who has 5 aliases. He comes from Tuban, East Java who is an atheist, but is famous for being
able to read the holy verses of the Qur’an.

Then the year after the action in 1965, Sjam Kamaruzaman appeared in public when he became a witness at the
trial of Sudisman, Secretary General of the Indonesian Communist Party. Previously, Sjam had
not been fully trusted. This was because the Special Bureau, known as the secret agency of the
PKI led by Sjam, was seen as only the army’s imagination to make it easier for Suharto to annihilate the
communist party.

However, Sjam admitted that he led the Special Bureau and planned the secret action of the G30S PKI.
Then he influenced members of the army to support the PKI movement and finally he gained access to
military circles. This book will reveal whether Sjam was a double agent or just a loyal
follower of the Chairman of the Indonesian Communist Party, DN Aidit? The G30S PKI incident is
a secret mystery and the truth has not been fully revealed. Sjam himself was an important
figure in the chaos of this tragedy.

3. Njoto

Apart from all the books about the New Order that might be burdensome for the majority of PKI members,
Njoto is one of the senior PKI politicians whose name has never been known and has not even been mentioned
by historians. He is an adept at playing the violin and saxophone, enjoys symphonic music and
watching theatre. He also really likes to write poetry which is not always pro-people.
Actually, Njoto had an important role in the G30S PKI tragedy. His name seems to have
been forgotten by historians, because they found no evidence of Njoto’s involvement in this revolutionary
action. Another reason was because Njoto had a close relationship with President
Soekarno.

4. G30S and Asia

Various questions arise regarding the truth of whether China was involved in the G30S PKI incident?
How do other countries such as South Korea and North Korea respond to the G30S PKI tragedy?
Which countries will benefit the most from this event? And why is Japan one of the
countries that greatly benefited after the G30S PKI incident?

All of the above questions Sinaumed’s can find answers in this book. The book G30S and Asia is
one of the books written by Aiko Kurasawa which is intended to describe or explain the G30S PKI tragedy from
the perspective of the dynamics of political shifts that occurred in Asia. The G30S PKI
incident turned out to be quite influential in changing the political map in Asian countries in determining
the influence of capitalist and communist ideology.

There are nine writings collected in this book. Where the article is divided into two parts.
The first part is about the response and also the involvement of each government and also the
community. While the second part is about focusing on the news that appears in several media
from Asian countries.

Not only that, there were also discussions on eight countries, namely North Korea, Japan, South Korea,
Taiwan, China, the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam. This book is the only book that discusses
the G30S PKI in the political dimension in Asia.

Knowing and finding out about the truth of the dark history of the Indonesian nation. The
bloody tragedy of the G30S PKI should not be forgotten and used as a lesson so that it will not be repeated
in the future.

Is Sinaumed’s interested in reading the books in the bag? You can check directly on
sinaumedia.com.

Getting to Know the History of Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis and Its Discoverer – Are
there any Sinaumed’s here who like and are passionate about history subjects? Wow, that must be a
lot considering that history is the most enjoyable subject and is in great demand by students.
Why is that? Because as Sinaumed’s knows and has experienced himself, in history lessons
students are invited to get to know and know in detail about the history or maybe the origins of everything
related to their country. That way, of course, history subjects have a lot of knowledge that is
given to students, especially about the past.

So for Sinaumed’s who are fond of history subjects, surely they will be familiar with ancient human terms or
sentences, right? Ancient humans themselves were living creatures of the human type, they
existed for thousands of years or even millions of years ago on the surface of the earth. It is
known according to circulating information that early humans had various races and tribes.
Early humans had the characteristic of moving around or commonly known as nomadic life.
They will always move from one place to another in order to find and meet the needs of life in a
new environment.

As Sinaumed’s knows, the fact is that ancient humans were spread all over the world, including the country of
Indonesia, which also became a place for ancient humans to spread. In Indonesia itself there
are many types of ancient humans found in various regions and the discoveries of these ancient humans are
not only spread in one area. As for several areas that are known as areas or locations for the
discovery of famous ancient human fossils, such as in several areas on the island of Java, for example in
the Solo area, Trinil area, and even as far as the Flores area.

The types of ancient humans found also varied based on their level of revolution, such as the ancient human
types Meganthropus, Pithecanthropus, and the last one was Homo. So, in this article, we will
invite Sinaumed’s to get to know one of the many ancient human species found in Indonesia, namely the
Pithecanthropus type.

Did Sinaumed’s know that this Pithecanthropus ancient human type was divided into several more types?
There are three ancient humans of the Pithecanthropus type found in Indonesia, one of which is a
type of ancient human named Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis or what is known in Indonesian as a large and
strong ape-man. Apart from these designations or names, Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis also has
another name or designation, namely Pithecanthropus Robustus.

That’s it? Oh, of course not, there are many things that Sinaumed’s should know about the
Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis species so that Sinaumed’s can get to know this ancient human type more deeply.
So, for this reason, we will explain in detail all things related to the ancient human type
Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis for Sinaumed’s.

Before learning about the early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type, we will first invite Sinaumed’s to
understand and absorb the core definition of the ancient humans themselves.

A. What is meant by Early Man?

Early humans were one of the living things with the human kind that lived and reproduced in prehistoric
times or pre-historic times. Prehistoric times are usually also known as prehistoric times.
According to research from several experts, it is most likely that ancient humans existed, lived,
and lived on earth about four million years ago. Very long isn’t it?

B. Early Human Life Patterns in Prehistoric Times

According to research conducted by experts, it was also stated that early humans were thought to have lived
in groups and depended entirely on the presence of food in their environment. Groups of ancient
humans would usually look for food such as fruits or wild plants that grow in their environment.
Not only wild fruits and vegetables, they also began to hunt wild animals and eat them as
food.

The ancient human way of life was of course very simple. When they entered the era of hunting
and gathering (food gathering) or what is commonly referred to as the paleolithic (old stone) era, the
ancient human group naturally developed and made all kinds of tools or tools that could support their lives
and make it easier for them to hunt for food. They usually make these tools or tools from
animal bones and stones.

The history of ancient human life is clearly recorded by the existence of various types of discoveries such
as the discovery of fossils and artifacts which are considered to be relics of ancient times.
With the existence of fossils and artifacts from ancient times, it can help scientists to be able
to assemble and compile how life lived and divide the types of early humans in prehistoric times.

C. Let’s Get to Know Pithecanthropus
Mojokertensis

After knowing and understanding the meaning and how early humans lived in prehistoric times, it’s time for us to
introduce and explain to Sinaumed’s all about one of the ancient human species found in Indonesia, namely the
ancient human type Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis.

Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis or who can also be known by the name or designation Pithecanthropus Robustus
is one of the many ancient human species whose fossils have been found in the territory of the Republic of
Indonesia. It is known that the discovery of ancient human fossils of the Pithecanthropus
Mojokertensis type was first discovered in the Perning Village area in Mojokerto Regency, East Java
Province. According to history, the name or designation of this ancient human type
Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis has a meaning which when translated into Indonesian means an upright, large
and strong ape man originating from Mojokerto. Apart from being called an upright, big, and
strong ape man from Mojokerto, Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis is also considered the oldest ape man in
Java.

The mention of Pithecanthropus itself is considered to vary based on the region of the world.
For example, the mention of Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis for the African continent usually calls
it Homo Ergaster, for Indonesia it is called Pithecanthropus, for China it is called Sinanthropus
Pekinensis, and for European countries it is called Neanderthalensis.

D. History and Discoverer of
Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis

After briefly getting to know the meaning of Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis, next we will invite Sinaumed’s to learn
about the origins or history of the discovery of Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis and who discovered the early
human fossils of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type in Indonesia.

As Sinaumed’s knows, there are various early human fossils of the Pithecanthropus type found in the territory
of the State of Indonesia. Various types of ancient human fossils of the Pithecanthropus type
itself are divided into three types. The three types of Pithecanthropus are Pithecanthropus
Erectus, Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis, and the last is Pithecanthropus Soloensis. The
discovery of ancient human fossils with the Pithecanthropus type began around the 1890s. The
first discovery of ancient humans with the Pithecanthropus type was in the area of ​​Solo City, Central Java
Province. Precisely in Trinil.

After that, several ancient human fossils were found which were identified as early humans with the type
Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis. The discovery of ancient human fossils was discovered by a
native who worked for a paleontologist and geologist from Germany, the paleontologist named Gustav Heinrich
Ralph von Koenigswald or who is familiarly known as von Koenigswald. Gustav Heinrich Ralph von
Koenigswald was also an inventor, he found fossils of early humans of the Meganthropus paleojavanicus type
around 1941’s. The discovery of the Meganthropus Paleojavanicus fossil von Koenigswald found
himself right in the Sangiran area.

Now for the discovery of ancient human fossils with the type Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis by someone who
worked for von Koenigswald, they are indigenous people or native Indonesians who have the name Tjokrohandojo
or who are familiarly known as Andojo and J. Duyejes. Tjokrohandojo or Andojo and J. Duyejes
found ancient human fossils with the type Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis in the form of a head bone or what
is often called a skull, it is estimated that the skull belonged to a child with an estimated age of five.
The discovery of an ancient human skull fossil of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type was found
around the Kepuh Klagen area, northern Mojokerto City, East Java Province in the 1936s.

How? Does Sinaumed’s understand sufficiently and clearly about the history, origins, and who
discovered this early human fossil of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type? After Sinaumed’s
understands and understands the story of how the early human fossils of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis
type were first found, then we will tell Sinaumed’s what the physical characteristics and special
characteristics possessed by the ancient human type Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis.

E. Physical Characteristics of Pithecanthropus
Mojokertensis

Quoted from the book History Module for Class X by Hasnawati in 2020, it is explained that there are
several physical characteristics possessed by early human fossils of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type.
The book also mentions that Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis is still in the same category as the
early humans of the Homo erectus type. The existence of this statement is because the physical
characteristics of early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type are not much different from the
physical characteristics of early humans of the Homo erectus type.
So, in the
following, we will describe and explain some of the physical characteristics possessed by ancient human
fossils of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type. Check it out!

1 Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type had an almost upright body shape like today’s humans,
with a height range of about 165 cm to 180 cm.

2. Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type had the quality of the nape muscles which were quite
strong and sturdy.

3. Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type had cheekbones, chewing tools or teeth, the majority of
which were molars, and very strong jaws.

4. Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type had a part of the head, especially the forehead that
looked prominent, thick, and even seemed to widen to the temples.

5. Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type had a nose that was wide in size and did not have a
chin on his head.

6. Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type had a backbone that looked more prominent.

7. Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type had a volume capacity or brain capacity that was still
considered imperfect, namely only around 750 cc to 1,300 cc.

F. Lifestyle of Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis

After knowing some of the physical characteristics and special characteristics possessed by ancient humans of the
Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type, now is the time for Sinaumed’s to know about how the pattern of life or daily
life was lived by ancient humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type.

Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type are known to usually live in a nomadic way or what
is usually interpreted as living by moving their place of residence. To be able to live by
moving around, early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type always tried to adapt their places to
their food supplies. Early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type depended heavily on
the natural environmental conditions they lived in. Due to living by way of moving around,
early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type usually tended to live in groups.

Even though they live in groups, their group is only a group with a small scale or size. Why
is that? That’s because they have to be able to adjust and see what food supplies they have,
whether it’s enough for all group members or not. Early humans of the Pithecanthropus
Mojokertensis type had their main food, which was animal meat they obtained from hunting.

To be able to meet their needs for meat, they hunt using very simple hunting tools. The
hunting tools are mostly made of stone and bones from the animals they previously hunted. There
are several hunting tools that have names and are quite well-known, maybe Sinaumed’s is no stranger to the
names of these hunting tools. The hunting tools consist of flakes, trimming axes, various tools
made from animal bones, scraping axes, and many more.
These hunting tools are used to
catch animals, to kill animals, and to cut the meat of animals that have been hunted. Not
only that, hunting tools are also very useful as rakes of food that can make it easier for them to find
food, usually used for food ingredients that are a kind of tubers or other food ingredients that are in
the ground.

So, that’s some information about the ancient human type Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis that we can convey
to Sinaumed’s. There are so many things that Sinaumed’s knows now, right? Starting from
what is the ancient human type Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis, the story about the discovery of the first
fossil and who discovered it, various physical characteristics and special characteristics possessed by the
ancient human type Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis, and the last is the pattern of life or daily life
experienced by early humans of the Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis type. In this way, Sinaumed’s’
curiosity has disappeared and has been replaced by broader knowledge, right?

History of Google – Who doesn’t know this one website? Google is the largest
internet search engine in the world. Most aspects of knowledge, both natural knowledge,
countries and even the world are very complete on Google. Besides that, Google also has several
features that can also help us to make it easier to use gadgets in our daily activities.

Google runs to be very necessary for all circles. Even today, school children also need this
one website to find more information about lessons. Not only that, Google also helps provide
information for people who want to work. So what exactly is Google? How did the
history of Google become the biggest search engine? And what are the products produced by
Google? Here’s a further understanding.

History of Google

Google is currently a friend of the times. Every day there are billions of people who use
Google. Google is a search engine company founded in 1998. Google is one of the largest and
most complete sites in the world. Not only that, the services provided by Google also vary,
such as email accounts, web browsers , productivity software, cell phones and applications,
mapping tools, e-books, internet advertising, as well as various videos and other social
networking sites.

Through Google we can easily search for current and past news or information. We just have to
find what we want to know by requiring internet power as a support from Google. The platform is
under the auspices of Google LLC, which is a United States multinational company that also specializes in
producing service products and the internet.

Google’s mission is to provide the world with information and make it universally accessible and useful.
So it’s no wonder that Google is the most popular website, because the features provided are varied
and there are lots of benefits from using Google.

Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google while they were students at Stanford University.
They are 16% shareholders in the company. Google was incorporated as a private company
on September 4, 1998. Since then, the company has grown rapidly, resulting in various products,
acquisitions, and partnerships in the area of ​​Google’s core search engine.

Google comes from a misspelling of gogol or the mathematical term for the number one followed by one
hundred zeros in decimal. In 2000 Google became popular when it became a search engine, one of
the popular sites, Yahoo! . Then, in 2004 the Yahoo!
abolished, eventually Google searches increased to 200 million times a day.

The company offers online or in-network productivity software. In addition, Google also offers
electronic mail or e-mail, office application packages, and social networking. The company also
includes the development of the Android operating system which is useful for mobile phones.
Google Chrome OS is also useful for the Chromebook line of netbooks.

After that Google also turned to communication hardware. Google is also working with various
major electronics manufacturers to produce its Nexus devices, as well as to acquire Motorola Mobility in May
2012. In 2012, fiber-optic infrastructure was installed in Kansas which is used as a broadband internet
service facility for Google Fiber.

The company is estimated to operate more than one million servers in data centers around the world.
Not only that, it is also estimated to be able to process more than one billion search queries and
around twenty-four petabytes of user-generated data every day. In December
2012, google.com was named the most visited website in the
world.

The sites available on Google are ranked in the top one hundred, as are YouTube and Blogger.
Google, too, is also ranked second in BrandZ’s brand equity database. But market
dominance has come under criticism for copyright, censorship and privacy. In 2014 Google also
received an award from Business Indeed as the company with the most valuable brand.

On August 10, 2015, Google announced the formation of a new company called Alphabet which would become the
holding company to include Google as well as other businesses unrelated to Google’s core business.

In the restructuring, Larry Page will become CEO of the new company Alphabet. While Sergey
Brin served as President. Sergey Brin was accompanied by Erich Schmidt as Executive Chairman.
Google’s CEO will be Sindar Pichai.

Products from Google

20 plus years this company is useful for every user. Google also has several innovative and
useful products, such as the following:

1. Google Search

Google Search or Google search is a web search owned by Google Inc. Google Search was
developed in 1997 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. And in 2007 this company became the search
engine most frequently used by all corners of the world. Even today Google has billions of web
pages.

The main purpose of Google Search is to search for text in public documents available on web servers or in
HTML, PDF, etc formats. However, it is different from other data that can be searched using
services such as Google Image Search.

Google Search provides at least twenty two special features besides word search, but also such as time
zones, stock movements, weather forecasts, maps, cinema schedules, earthquake data, airports, house listings
and sports scores. Not only that, Google Search also has features for calendars, numbers,
prices, temperatures, currency conversions, calculations, package tracking, patents, area codes and language
translation.

June 2011 Google Search launched Google Voice Search and Search by Image. Both of these
features make it easy for users to find something easily through sound and images. And in
May 2012 Google Search also introduced a Knowledge Graph semantic search feature
specific to the United States region.

Through Google Search, users only need to type keywords in the search field, answers will appear from
various sources to various countries. In addition, all Google users can also use sound and
images to make it easier to find something they need.

Here are some of the benefits of having Google Search, as follows:

1. Search for content from a particular site

The point of Google Search is to find websites. Google Search can be used as a specific search
for certain sites and can use the site command.

2. Looking for something with incomplete letters

Google Search can remember words or phrases that are not quite right in your search. Google
Search will provide information according to what is needed even with the limitations of the given
keywords.

3. Look for similar sites

4. Look up definitions

Google Search is a search engine that can show you the definitions of the words you are looking for.
You only need to type in keywords then Google will give you all the definitions you are looking
for.

5. Calculating Conversions

Google Search can convert many different units of measure. Example you type in the keyword
“10.5 in inches” it will convert and also recognize the code convention.

2. Google Chrome

Google Chrome is a browser that provides a service that is fast, easy and safe to use for all of its users.
The Google Chrome browser is lightweight and also doesn’t require a lot of memory space on your
cellphone and computer. Google Chrome as a browser launched by Google because
experts want to make a browser and build the best elements from Google.

The creation of Google Chrome also takes a very long time. Google Chrome is not only a browser
but also a modern platform for web pages and applications. Therefore they launched a beta
version for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and released it to the public on December 11, 2008. The
goal is to be wider, more perfect and also faster. This browser is available whose application
is compatible with various websites.

3. Google Maps

Google Maps is a special search service for finding locations. Google Maps can be accessed
using your smartphone . Google Maps is different from Google, the difference
is that Google Maps is in the form of a special application or itself. Google Maps can also
be used directly through a browser on a laptop or computer.

Through Google Maps every user can see the map easily. Besides that, the directions that
Google Maps has are very easy, we just type in the address of our destination, Google Maps will tell the
direction. Google Maps is also equipped with sound, images and ratings for tourist attractions.
You can survey the location you are going to.

Sinaumed’s, of course, can read books to increase their knowledge and procedures for using Google Maps.

4. Gmail

Gmail is an email service owned by Google which has a corporate office in California. Gmail
was launched in 2004. Gmail is one of the services that is increasingly in demand. Gmail is a
communication tool equipped with spam filtering features and fast email search.

Gmail was launched with several functions, namely:

• Send and also receive messages
• As a useful identity for accessing the internet or registering social media accounts with personal data
• Email marketing or as a marketing medium
• Access other products from Google
• Access to Android devices
• Can track lost Android accounts

5. Google Books

Google Books provides a search service for certain books. With Google Books users can view
books directly easily and quickly. In addition, you can easily see the name of the author of
the book, the number of book pages, the year the book was published and buy the book.

6. Google Earth

Google Earth is a search that focuses on a map of the earth by providing an interactive display and is also
equipped with an interactive display and is equipped with aerial photography. Google Earth can
provide information about the world through a virtual globe. Through Google Earth you can view
satellite imagery, maps, terrain, 3D buildings and much more.

7. Google Docs

Google Docs is a repository of a document file. With Google Docs you can easily create
documents and save various types of documents.

Through the use of Google Docs, writing activities or as any notes, can be done anywhere and can be shared
with anyone. Google Docs also provides free services for its users.

8. Google Drive

Google Drive is related to Google Docs. Google Docs is included in Google Drive, but they can
also be used on their own. Google Drive was launched on April 24, 2012.

On Google Drive you can store various types of documents with a large enough storage space.
And you can also save documents in the form of important photos. Google Drive also
makes it easier for you to share files with other users.

Here are some of the functions of Google Drive, namely:

• Store various types of files that are private
• Share files with anyone and can also be limited according to your wishes
• Edit files such as Power Point, Excel, and word.
• Personal file backup as well as WhatsApp file backup
• Make notes
• Save links

9. Google Adsense

Google Adsense is a service issued by Google for all web owners. With Google Adsense, site or
blog owners can make money through writing and posts that can be read by users.

Ads will appear on your online content according to the writing or content and visitors. Ads
are paid for by advertisers who want to promote their products. These advertisers pay for
different ads at different prices, the amount earned will also not be the same.

10. Google Adwords

Google Adwords is an advertising service product or a promotional media offered to all users who want their
ads to appear on search pages. Google Adwords is almost the same as Google Adsense, that is,
both can be used to promote something in cyberspace.

11. Google Meet

Google Meet is a software or application that can be used to study, work or conduct meetings online.
Currently, Google Meet is still a mainstay in the online learning process, especially during the
current Covid-19 pandemic. Apart from being easy to use, the amount of internet data released
from Google products is also not large capacity.

When used in online learning, Google Meet will usually pair up with Google Classroom as a support for the
teaching-learning process during a pandemic like today.

12. Google Videos

Google Video is a video sharing service or video sharing. Google Video was launched by
the company in early 2006 with a free system for searching, viewing and sharing video content.
Through Google Video, blogspot or blogger users do not need to log in to be able to display
videos.

The advantage of Google Video is that it has better search capabilities. The results are not
only from Google, but also from Youtube and other services.

13. Google Analytics

Google Analytics is a free service from Google for webmasters who want to analyze their site’s performance.
Google Analytics can track visitors based on page information, including search engines, ads, pey
per click networks, email marketing and links contained in PDF documents.

14. Google Translate

Google translate was created specifically for users who want to translate from various languages.
Google translate can be used for free.

15. Google Play

Google play or Play Store is a store of applications. With Google Play, we can search for and
download favorite applications or those that are needed to be stored on your smartphone .
Google Play is filled with review features of the applications that you will
download.

16.Google Play Games

Google Play Games is a service from Google specifically for online games and SKD operated by Google for the
Android operating system.

Google function

Google is not only a search engine, but Google also has various functions. Here are some
functions of Google, including:

• Can be used as a calculator and can display the scientific mode calculator.
• As a reminder, because Google provides a special reminder feature that can be activated via voice command or
  opened directly from the application.
• Helpful in knowing the current time in a particular city or country.
• Know the weather or as a weather forecaster. You can find out the weather in any city and
  also the weather from morning to night.
• Convert currency rates from any country.
• Can help you remember something by setting an alarm. The trick is to type ‘Set a
  timer’ and enter the desired reminder time.
• Send notes from mobile.
• Get up to date news that can be enjoyed by every user.

If Sinaumed’s wants to find out more about Google’s history, as well as what are Google’s features.
Sinaumed’s can read books and get them at www.sinaumedia.com
. As #FriendsWithoutLimits we try to give our best!

Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine

Founder of the Umayyad Dynasty – When discussing the Umayyad Dynasty, it is no stranger to
the struggle of Rasulullah SAW in preaching to spread Islam. Sinaumed’s certainly knows, after the
death of the Prophet and his companions, such as Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, and Ali, a new leadership was
formed, namely the Umayyad dynasty. Initially, the Islamic leadership after the Rashidun
Khulafaur was handed over to the son of Ali bin Abi Talib, namely Hasan. However, because Hasan
was focused on uniting Muslims, who at that time were in conflict, the leadership was handed over to other
friends. Wow, who is that? Come on, let’s look at the further explanation
below.

Founder of the Umayyad dynasty

The Umayyad dynasty was born in 41 H or 661 AD. The founder of this dynasty was Muawiyyah bin Abi Sufyan.
Muawiyyah has a well-known nickname, namely Abu Abdurrahman and Al Quraysh Al Umawi Al
Makki.

He is a tall male figure with white skin as well as handsome and dignified. In addition,
Caliph Umar bin Khattab also explained Muawiyyah’s stature, which he called someone who styled like a king
and liked cleanliness. This is reasonable, considering that Muawiyyah was indeed born into a
respected family in Mecca.

Muawiyyah himself was the son of Abu Sufyan and Hindun bint Utbah who used to oppose the Prophet’s Islamic
teachings. Place of birth in Khaif, Mina before 15 years before the migration. The
Muawiyyah family only embraced Islam after the events of Fathu Makkah or the liberation of Mecca by the
Prophet in 630 AD.

After embracing Islam, the Prophet appointed Muawiyah as one of the authors of the revelation.
This is in accordance with the communication between the Prophet and the Angel Gabriel.
Even though previously, Muawiyyah was someone who strongly opposed the Prophet.

However, the Prophet’s heart was so soft to those who repented and emigrated to embrace Islam.
It is recorded that Muawiyah became the scribe of the revelation until Rasulullah SAW died in 632
AD. Apart from that, he was also believed to be the Islamic military commander in the war under Commander
Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah.

Before establishing the Umayyad dynasty, Muawiyyah himself was a governor of Sham during the time of the caliphs
Umar bin Khattab and Uthman bin Affan, he succeeded in uniting the entire territory of the country of Sham with
his ability to lead a country.

In addition, Muawiyyah has also strengthened his position with good military strength. He even
spent a lot of his wealth to gather people with good military abilities. Muawiyyah also
encouraged Umar to form a navy, but Umar refused.

It was only after the leadership of Caliph Uthman that the navy was formed according to Muawiyyah’s advice.
He was a capable leader in war. His ability was recognized by Rasulullah SAW.

Muawiyyah himself died in 680 AD After ruling and serving in the Umayyad dynasty for approximately 20
years. He died due to a long illness at the age of 80, then he was buried in Babus Shaghir,
Damascus.

Muawiyah Brothers

Muawiyyah was a child born to the respected Quraysh tribe. He has many siblings, both
biological and half-siblings. Here are the brothers of Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan:

1. Yazid bin Abu Sufyan

Yazid is Muawiyah’s half brother. As for his mother is Zainab bint Naufal. Then
Yazid served as governor in Jund Al Urdun.

2. Utbah bin Abu Sufyan

Utbah was Muawiyah’s first sibling. He served as Governor in Egypt. His ability
to lead is also recognized by many people. He became a brother who was trusted by
Muawiyyah.

3. Anbasah bin Abu Sufyan

He is Muawiyyah’s half-brother who was born to a woman named Atiqa bint Abi Udhayhir.

4. Ramlah daughter of Abu Sufyan

Ramlah or Umm Habibah was Muawiyyah’s half sister. Ramlah was born to a mother named Safiyyah
bint Abi Al Ash. She is also the cousin of Caliph Uthman bin Affan as well as being one of the
wives of the Prophet Muhammad SAW.

5. Ummul Hakam bint Abu Sufyan

Ummul Hakam was Muawiyyah’s first biological sister.

6. Azzah bint Abu Sufyan

7. Umaimah bint Abu Sufyan

Umaimah the half-sister of Muawiyyah, her mother was the same as Ramlah’s mother, Safiyyah bint Abi al-Ash.

8. Muhammad bin Abi Sufyan

9. Hanzalah bin Abu Sufyan.

Hanzhalah is Muawiyyah’s third sibling. He took part in the Battle of Badr, and was eventually
killed.

10. Amr bin Abu Sufyan

He is another half-brother of Muawiyyah from a mother named Safiyyah bint Abi Amr.

Muawiyah’s wives

The wives who accompanied Muawiyah during his lifetime, both those who had been divorced and died, were as
follows:

1. Maisun bint Bahdal al-Kalbiyah

Maysun is a child who comes from Bani Kalb. Bani Kalb itself is a tribe that controls the
Syrian steppe. Maysun married Muawiyyah purely because of tribal union. Muawiyyah
divorced Maysun because he was not used to living in a big palace and at the same time preferred to live in
his cool village.

2. Katwa bint Qarazhah al-Naufaliyah

Katwa is part of Bani Naufal. Namely a group of Quraysh whose members are descendants of
Naufal bin Abdul Manaf. Katwa was very loyal to accompany Muawiyyah in the war in
Cyprus.

3. Fakhitah bint Qarazhah al-Naufaliyah

Fakhitah still has a biological relationship with Katwa. He is also part of Bani Naufal.
Muawiyyah married her after his brother Katwa died.

4. Na’ilah bint Imarah al-Kalbiyah

Muawiyah’s wife who is a cousin of his first wife, namely Maysun. However, the marriage did
not last long, because Muawiyyah rejected her because of some problem.

Muawiyah’s children

From his marriages with several of the women above, Muawiyyah was blessed with the following children:

1. Yazid bin Muawiyyah

Yazid is the son of Muawiyah and Maisun bint Bahdal. Unfortunately Muawiyyah divorced Maysun
when Yazid was still small. Therefore, he followed his mother to his hometown until his
childhood was spent in his mother’s village.

2. Abdurrahman bin Muawiyyah

Born from Muawiyah’s wife named Fakhitah bint Qarizh. Abdurrahman died when he was still
small.

3. Abdullah bin Muawiyah

Muawiyyah’s second child from Fakhitah bint Qarizh. Abdullah is a mentally retarded and weak
child. Therefore, his father prefers Yazid to be his successor one day.

4. Ramlah bint Muawiyah

Muawiyyah’s daughter who, when she was an adult, married Amr bin Uthman bin Affan.

5. Hindun bint Muawiyah

Muawiyah’s second daughter who was married to Abdullah bin Amir, cousin of Caliph Uthman bin Affan.

6. Aisyah bint Muawiyah

7. Atikah bint Muawiyah

8. Shafiyyah bint Muawiyah

Muawiyah’s Contribution to the Rashidun
Khulafaur Period

Muawiyyah was very instrumental in several ways after he embraced Islam. Several caliphs in
his time were greatly assisted by the role of Muawiyah. Here is the explanation:

1. During the Time of Abu Bakr Ash-Shiddiq

At this time many apostate movements emerged due to the influence of false prophets. This is
very disturbing internal conditions that occur. Muawiyah’s role in this matter was to help
fight the false prophet, namely Musailamah Al Kadzab. After that, he was also sent by Caliph
Abu Bakr to fight in Syria as a commander.

2. During the time of Umar bin Khattab

Several important roles were held directly by Muawiyyah at this time, as follows:

a. Open Qaisariyah

Caliph Umar assigned Muawiyyah to liberate the city of Qaisariyah from infidels. It took him
quite a long time to break through the Qaisariyah stronghold. Finally he managed to conquer
this city.

b. Liberate the Sham Coast

The coastal region of Syria became the next target for liberation during the Caliph Umar.
Muawiyyah also played an important role in this liberation mission, until he finally won.

c. Appointed Governor of Jordan

The two previous events made Umar think about appointing Muawiyah as governor in Jordan. He
also managed to lead this country for decades.

d. Appointed Governor of
Damascus

After his brother died from Tha’un’s illness at that time, he was ordered by Umar to become governor in Damascus.

e. Gives an Idea Regarding the
Distribution of Troops

Caliph Umar at that time had to face attacks from two major regions, namely, Byzantium and Persia.
Therefore, Muawiyah proposed to divide the army into two parts in order to guard the boundaries of
the caliphate, namely, hot troops and cold troops. He also fought with the ferocious army
against the Byzantines in 20 H.

f. Forming the Navy

Muawiyyah submitted his umpteenth proposal to Caliph Umar regarding the formation of a navy.
According to him, the dominant Muslim troops were Arabs who were not familiar with the sea.
This can be a disadvantage if the troops are swallowed up by the ferocious sea waves during
battle.

3. During the time of Uthman bin Affan

During the Caliph Uthman, Muawiyah played many important roles. He also did this because
Muawiyyah was of the same clan or clan with Uthman, namely the Umayyads. Here are some things
that Muawiyah did at that time:

a. Appointed Governor of Syam

As was the case during the Caliph Umar period, Muawiyyah also had the opportunity to rule over a country
during the Uthman Caliph period. He was appointed governor of Syria completely, after the two
previously appointed leaders died and became ill. He ruled Syria, until the death of Caliph
Uthman.

b. Cypriot Liberation

Muawiyyah had great determination in his mission to liberate several borders which were difficult areas.
After the rejection during the time of Caliph Umar when proposing the liberation of Cyprus, Uthman
finally allowed him to carry out the mission. He also succeeded in occupying Cyprus, besides
that he also learned that it turned out that Cyprus was only a Byzantine puppet.

c. Helping Uthman Facing the Test
Storm

Uthman experienced many severe tests during his leadership. The exam is present both
internally and externally. For example, the people accused Uthman of embezzling money until he
appointed his own family to office. However, Muawiyyah was always on Uthman’s side.

Background to the Establishment of the Umayyad
Dynasty

The establishment of the Umayyad dynasty dates back to the end of the reign of Khalifaturrasydin.
After Uthman died because he was killed, finally Ali’s friend replaced him to become the next
leader. But during his reign a lot of chaos that occurred.

Muawiyah was among those who urged Uthman’s killer to be found immediately. However, for
Caliph Ali this was not an easy thing to do at this time. Until there was a conflict between
the two that led to the Shiffin War.

The Shiffin war ends with an agreement or tahkim. Unfortunately, this has split several camps,
such as the Khawarij, Shiites and Muawiyah. Shortly after this incident, Caliph Ali was also
killed and this was a sign of the end of the Khulafaur Rashidun leadership.

After Caliph Ali died, the leadership was continued by his son, Hasan. However, to end the
feud between the camps, Hasan finally chose to step down and hand over leadership to Muawiyah.
This was the beginning of the formation of the Umayyad dynasty with its first leader
Muawiyyah.

The Golden Age of the Umayyad Dynasty

The Umayyad dynasty had many contributions to the advancement of Islam. Since the end of the
leadership of the Rashidun khulafaur , namely in 41 H or 661 AD, the Ummayah dynasty took
over the leadership of the Muslims. The expansion of Islamic power, construction and
development of science is proof that this dynasty was once victorious.

Some of the caliphs of this dynasty have prominent historical records. There are at least four
known major caliphs, namely Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan as the founder of the dynasty, Abdul Malik bin Marwan,
Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik, and Umar bin Abdul Aziz. The following are the advances by the four
caliphs that we managed to compile from historical records.

1. Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan

As the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, Muawiyah is known as Muawiyah I. He ruled this dynasty from 41 H to 60 H
or 661-680 AD. Some of the major policies he has carried out and are widely known for are as follows:

• Moved the national capital from Kufa City, Iraq to Damascus, Syria.
• Replacing the caliphate system of the khulafaur rashidin which appointed the caliph based on the
  deliberations of the Muslim community, became a kingdom that inherited leadership based on
  lineage.
• Print a means of exchange of payment or money.
• Establish a postal service to deliver goods. This service is equipped with special
  officials in their positions and horses in certain places as a means of transportation.
• Ownership of property by the people is transferred to belong to God which will later be used for the benefit
  of the state and the people.
• Providing space for Christians who are experts in their fields to get involved in economic, scientific
  and pharmaceutical development projects. An idea like this had previously been rejected at
  the time of the caliph Umar bin Khattab radhiyallahu anhu because of caution.
• Establish a military intelligence agency to monitor the military strength of other countries.
• Establish civil registration service posts to make it easier to coordinate the country’s civil affairs.

2. Abdul Malik bin Marwan

As the fifth caliph, Abdul Malik bin Marwan led the Umayyad dynasty in 65-86 AH / 684-705 AD The following are
the major accomplishments he has done:

• Print your own currency that reads Arabic letters. This step was taken to replace the
  currency printed by the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire in areas that had been controlled by
  Islam.
• Established a ship factory in the Tunisian region to strengthen the naval power.
• Established a Special Court to deal with government employees and royal aides who committed wrongdoing.
• Improving the work system of the postal service by increasing the number of postal expeditions so that the
  work system is more organized and reliable.
• Established a beautiful magnificent building in the country.

3. Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik

As the sixth caliph, Al Walid bin Abdul Malik was nicknamed Al Walid I. He ruled the Umayyad dynasty in 86-96 H /
705-714 AD. During the time of Al Walid bin Abdul Malik, the Umayyad dynasty recorded its peak of glory.

The following are the innovations he has made so that he was able to bring his dynasty to the pinnacle of glory:

• Providing teaching staff for orphans.
• The elderly who had no friends in life, orphaned children, and travelers received special attention
  during this reign. This is because Al Walid I built nursing homes, orphanages, and halfway
  houses.
• Persons with disabilities are provided with special institutions so that they can develop themselves despite
  their limitations.
• The travelers built a special lake so they don’t get thirsty.
• Al-Quran memorizers, scholars, the poor, and weak people get regular subsidies.
• Provide guides for the blind.
• Royal officials at the time of Al Walid I were strictly selected. Only those who are
  smart, clever, and have integrity are accepted.
• Established factories and government buildings.
• Build a special hospital for lepers.
• Established free hospitals and clinics for sick people.
• Renovating the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina and Al Aqsa Mosque in Palestine.
• Roads are repaired and equipped with markings to make it easier for road users to use the road.

4. Omar bin Abdul Aziz

Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz was nicknamed Umar II because he was related by blood to the caliph Umar bin
Khattab. From his mother’s path, Umar bin Abdul Aziz was the great-grandson of the main
companion of the Prophet Muhammad.

Not only close to blood ties, Umar bin Abdul Aziz’s piety was not much different from his predecessors.
He is careful of the world, concerned with the propagation of Islam, gentle towards the weak, hard
against all forms of cheating, and passionate about studying religion. It was these reasons
that raised his rank before Allah so that his name became legendary, even though the peak of the glory of
the Umayyad dynasty did not occur in his era.

He was known as a scholar and scholar before being appointed caliph. The people and Islamic
leaders loved him before he sat in the government chair. So when the announcement reached all
corners of the country, everyone was happy, except for the corrupt officials.

There are many things he has done for Islam and his dynasty. Some of them are:

• Returning property to its owner. During the founding of the dynasty, private property
  ownership was not recognized
• The followers of Islam grew rapidly without having to carry out many invasions of other countries.
  He uses diplomacy a lot.
• The execution of the punishment must be carried out with the consent of the caliph.
• Eradicating poverty in an instant to the point that no resident of Medina is entitled to receive zakat.
• Send preachers all over the country.

Apart from the five points above, there are still many achievements that have been recorded by Umar bin
Abdul Aziz. The country was really prosperous at that time. Unfortunately, his
leadership only lasted three years because God took him home before His grace.

He died from being poisoned by a royal maid. However, after being caught, he released the maid
and was ordered to isolate himself so as not to be punished by the state. He left his family in
a state of little wealth because he felt he had no right to it all.

Conclusion

Sinaumed’s, from the whole story above we can see that Muawiyah was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty.
In the founding of this dynasty itself, there were many conflicts. However, thanks to
its ability, this dynasty can stand up to 14 generations of successors.

Oh yes, did you know that Muawiyah was a capable leader? This was widely acknowledged by
previous caliphs. He also received many orders in very important roles. Until
finally his glorious period when he founded the Umayyad dynasty after the Rashidun Khulafaur ended.

Until here first, our discussion this time. Come on, to understand more, we read more books at
sinaumedia, because sinaumedia is here to be your #Friends Without Limits.

Get to know the history and origins of the Kecak dance – Indonesian culture is very
diverse, even its diversity is well known throughout the world. Talking about traditional
Indonesian dances, all of them have their own history and noble values. One of the dance arts
that is owned and needs to be preserved is the Kecak Dance. This dance has a story, history, to
its distinctive dance philosophy.

The dance originates from the island of Bali. The island, which is famous for its many tourist
destinations, has a unique dance called Kecak. With its uniqueness, this dance is liked by some
immigrant communities who are interested in learning it.

“Cak, Cak, Cak” is the distinctive sound that you usually hear when you see the Balinese Kecak Dance
performance. This Kecak dance is a dance drama art that is played by 50 to 150 dancers.

As the name implies, this dance consists of dancers, mostly men who sit cross-legged in a circle.
The clothes he wore were in the form of a sarong and a square cloth which had a black and white
color like a chessboard which was tied in a circle to the dancer’s waist.

For those of you who are traveling or living in Bali, of course you are already familiar with the Kecak
Dance. This dance is performed when there are events, guests, or others.
Apparently attracting the sympathetic audience or visitors who come to see it.
However, behind the popularity of this dance, there is an origin, history, meaning, and some of the
properties used in this dance.

To get to know more about the Kecak Dance. Let’s look at the following discussion.

Origin of the Kecak Dance

The Kecak dance is one of the most popular dances on the island of Bali. Not only famous, this
dance is usually also used as a ceremony to welcome guests, as well as religious ceremonies.

So, however, do you know how the Kecak Dance originated in ancient times so that it can become quite
popular today? The following is a complete discussion of the origin of the traditional art
dance called the Kecak Dance.

Kecak dance is one of the dances originating from Bali. This dance is also known as the Fire
Dance or Cak Dance. This dance is a mass entertainment performance dance. This
dance is performed by several male dancers, wearing a black and white checkered cloth covering the shape of
a chessboard.

This dance is played without using musical accompaniment in the form of a gamelan. By sitting
in a row to form a circle pattern and accompanied by a rhythmic call that reads “cak, cak, cak” while
raising both hands.

This dance is a sacred dance. It can be seen from the dancers who are burned by fire, but they
do not experience pain and are not burned, instead they become immune to fire.

Apart from the Fire Dance or Cak Dance, the Kecak Dance is also known as the Sanghyang Dance which is performed
during religious ceremonies.

At that time, these dancers were generally possessed by spirits, and could interact with the ancestors or
gods who had been purified by them. He used this dancer as a medium to convey His word.
When possessed, they also perform actions beyond expectations. For example, doing some
quite dangerous moves or making sounds that they rarely make.

Wayan Limbak is a creator figure of the Kecak Dance. In 1930, he introduced this dance to
various countries, assisted by a painter from Germany named Walter Spies.

The male dancers who dance this, will shout the word “cak, cak, cak”. It was from this call
that the name Kecak was created.

Not only shouting that word, the dancers are also accompanied by music in the form of rattles.
The sound comes from the ring tied to the feet of the dancers from the Ramayana cast.

Inside the circle, the dancers then act. By playing a number of dances taken from several
episodes of the Ramayana story, he tries to save Shinta from the evil hands of Ravana. Not a
few of the Kecak Dance also involve visitors who are watching the dance action.

History of the Kecak Dance

Indonesia has a variety of traditional arts that are scattered throughout the region and amaze visitors
from abroad. With one of the arts, namely the Kecak Dance which comes from Bali.

This dance is quite popular for national and international tourists visiting Bali. Also, it
feels like something is missing, when you don’t watch the performance of the Kecak Dance.

However, do you know how the history of the Kecak Dance in ancient times until now has become quite
popular? The following is a complete explanation of the history of this traditional art called
the Kecak Dance.

The reason Walter helped Wayan Limbak create this dance was because Walter was very interested in one
traditional art, namely the Kecak Dance. As well as having an interest in a number of
traditional rituals that are still quite strong. Now, while the exclamation of words that exist
or are heard when the players play the Kecak dance, there is also an exclamation in the form of the word
“cak cak cak” when you play this dance.

From the Sanghyang tradition, this dance art was lifted from a number of parts of the Ramayana story.
Meanwhile, the origin of this dance is created from shouts or exclamations of words that appear
from his lips which sound and are named “cak cak cak” when he is played or performed.

As explained above, the Kecak Dance originates from the province of Bali. The sound of the
strains of this dance becomes distinctive when the dancers tie the bells on each other’s feet.
The ornaments worn become more complete and beautiful when performing this art.

Because, this dance is accompanied by music that comes from the rattles of the dancers. That
distinctive voice is the main attraction for this Kecak Dance. As well as giving an impression
to the audience who saw the show and heard the rattles.

Walter and Wayan discussed making this dance as attractive and beautiful as possible, then introducing it
to various countries or foreign countries. Not even a few of the local people perform the Kecak
Dance, when welcoming the big guests.

Initially, this dance was only performed in a few villages, with one of the villages being Bona Village in
Gianyar. Over time, this performance has grown to all areas on the island of Bali.
Not only that, this dance is also used as a mainstay show when there are big activities.
For example, festivals are often carried out by the private sector or the government.

The Meaning of the Movement

If you make a visit to travel to the island of Bali. Of course, it won’t be complete if you
don’t see some of the most beautiful and captivating traditional performances this island has to offer.
Apart from the Janger Dance and Bangor, there are other stunning performances that you shouldn’t
miss, namely the Kecak Dance, which is one of the masterpieces of art from Bali in the form of dance and
musical drama.

Shows performed in the open with the accompaniment of the wind before sunset. Usually held on
a cliff overlooking the sea, the story is completely dependent on natural light at that time of day.
Starting at dusk, the story continues in the dark, when there is only light coming from the
flickering bamboo torches.

This dance originating from the island of Bali is not just body movements, but there is a story in every movement
that is meaningful

Do you know what are the meanings of this Kecak dance movement. Let’s look at the following
understanding of the meaning of the Kecak dance movements.

When the dancers enter the stage, the story begins. Then, it was followed by Ravana bringing
or kidnapping Shinta. Later, Ravana fights against Jatayu and Hanuman to save Shinta.
During the rescue process, Hanuman disrupted Shinta’s captivity by setting fire to it.

However, Hanuman was surrounded by Ravana’s soldiers and almost burned. Initially, Rama did
experience defeat. But this did not stop Rama from saving his empress, Shinta.

King Rama also prayed earnestly and again tried to bring back his queen. Until finally, Rama
managed to get Shinta in a safe condition.

From that story, there is a quite deep meaning of the Kecak Dance, namely the belief in God’s power.
This is reflected in Rama’s actions when asking the Gods for help.

Things like that teach a lesson that this dance is believed to be a ritual to bring in a goddess who is able to
drive away all harm, be it disaster or disease that befalls society.

Meanwhile, there is a moral message in the form of the Kecak dance which reflects Rama’s behavior towards his
beloved empress, Shinta, and the Garuda bird, which is willing to sacrifice its wings for Shinta.

In addition to these moral messages, there are several other moral messages. Are as
follows:

1. Contains High Artistic Value

Even though it is not accompanied by music or gamelan strains, the Kecak Dance still looks beautiful and
compact. The movements made by the dancers can remain in tune. That is what makes
it of high artistic value and favored by tourists. Even though the tourists who come to see the
traditional art performance in the form of the Kecak Dance are not Hindu, they are happy to see the Kecak
dance performance. It feels like something is missing when you go to Bali and don’t watch this
dance.

2. Learn to Rely on God’s Strength

In the Kecak dance, there is a scene where Rama asks the Gods for help. This proves that Rama
believes in the power of God to help him. The Kecak dance is also believed to be one of the
rituals to summon a goddess who can drive away disease and protect people and evil forces that come.
The goddess who is generally invoked in this ritual is Dewi Suprabha or also called
Tilotama.

3. Lots of Moral Messages

The Kecak dance has quite a deep story and conveys several moral messages to its viewers. For
example, Shinta’s loyalty to her husband, Rama. As well as the Garuda bird, which is willing to
sacrifice its wings to save Shinta from Ravana’s clutches. From this story, we are all also
taught that in order not to have bad traits like Ravana who is greedy and likes to take other people’s
property by force.

Even though the Kecak Dance is not accompanied by gamelan music, its movements still seem very compact and
energetic. Where every movement made by fellow dancers is very rhythmic and has high artistic
value. This dance is also not only intended for adherents of Hinduism, but all religious people
can still enjoy it properly. So for those of you who want to watch this Kecak dance
performance, he is welcome or allowed.

Kecak Dance Property

You must have often heard about the Kecak Dance. In fact, you’ve probably seen the show live
before. The dance performance performed by several dancers is accompanied by the sound of “cak
cak cak” from 70 male dancers. This show is indeed something that cannot be missed when you
visit Bali.

The beauty and uniqueness of the dance is able to become a special attraction for tourists.
But did you know that in this Kecak Dance there are several properties that need to be prepared
before performing the Kecak dance. Well, what are they? Let’s look at the
following discussion.

1. Embers

Embers are one of the main properties that must be present in the Kecak Dance performance.
These embers will later be stepped on by each dancer without wearing footwear or just using bare
feet.

2. Cambodian Flowers

The next property of the Kecak dance is frangipani flowers. For the people of Bali, the
frangipani flower is a natural essence that can bring enlightenment and goodness. This
frangipani flower is also often used in various special ritual ceremonies, one of which is the Kecak Dance.
This flower is usually tucked into the ears of the dancers.

3. Rattle Bracelet

Ring rattle is a property used in the Kecak dance. This bracelet is capable of producing a
sound loud enough to accompany music. In that dance, this bracelet is only worn on the feet of
the male dancer who becomes the Ramayana. Apart from being worn on the feet, rattle bracelets
are also worn on the wrists.

4. Black and White Shawl

The property that must exist for the accompaniment of the Kecak dance is a black and white shawl with a
checkered pattern. This black and white shawl is pinned while dancing. The cloth
used has a meaning, namely as the concept of Rwa Bhineda which is identical to black and white.

5. Mask

The property of the Kecak Dance that must be used next is the mask. This mask is used by the
main dancers who have the roles of Hanuman, Sugriwa and Ravana.

6. Place of offerings

The next property is a place for offerings which are generally placed in several parts of the place.
It is believed to help bring good luck and repel all bad luck.

These are all properties that are used before the Kecak dance performance begins. So that the
appearance that is broadcast can be maximized and be able to attract the attention of the audience.

Sample image

Here are some examples of images from the Kecak Dance. Among them are:

As a cultural heritage in Indonesia, the Kecak Dance is one of the attractions for tourists who come to
Bali. The dance has a history to the meaning it has.

Above are some discussions about the traditional Indonesian art, namely the Kecak Dance.
Consists of Origin, History, Meaning of the move, and the Properties it uses.
Hopefully the above can provide an understanding of insight into culture in Indonesia.

Recommended Books & Articles Related to the
Kecak Dance

Get to know the game Gobak Sodor – Sinaumed’s , do you still remember this Gobak Sodor game or maybe you know how it’s played but don’t know the name?

Sinaumed’s surely knows that our country, Indonesia, has a diversity of ethnic groups, so that the cultures passed on to the current generation are also diverse.

One of the cultures passed on to the younger generation today is traditional games. The existence of traditional games in ancient times became entertainment for people who at that time certainly did not touch the advanced technology as it is today.

In almost all regions in Indonesia, there must be traditional games that are characteristic of that area. Usually, a traditional game will utilize the natural resources around the area.

One of the many traditional games in Indonesia, there is a game called Gobak Sodor. This traditional game comes from Central Java. This game is quite respected by many people, both from children to adults.

So, if Sinaumed’s still doesn’t understand what and how the traditional Gobak Sodor game is played, let’s look at the following explanation!

Meaning of Gobak Sodor

What does the word Gobak Sodor mean? Why is this traditional game called that way?

Well, in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), “gobak” means ‘a traditional game that uses a rectangular, checkered field, where each line is guarded by guards, those who want to enter must cross the line and if they are touched by guards, they have to change into guards. ‘

While the word “sodor” means ‘ thrust ‘. In this case, what must be proffered is our body and hands so that we can touch the opponent who is trying to cross the line.

This traditional game turns out to be quite well known by many people, you know…

Even in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), this game has been registered as a noun which means ‘ children’s game’ consisting of two groups, one group as the guard of the fort and the other group trying to penetrate the opponent’s fort. ‘

In fact, this traditional Gobak Sodor game is often called Galah Asin , Galasin , and Gobag .

 

 

 

How to play Gobak Sodor

How do you play Gobak Sodor?

1. Make guard lines with chalk. Make lines like on a badminton court, only the difference is that in Gobak Sodor there are no duplicate lines.
2. Divide players into two teams, each team consisting of 3-5 members (optional, adjust to the total number of members). One team will be the “fortress guard” team and the other team will be the party trying to enter the fort.
3. The team that becomes the “guard for the fort” must guard the field according to the horizontal and vertical lines. The horizontal line “guard” must try to block the opposing team that is moving to enter the boundary line. Meanwhile, for the “guard of the fortress” the vertical line is in charge of maintaining the entire vertical boundary line which is located in the middle of the field.
4. Then, the opposing team must move across the line and the guards from start to finish.

As with other games, this traditional Gobak Sodor game also has its own rules, namely:

1. Players are divided into 2 teams, each team consisting of 3-5 people (optionally, adjusting the number of participants participating in the game).
2. If 1 team consists of 5 people, then the field to be used must be divided into 4 rectangular boxes with a size of approximately 5m x 3m (adjusting to the size of the field to be used).
3. For the “fortress keeper” team, the task is to keep the “opposing” team from crossing or heading for the finish line .
4. For the “opposing” team, they must move towards the finish line provided that they are not touched by the “guard” team and can enter the finish line provided that no members of the “opposing” team are still in the starting area .
5. The “opposing” team will be declared victorious if one of its members manages to return to the start line safely or is not touched by the “guard” team.
6. The “opponent” team will be declared defeated if one of its members is touched by the “guard” team or exits past the predetermined boundary line. If this happens, the team position will be replaced.

 

Benefits of Gobak Sodor Traditional Game

Without realizing it, this traditional Gobak Sodor game has many benefits, you know…

These benefits affect children’s development, be it social development, motor, personality, and others.

What are the benefits of this traditional game? Let’s look at the following reviews!

Benefits in Social Development

Indirectly, this traditional Gobak Sodor game trains children so that they are able to socialize well. In addition, it can also improve communication and train cooperation between team members.

This is because in a team, if they want to win, they must need cooperation by discussing with team members in advance what strategy to use in order to pass the “guard” to the finish line .

Benefits in Motor Development

This traditional game of Gobak Sodor certainly has benefits in motor development because it is clearly related to the movement of the human body. The benefits of the traditional Gobak Sodor game in terms of motor development are related to physical endurance and to train coordination between the leg and hand muscles.

In this case, of course, all players must move their limbs so they can escape from the “guard of the fort” to get to the finish line. Similar to the “guard” team, they also have to move swiftly to reflexes touch the “opponent” players.

Benefits in Personality Development

Meanwhile, the traditional Gobak Sodor game certainly has benefits that influence the development of children’s personality, namely increasing children’s self-esteem and self-confidence, fostering a sense of empathy in children, and can foster a child’s sense of sportsmanship.

In this case, it can happen if there are players who cannot penetrate the guard lines, then their team members must help by trying to outwit the “guard of the fortress” so that their team members can escape.

Apart from that, this traditional Gobak Sodor game can also teach children to be honest people, you know…

Of course this can happen when a child is touched by the “guard” team and immediately admits that he was touched. Then, the benefits of growing sportsmanship can be seen when children want to admit that they have lost.

Benefits in Cognitive Development

Then, the benefits obtained in the traditional Gobak Sodor game are related to children’s cognitive development. Without realizing it, this traditional game can train children’s concentration, increase children’s creativity in developing game strategies, and train children’s problem solving skills.

Of course this can happen if in the game the “guard” team is difficult to pass, then the members of the “opposing” team will inevitably rack their brains to think of how to get past the “guard”.

Benefits in Emotional Development

The last benefit that is obtained from the traditional Gobak Sodor game is related to the emotional development of children. Indirectly, this traditional game can train children’s patience and self-control, and can control children’s emotions.

Of course this can happen when the “guard” team is not provoked or influenced by the “opponents” who are trying to outwit them so that their friends can cross the line.

Traditional Role Play for Children

The existence of traditional games usually goes hand in hand with the subjects of Physical Education, Sports and Health (Penjasorkes) at school. This is because both of them have the same goal of maintaining the stability of the child’s physical fitness and instilling life values ​​through his movements.

According to Nugroho (2016), a traditional game must contain positive values ​​which include:

1. Democracy, which relates to how to choose traditional games, must follow the rules or rules that have been agreed beforehand.
2. Education, which is related to physical and spiritual aspects.
3. Personality, related to the use of traditional games as a medium for developing and expressing a child’s identity.
4. Courage, which relates to the child’s attitude to be brave in making decisions and taking into account certain strategies to win the game.
5. Health, which can be seen from the agility of his body movements.
6. Unity, which can be seen from the existence of solidarity in the group.
7. Moral, which relates to children’s understanding of moral messages.

In this case, of course the existence of traditional games should be introduced to children so they don’t constantly play gadgets.

Even according to the opinion of some experts, traditional games are closely related to how children develop at an early age. Through traditional games, a child can optimize their physical, motor, mental, intellectual, creative and social abilities.

According to Karl Groos, playing has a function to strengthen children’s instincts which will be needed for survival in the future. Moreover, childhood should be filled with playing positive games. These positive games indirectly teach them about motoric, cognitive, language, social, emotional, artistic, moral, and other aspects.

However, nowadays many children prefer to be in front of gadgets rather than going out to play with their friends. In fact, these traditional games which are the legacy of these ancestors have educational value and are useful for stimulating children’s development.

Many parents rarely know about the benefits of traditional games so they cannot tell what knowledge is gained from the existence of these traditional games.

Therefore, we as the younger generation must preserve the existence of traditional games so they don’t become extinct. How to preserve the game can be done in many ways, for example by teaching it to our children, cousins, nephews, younger siblings, or neighbors who are still children; and conduct outreach activities regarding the preservation of traditional games.

In socialization activities for the preservation of traditional games, it is usually done through a poster distributed on social media. This activity was carried out with the hope that the community would have an understanding of the importance of preserving cultural heritage, especially traditional games which clearly have many benefits for future generations.

So, Sinaumed’s as a figure of young people in Indonesia, let’s help preserve the existence of this traditional game so that it won’t be consumed by the times! How can Sinaumed’s do this by teaching his younger siblings, nephews and neighbors who are still young to play this traditional game! Of course Sinaumed’s can play it with them!

Functions of the Prostate Gland – The prostate is the exocrine gland of the reproductive system of most male mammals. Its main function is to secrete and store fluid, which makes up two-thirds of the semen. The prostate varies from species to species in terms of anatomy, chemistry, and physiology.

Prostate enlargement is a common symptom that affects men over the age of 50. Enlargement occurs in the central part of the prostate gland that surrounds the urinary tract (urethra). Sustained enlargement of the prostate gland in the periphery can lead to a more serious stage, up to prostate cancer.

Definition of the Prostate Gland

The prostate is a small, soft-textured organ that is only found in the male reproductive system. This gland is one of the organs in the reproductive system which is located under the bladder and has the function of producing semen.

This organ is a part of the male sexual or reproductive anatomy, along with other parts, namely the penis, scrotum, and testicles. Its location is in the pelvis, between the penis and bladder. The urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body, passes through the prostate. This is because this glandular organ surrounds the urethra and problems with this organ can affect the flow of urine.

This organ has the size of a walnut and weighs 20 to 30 grams and can grow bigger with age. Based on information in the journal Informed Health , the prostate gland is surrounded by connective tissue that contains lots of smooth muscle fibers and elastic connective tissue. This makes this organ feel very elastic to the touch.

There are also many smooth muscle cells in this glandular organ. During ejaculation, the muscle cells of this organ contract and forcefully push the fluid that has been stored in the prostate into the urethra. This causes fluid and sperm cells, along with fluids from other glands, to combine to form semen, which is then released.

Prostate Gland Tissue Structure

The prostate gland tissue is divided into three zones. The following is the order of the network structure from the innermost to the outermost layer.

1. Transition Zone

This zone is the deepest and smallest part of this organ, it only fills about 10% of the total weight of this organ. The transition zone surrounds the upper third of the urethra. The transition zone is the only part that will continue to grow for life.

This is why the transition zone is also often the starting point for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or benign prostate enlargement.

2. Central Zone

This zone, known as the median lobe, surrounds the transition zone and accounts for about a quarter of the total weight of this organ. Several sections consisting of the glandular ducts of this organ, the seminal ducts, and the seminal vesicles are found in the zone. This channel is also called the ejaculatory ducts.

3. Peripheral Zone

The peripheral zone makes up about 70% of the total tissue of this organ. The peripheral zone is the outer zone that can be felt during a digital rectal exam (DRE). Most problems such as adenocarcinoma or future cancer of these glandular organs are found in the peripheral zone. This area is also the most common location for chronic prostatitis.

Function of the Prostate Gland in the Male Reproductive System

As one of the main male reproductive organs, the function of the prostate gland is to play an important role in fertility.

The most important main function of the prostate gland is to produce fluid which will later mix with sperm cells from the testicles to form semen. This fluid is stored in tubular glands called seminal vesicles which are located in the central zone.

During ejaculation, the muscle cells covering the prostate will contract and suppress stored fluid. This process causes the fluid, sperm cells, and fluids from other glands to mix. This mixture forms semen which will come out through the penis or also known as semen.

This liquid greatly determines the quality of the cement produced. The reason is, this liquid consists of sugar, enzymes, and alkaline chemicals that play an important role in the fertilization process. The sugar released provides nutrition for sperm cells so they can fertilize the egg when it enters the woman’s body.

The prostate also produces an enzyme called prostate specific antigen (PSA) which helps melt semen after ejaculation so that sperm cells can swim faster towards the egg. Meanwhile, alkaline chemicals will neutralize vaginal acid secretion to maintain sperm viability in a woman’s body.

Semen also contains antibody components that can protect the urinary tract and sperm cells from bacteria and pathogens that cause various diseases. In addition, the presence of the prostate will prevent retrograde ejaculation, a condition in which semen is pulled backward into the bladder. The prostate muscle will help close the neck of the bladder when a person is experiencing sexual climax.

The following details the function of the prostate gland, including:

• Producing fluids that can keep sperm alive;
• Protects the genetic code carried by sperm;
• Produces fluids that keep sperm moving;
• Dilute thickened semen, so that sperm can move more easily and increase the success of fertilization.

During the ejaculation process, the fluid released by this gland will go to the urinary tract and will be released along with sperm. The combination of these two components is called cement. In addition to these two components, semen also consists of fluid produced by the seminal vesicles.

About 30 percent of the total fluid that comes out when a man ejaculates is fluid secreted by the prostate. To function properly, the prostate gland requires androgens (male hormones), such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.

Understanding Prostate Gland Anatomy

The prostate is surrounded by connective tissue consisting of many muscle fibers. These fibers surround the organ like a capsule. That is the reason the prostate feels elastic to the touch. The prostate gland can be divided into four areas and is arranged in layers around the urethra.

Diseases of the Prostate Gland

Just like other parts of the body, there are a number of prostate diseases that are at risk of attacking, namely:

1. Benign Prostate Enlargement

Benign prostate enlargement is a prostate disorder that usually affects men aged 50 and over. This condition makes the prostate enlarge to trigger symptoms such as difficulty urinating and frequent urination at night.

2. Prostatitis

Prostatitis is inflammation that occurs in the prostate gland due to a bacterial infection. This disease is characterized by enlarged prostate size and experience pain. Prostatitis can be experienced by men at any age.

3. Prostate Cancer

The prostate gland can also experience cancer, even prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer experienced by men. This disease is also characterized by an enlarged prostate, bloody urine, pain when urinating or ejaculating, and erectile dysfunction.

How to Maintain Prostate Health

To maintain prostate health, you need to do regular prostate checks to the doctor. The Prostate Cancer Foundation page explains that examination of the prostate gland is a common procedure and is recommended for men, especially those over the age of 50 and men with a risk of prostate cancer.

The procedure for examining the prostate gland is called DRE or digital rectal examination. In this procedure, the doctor will insert a finger into the rectum through the anus to examine the prostate gland directly. The examination aims to look for possible enlargement or changes in the shape of the gland which could indicate a disturbance. This examination also needs to be done if you experience problems when urinating, such as difficulty urinating, or if urine comes out without control ( urinary incontinence ).

In addition, as reported by Harvard Medical School , you are expected to adopt a healthy lifestyle to keep your prostate healthy and functioning properly, including:

1. Eat Nutritious Foods

Your daily diet is one of the most important factors that determine your risk for a disease. Begin to set a healthy diet with balanced nutrition to avoid prostate disease.

Some foods that can help you prevent disease include foods with healthy fats such as avocados, nuts, olive oil, and fish that contain omega-3s. Green vegetables can also be a good first step to starting a healthy eating habit. Vegetables are full of vitamins and antioxidants that will protect you from disease-causing pathogens.

2. Basking in the Sun

Vitamin D can actually help you to reduce the risk of getting one of the diseases in the prostate organ, namely prostate cancer. In addition, vitamin D is also known to be good for heart, kidney and pancreatic health. One of the intake of vitamin D can be obtained from sunlight. Therefore, leave a few minutes for sunbathing. Don’t forget to use sunscreen to keep your skin protected.

3. Sports

Many studies have shown that obesity, especially with a high amount of abdominal fat, can be one of the triggers for BPH.

Try to be more active and do regular exercise to prevent this from happening. Exercise will help those of you who are overweight. Exercise can also help prevent other sexual health problems such as erectile dysfunction.

4. Perform Routine Checks

The older you are, the risk of prostate disease will increase. In addition, having a family history of prostate disease can also make your risk even higher. If you feel you fall into this group, you should consider screening.

Screening usually includes a DRE examination and a PSA level test. Later, if you have undergone both and your PSA shows above normal results, you may have to do further tests. This is very important to do so that the disease can be detected earlier.

Founder of Tokopedia – In this modern era, the development of technology and information has become increasingly sophisticated. To change various lifestyles and sectors of people’s lives, including buying and selling in Indonesia. Maybe the story of this one figure will be one of the changes in the conventional buying and selling system into an online or digital buying and selling system in Indonesia.

Namely the figure of William Tanuwijaya who is the founder of Tokopedia, a fairly large and well-known online buying and selling platform in Indonesia. Profile William Tanuwijaya now holds the position of CEO of Tokopedia and has contributed greatly to the development of the company. Until now, Tokopedia has succeeded in becoming one of the companies labeled “unicorn” with a company value of more than 1 billion dollars.

It was previously heard that Wishnutama Kusubandio would become one of the administrators at Tokopedia. But in the end the issue disappeared after Tokopedia listed the latest management composition on Tokopedia.

Get to know the Founder of Tokopedia: William Tanuwijaya

Do you know about the biography of William Tanuwijaya? For those of you who like to shop online, of course you are familiar with this name. Where William Tanuwijaya is the founder of the largest online buying and selling site in Indonesia called Tokopedia.

William Tanuwijaya himself admitted that he did not come from a wealthy and respected family, in fact quite the opposite. In building his business, he only had the blessing of his parents and high enthusiasm to travel for four days and three nights in search of an experience outside North Sumatra.

After studying at Bina Nusantara University, he then worked for a company engaged in computer software development. Until in the end, he had the idea to build a company engaged in the digital field.

The figure of William Tanuwijaya is a businessman who was born on November 11, 1981 in the city of Pematang Siantar, North Sumatra. As mentioned above, William comes from a family that has mediocre economic conditions. However, both parents have strong life principles towards the world of education for their children. So that William can get a better life thanks to his parents.

Willian himself is the husband of Felicia HW, where they married in 2015. In 2009, William has succeeded in establishing a startup company called Tokopedia. Then now Tokopedia has succeeded in becoming one of the largest e-commerce platforms for buying and selling online in Indonesia.

The Story of William’s College Period in Jakarta

William Tanuwijaya’s success story begins with his childhood where he grew and developed from elementary to high school in the Permata Siantar area. Then he continued his education at a university in Jakarta.

Willian went to wander and study in the city of Jakarta, because this was his father’s request and a suggestion from one of his uncles. The capital city of Jakarta was his goal because his father and uncle really believed that in that city he would have better quality learning and also opportunities. The university that William chose was Bina Nusantara University, also known as Binus.

With prayers and also the blessing of his parents, William Tanuwijaya ventured to live abroad outside the Province of North Sumatra. At that time, William departed using sea transportation services, from the port of Belawan to the port of Tanjung Priok. While still in college, William was just an ordinary cafe keeper. His life journey is very complicated and full of twists and turns. Especially in the midst of his father’s illness, he was forced to work while studying.

Career Journey of William Tanuwijaya

The story of William Tanuwijaya as a foreigner begins with his studies at Binus, which is one of the well-known private universities in Jakarta and has affordable tuition fees. In his first year, William conducted lectures like a normal student. However, in his second year, William’s father fell ill to the point that William had to think and rack his brain so that he could still continue his studies. Then he started trying to find a side job so he could pay for college and his daily life.

In order to make a living in a foreign land, namely in Jakarta, William Tanuwijaya finally got a job as an internet cafe guard or internet cafe. William works as an internet cafe guard from 9 pm to 9 am.

The internet cafe where he works is not far from his campus in Central Jakarta. His job as an internet cafe keeper makes William spend more and more time with the digital world or the internet. So this made him start to be inspired to become someone who is successful through the internet. This is what later became the forerunner to the birth of Tokopedia.

Until 2003, William Tanuwijaya successfully graduated from Bina Nusantara University. After that, he became increasingly interested in working in the internet and digital world. At that time, William focused on the success of Facebook and Google. But before starting to build his own business, William had joined a game development company called PT Bisa Net Indonesia for about 4 months.

Then, he moved to Signet for a period of 9 months and moved again to PT Sqiva Sistem until March 2005. There he served as a software developer or commonly known as an application developer. William’s last career journey was recorded at PT Indocom Mediatama as an IT worker and also a Business Development Manager for approximately two years.

The Story of William Tanuwijaya’s Hard Times and His Idea in Starting a Tokopedia Business

By gathering all of his experience working in the IT field, William Tanuwijaya had the idea to build a digital platform built on a concept like an online mall in 2007. Then he named the online mall Tokopedia.

It’s not an easy thing for people to believe. This is because William felt this before, namely that he was looked down upon by the people around him because he was someone who had no business background or experience. However, his determination and desire that does not give up easily can make him always optimistic to always strive to realize ideas and ideas to build an online mall platform.

In his journey to build Tokopedia as one of his ideas, William also took part by collaborating with one of his colleagues named Leontinus Alpha Edison. The two of them then built Tokopedia together as a free connecting platform between sellers and buyers in Indonesia.

They try to build the Tokopedia platform as best they can. One of them is by offering these ideas and concepts to investors and financiers who intend to help in developing a real business.

Before finally succeeding, they both received a lot of rejection from people. But after two years they tried and worked hard. In the end, one of the top officials or superiors at work is willing to provide some capital to help build their business concept.

The difficult period for William Tanuwijaya was when he started building an online mall business concept. Where at that time the father got a trial that was sentenced to have cancer. William then became confused and in a dilemma because he could not go home and left the project he was building in Jakarta.

However, William could not do this, because he was the only breadwinner in the family who was in charge of helping and paying for his father’s treatment. But as time went on, it turned out that William was able to go through this phase slowly.

Tokopedia’s Success As An Online Shopping Platform

In the end, on February 6 2009, Tokopedia which was developed by William Tanuwijaya and also Leontinus Alpha Edison was officially launched. When it wasn’t the first time after the inauguration, Tokopedia.com had success in inviting as many as 509 sellers and 4,560 members to join the official website.

In addition, Tokopedia at that time managed to receive transactions of 3.3 million rupiah. As one of Tokopedia’s CEOs, William Tanuwijaya has succeeded in bringing Tokopedia into a shopping platform that has grown significantly in a relatively short period of time, namely one year.

The number of sellers or traders who have successfully joined is 4,659 and the number of members who have joined is 44,785. During this period of development, Tokopedia managed to receive transactions worth 5.95 billion rupiah.

Data on Tokopedia’s growth figures have continued to increase until early 2017. The company that was started by William Tanuwijaya has 40 million products from sellers and 12 million users and turnover that can reach a fantastic figure of around 1 trillion rupiah.

When the moment of Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia, namely August 17 2017, the figure of William Tanuwijaya began to be known and popular among the people. At that time, William became a hot topic among Indonesian businessmen.

This happened because Tokopedia had succeeded in getting investment funds in a fairly fantastic amount, worth 1.1 billion dollars or 14 trillion rupiah. Several companies that have become investors in Tokopedia include East Venture, Softbank, and Cyberagent Venture.

With this huge disbursement of funds, William Tanuwijaya as the CEO of Tokopedia is also aggressively making developments within his company by means of product discounts, marketing strategies, cashback and free shipping.

Motivational Words and Business Principles of William Tanuwijaya

William Tanuwijaya as the founder of Tokopedia who has succeeded in bringing this online shopping platform into an application that really helps many people and has succeeded in helping sellers offer their products easily online. That is what can inspire many people to start a business and try to make dreams come true.

The following are some words of business motivation and also principles from William Tanuwijaya as the CEO of Tokopedia, including:

a. “I am grateful, the journey of starting Tokopedia has not only changed my life, but also the lives of millions of other people.”

b. “I am an entrepreneur by necessity, entrepreneur by necessity.”

c. “I learned about the courage to start, the persistence to get up every time I fail and to dream with open eyes. When we think about dreams, dreams turn into ideas and plans. When we say these ideas and plans, dreams turn into commitments. When our commitments are carried out seriously and wholeheartedly, dreams turn into reality.”

The award received by William Tanuwijaya

As a figure who has successfully brought Tokopedia to become one of the largest shopping platforms in Indonesia, William Tanuwijaya has certainly received a lot of appreciation and awards from many parties. One of the achievements he has achieved is being one of Indonesia’s representatives at the World Economic Forum as a Young Global Leader in 2016.

Not only that, William also received the Satyalancana Wira Karya award or better known as the Medal of Honor from the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. This award was given because of its contribution to economic growth and also the development of digital technology in Indonesia. Then, Tokopedia also received an award as Android Excellent Apps selected by Google on the Playstore.

Exemplary Success Tips from William Tanuwijaya

Not a few people who want to live a successful life and have a lot of wealth. William Tanuwijaya is a figure that we can make a role model in life, especially in terms of doing business. The CEO of Tokopedia is now one of the richest people in Indonesia. Here are the full tips.

1. Growth Mindset

Having a growth mindset is very important for moving our business forward. William Tanuwijaya revealed that if we want to make the business a success, then the first thing we have to do is change the way of thinking or growth mindset. Here, William Tanuwijaya proves himself through his success story in establishing an online shopping platform, Tokopedia. Therefore, we should imitate William’s way of thinking, by changing the mindset if we want the business to be more successful.

2. Have Big Dreams

The next way to build a successful business is that we must also have big dreams to achieve that success. So, don’t just change your mindset. According to the CEO of Tokopedia, this will help you when you experience tough obstacles or failures. Why do you have to have big dreams? Because, by remembering your dream to be able to achieve success when you are down or facing challenges, it will be easier to raise your spirits.

3. Humble

William Tanuwijaya revealed that people who have a business venture must have a humble nature. You are required to keep learning, whether from anyone and anywhere. That way, you won’t easily feel oppressed by tough competition in the business world.

4. Don’t Give Up Easily and Learn to Give Solutions

You need to understand that in order to create success in the business world, try to provide solutions to people who need it. You can start to think more creatively and make sure that the results you have thought will actually be as useful as you hope. Do not forget also do not give up easily. A business owner is not allowed to put the word give up in his dictionary. Keep holding on even though the challenges are getting tougher. That way, the chances of achieving success will be even greater.

5. Start With a Simple Idea

We really need big dreams, but you can also start with simple ideas as initial learning in starting a business. From there you will slowly be able to devise more appropriate strategies for the future. In addition, you can also ask for opinions from other people or relatives and family. From the simple ideas they have, ideas will emerge that can break the next business planning strategy.

Founder of the kingdom of Demak – Several kingdoms and sultanates have indeed become an inseparable part of Indonesian history. Currently, maybe what we know about the empire is the sultanate in Yogyakarta. But you need to know that there are still many kingdoms or empires that have developed in Indonesia. One of them is the kingdom of Demak. This kingdom turned out to be the first Islamic kingdom in Java, especially Central Java.

History of the Establishment of the Kingdom of Demak

The Kingdom of Demak was the first Islamic kingdom on the north coast of Java. In the past, the Demak region first appeared as a district of the Majapahit Kingdom. The Sultanate or Kingdom of Demak became one of the big pioneers in spreading Islam in the region of Java Island. However, the lifespan of the Demak Kingdom was relatively short compared to other kingdoms. One of the well-known legacies of the Demak Kingdom is the Great Mosque of Demak, which was founded by the Wali Songo.

In addition, the Kingdom of Demak is also one of the centers for the spread of Islam in Indonesia. Certainly, the Kingdom of Demak has quite a complex history. Starting from the establishment process until the end of the kingdom.

In the process of its journey, the Kingdom of Demak had very important events or events in it. For more details, here are some discussions regarding the history of the reign of the Demak Kingdom or Sultanate as the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia.

Founder of the Kingdom of Demak and its First King

The founder of the Kingdom of Demak himself was Raden Patah. Apart from the founder, Raden Patah also became the first king of the empire. After he left Majapahit, Raden Patah received support from the regent who ruled around the Demak area. Then, he founded the Kingdom of Demak. Until then the kingdom became an Islamic empire, so that the rules and norms applied were based on Islamic values ​​and teachings.

Not only that, the founding of the Kingdom of Demak was marked by the presence of condro sengkolo. According to the story that has been circulating until now, when Raden Patah went to visit Glagah Wangi, he met a person known as Nyai Lembah. There Raden Patah was then advised to stay in Glagah Wangi.

After receiving the suggestion, finally Raden Patah accepted it and started living in the area. Now, the Glagah Wangi area is known as Bintoro Demak. Over time, the Bintoro Demak area turned into the center of the capital for all the activities of the Demak Kingdom.

Location of the Kingdom of Demak

In ancient times, the Kingdom of Demak was located by the sea. The place is included in the Kampung Bintara area. For now, the village is included in the Central Java region. When the Demak government was led by Sultan Prawoto, the place began to be moved to Demak Prawata.

However, when Sultan Prawoto died, the kingdom began to be transferred to Jipang by Arya Penangsang, who at that time held the governmental power of the Demak kingdom. After that, Arya Penangsang died because he was killed by Ki Gede Pamanahan and also Hadiwijaya. For Hadiwijaya himself comes from Pajang. Where after killing Arya Penangsang, he then received full control to manage all things in the Kingdom of Demak. Then after that, the Kingdom of Demak turned into the Kingdom of Pajang.

Genealogy of the Kings of the Kingdom of Demak

The kingdom was officially established in 1481 AD, at that time the kingdom was led by kings who were directly supported by religious leaders known as Walisongo. There are several kings who have led the Kingdom of Demak from its inception, the process towards glory, and until the kingdom collapsed. The following is a genealogy of kings from the Kingdom of Demak that needs to be understood:

1. Raden Patah

Raden Patah is the son of the leader of the Majapahit Kingdom named Raden Brawijaya from his marriage to a princess of the Campa palace. In the Kingdom of Demak, Raden Patah was the first king and served for 18 years. Starting from 1500 to 1518. During his reign in the Kingdom of Demak, he built many things. Starting from houses of worship including the Great Mosque of Demak which is still standing firmly in the center of Demak City.

2. Pati Unus

After Raden Patah became king in the Kingdom of Demak, he then had a son named Pati Unus. Where the son of Raden Patah later ascended the throne after his father’s reign ended in 1518. However, Pati Unus only ruled for three years. Then, Pari Unus was given the title as Prince of Sabrang Lor. This happened thanks to his resistance to the Portuguese in their attempt to seize Malacca. But unfortunately, Pati Unus died in his attempt to invade the Portuguese for the second time to Malacca in 1521.

3. Sultan Trenggana

Sultan Trenggana became one of the kings in the genealogy of the Kingdom of Demak, known for his battle in seizing Sunda Kelapa from the hands of the Portuguese colonialists under the leadership of Fatahillah. During the reign of Sultan Trenggana, large kingdoms in Java such as the Kingdoms of Madura, Blambangan, Mataram and Pajang were successfully controlled by the Kingdom of Demak. Then, the reign of Sultan Trenggana ended after he died during the war that took place in Pasuruan in 1546.

4. Sunan Prawoto

After King Pati Unus abdicated, turmoil began to arise within the Kingdom of Demak. Because, there are no more descendants who come directly from the empress who was the previous leader. Therefore, Sultan Trenggana became king after the fall of Pati Unus. After Sultan Trenggana left the Kingdom of Demak, he was replaced by Sunan Prawoto, who only ruled for a few years. Because, he was more interested in exploring his life as a cleric who spread Islam throughout Java.

5. Arya Penangsang

In its history, it is recorded that Sunan Prawoto died because he was killed by Arya Penangsang’s men who wanted to take power in the Kingdom of Demak. Therefore, Arya Penangsangan became the next king of the Demak Kingdom and transferred the government in it to Jipang. After that, various conflicts began to emerge. Especially after the transfer of the Kingdom of Demak to Pajang in 1586 because Hadiwijaya managed to defeat Arya Penangsang. At that time also the Kingdom of Demak ended or collapsed.

Community Life During the Heyday of the Kingdom of Demak

The following are some discussions about people’s lives during the heyday of the Demak Kingdom:

1. Social Life

The most fundamental difference in people’s lives in the Islamic Kingdom and also the Hindu Kingdom is the massive access to the religion that is adhered to by the majority of the people. In Islam itself there is no such thing as caste, so it can be embraced by various levels of society. In addition, in Islam there are also no rituals that must be quite expensive, such as offerings to gods or brahmanas, as is done by people from Hinduism.

The social system that existed in the Islamic empire was egalitarian. As well as the implementation of Friday prayers at the same time as ordinary people. This is certainly a form of novelty that cannot be found in the past.

Especially in the feudal system, where the system places the position of leader in a very high place. Almost all of the people of Demak, especially the people who are at the center of power, are Muslim. Then it was supported again by da’wah carried out by various scholars who were close to the rulers, namely Walisongo.

2. Political Life

When viewed from the perspective of politics and its government system, the Kingdom of Demak was one of the largest powers in Java. The kingdom succeeded in ending the long domination of the Majapahit Kingdom and the existence of Sundanese rulers who had consistently existed since the sixth century AD.

The Kingdom of Demak itself places the duke as the long arm of the Sultan. Meanwhile, areas such as Tuban, Surabaya and Madiun have quite influential dukes. In the 16th century, the Kingdom of Demak was then continued by the Portuguese position in Malacca. Then in 1527, there was a seizure of Sunda Kelapa with the aim of controlling all the coasts on the north coast and preventing the arrival of the Portuguese on the island of Java.

3. Economic Life

As we know that the Kingdom of Demak was on the north coast of Java Island. So that the main source of the economy of the people of Demak is sea trade. The absence of other Islamic kingdoms on the island of Java, this is one of the factors why Demak is very active in trading at sea. Then, the Kingdom of Demak reached its heyday during the reign of Sultan Trenggono.

Where at that time, they succeeded in expanding their territory and controlling the majority of the main ports such as Madura, Tuban, Surabaya, Semarang, Cirebon, Jepara and Sunda Kelapa. Not only that, the duchies in the interior such as Kediri, Madiun, Malang, Pati and Panjang are also the main sources of agriculture and livestock for trade commodities. In agriculture, Javanese rice is one of the most important commodities in international trade in Indonesia.

Causes of the Collapse of the Kingdom of Demak

The following are some discussions regarding the causes of the fall of the Demak kingdom:

1. There was a civil war

The tragedy of this civil war began with the rivalry between Prince Surowiyoto or better known as Sekar Seda Lepen and Sultan Trenggana. They are the two sons of the previous leader of the Demak Kingdom, Raden Patah.

After Raden Patah died, his two sons began to compete for the throne. After this competition, it was finally Sultan Trenggana who succeeded in occupying the king’s throne. Then after Sultan Trenggana died, the king’s position was replaced by his son named Sunan Prawoto.

However, his position did not go smoothly and was strongly opposed by Sekar Seda Lepen. As a result of Sekar Seda Lepen’s refusal, Sunan Prawoto finally killed Seda Lepen by the river when he was just returning from the mosque after performing Friday prayers.

In 1561, Arya Penangsang, the son of Sekar Seda Lepen, avenged his father by killing Sunan Prawoto and his family and took the position of the fifth king of Demak. After he succeeded in becoming a king, Arya Penangsang ordered his followers to kill the leader of Jepara, PrinceHadiri. That was what later made the dukes, including Jaka Tingkir Hadiwijaya, hostile to the king.

2. The existence of disputes within the family

One of the causes of the subsequent collapse of the Demak Kingdom was the difference in heredity in Raden Patah’s family. He is known to have had many sons, but from different mothers. The first difficulty was experienced after the death of Duke Unus who had no sons.

Then Prince Surowiyoto or Sekar Seda Lepen and also Raden Trenggana fought for power. The debate occurred because Seda Lepen, who was the eldest son of the king, was born from a third wife. While Raden Trenggana who was younger, was born from his first wife.

3. Failed Imperial Government

The failed government of the Demak kingdom was one of the factors that caused the Demak Kingdom to collapse. Various problems that occurred such as differences in sects between the people and the nobility, the government that did not care about its people and was too focused on the Portuguese war and the lack of listening to the aspirations of the people, made the Kingdom of Demak unable to survive.

Cultural Results from the Kingdom of Demak

The following are various kinds of cultural products from the Kingdom of Demak, including:

1. Soko Tatal

One of the cultural products handed down by the Kingdom of Demak is Soko Guru and Soko Tatal, both of which are located at the Great Mosque of Demak. Soko Guru are three poles made of solid wood and have a diameter of about one meter. Meanwhile, Soko Tatal is made from pieces of wood that came from the remaining wood from the making of the three Soko Guru.

The uniqueness in one Soko Tatal pillar exists because Sunan Kalijaga can only make three pillars. While the mosque is ready to be built. Therefore, Sunan Kalijaga had the idea to collect the remaining pieces of wood from three Soko Guru and then make them into one pillar. The pillar is the main attraction for lovers of religious tourism.

2. Pawestren

The Kingdom of Demak is one of the Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia which has inherited a lot of cultural products. Among them is Pawestren which was built as a holy place and is used for congregational prayers for women. Pawestren has very beautiful walls with carvings made with Majapahit motifs or commonly known as maksurah motifs. The place of worship was built using four main pillars and reinforced with four pillars. The main pillars in Pawestren support beam beams which consist of three layers.

3. Ablution Pool Site

The site is very well known by the public and is one of the cultural products of the Kingdom of Demak which is often visited by tourists. This ablution pool site was built with the aim of facilitating travelers or students who take ablution water when visiting the Great Mosque of Demak. However, now the ablution pool site is no longer used.

4. Great Mosque of Demak

This mosque is certainly no stranger to our ears. This is because the Great Mosque of Demak has very often been used as a religious tourism destination. The mosque was built during the Demak Kingdom in 1479. The architecture in this mosque is very pleasing to the eye. We can see ornaments and calligraphy which are quite thick with an Islamic atmosphere. This mosque is located in the City of Demak, precisely in Central Java Province.

This is an explanation of the founder of the Demak Kingdom and the genealogy of its kings, from its inception until the fall of the Demak Kingdom.

Recommended Books & Articles Related to the Founder of the Kingdom of Demak

Soccer Sports Rules – Football is one of the most popular sports in Indonesia and the world. Football has many fans, from children to adults, even many parents who like this sport.

Association football, in English is referred to as association football or soccer or simply football is a sport that uses a ball. The ball used is usually made of leather called ” soccer “. This football is played with two teams consisting of 11 core players and several other reserve players.

At the start of the 21st century, the sport was played by more than 250 million people in 200 countries. The goal of soccer is to score as many goals as possible by kicking the ball into the opponent’s goal. Football is played on a rectangular open field of grass or artificial turf.

In order to be able to present an interesting and sporty match in every sport, there must be a regulation in that sport. This rule will certainly make the match interesting to watch, for players they will also feel fair because of the rules in football.

On this occasion, sinaumedia will provide an article that discusses the rules in soccer. Maybe most of you already understand what the rules apply to this sport. However, of course there are also many who are just learning the world of football so more knowledge is needed about the rules that exist in soccer. Therefore, to find out what regulations apply, let’s look at the following review.

Football Match Rules

Football rules are set by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). These regulations are set by FIFA, the official organization of world soccer, and are also complied with by federations at the national level. The official body for football in Indonesia is the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI). The following are the rules for soccer matches.

Football Player Rules

The number of soccer players is 11 core players. This amount applies to both national and international competitions. In a soccer match there is one goalkeeper, 2-5 defenders, 2-5 midfielders and 1-3 attackers. These players have different positions and functions, such as goalkeeper (goalkeeper), 3 or 4 defenders (defender), 3, 4 or 5 midfielders (midfielder), up to 1, 2 or 3 attackers (forwards). If a team has less than 7 players, it will not be able to continue the game.

Soccer Player Equipment Regulations

All players in a soccer match (except the goalkeeper) wear a uniform or clothing, ranging from a jersey (sportswear), shorts, socks and a pair of shoes. In addition to clothing, players will also need additional items such as shin guards. In fact, the team leader must also wear the captain’s armband as a marker.

The goalkeeper’s attributes are different from other players. The goalkeeper or goalkeeper must wear a jersey with a different design from the jersey and protective gloves of other players. Goalkeepers are also allowed to wear long-sleeved jerseys and trousers.

Football Referee Rules

The referee is the arbiter with a neutral duty to regulate and decide the course of the match. During the game, the referee’s job is with the assistant referee to control the game, ensure that the ball is in accordance with the rules, ensure that the players are wearing the proper attributes, set the start time of the game. determine when the match needs to be postponed, stopped and ended, and adjudicate if a violation has occurred.

Football Assistant Referee Rules

In a soccer match, the referee is also supported by two flag-bearing assistants. The assistant referee, or what is commonly called the lineman , helps the referee supervise the game. The flag of the assistant referee serves as a marker for the ball going out of the field, offside or a corner kick.

Rules for the Duration of Football Matches

A soccer match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each. During the game, time will continue even with fouls, substitutions, lost balls and the like. However, at the end of the match, the referee has the right to award the lost extra time. There is a 10-15 minute break between two rounds before moving on to another round.

Kick Off Rules

The start and resumption of play is usually marked by a kick-off from the midfield. Kick-offs are used to start the game, to continue play after a goal has been scored, and to start play after a break or after accidental extra time.

The team that kicks off will be determined based on the results of the two captains’ coin toss according to the direction of the referee. When players start the game, both teams must be on each side of the court.

Rules for Entering and Exiting the Football Field

Goal ball is a ball in a state that can be played. While the ball cannot be played is when the ball goes out of the field. The ball is considered active when it is on the ground, even if it bounces off a post, crossbar, or other location.

As long as the ball returns to the court after bouncing, the ball is still active. When an event occurs such as a violation, the ball leaves the field after the goal line or enters the line, and other events, the ball can be said to be inactive.

Rules for Scoring Goals

Goals scored by players can be both legal and illegal. A goal is considered legal or valid when the ball crosses the opposing team’s goal line. Meanwhile, a goal is considered illegal or invalid if a player from the team that scored the goal has committed a foul or if an opposing player commits a foul before the ball has crossed the goal line.

Throw-in Rules

If the ball leaves the side line, a throw-in or throw-in occurs. The team taking the throw-in is the last team to touch the ball before it crosses the line. There are two rules regarding throw-ins or throw-ins in soccer.

First, the player takes the position of throwing the ball. Then he throws it over the line at ball position. Second, players hold the ball using both hands, with the original position from the back of the head. Then, players throw the ball using both hands, with the direction from above the head.

Free Kick Rules

Free kicks or free kicks can be divided into two types, namely direct free kicks and indirect free kicks.

A direct free kick is a free kick that is aimed directly at the goal without touching a team-mate before it. Meanwhile, an indirect free kick is a free kick that requires a player to make the ball hit by a teammate and score with another teammate.

Penalty Kick Rules

Free kicks are taken when an opposing player commits a foul in the penalty area. The kicker will kick the ball placed at the penalty spot towards the goal which is only protected by the goalkeeper or the opposing goalkeeper.

During a free kick, other players must remain outside the penalty area. When the free kick has been taken and a goal is scored, play returns to normal. However, if the penalty kick fails to hit the target and remains in the playing area, then both teams are allowed to control the ball and continue the game.

Corner Kick Rules

A corner kick is awarded when the ball last touches the defending team and crosses the goal line. This goal line runs parallel to the goal line, but does not run under the goal. The attacking team is then entitled to a corner kick. This kick is taken in the corner of the field closest to where the ball left the field.

Goal Kick Rules

If the ball crosses the goal line, but the attacking player last touched the ball, the defending team is awarded a goal kick. This kick is called a goal kick. For a goal kick, the ball must be kicked from the edge of the goal box, which is the small box inside the penalty area.

Offsides Rule

An offside will occur if a player is closer to the goal line than the ball and the last two players on the opposing team. However, offside is not a violation unless the player receives the ball from a cross. A player is considered not offside if he is level with the second last player of the opposing team.

Football Sports Violation Regulations

There are several violations that may not be committed in soccer. Some of these rules are also set by FIFA such as the rules in the match. The following are the rules for violations of soccer sports.

Direct Free Kick Penalty Offense Rules

Below are the reasons why a player gets a free kick penalty from an opponent.

• Deliberately kicking an opponent or trying to kick an opponent;
• Injures the opponent’s eye;
• Jump dangerously at your opponent;
• Stealthily attempts to take down opponents;
• Make your opponent fall by tripping him;
• Attacking opposing players;
• Knocks down opponents by crashing into them;
• Pulling opposing players to the ground;
• Hold the opposing player by pulling the opponent’s shirt;
• The player’s hand is hit by the ball;
• Tackle the opponent without hitting the ball;
• Make a tackle by hitting the ball, but this action is considered dangerous by the referee.

Indirect Free Kick Penalty Rules

• The player performs an action deemed dangerous by the referee. Dangerous in question is dangerous for yourself and other players. For example, someone tries to head the ball when the opposing player wants to kick the ball.
• Performing an action aimed at preventing the goalkeeper from catching the ball;
• Obstructing the opponent’s movement;
• Perform actions that cause the referee to issue a yellow card to a red card;
• Goalkeeper holds the ball for more than six seconds;
• The goalkeeper intentionally touches a released ball before it hits another player;
• The goalkeeper touches the ball from a team player’s kick;

Yellow Card Offense Rules

When a player commits a violation in the game, the referee will give a yellow card to the player who violates it as a warning. Here are the things that cause players to get a yellow card.

• Player repeatedly commits fouls;
• Player commits cheating or unsportsmanlike conduct;
• Players block the opponent’s feet roughly;
• Players knock opponents down violently;
• The player deliberately does things that delay the match;
• Deliberately wasting time in a match;
• The player leaves the field without the permission of the referee;
• Players enter the field area without the permission of the referee;
• Players intentionally take actions that aim to incite discord between players;
• Criticize the referee harshly;
• Exaggerated goal celebrations.

Red Card Offense Rules

A player who commits a serious foul in soccer will be given a red card. If a player receives a red card, that player must automatically leave the field. In football matches, players who receive red cards are usually banned from playing in the next one or two matches.

• Players commit acts of violence in matches;
• Players commit serious violations until the opponent is injured;
• Players other than the goalkeeper deliberately touch the ball with their hands to prevent a goal from the opponent;
• Provoking the opposing team so that there is commotion;
• Players insult, say harshly, and humiliate opposing players;
• The player takes an action that causes the match to be stopped.

Sinaumed’s, that’s the article regarding the rules of soccer that have been discussed by sinaumedia. For those of you who don’t really understand soccer, you will understand a little with this article.

However, if you want to learn more deeply, you can buy books about soccer and other sports at sinaumedia. sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits has provided a variety of quality books that you can have. Come on Sinaumed’s, buy the book now!

The Art of Painting – Painting is one of the oldest branches of art among other branches of art. This is evidenced by the tracing of a hand on the cave wall. It is estimated that these hand tracings were made since prehistoric times. Then it was realized that this activity could produce quite beautiful pictures and until now it has developed into a branch of fine art by drawing on a flat surface.

Along with the development of art, various kinds of art genres began to emerge from time to time. As for what distinguishes the art flow, among others, the visual style, coloring techniques performed by each painter, and the message in it. So, in this article, we will discuss what is the flow of painting and what are the currents of painting in the world. Here is a full explanation:

Definition of Painting Art Flow

The flow of painting is a style, genre, and distinctive understanding that is followed by certain individuals or groups to create painting. The flow referred to here is that it can be in the form of main ideas or ideas that were sparked by someone or flow naturally or emerge on their own in line with the development of painting. You need to understand that several schools of painting usually interact with each other. For example, flow C exists because it feels that flow B is no longer relevant to the conditions of the times, or that it has too downplayed certain streams. Then the D flow is present because it feels that if the two are combined it will become more perfect.

Schools or what is commonly called schools of painting are also often influenced or can be said to be formed by the conditions of society at that time. There are large sects whose influence is just as strong, there are also small sects which do not get too much attention. In the past, naturalism and realism had the strongest influence. Because, both of them have an applicable function as documentation, before there was a camera that replaced them. Today, the flow still exists but is not as strong as it used to be.

A lot of inspiration, lessons, and also knowledge that can be drawn from the various currents of painting that exist today. Therefore, studying the flow of painting again will open up a lot of new treasures, ranging from simply appreciating well, or just getting into the world of painting.

The Largest & Most Important Art Flow in History

The following are some of the greatest types of painting in the world:

1. Romanticism

The flow of romanticism is a flow that describes a reality that exists in various ways that seem dramatic and has an atmosphere like in a dream. For example, a ship tossing because of stormy weather, a human figure standing on a hilltop when dusk comes, and so on. Romanticism reveals the beauty of a theme from its theatrical style, not only relying on beautiful subjects.

Characteristics of Romanticism

a. Is imaginative, although still realistic or no fantasy in it. In addition, the scene also looks more dramatic than the reality.
b. Subjectively, namely the creation of art is assessed as an artist’s self-expression.
c. Using a fairly high emotional intensity.
d. The atmosphere or imagery has a dreamlike quality.
e. Describing very strong feelings and not being literal or using similes and symbols.

Important Figures of Romanticism

1. Francisco Goya
2. Caspar David Friedrich
3. JMW Turner
4. Theodore Gericault
5. Henry Fuseli
6. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

2. Naturalism

The flow of naturalism is a school that wants to describe nature as similar and as accurate as possible with the references it will paint. Naturalism is a place for artists to appreciate nature. Generally, artists will choose a certain time, for example at dusk or golden hour, to paint a very special and extraordinary scene.

Characteristics of Naturalism Painting

a. This flow prioritizes the accuracy and similarity of the image in the painting with the object to be painted according to the reference.
b. The main weapon of the painters is the technique and ability.
c. Bringing beautiful painting themes but based on purity.
d. The flow of naturalism is a form of appreciation of the artists for the beauty of nature.
e. Always raising the theme of natural beauty or scenery that surrounds the artist.

Figure of the Art of Painting Naturalism

1. John Constable
2. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
3. Theodore Rousseau
4. Thomas Cole
5. Frederic Edwin Church
6. Ilya Repin
7. Basuki Abdullah

3. Realism

Realism is a school that wants to show an event, a certain model, or an atmosphere in everyday situations, without drama or only the most beautiful conditions are chosen. The genre may not perfectly copy what they see, realistic events, or themes, not just images.

Characteristics of the flow of Realism Painting

a. Raising the theme of everyday events that occur and are experienced by most people.
b. Describes the people who are in a real and unique situation with their daily environment.
c. Realist works will show human beings of all classes in their natural conditions and situations.
d. Realism never agrees with exaggerated artistic subjects or romanticist-style dramatizations.
e. Having detailed images that resemble the original or natural using high techniques mastered by the painters.

Figures of the flow of Realism Painting

1. Gustave Courbet
2. Jean-François millet
3. Edouard Manet
4. James Whistler
5. John Singer Sargent
6. Thomas Eakins

4. Impressionism

Impressionism is a school of painting which only paints a glimpse of the subject to be painted. This flow arose because of the existence of a camera that has been able to take over the function of art as a medium of documentation. Compared to replicating colors that are similar to the human way of seeing, impressionism wanted to depict pure colors based on the process of natural color formation.

Generally, followers of impressionism will paint in the open in a fairly short period of time. So you have to sacrifice the accuracy of the form. That is the reason why their paintings are only impressions. Because, they did not have time to complete further details. However, from these imperfections, new aesthetic forms emerge that do not exist in other schools such as realism, naturalism, even photography.

Characteristics of Impressionism Painting

a. The images in the paintings tend not to be detailed, the paintings will only look similar when viewed from afar
b. Contrasting and vibrant color palette based on the color circle grouping theory.
c. Focus on painting the reflection of light on the subject
d. Using a brush technique called dab, which is an external term for dipping sauce.
e. Never use black.

Figure of the School of Impressionism Painting

1. Claude Monet
2. Edgar Degas
3. Pierre-Auguste Renoir
4. Camille Pissarro
5. Alfred Sisley

5. Fauvism

Fauvism usually uses a style similar to Impressionism. But rejected the basic idea of ​​imitation of nature. This flow of Fauvism is to make color an independent element of art. The color is not only the color of clothes, skin color, or the color of the sky. But being one of the elements that are independent or stand alone without being a physical representation of anything.

Characteristics of the Fauvism School of Painting

a. Striking colors that do not show accuracy in the model to be painted.
b. The shape of the image in the painting is accompanied by a dark line.
c. Colors are used to express ideas or ideas of artists, not just coloring.
d. Detailed accuracy in the form of images on the model or subject reference is ignored.
e. Convey ideas, ideas, or personal messages from the painter.

Fauvism figure

1. Henri Matisse
2. Maurice de Vlaminck
3. Andre Derain
4. Kees van Dongen
5. Raoul Dufy
6. Georges Braque

6. Expressionism

The flow of expressionism is one of the schools that emphasizes the individual expression of the artists themselves on what they remember, see, and feel. It can be said that expressionism is a flow of painting that emphasizes the expression that is in the soul. Expressionism will not impose precision and also the difficulty of painting in his work. Therefore, these streams do not have an accurate level of similarity and even greatly deviate from natural references.

Characteristics of Expressionism Painting

1. Will not prioritize the similarity of the objects they paint.
2. Expressive and bold brush strokes or brush marks are left visible and not covered up.
3. Painting techniques that look naive or amateur but still have good composition.
4. Prioritizing the expression of the artist’s individual soul compared to tracing nature.
5. Using color as a symbol for something, not just as a coloring object.

Expressionist figure

1. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
2. Wassily Kandinsky
3. Kathe Kollwitz
4. Paul Klee
5. Chaim Soutine
6. Max Beckmann

7. Cubism

The flow of cubism is a flow that contains various points of view of an object in the same picture. So as to produce a deformed and fragmented painting. This flow also simplifies objects to resemble geometric shapes. A painting object can consist of various angles simultaneously to produce an aesthetic discrepancy.

Characteristics of Cubism

a. Using multiple perspectives in one image.
b. Doing deconstruction and deformation of painted objects such as changing the position of the mouth with the position of the eyes.
c. Simplify the object to be similar to a geometric shape.
d. Explore open shapes and blend the background with the object in front of it.
e. In the second phase of cubism, many used everyday objects as either collages or newspaper clippings.

Cubism figures

1. Pablo Picasso
2. Georges Braque
3. Fernand Leger
4. Juan Gris
5. Robert Delaunay
6. Sonia Delaunay

8. Dadaism

Dadaism is a flow that cannot make a beautiful work physically. But it is filled with sharp criticism or social messages by making an indirect allusion, up to a direct statement that is quite provocative to the authorities who are considered to have made a negative decision. The flow of dadaism will emit aesthetic beauty from a side that is rarely contained in beauty.

The Characteristics of Dadaism

a. Displays an image that is not beautiful but provocative.
b. It contains messages that question the meaning of art, the role of artists, and aesthetics in general.
c. Conveying anti-war appeals through satirical or satirical messages on the atrocities of war.
d. Contains anti-bourgeois messages at that time considered to have resulted in World War I.
e. Using “readymade” objects or something that already exists, such as everyday objects such as spoons, glasses, toilets, and so on.

Dadaist figures

1. Francis Picabia
2. Marcel Duchamp
3. Man Ray
4. Hannah Hoch
5. Sophie Taeuber-Arp
6. Andre Breton

9. Surrealism

Surrealism is a school of painting that presents images of real objects in situations that are impossible to occur in the real world. So that the image is like the one in the dream. Pictures that are real but in unreal conditions, such as: pictures of floating humans, melted wall clocks, or portraits of faces with mouths and noses whose positions are swapped. The flow of surrealism usually uses the approach of Freud’s psychological theory. Where the flow explores the subconscious and the image of a human dream as one illustration of a human desire.

Characteristics of the Surrealism Painting School

a. Loading an image of a real object in unreal conditions.
b. Imagery like the one in a dream.
c. Having a high contrast, that means, there is a large shape next to a small one.
d. Play the imagination that is in the dream with the real world.
e. Looks like fantasy but sticks to real world references.

Figures of the Surrealism Painting School

1. Salvador Dali
2. Andre Breton
3. Hans Arp
4. Max Ernst
5. Alberto Giacometti
6. Joan Miro

Painting Techniques in General

You need to understand that there are many kinds of techniques in painting. Material, each person will definitely have the characteristics of a painting technique according to their abilities. The use of painting techniques is one thing that is very important in order to produce a maximum image. So, using technique is very necessary. The following are some techniques that you can use in everyday life.

1. How to Paint Using the Aquarel Technique

The aquarel technique is a painting technique that uses watercolor (aquarelle) as a base and uses thin and subtle strokes of color. So, the image or painting that will be produced has a transparent and also light nuance. In order to produce a smooth, thin, and also light strokes. It would be better if you use a slightly thinner paint.

2. How to Paint with the Plaque Technique

In contrast to the aquarel technique which seems more transparent. The use of the placard technique is a painting technique that uses watercolors, oil paints, and also acrylic paints with thick strokes and a thicker paint composition. So that this technique will give a more colorful impression in a painting. This painting technique is often used by professional painters to create beautiful paintings that have high economic value.

3. How to paint with the spray technique

This spray technique is a painting technique that uses spraying paint onto the painting medium. The purpose of using this technique is to produce a painting that is smoother and looks more real from a visual standpoint. If you ever see graffiti on street walls, that is an example of painting using the spray technique.

Financial Accounting Standards in Indonesia – In order to regulate or manage finances, there is a certain procedure that a country must have. In the financial accounting standards in Indonesia , there are a number of types of standards, so that it is useful for presenting financial information by certain business entities.

1. PSAK-IFRS

The first standard that serves as a benchmark for financial management is PSAK-IFRS. This is an accounting procedure for the company to use in various business activities. To better understand it, here’s a full explanation.

1.1 Explanation of PSAK-IFRS

PSAK-IFRS stands for Statement of Financial Accounting Standards ( International Reporting Standards ). This is the management basis issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board in 2012 through an Indonesian Accounting Association (IAI).

The use of this standard has reasons because Indonesia is a country that is a member of IFAC ( International Federation of Accountants ). A number of benefits from the guidelines include increasing comparability and providing quality information on the capital market.

1.2 Financial Accounting Standards (SAK)

SAK is a Financial Accounting Standard that serves as a guideline for carrying out a number of activities. That starts from the process of making, compiling, to the stages of presenting Indonesian financial information.

The use of a standard follows the times. Until finally the Indonesian state SAK has standard guidelines for determining from following international accounting procedures. This is so that all financial information can be recognized globally.

1.3 Reasons for Using SAK

With a guideline, the process of presenting financial information becomes more structured. In general, this standard is useful for a number of parties, such as investors, to know a number of risks and financial conditions. Then, shareholders can monitor the company’s financial condition. 

SAK is also useful for creditors because it has a function to assess the ability to pay credit or loans. Then, for suppliers this is useful in order to be able to see the credibility of a company whether it is able to pay on time or not. 

1.4 Types of SAK

Each country has its own Financial Accounting Standards. In Indonesia alone, the guidelines for presenting this information are divided into four types. Everything is useful to provide quality and accurate data.

The four types of standards in presenting financial information include Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (PSAK), Sharia Accounting Standards (SAS), PSAK – IFRS (Statements of Financial Accounting Standards – International Reporting Standards), and SAK – ETAP.

Books Regarding Financial Accounting

The following are recommendations for best seller books regarding financial accounting books , introductory accounting, and cost accounting.

2. Explanation of the International Financial Accounting Standard (IFRS)

IFRS is an international accounting standard that is useful in the preparation and public reporting of company finances.

The purpose of using this guide is to make it easy to compare high-quality information for each company.

2.1 Application of IFRS in Indonesia

As a developing country in all fields, including the economy, it is very important to use an accounting standard. The application of IFRS in Indonesia began in 2012. In its implementation, there are three main stages.

The initial stage of the first use of IFRS is adoption. This process started from 2008 – 2011. The first activity was to carry out a number of activities to gradually adopt IFRS to PSAK.

The next stage after adoption is to finalize the infrastructure for various needs. This process took place starting in 2011. All forms of activity focused on all preparations for the implementation of IFRS.

IFRS implementation or implementation activities in Indonesia are carried out in stages. Then, there are a number of processes to find out what are the benefits and constraints in its implementation. This has continued until now.

2.2 Advantages of Using IFRS

The first advantage of using the IFRS standard is that it makes it easier to prepare financial reports. This happens because the method of presenting data related to company funds is very good and systematic.

By using IFRS, a company will be better able to reduce the cost of financial statements. Based on the experts and the results of use after a long time, it can make investors save even more when making comparisons.

By using IFRS, it will have an impact on investment flows that are more transparent. As you already understand, transparency is very important to make it easier to access information on benefits and risks.

3. The difference between SAK and IFRS

The task of an accountant is very important in carrying out company financial reporting. However, using certain procedures, this process becomes easier. There are two types of references in this activity, namely SAK and IFRS. Here’s the difference between the two.

The first difference comes from the source. The point is the foundation of the standard issuance. For SAK, it comes from PSAK No. 1 (Revised 1998) concerning Presentation of Financial Statements. Meanwhile, IFRS itself comes from IAS1, Presentation of Financial Statements.

In SAK, the format for providing information uses certain entities and uses direct methods. While the presentation of financial statement information uses IFRS, using standard headings. However, it has a number of limitations in determining its content. 

In the SAK procedure, it has rules regarding the recognition of profits and losses from reports on changes in shareholder equity. The IFRS procedure uses financial statement presentations that recognize gains and losses, but in separate notes.

4. SAK – ETAP

The next type of accounting standard is SAK – ETAP. This is a reference to entities without public accountability. So it is useful for a company to report finances in general with the aim of external use. 

4.1 Explanation of SAK – ETAP

With the existence of standards for financial reports for entities without Public Accountability, it has a beneficial impact on MSMEs. So that its use can bring convenience to small and medium scale businesses.

SAK ETAP is a financial reporting standard that does not depend on general SAK or it stands alone.

In practice, the historical cost concept is used, the information presentation rules are simple, and have not changed over the years.

In the process of financial reporting, SAK ETAP goes through a number of processes. These stages include establishing balance sheets, profits and losses, changes in equity, cash flows, top notes, and so on.

4.2 Purpose of SAK – ETAP

The use of SAK – ETAP has the main objective of being able to provide easy access to ETA for the process of providing funds by banks. Because this standard stands alone, the concept of rules for presenting financial data is simpler.

This standard without Public Accountability has the objective of presenting general or external financial statements only. So in that way, the reference uses fixed assets, which are intangible acquisition prices.

Another purpose of using SAK – ETAP is to provide convenience in obtaining funds for MSMEs from banks. So, they can develop their business to be better and successful in the future.

4.3 Example of Accounting Book Based on SAK – ETAP

To understand more about SAK – ETAP, you can read a number of references. An example is the book by Syaiful Bahri, SE., MSA entitled ‘ Introduction to Accounting Based on SAK ETAP and IFRS ‘. The discussion is very complete and also clear.

The discussion in this book also includes examples of service, trade, and industrial companies. The purpose of the Syaiful Bahri reference work is to provide an overview of the SAK / Financial Accounting Standards process.

For those of you who are looking for basic reference material, you can use this book. That way, it will understand more about each stage from SAK to the final process in the form of presentation of financial statements.

5. Sharia PSAK

The procedure for making the next financial report is PSAK Syariah. This is a procedure using the basics of presenting industry and business information using sharia principles in Indonesia.

5.1 Explanation of Sharia PSAK

The existence of PSAK Syariah is inseparable from the development of Indonesian companies which are increasingly using Islamic principles. Therefore, Indonesian financial accounting standards related to Islamic Financial Institutions were born in 2002.

The use of PSAK Syariah is able to provide convenience in the formulation of financial reports. The basis for making this standard comes from the Al-Qur’an surah Al-Baqarah verses 282 – 283. It contains financial records according to the principles of fairness, truth and honesty.

Through the use of PSAK Syariah, this has contributed to the development of the Islamic economy increasing. Not only in the progress of the process in Indonesia, but also in the whole world. That way, it is able to create an environment and market on the basis of Islamic law. 

5.2 PSAK Syariah Applied in Indonesia

In Indonesia, the standard for determining financial reporting is the authority of the Sharia Accounting Standards Board (DSAK). This is directly under the auspices of the Indonesian Institute of Accountants (IAI). Its application began when there was the 8th Congress in 1998.

There are a number of types of implementation forms of PSAK Syariah reporting in Indonesia. In that case, the process of presenting financial information uses the basis of the type of transaction which has been made by the DSAK.

Some of these reporting forms include PSAK 102 Accounting for Murabahah, PSAK 102 Accounting for Salam, PSAK 103 Accounting for Istishna’, PSAK 106 Accounting for Musyarakah, PSAK 107 Accounting for Ijarah, PSAK 108 Accounting for Sharia Insurance Transactions, and PSAK 109 Accounting for Zakat and Infak/Alms.

5.3 Latest PSAK Syariah

The Sharia Accounting Standards Board (DSAK) first issued PSAK using Islamic financial principles in 2002. Then, this continued to experience development and a number of improvements in several types.

In 2007, there were 6 PSAK Syariah with one basic framework, until in 2019 there were 13 PSAK with one framework and 2 ISAK (Interpretation of Financial Accounting Standards). Meanwhile, 2021 has the newest type.

In 2021, there are a number of PSAK that are active per January. This includes presentation of financial statements, cash flow reports, interim financial reports, separate financial reports, operating segments, related party statements, events after reporting, changes in foreign exchange rates, to ISAK and PPSAK.

 

6. SAP

Presentation of the next financial statements in the form of SAP. This is a form of management and recording of sources of incoming and outgoing funds from the government. Usually it is addressed to related parties, such as BPK, DPR, community, and others.

6.1 SAP Explanation

SAP or Government Accounting Standards is a set of references in compiling and presenting reports relating to government finances. It usually consists of Central Government Financial Statements (LKPP) and Regional Government Financial Statements (LKPD).

In a government, financial reporting is very important in order to get transparency from the flow of these finances. That way, other related parties and the public can find out the accountability of this state accounting administration.

The standard for using SAP is using a statement with a number of points. That starts from the title, number, and the effective date of the reference. 

6.2 SAP Implementation Base

The government in reporting financial flows uses certain principles. This standard was prepared by the independent Government Accounting Standards Committee and went through a number of stages of approval, starting from becoming a Government Regulation to obtaining an opinion from BPK.

The rule that determines the existence of this SAP is Government Regulation Number 24 of 2005 concerning Government Accounting Standards. The contents are in the form of a cash basis in order to provide recognition of revenue transactions, assets, and many others.

Recognition of this basis is still provisional. Now, everything refers to the latest rules, namely Article 9 paragraph (1) Government Regulation 71 of 2010 concerning SAP or Government Accounting Standards.

6.3 Benefits of SAP

The preparation of financial statements using a number of principles certainly has benefits. Of the two types of reporting, namely LKPP and LPPD, are able to provide up-to-date information on financial flows and data regarding the budget.

Besides having the benefit of knowing the latest financial statements, SAP also has uses as a medium to see transparency and accountability of accounting in Indonesia.

Another benefit of government financial reporting is that it enables accounting managers to provide new, more effective strategies. By way of comparison from the next report, it will provide a good method for managing state finances.

6.4 Advantages of SAP

The use of accounting standards is one form of making quality reporting. The advantage of this SAP is that it is able to improve the quality of a country’s financial governance.

Making report presentations with this principle has advantages which the auditor can use to determine whether the presentation of the information is in accordance with the standards or not. Then it will also improve consistency and relevance.

Another advantage is that it can be used as a reference in compiling financial reports according to existing standards. That way, the results have credibility so they can provide government accounting transparency.

6.5 Advantages of Becoming a SAP Expert

The accounting system in the government consists of central and regional. The existence of the principle of presenting financial information is very useful for a country in managing its economy.

Being an accountant expert in government is certainly a career that has good prospects. However, behind all this, you must master a number of important skills to support the financial reporting process.

Becoming a SAP expert who works professionally will provide benefits for the country. Through reporting and according to standards, it can have a good impact so that we are able to manage the economy even better.

6.6 How to Become a SAP Expert

The job of being an accountant always has a lot of enthusiasts every year. You can see this from the selection of Accounting majors which are still busy. This step is the first step to be able to become a SAP expert.

There are many ways to become a professional accountant. After obtaining a bachelor’s degree in Accounting, then get a CA ( Chartered Accountant ) certification. Then, make sure you have good work experience from various fields, such as public, corporate, education, etc.

The verification process to become a public accountant practitioner is at least three (3) years. You can get this for the last 7 years and then you can become a member of the Indonesian Institute of Accountants (IAI).

Material Related to Financial Accounting Standards

Uthman Bin Affan – Prophet Muhammad SAW is a human figure who is most loved by all his
people, but not only among his people, his family and friends also love him very much. As a
friend who lived at the same time as the prophet and spent his days with the prophet, of course, the nature
and character of a friend of the prophet is not much different from the noble character of the prophet
himself.

Of the several companions of the prophet that we know, one of them who was once the caliph replacing
leadership after the departure of the prophet was Uthman Bin Affan. He is the figure of the
third caliph after Abu Bakr and Umar Bin Khattab who rose to continue the just and prosperous
government.

Imitating his figure must be very good because he is also known to have a good role model and should be an
example for the next generation, especially Muslims around the world.

For this reason, it is good for us to follow his story in this discussion which will summarize his life journey
as a caliph and companion of the Prophet Muhammad SAW.

Further discussion regarding Uthman Bin Affan can be seen below!

Life History of Uthman Bin Affan

‘Uthman bin’ Affan 17 June 579 AD was the third Caliph who ruled from 644 AD to 656 AD and was the longest
reigning Rashidun Caliph. Like his two predecessors, ‘Uthman was one of the main companions of
the Prophet Muhammad. His successive marriages to the two daughters of the Prophet Muhammad and
Khadijah earned him the nickname Dzun Nurain (holder of two lamps).

During his reign, the Muslim government expanded its territory into Fars (now Iran) in 650 and parts of
Khorāsān (now Afghanistan) in 651. Armenian conquests had begun in the 640s. Uthman bin Affan
bin Abi Al-Ash bin Umayyah bin Abdu Shams bin Abdu Manaf bin Qushay bin Kilab.

Uthman was born to a father named Affan bin Abi al-‘As, from the Umayyad tribe, and to a mother named Arwa
bint Kurayz, from Abd Shams, a wealthy and respected Quraysh tribe in Mecca. Uthman had a
younger sister, Aminah. Uthman was born in Ta’if.

He is listed as one of the 22 Meccans who could write. His father, Affan, died young while
traveling abroad, leaving Uthman an important legacy. He became a merchant like his father, and
his business thrived, making him one of the wealthiest men among the Quraysh.

Uthman bin Affan was a friend of the Prophet and also the third Caliph from Rashidun Khulafaur.
He is known as a rich and reliable businessman in the economic field but very generous.
He greatly helped the economy of Muslims in the early days of Islamic da’wah. He was
nicknamed Dzun Nurain which means one with two lights. This nickname was obtained because
Uthman married the second and third daughters of Rasulullah ﷺ Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum.

Uthman bin Affan was born in 574 AD from the Umayyads. His mother’s name was Arwa bint Kuriz
bin Rabiah. He converted to Islam at the invitation of Abu Bakr and belonged to the As-Sabiqun
al-Awwalun group (the first group to convert to Islam). Rasulullah ﷺ himself described Uthman
bin Affan as the most honest and humble Muslim. Imam Muslim narrated that Aisyah asked
Rasulullah ﷺ, “Abu Bakr came in but you were normal and didn’t pay attention to him, then Umar also came to
you normally and didn’t pay special attention. But when Uthman came in, you kept fixing your
clothes, what’s wrong?” Allah’s Messenger replied: “Am I not ashamed of those whom even the
angels are ashamed of?”

At the time of the raging Dzatirriqa War and the Ghatfahan War, where Rasulullah ﷺ raised the banner of
war, Uthman was believed to be the mayor of Medina. During the Battle of Tabuk, Uthman donated
950 camels and 70 horses, plus a personal contribution of 1,000 dirhams for the Battle of Tabuk, which was a
third of the cost of the war. Uthman bin Affan also showed his generosity by buying a spring
called Rumah from a man from the Ghifar tribe for 35,000 dirhams.

He dedicates water resources for the benefit of society. During the reign of Abu Bakr, Uthman
also donated grain which was transported by 1000 camels to help those in need during the dry season.

He was the first king to expand the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina as more and
more Muslims practiced the fifth pillar of Islam (hajj). He creates security policy ideas for
his people; construction of a special building for courts and case decisions that were
previously conducted in mosques; developed agriculture, conquered several small areas around
the border such as Syria, North Africa, Persia, Khurasan, Palestine, Cyprus, Rhodes, and formed a strong
navy.

The Beginning of Entering Islam

When the Prophet Muhammad SAW received revelations and preached Islam, Abu Bakr became the first person to
convert to Islam. After taking a business trip to Syria in 611 AD, Abu Bakr came to Uthman bin
Affan to invite him to convert to Islam. Uthman also decided to convert to Islam and was later
brought by Abu Bakr to meet the Prophet Muhammad to declare his faith.

In this way, Uthman became one of the first to convert to Islam, after Ali, Umar, Abu Bakr and several
others. From then on, he remained loyal to the Prophet Muhammad SAW and became one of the
Prophet’s main companions. After receiving an invitation to move to Medina, Uthman became one
of the people who left and accompanied the Prophet Muhammad SAW in spreading Islam until the end of the
Prophet’s life.

Uthman accepted Islam easily, as he had a dreamlike vision when he returned from Syria. As he
struggled to fall asleep, Uthman heard a voice calling: “O sleeping one, wake up for Muhammad has appeared
in Mecca,” he said.

Until he returned, he had never heard of the new religion. Uthman contacted Abu Bakr, who
informed him that he had sworn allegiance to the Prophet Muhammad and had accepted the new religion.
Then he brought Uthman to the Prophet Muhammad.

Uthman listened to the story of the experiences of the Prophet Muhammad and the circumstances under which
his prophethood was revealed. He immediately accepted Islam and then moved with great ease in
the circle of the Prophet Muhammad’s companions.

When the message of the Prophet Muhammad reached the public, it threw Makkah into chaos. Many
leaders are afraid of losing money. His God-only message means that the entry of pilgrims to
the Kaaba to worship its many idols will now slow or even stop.

Challenges after joining Islam

As the ranks of the Prophet Muhammad’s followers began to grow, the Quraysh began a campaign of persecution
and harassment of the new Muslims. The Quraysh were ready to fight to protect their idols and
also to protect their economic and social way of life. The campaign quickly escalated into
violence and abuse and even their family members were not safe.

Uthman’s acceptance of Islam caused a backlash in his own family. Uthman’s father had died but
his uncle tried to restrain Uthman. He tied her hands and feet and locked her in the
cupboard.

His mother and uncle wanted him to stop converting to Islam, but he refused. Uthman also faced
difficult choices in his marriage. His wives refused to accept Islam and although he tried to
convince them of the beauty of Islam, he eventually had to divorce her.

Become caliph

When the Prophet Muhammad SAW died in 632, Abu Bakr became the caliph who ruled over the Muslims.
At this time, Uthman bin Affan and other friends became the main advisors to the government of Abu
Bakr. After the death of Abu Bakr in 634, Umar bin Khattab succeeded him until his death in
644.

After Umar took office as the second Rashidun Khulafaur, Uthman remained in Medina to run his business and
participate in government. He experienced various events, until Umar bin Khattab died because
he was killed by Abu Lu’luah.

After that, discussions were held to choose the next caliph. There were six candidates
proposed, namely Ali bin Abi Talib, Uthman bin Affan, Abdurrahman bin Auf, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqqas, Zubair bin
Awwam and Talhah bin Ubaidillah. However, Abdurrahman bin Auf, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqqas, Zubair bin
Awwam and Talhah bin Ubaidillah withdrew, leaving Uthman and Ali alone.

After an opinion poll, the majority wanted Usman to replace Umar as the third king. So in the
month of Muharram 23 H or 644 AD, Uthman bin Affan became caliph at the age of 70 years.

The reign of Uthman Bin Affan

One of the things that Uthman bin Affan did during his time as caliph was to expand his territory and
establish a naval fleet. His government succeeded in controlling Barqah, West Tripoli, the
southern part of Nubah’s country in Africa, Armenia, Tabaristan, Amu Darya, Balkha, Harah, Kabul, Haznah in
Turkistan in Asia and Cyprus in Europe. Uthman also divided the Muslim empire into ten
provinces with an emir or governor each.

Under his reign, the Muslim Ummah experienced the greatest period of prosperity and prosperity.
That said, people can go on pilgrimage more than once. Uthman also built a police and
court which always stood in the former mosque. Uthman’s most glorious achievement was the
compilation of the Koran which was then reproduced and sent to Mecca, Syria, Basrah, Kufa and Medina.

End of Reign

Uthman bin Affan ruled for two periods, each lasting six years. However, during his second
reign, there were divisions and rebellions because the Umayyads gave a strategic position in government to
his family. In 35 AH or 655 AD, around 1,500 people came to Medina to protest Uthman’s
policies.

The example of Uthman bin Affan

Here are 5 exemplary examples from Uthman bin Affan:

1. Care about religion and people

Uthman bin Affan was mentioned as the third caliph after the death of ‘Umar bin Khattab.
Uthman bin Affan was chosen because of his noble and sincere attitude and behavior in his efforts
to develop Islam.

After becoming Caliph, much was done to advance Islam. One of his services is to establish a
group of Al-Quran publishers chaired by Zaid bin Thabit. This is due to the interest of Muslims
in how to read the Qur’an because the existing texts are not in order and there are disputes about how to
read them.

The first step is to collect Al-Quran mushaf in the community. Because the mushaf of the Koran
among the people may not be in accordance with the truth. The next task is to copy and compile
the Al-Qur’an manuscripts which are related to the manuscripts kept by Hafsah bint Umar which are still well
and properly preserved. The recorded or published Al-Qur’an is then called “Mushaf Al-Imam” or
Ottoman Mushaf to be used as a guide in reading the correct Al-Qur’an.

2. His generosity

Uthman bin Affan is known as a generous figure. During the time of Caliph Abu Bakr, the city
of Mecca was hit by famine due to a prolonged dry season. When coming from the land of Syam
Uthman came a trade caravan with 1000 camels carrying food. Before entering the city, Uthman’s
entourage was stopped by Mecca merchants to buy all of Uthman’s luggage in exchange for a large profit.
But Uthman was not tempted at all because he intended to give all the goods he brought to the
poor.

3. Courage

Caliph Uthman bin Affan was fearless in the face of 120,000 Roman soldiers in North Africa who were fully
equipped for war. When the Islamic territory expanded and many areas were surrounded by seas,
to protect Muslim areas from enemy attacks, Caliph Uthman established fleets and naval forces. Islam always
won in naval battles.

4. Simple and Humble

Uthman bin Affan was classified as a rich man, but he did not live in luxury. His behavior in
life is simple and unobtrusive, such as dressing, eating, and living.

Syurahbil bin Muslimin reported that “Uthman used to eat well as the rulers usually served him, but at home he
used to eat bread with vinegar or oil.”

5. Firm in the faith

After hearing that Uthman bin Affan converted to Islam, his uncle Al Hakam bin Abil Ash was very angry.
Uthman was bound and beaten many times to return to his ancestral religion. But Uthman
remained firm in his beliefs and would not leave the religion taught by the Prophet no matter what.
Year

Conclusion

This is a brief discussion of Uthman Bin Affan’s biography.

Getting to know the figure of Uthman Bin Affan gives us an idea that there was a human figure who was so kind
after the departure of the Prophet Muhammad SAW who gave us the opportunity to become part of this good person
and teach good life lessons for the next generation.

Thus the review about Uthman Bin Affan. For Sinaumed’s who want to know more about the figure of
Uthman Bin Affan and other knowledge related to Islamic history, you can visit
sinaumedia.com to get related books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest
information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and
original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Pandu Akram
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The story of Abu Bakar As Siddiq with Rasulullah SAW in spreading Islam

The astronomical position of the continent of Europe – Throughout history, there must have been a distinction between Europe as a continent. Most of the continents that are separating can be appreciated clearly through traditional globes or maps. Even so, we sometimes see Europe as part of Asia.

In fact, Europe is a large peninsula extending westward from the main body of Eurasia, named after the landmass that comprises Asia and Europe.

 

Location of the Continent of Europe

So, how is the location of this one continent?

Astronomical

The European continent is located at an astronomical location of 35° North Latitude – 71°06′ North Latitude and 9°27′ West Longitude – 66°20′ East Longitude. Because the first meridian is at zero degrees, there is a change in direction from west to east length.

In the northern hemisphere and the western and eastern regions, that’s where Europe is located. As the second smallest continent in the world, Europe covers an area four times smaller than Asia or America and three times smaller than Africa, which is 10 million square kilometers. Even so, Europe is the richest continent in the world and has 47 countries.

Geographical

Europe is considered to be historically important, and this has led to it being considered a continent for many years. One of the most striking features of the European continent is its coastline.

The European “peninsula” is bounded by many smaller peninsulas, mainly the Iberian peninsula, Scandinavia, the Balkans, to Jutland. In fact, there are many islands that are considered part of the continent even though they are located on the high seas, such as Great Britain, Sicily, Iceland, Ireland, Crete and Corsica.

The boundaries of the European continent are the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the North Sea to the north. The continent also has an open connection to the Black Sea via the Dardanelles and Istanbul Straits.

Along the Ural Mountains it forms the eastern border of Europe, along the Kara and Ural rivers and through the Caspian depression to the Caspian Sea.

The location in Europe was ideal for conquest, trade, movement of goods and people, war and even the spread of ideas. Because, their access and location to major sea and ocean routes, Europeans also explored other parts of the world and colonized. This is why Europe is famous all over the world.

European Geography Facts

One thing to note regarding European geography is that some statistics will be found in European Russia even though the mainland is considered part of Asian Russia geographically. Here are some geographical facts on the continent of Europe:

• The Vatican is the smallest country in Europe, in terms of area and population
• Germany is the largest country in Europe by population
• Europe’s highest point is Mount Elbrus in Russia
• Europe’s lowest point is the Caspian Sea which borders Russia
• Europe’s highest point is Mt. Blanc in France and Italy
• Europe’s lowest point is Lammefjord in Denmark

Traditionally, the Russian landmass lying west of the Ural Mountains is referred to as European Russia in most educational atlases and most geographers. It is so called not because Russia is a separate country, but because of its long-term cultural, political and geographical amalgamation with neighboring European countries.

77 percent of Russia is included in the Asian continent, while 33 percent is included in the European continent. Even so, nearly 77 percent of the entire Russian population, live in European Russia.

European Russia alone comprises 3,960,000 square km (1,528,560 square miles) and covers about 40 percent of Europe’s territory. As before, its eastern border depends on the Ural Mountains and its southern border is bounded by the Kazakh border.

Europe map

On Earth, Europe is the sixth largest continent and includes 51 independent nations on various islands and territories. Meanwhile, the surface area recognized by Europe includes about 10.5 million square kilometers or 2 percent of the entire surface of the Earth and 6.8 of its total land area.

Europe, in a precise geographical definition, is not really a continent. It is part of the Eurasian peninsula which includes all parts of Europe and Asia. Even so, Europe is still widely called a continent because of differences, such as cultural differences.

There are many waters that border the continent of Europe, which is separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains, the Caspian and Black Seas, and Russia. Meanwhile, this continent is separated from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea.

Influence on European Climatic Conditions

The astronomical position of the European continent makes it possible to partially explain the behavior of its climate. It is known that areas near the north pole or south pole are very cold because they receive only oblique sunlight, while the zones near the equator are hotter, because the sun shines directly on these surfaces, thus projecting more sunlight per square inch of land.

The oceans bordering the European continent also condition its climate. The oceans collect and store large amounts of solar energy, especially around the equator, and carry that heat with their currents.

Ocean currents can move water thousands of miles away. Because of the staggering amount of heat that the oceans can absorb, oceanic climates are often cooler than continental climates, with lower variations in temperature from day to night, and from winter to summer.

These variables affect not only temperature, but also rainfall patterns over large parts of Europe. Because hot water cools more slowly than on land, the water thus moderates the coastal environment.

This thermal inertia allows coastal communities to have more moderate climates than would be conceivable for places farther north. Unfortunately inland Europe does not benefit from coastal waters.

The Gulf Stream transports warmer water from the South Atlantic to the North Atlantic and moderates temperatures in Western Europe. Western Europe mostly has a temperate or moderately rainy climate, type C.

The Gulf Stream originates in the Gulf of Mexico, where water warms and is transported by strong currents to the East Coast of the United States and then across the Atlantic Ocean and influences the climate of the European region.

The most dramatic effects of this Gulfstream can be found on the western coastal islands of Scotland, which have a moderately mild climate where several forms of tropical flora are cultivated.

Norway’s coast is another example. Although most of Norway’s coastal area lies in the Arctic region, it remains free of ice and snow throughout the winter.

People living closer to Eastern Europe and Russia are in colder climates. The coldest air descends from the Arctic north or from eastern Siberia.

The Mediterranean Sea moderates temperatures southward, giving it a C climate type around its coast. Type C climates are found with type E climates near the Arctic Circle in Norway and Iceland.

European history

Europe, a brief chronological record of key events beginning in prehistoric times with the appearance of Homo sapiens (ancient human), approximately 40,000 years ago.

Early inhabitants during the Paleolithic Age, in an effort to survive, grouped together into small, herd-like societies, and lived by gathering plants and hunting wild animals.

The practice of cultivating land, producing crops and raising livestock began in the Neolithic Age around 9,000 years ago, stone tools were used and people began to live in small groups, or villages.

As humans continued to travel from east to west across Eurasia (a combination of Asia and Europe), knowledge of new tools and methods of organization arrived; civilization thrives as metal axes and arrowheads increase survival.

Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages in the 8th century BC. Classical Greek culture also had a strong influence on the Roman empire which eventually brought many versions of that culture to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Northern Europe. In short, Greek culture laid the foundation for modern Western culture.

Of the great civilizations that flourished in Europe, the Roman Empire mentioned earlier must have had the most enduring influence. During an often tumultuous 500-year period of innovation, he transformed continents and had a deep and enduring influence on the development of modern architecture, language, law, and religion.

After its fall, the Eastern Roman Empire (285-1450) survived as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, a series of tribes and tribal alliances moved into positions of power in what remained of the former Roman Empire; small kingdoms were established, and the geography of Western Europe was about to change.

The Frankish empire was the area of ​​southeastern Europe inhabited and ruled by the Franks. They would evolve into the French Empire, and part of it would become the Holy Roman Empire, the forerunner to Germany as we know it today.

The Anglo-Saxons soon crossed the (present-day) English Channel into southern England and founded a series of kingdoms that would eventually develop into the Kingdom of England in AD 927, 100 years later, the Kingdoms of Poland and Hungary would also form.

From the late 8th century to the mid-13th century, the Viking Age spanned Northern Europe and Scandinavia. With little interest in land acquisition, Scandinavian (Norse) Vikings aggressively explored Europe for trade and wealth. Not only that, the Vikings also reached Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland, and Anatolia, aka Turkey.

The Normans (Vikings) gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. Originally appearing in the first half of the 10th century, they had a significant influence in many parts of Europe, from the Norman conquest of England to southern Italy and Sicily.

In the late 15th century, great powers emerged in Europe, with Britain, France, Holland, Portugal and Spain, and played a dominant role in global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the start of colonialism.

The European colonial period, from the 1500s to the mid-1900s, was a time when the aforementioned European powers established colonies in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European nations controlled the Americas (north and south), large parts of Africa, Oceania, and large parts of Asia at various times.

As people longed for freedom around the world, the European colonial era began to crumble. In particular, the British Empire, the first truly global empire, began to lose power in Africa, India, and much of the Middle East, and they soon collapsed.

Another thing that also damaged the continent was World War I and II, because they were mostly focused on Europe. The colossal costs of the two wars contributed greatly to the decline of Western European dominance in world affairs, and some Eastern European countries have not yet fully recovered.

Europe is said to have changed for the better after the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. European cultures and factions soon integrated, the European Council was formed and the European Union (EU) developed in Western Europe.

Today, many say that Europe is a major economic and political powerhouse. As for the people who are an innovative, optimistic, and resilient group that changes the world.

About Astronomy

After learning about astronomical locations to history in Europe, let’s find out about astronomy itself.

Coordinate

The astronomical coordinate system is set in settings to determine the positions of satellites, planets, stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects relative to a physical reference point available to an observer (eg the horizon and cardinal direction north to the observer’s position on the Earth’s surface).

Coordinate systems in astronomy can determine an object’s position in three-dimensional space or simply plot its direction on the celestial sphere, if the object’s distance is unknown or trivial.

Spherical coordinates, which are projected onto a celestial sphere, are similar to the geographic coordinate system used on the surface of the Earth. It differs in the choice of a fundamental plane which divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres along a great circle.

Rectangular coordinates, in appropriate units, have the same fundamental plane (x,y) and primary direction (x-axis) as the axis of rotation. Each coordinate system is given a name according to its choice of fundamental plane.

Map

An astronomical map is any cartographic representation of stars, galaxies, or the surfaces of planets and moons. Modern maps of this kind are based on a coordinate system analogous to geographic latitude and longitude. In most cases, modern maps are compiled from photographic observations made, either with Earth-based equipment or with instruments aboard spacecraft.

Nature and Significance

Brighter stars and clusters of stars are easy for a trained observer to spot. Much more dim celestial bodies can be found and identified only with the help of astronomical maps, catalogs, and in some cases almanacs.

The first astronomical charts, globes, and drawings, often decorated with fantastical figures, depicted the constellations, right down to the recognizable groupings of bright stars known by the imaginatively chosen names that for centuries have been a delight to man and instrument. reliable navigational aids.

Some royal Egyptian tombs from the 2nd millennium BC include paintings of constellation figures, but these cannot be considered accurate maps. The classical Greek astronomers used maps and globes; unfortunately, no examples have survived. Many small metal celestial globes from 11th century Islamic makers onwards remain.

The first printed planispheres (representations of the celestial sphere on a flat surface) were produced in 1515, and printed celestial spheres appeared at about the same time.

That’s an article regarding the astronomical location of the European continent according to sinaumedia’s version, which we hope can help Sinaumed’s become #MoreWithReading. Don’t forget to visit the sinaumedia.com site for various useful books filled with other knowledge.

 

Author: Sevilla Nouval Evanda

For those of us who live in Indonesia, the threat of natural disasters in the form of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can become a reality at any time. Because, as Sinaumed’s already knows, Indonesia is located at the confluence of three major tectonic plates, namely the Eurasian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Indo-Australian Plate.

According to historical records, Indonesia was devastated by the eruption of Mount Krakatau in 1883 which erupted 4 times in 4.5 hours and the sound of the eruption was heard as far as Sri Lanka and Australia. Not only that, this eruption caused a large tsunami as high as 36 meters which claimed 36,417 lives.

In 2004, Aceh was rocked by a massive earthquake measuring 9.3 on the Richter scale which generated a 30 meter high tsunami whose waves bounced off several other countries such as Sri Lanka, Thailand, Maldives, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Tanzania, Somalia, Bangladesh, Seychelles, to Kenya.

It was so great that the natural disaster that occurred on December 26, 2004 also had an impact on the Earth’s rotation and shortened the duration of one day by 2.68 microseconds; and shifting the North Pole a few centimeters.

So, talking about earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, it’s incomplete without discussing plate tectonics. You see, these two natural disasters are closely related to the movement of tectonic plates.

Plate Tectonics, The Most Advanced Theory of the Formation of the Earth’s Surface

As we know, planet earth and its present form were not created just like that. It took billions of years for the earth to “form” itself to be habitable by humans.

In geography, there are several theories that explain the process of formation of the earth’s surface. Starting from the theory of contraction (Descrates, 1596-1650); The theory of two continents (Edward Zuess, 1884); the theory of Continental Shift (Lothar Wagener, 1915); Ocean Floor Expansion Theory (Harry H. Hess, 1962); and finally the theory of plate tectonics (Tozo Wilso, 1968).

The birth of the theory of plate tectonics brought changes to the human perspective in viewing the structure of the earth, natural wealth, and natural disasters. In fact, some say this theory is as powerful as Einstein’s theory of relativity because of its benefits to earth science.

In the theory of plate tectonics, it is stated that the planet Earth consists of plates that are constantly moving. These plates can be in the form of oceanic crust, continental crust, or a combination of the two. Well, this movement is caused by convection currents or the transfer of heat energy in the asthenosphere layer (the Earth’s mantle which is a very hot liquid).

Because all the plates are constantly moving, there is interaction between one plate and another. These interactions occur along plate boundaries. The forms of interaction are divided into three, there are those that collide, move away from each other, and shift. Well, the surface of the earth that exists today is the result of interactions between these plates.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, there are 13 plates that make up the earth’s crust which are divided into large plates and small plates, namely:

Big Plate	Small Plate
Pacific Plate	Nasca Plate
Eurasian Plate	Arabian Plate
India-Australia plate	Caribbean Plate
African Plate	Philippine Plate
North American Plate	Scotia Plate
South American Plate	Cocos Plate
Antarctic Plate

If compared, the 13 plates are exactly like puzzle pieces that are fused together but the puzzle pieces are “placed” on top of the liquid. So if there is movement in the liquid, the puzzle above it will automatically move too. Well, this is what is called the movement of the earth’s crust plates.

You can read other explanations of the theory of the formation of the earth’s surface in the book Ips: Geography of SMA/Ma Kls.10/Km , compiled by Yasinto Sindhu Priastomo. This book is designed to help you understand the causal relationship of geosphere phenomena or phenomena on the earth’s surface and events that occur on the earth’s surface.

Eurasian Plate

In this article, we will discuss one of the major plates on earth, namely the Eurasian Plate. The Eurasian plate is the third largest plate which is slightly smaller than the Pacific plate and the North American plate.

The Eurasian Plate includes parts of the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, most of mainland Europe, Russia, Asia, and several sub-oceanic basins, such as the Norwegian, Lofoten, South China, Aleut, Western European basins).

On the east side, the Eurasian plate is bounded by the North American plate and the Philippine Sea plate. While on the south west side, it is bordered by the African plate, in the middle by the Arabian plate, and on the south side east by the Indo-Australian plate.

To make it easier, try to pay attention to the position of each plate in the following image:

Based on the picture of the Eurasian plate above, the location of the Eurasian plate in Indonesia includes Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Maluku. Indonesia is indeed located at the confluence of three plates, namely the Indo-Australian Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the Pacific Plate.

The Movement of the Eurasian Plate And Its Effects

In general, the Eurasian plate is moving about ¼ to ½ inch per year on average. More specifically, this plate is moving northward by 2 cm each year. Compared to other plates, the Eurasian plate is the third slowest moving plate after the North American and South American plates.

The movement of the Eurasian plate occurs due to the flow of magma that is under the earth’s surface. When the magma heats up and boils. The hot magma then rises to the top and cools when it comes in contact with seawater so that it creates new rock.

One of the effects of the movement of the Eurasian plate that we can see clearly today is a series of mountains along the islands of Sumatra, Java and Nusa Tenggara, then the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.

The series of mountains in Sumatra, Java and Nusa Tenggara emerged as a result of the Pacific plate colliding with the Eurasian plate. Meanwhile, the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau emerged after the landmasses of India and Asia collided about 50 million years ago. This phenomenon then causes the Eurasian plate to fold over the Indian plate.

Tectonic Plate Boundaries

Because the shape is similar to a puzzle, of course each plate has its own limits. Well, these boundaries can be divided into three, Divergent, Convergent, and Conservative boundaries.

1. Divergent Boundary

Divergent movement is the movement of tectonic plates that move away from each other and move slowly and cause cracks. These cracks then become a way out for magma that continues to flow.

The magma flow will gradually appear a little to the surface of the earth which can cause new volcanic islands to emerge. Meanwhile, if it occurs on the seabed, this will cause what is called the Sea Floor Spreading or the expanse of the seabed.

It is estimated that the spreading rate in these ocean ridge areas is 2 to 10 cm per year, and averages 6 cm (2 inches) per year. Because the amount of newly formed rock is equal on both sides of the plate that is moving away from each other, the growth rate of the ocean floor is twice the value of the spreading rate.

One of the most famous examples of divergent boundaries is the Mid Oceanic Ridges which are at the bottom of the Atlantic ocean. Apart from that, there are also other examples such as rifting that occurred between the African continent and the Arabian mainland which then created the red sea.

2. Convergent Limits

This is the boundary between plates that collide with each other. This collision can occur between two oceanic plates, one oceanic plate and one continental plate, or two continental plates. Convergent boundaries are divided into two based on their shape, the first is Subduction and the second is Obduction.

Subduction boundaries are plate boundaries in the form of plate collisions. This means that one plate sinks into the bowels of the earth while the other plate rises to the surface.

subduction boundary image

One example of a subduction-type convergent boundary is the Indonesian Archipelago which is part of the Southeast Asian continental plate with the Indian-Australian oceanic plate. The boundary of these two plates is in the form of a subduction zone in the sea with a trough shape that extends from the islands of Sumatra, Java, to East Nusa Tenggara.

Another example is the Philippine archipelago which is the result of subduction between the Philippine oceanic plate and the Pacific oceanic plate.

Meanwhile, obduction boundaries are plate boundaries caused by collisions between continental plates and other continents. The results of this collision then form a series of mountains. Like the Himalayan mountain range that emerged as a result of the collision between the Indian continental plate and the Eurasian continent.

obduction limit image

3. Transform Boundary

Finally, there is a transform limit. This is a boundary between plates that pass each other and slide over each other without causing destruction of the lithosphere. This interaction then produces a horizontal fault of the Strike Slip Fault type.

Most of the transform faults occur in the oceanic crust, but a few occur in continental crust such as the San Andreas fault in the United States. This fault appears due to a shift in the Pacific Ocean plate with the North American continental plate.

Consequences of Plate Movement

As previously discussed, the movement of the plates in the earth’s crust can have several consequences, including:

1. Volcanic eruption

Volcanic eruptions can occur when hot magma rises to the surface of the earth. This is caused by the melting of rock into magma due to an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or if water enters it. Usually volcanic eruptions occur at convergent plate boundaries and diverging plates.

At divergent boundaries, the warmer asthenosphere creeps up due to pressure drops which then fill the gaps that appear between two separate plates.

As a result, parts of the asthenosphere will melt and form large amounts of basaltic magma which then spill out onto the earth’s surface.

Meanwhile, at convergent plate boundaries, dense oceanic lithosphere will sink into the asthenosphere along with silt and rocks. Well, the plate that goes into the mantle will change its temperature to heat.

This heat moves water to rise into the hot asthenosphere which is under the opposite plate. After that the water melted the asthenospheric rock and formed magma in large quantities in the subduction zone. Magma that has formed then rises to the lithosphere. Here, some of the hardened magma can enter the lithosphere, some of it is erupted onto the earth’s surface via volcanoes.

2. Earthquake

Earthquakes generally occur at three tectonic plate boundaries and are quite rare on the inside of tectonic plates. The reason is because plate boundaries are fracture zones in the lithosphere. In this zone, one plate can slip on another plate and this happens continuously.

As explained in the book ( Series of Natural Disasters) Earthquakes compiled by the Atlas & Geography Editorial Team, the fracture can be locked for hundreds of years, then when a plate slips a few centimeters or a few meters on another plate, the surface will also vibrate. This vibration is called an earthquake.

3. The formation of mountains

There are many mountain ranges that form in subduction zones. Usually this happens because a large volume of magma rises into the crust, then triggers the formation of mountains. In addition, volcanic eruptions can also form a series of volcanoes.

4. Oceanic trenches

Trench, briefly, can be defined as the deepest part of the ocean basin. Trenches can appear wherever subduction occurs because they always follow a boundary on the developing ocean floor where subduction feeds into the Earth’s mantle.

5. Transfer of continents and oceans

Continental drift can occur on the surface of the earth because the continents themselves are part of the lithospheric plates that are constantly moving. Now, when a continent moves, it creates ocean basins that open and close during geological time.

6. Supercontinent

About 2 to 1.8 billion years ago, tectonic plate movements brought together the microcontinents and formed the first supercontinent known as Pangea I. This Pangea I then fractured around 1.3 billion years ago. After that, the fragments of the existing continental crust reassembled and formed the second supercontinent known as Pangea II.

Pangea II then broke apart again and the continental fragments reassembled into the third supercontinent or Pingea III 300 million years ago.

Factors That Trigger Tectonic Plate Movement

The movement of tectonic plates on the earth’s surface certainly requires a large amount of energy. This energy is usually drawn from the earth’s membranes – large lumps that are located under tectonic plates.

The Earth’s membrane is up to 2,800 km thick and is composed of rocky material in the form of silicate compounds. The materials within the membrane are arranged in complex ways, some of which even melt together. Even so, this membrane couldn’t be said to have a liquid state.

Experts say the shape of the earth’s membrane is rather soft. very sticky, has a very high temperature and pressure.

The lower the temperature of the earth’s membrane, the hotter the result. Well, because of the temperature difference between the upper earth’s membrane and the lower earth’s membrane, the earth’s membrane continues to move consistently. This movement then causes the tectonic plates to move.

The question is, why did this happen?

The reason is because the earth’s membrane that is at the bottom tries to move its very hot material to the top because the top layer of the earth’s membrane is thicker than the bottom layer. Meanwhile, some parts of the upper membrane layer sink to hotter temperatures. This process continues continuously without ever stopping.

So, if you want to learn more about the plates on the earth’s surface, the book General Geology from Imam Subekti can be the main reference that is right for you. The problem is this book provides a description of the science of geology in general. Arranged chronologically starting from the process of the formation of the earth, the process of forming the earth’s crust or skin, to the evolution of living things that existed and once existed on earth.

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Gilang Oktaviana Putra

Hard-to-decompose waste and its time – Hello Sinaumed’s friends , did you know? Garbage is a serious problem today, not only in Indonesia but also in most countries in the world. Unfortunately, although the amount of waste continues to increase day by day, public awareness to reduce waste is very low. Not to mention reducing the amount of waste, disposing of waste in its place is still difficult.

Although it seems trivial, it actually has the potential to damage our planet. Apart from polluting the earth, some types of waste also take a very long time to decompose along with the soil.

Hundreds to thousands of tons of waste are generated every day. Waste comes from the rest of the business or from household use. With advances in technology, various products were born to meet people’s needs. In fact, we are used to using a lot of single-use products that are practically difficult to recycle. Called plastic, aluminum, glass, etc.

Each waste or waste has its own decomposition or application period. Even if not recycled, trash lands in landfills, in the nooks and crannies of cities, or piles up in the oceans, taking millions of years to decompose.

Or even the pieces that don’t rot and can’t decompose forever. How long does it take for the waste we produce every day to decompose? Take a look at the objects in the house, my friends. Is there anything that can be tempered with glass?

After wearing these clothes, what do you usually do? There are items that can no longer be used and must be thrown away, but there are also items that can be reused, you know.

Do you know? Currently, our earth is facing the problem of accumulation of too much waste and environmental pollution. This is because various objects that we throw away end up in the sea or on land and do not decompose quickly.

Objects around us that are immediately thrown away will remain on the surface because it takes a long time to decompose. It would literally destroy the earth. See the explanation below for several types of waste that are difficult to decompose and take a very long time to decompose and even take hundreds of years to do. Here’s the explanation!

List of types of waste that are difficult to decompose

Plastic waste

Plastic dominates all types of waste in society, from plastic bags, plastic cups, plastic straws and others. Plastic is made from petroleum. Plastic products can decompose in the soil for 1000 years, while plastic bags can take 10 to 1000 years. Plastic bottles can decompose in nature in about 450 years. Currently, plastic is the waste that takes the longest time to decompose.

Quoting the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Australia, the energy used to produce and transport plastic bottles can power 1.5 million cars per year. For that much energy, 75% of plastic bottles are used only once and end up as waste that pollutes the environment.

United States Citation According to the National Park Service , candy wrappers take about 20 years to decompose. Meanwhile, cigarette packs take more than 20 years to decompose.

The General Department of Waste Management at the Ministry of Environment and Forestry said that each plastic waste takes a different amount of time to decompose. Plastic bags will decompose in about 10 to 500 years.

Meanwhile, plastic straws decompose in about 20 years. Plastic cups decompose in about 50 years. Packaging takes about 50 to 80 years to decompose. Styrofoam is not biodegradable.

Even though plastic waste can decompose for tens to hundreds of years, it will not disappear completely. Leftover plastic waste turns into microplastics, tiny particles invisible to the naked eye.

The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) explains that plastic waste breaks down into microplastics which are eaten by fish or livestock. It is harmful to the health of animals and humans who consume it. Risk of causing disease.

The time it takes to decompose plastic waste is very dangerous for the environment, because it will continue to accumulate, including being scattered in the oceans. This situation will threaten the destruction of marine ecosystems, quoted from the Marine Garbage website. Plastic scattered in the oceans accounts for around 60-80% of other types of waste.

According to the records of the People’s Alliance for Fisheries Justice (KIARA), every year in Indonesia, 1.29 million tons of plastic waste are dumped into rivers and seas.

As a result, many sea creatures die from ingesting plastic waste. A 10-year-old sperm whale was found beached on Luskentyre, Harris Island, Scotland, in November 2019. When the Scotland Marine Projects team performed an autopsy, they found a large amount of plastic waste in the whale’s stomach. Here are some types of plastic waste

1. Plastic Bag

Using plastic bags for shopping or storing anything is what we often do today. Apart from being used to accommodate many items, plastic bags are also safer because they are not waterproof.

It turns out that it’s not only water that has difficulty getting into plastic bags, even our earth has difficulty decomposing the plastic bags we use. It is so difficult that it takes our earth from 10 to 1000 years to destroy this amount of plastic bag waste.

The bigger and better quality plastic bags, the more difficult it is for the waste to decompose in the soil.

2. Plastic Bottles

Apart from soft drinks, drinks in plastic bottles are also a favorite of many people. In fact, just like plastic bags, plastic bottles are also very difficult to decompose by soil. To decompose plastic bottles, soil takes 70 to 450 years to decompose.

3. Styrofoam

Lastly, there is Styrofoam foam which is also one of the most hazardous wastes. This is because styrofoam is made of polystyrene, a petroleum-based plastic material, so soil cannot decompose properly. That is, when the styrofoam that we used 20 years ago was still around, the amount of waste from styrofoam was increasing and how long would it take to fill the earth.

Some of the items above are useful, but on the other hand, this waste is very harmful to the earth. Worse yet, there is no sense in disposing of waste in its place, making this waste not only contaminate the land, but also pollute the oceans and harm other creatures that live there.

4. Baby Diapers

Older parents preferred to use cloth diapers for their babies. Over time, plastic and cotton baby diapers began to replace cloth diapers. Even though these diapers can absorb more of your baby’s urine and are easy to use, the diapers currently used are not easily decomposed by the soil.

Compared to disposable bottles, baby diapers take longer to decompose into the soil, around 500 years to decompose. Even worse, baby diapers also lead to increased pollution and energy wastage because a lot of water is needed to make baby diapers.

Why does plastic waste experience a very long decomposition process?

In general, almost all the plastic in the world is made from petroleum. If you are familiar with gasoline and diesel, these materials are often used to make them. Plastic is an organic compound composed of carbon atoms arranged in long chains. These long chains are called polymers and monomers (smallest polymer units).

Polymers are a group of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiple units of simple chemical units called monomers.

So the word polymer just means a large number of monomers. Polymers are not limited to monomers having the same chemical composition or structure and the same molecular weight. Some natural polymers consist of only one monomer

Natural polymers include living and synthetic organisms. Examples of polymers that include living organisms are proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. For example, the solid parts of all trees are made of polymers. These include cellulose, lignin and various resins. Cellulose is a polysaccharide, a polymer made up of sugar molecules. (in English) . Cellulose is found in the structure of the cell walls of all plants. Lignin consists of a complex three-dimensional polymer network.

Wood resin is a polymer of the simple hydrocarbon, isoprene. isoprene can be found in rubber. Natural polymers in the presence of nucleic samples are DNA and RNA. As we all know, DNA carries genetic information in cells.

This long carbon chain makes it difficult for microorganisms to decompose plastic waste. By using enzymes, bacteria can use them as tools to cut and destroy things. However, it is different when these bacteria meet plastic. The reason is that no bacteria have cutting enzymes capable of cutting polymers.

The natural decomposition of plastic waste is actually caused by heat, humidity, pressure, and even solar radiation. However, this decomposition takes place over a long period of time.

If Sinaumed’s friends already know why plastic waste is difficult to decompose, please limit the use of plastic waste from now on. These can be plastic bags and others. So that our earth can be saved from the threat of garbage that can slowly kill our health.

The Dangers of Plastic Waste to Ecosystems

Basically, plastic waste is waste which basically has a bad impact if not handled wisely. If you adopt the 3R approach, of course plastic waste can have economic value, but more efforts are needed to educate and spin the wheel of recycling plastic waste in the right and fast way.

Irregular plastic waste spreads everywhere including in the sea, damaging the ecosystems of several species of plants and animals. The food chain is damaged, especially with plastic pollution which damages the condition of plankton, which are the smallest organisms in the world.

Plankton itself is a food source for small fish, if plastic waste spreads and decomposes it will cause microplastics to be consumed by fish.

This condition causes fish for human consumption to contain harmful substances, namely microplastics. Apart from small animals, large fish also have the potential to consume food contaminated with polluting plastic waste.

It doesn’t stop there, data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shows that millions of birds and fish per 100,000 mammal species have died as a result of the release of plastic waste in many environments.

Poor waste management is the main cause of the spread of plastic waste and eventually destroys the habitat of thousands of plant and animal species.

In addition to animals and plants, untreated plastic waste contaminates soil and groundwater. Therefore, special handling is needed to see which plastics are safe to use and which ones are dangerous or at least should be avoided.

Organic trash

Organic waste is waste that comes from plants or animals and can be decomposed naturally. Because of this understanding, many people believe that any organic waste that is thrown away will decompose by itself. It’s not easy. Some organic waste is difficult to decompose and even pollutes the environment.

It is important to understand the importance of properly disposing of organic waste to reduce various environmental problems caused by waste. Taken from the California Department of Resources, Recycling and Recovery (Call Recycle) website, organic waste is divided into four categories, food waste , food soiled paper , non -hazardous wood waste. ) , and green waste (green waste).

Of the four types, not all of them can decompose quickly and are harmless to the environment. In addition to the four categories above, animal waste, leather factory waste and animal carcasses are also included in organic waste.

1. Food Waste

Processed organic waste is different from leftover vegetable and fruit peels that are not processed. While vegetables, fruit peels and fruit scraps can be easily composted and processed in an environmentally friendly manner, processed food waste cannot be easily composted or eco-enzymatically.

Leftover food such as rice, cooked meat, vegetable soup and other leftovers can pollute the environment. Especially if leftover food gets dumped into the mix with other trash cans and ends up in a heap in a landfill.

If these leftovers accumulate and lack oxygen, they will produce methane gas which can explode in certain quantities. In addition, these food scraps also attract rodents such as rats, flies, cockroaches and mosquitoes, which have the potential to be a source of dangerous infectious diseases.

The best way to deal with this organic waste is to consume food, or it can also be used to feed maggots (maggots can eat rotting food scraps).

2. Food Soiled Paper

Tissue, paper, packaging, paper cups, cardboard, egg cartons and coffee filters are included in this organic waste. All of these can be broken down naturally, but take a long time to decompose. Paper takes about 2 to 6 weeks to decompose. Undyed brown paper bags may spoil in 6 to 8 weeks. This organic waste will more easily decompose if cut into small pieces, and can be used as brown organic waste in compost.

3. Non-Hazardous Wood Waste

Unpainted/coated wood chips, bamboo, coconut shells, twigs and sticks actually fall into the category of biodegradable organic waste. However, there are several things that make organic waste difficult to decompose. One of them is based on quite a long time. For example, a piece of wood from a tree, takes about 50 to 100 years to decompose if intact. If wood scraps are recycled into smaller sizes, the time needed to decompose is around 6 months to 1 year.

The decomposition time of wood waste is influenced by several factors, such as the type of wood, its size and method of decomposition. If wood, bamboo, or coconut shells are ground into powder or very small pieces, they can be used as additives in compost and the decomposition time will be faster. Aside from being a complement to compost, wood waste that is cut into small pieces can also be used as mulch for plants.

The Danger of Organic Waste that Can Contaminate the Environment

Apart from the three types of persistent organic waste, there is green waste which is highly biodegradable. Examples are dry leaves and dead leaves. The decomposition time for this green waste is very fast, only a few weeks. In addition, this green waste can also be used as compost and mulch.

On the other hand, organic waste which is quite difficult to decompose has the potential to cause environmental pollution if not handled properly. Methane produced from food waste can cause explosions due to lack of oxygen and exposure to sunlight. Leftover food will also create new toxic substances. These fluids can contaminate the water and soil around the pile. Not only food waste, other organic waste that takes a long time to decompose can also be dangerous because it takes up space.

The way to reduce the impact of this organic waste is to separate the waste. Not only organic and inorganic waste, but also organic waste and reuse.

Metaverse Is – In an era that is already sophisticated like today, new terms about technology have also developed. Apart from the multiverse, there is also the metaverse which is currently being heralded as being able to facilitate human activities, especially in terms of the digital world, including in the economics of business to marketing.

Yep, this metaverse concept is considered to be the gateway to the virtual world which of course will be closely related to the digital world in the future. Later, everything in the future will be easy to achieve because the digital world is so closely related to technology, especially technology on our smartphones. So, what is the metaverse that is predicted to be able to revive the digital world in all fields?

What is the history and how it works that relies on the sophistication of this technology? What’s the difference between the metaverse and the multiverse? How is the relevance of this metaverse concept for human life? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands these things, let’s look at the following review!

What is the Metaverse?

If the term metaverse is explained linguistically, it will be two things, namely “meta” which means ‘beyond or beyond’, while “verse” is defined as ‘universe’. Both of these words come from Greek which means “outside the universe” or “beyond the universe”. The term metaverse first appeared 30 years ago, in the early 1990s to be precise. At that time, the metaverse was considered as a method that connected humans (society) with the concept of avatars which depended heavily on technology.

Please note that in this metaverse virtual world, there are 3 main elements, namely:

1. Virtual Reality (VR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
2. Web 3.0 technologies
3. Blockchain Technology

Currently, there are quite a number of well-known companies that involve themselves in the metaverse world. Starting from Samsung, Microsoft, Meta (formerly Facebook), Google, to Adidas. In Indonesia itself, it turns out that the metaverse world has been eyed by a number of companies , some of which are BRI (Bank Rakyat Indonesia) and BNI (Bank Negara Indonesia) which are ready to expand into the virtual world . The two banks will later enter the metaverse world with the development carried out by the WIR Group under the name METAVERSE INDONESIA.

Many experts have defined what the metaverse is according to their understanding. According to Nicely (2022), argues that “Metaverse refers to shared online virtual worlds, similar to video games such as Second Life or Pokémon Go. It (the metaverse) is a realistic three-dimensional environment where people can explore and interact with others in real time.”

Then according to Weston (2022), the metaverse is “Metaverse refers to shared online virtual worlds, similar to video games like Second Life or Pokémon Go. It (the metaverse) is a realistic three-dimensional environment where people can explore and interact with others in real time . ” Meanwhile, according to Stefanic (2022) reveals that “Metaverse refers to the online 3D world that is accessed via computers, smart devices, augmented reality and virtual reality headsets. Interaction and engagement are at the heart of the metaverse principles, ensuring that users can be fully immersed in the online environment facilitated by metaverse technology.”

In this case, Metamandrill (2022) also speculates that the metaverse is a concept of merging the online world with the real world (physically) to create something new. The metaverse concept will usually use certain devices, including virtual reality headsets to augmented reality applications. Now, through some of these devices, later we can explore new realities with 3D-based environments, aka 3 Dimensions. That means, the concept of this metaverse is only limited by the human imagination.

Based on the definition of what metaverse is that has been coined by several experts, it can be concluded that,

“Metaverse is a concept of space where one can be directly involved in it by using sophisticated devices in the virtual world. In this metaverse, we can socialize, play games, and shop, but only in the virtual world.”

History of Metaverse Development in the World

In fact, this metaverse is developing in line with the increasingly sophisticated development of the internet. This is due to the existence of the metaverse together with the virtual world and its contents can only be “reached” through the internet. Even though the term metaverse has been around since the 1990s, real evidence has only arrived in 2021. That was after the owner of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, tried to develop this virtual world. So, here is a review of the history of the development of the metaverse concept in the world.

1989 – The emergence of the Internet

In 1989, Tim Berners Lee succeeded in creating the internet. The early emergence of the internet became the birth point of the metaverse.

1992 – The first time the term Metaverse appeared

In 1992, to be precise, the term metaverse first appeared in one of Neal Stephenson’s novels entitled Snow Crash. In this novel, as a whole, it tells about humans as avatars who can interact with other avatars in a 3D virtual space. This 3D virtual space is considered a metaphor or comparison of the real world. Uniquely, the novel also describes how 3D virtual space exists.

2003 – Launch of Second Life

A scientist named Philip Rosedale and his team launched an online virtual world called Second Life at the Linden Lab. Overall, Second Life is similar to a multiplayer online role-playing game, although Linden Lab maintains that their world is not a game. In Second Life, users will call themselves residents and create virtual representations of themselves. This virtual representation is called an avatar. This avatar will be able to interact with places, objects, and even other avatars.

2006 – Roblox Introduced to the Public

The existence of this metaverse concept is also applied in the game world. In 2006, one of the online game platforms, Roblox, introduced games that rely on virtual worlds. In the game, players can create and share their game worlds with other players, thereby creating trades. This Roblox game development company also provides various game genres, from role-playing, racing, to obstacle course games.

2009 – The emergence of Bitcoin

The existence of bitcoin is of course part of the metaverse concept. This is because bitcoin is one of the cryptocurrencies and blockchain. Later, crypto currency will also become a transaction tool in this metaverse, starting from buying land, buildings, clothes, to other avatars.

2011 – The Metaverse Concept Reappears

In 2011, the concept of the metaverse reappeared in the public through a novel entitled Ready Player One by Ernest Cline. Overall, this novel tells that in 2045, reality is a bad place so that the main character will enter the virtual world and study the world. A little trivia, the novel was adapted into a film with the same title in 2018.

2014 – Production of Oculus

In 2014, the Facebook company acquired a virtual reality (VR) hardware and platform company, Oculus. The reason why Facebook acquired the company is because VR technology will later become an important tool in the development of the metaverse world. Most head-mounted display devices for displaying virtual worlds are developed by the Oculus brand.

2015 – Release of Decentraland

In 2015, one of the metaverse platforms was successfully released under the Decentraland brand. Developed by Esteban Orfano and Ari Meilich where in their virtual world there are many assets which of course are digital. Even NFT (Non-Fungible Token) purchases can also be made through this VR platform.

2016 – The Emergence of the Game Pokemon Go

Is Sinaumed’s a fan of this Pokemon Go game? How far has Sinaumed’s been on his way to collect Pokemon Go characters? Well, the game also turns out to carry VR technology, you know . Even though this game has faded, it actually proves that we have “tasted” the concept of the metaverse through the gaming industry.

2017 – Fortnite

Similar to Pokemon Go, the game Fortnite also carries the theme of the metaverse world. Unfortunately, you can’t get this game by downloading it through the PlayStore or Appstore, but directly on the website.

2018 – Axie Infinity

Apart from Pokemon Go and Fortnite, there is also a game that carries the theme of the metaverse world in 2018, namely Axie Infinity. Did Sinaumed’s ever play it?

2021 – Metaverse Development Through Two Technology Companies

In 2021, 2 of the world’s leading technology companies stated that they were developing a metaverse world. Yep, the 2 technology companies are Microsoft and Facebook. Microsoft is releasing a platform called Mesh, which is designed for virtual collaboration on multiple devices. Meanwhile Facebook has changed the parent company name to “Meta” and plans to focus on developing this metaverse virtual world.

How the Metaverse Works

Little information, to enter the world of the metaverse is also quite easy. Sinaumed’s only needs to log in and register on the platforms provided, for example Decentraland. If already registered, immediately enter the world of metaverse using existing devices.

As previously explained, this metaverse virtual world can run if we use special devices, ranging from headphones, virtual reality glasses, to an internet connection. The way it works is also almost the same when we want to play games.

First, prepare in advance some of these special devices. Don’t forget that the internet network must be smooth , OK , so you don’t get stuck while enjoying the virtual world. Devices in the form of software and hardware will later understand our movements, sounds, and language. If the device is ready, we will only enter the virtual world and do things like in the real world, such as interacting, shopping, and making buying and selling transactions.

Apart from the 2 devices already mentioned, there are also additional devices such as haptic gloves, robot hands, and VR sunglasses. The price range for these devices is relatively expensive, yes, if they are high-tech and of high quality.

Difference Between Metaverse and Multiverse

Actually, there is a sharp difference between the metaverse and the multiverse. However, not everyone understands this, especially since both of them contain the word “verse”. So, what are the differences between the metaverse and the multiverse? Come on, see the following reviews!

Metaverse	Multiverse
A virtual world that has an avatar for the representation of a human being.	An idea that all of us on earth from this universe have copies living in other universes. In short, there are other versions of us in other universes and maybe we are not the only ones in existence.
The concept of the world ‘outside’ our world now is called the virtual world.	Taking the concept of the real world, but in another universe.
Its existence is within reach of the hand because several companies have succeeded in developing it.	Its existence cannot be reached by hand because it is only a theory.

So, that’s an overview of what the metaverse is and its history of development, how it works, and how it differs from the multiverse. Is Sinaumed’s interested in entering a virtual world using a VR device?

What is the Median and How to Calculate It – One part of statistics that is quite fun to calculate is the median. Together with the mean and mode , the median enlivens the realm of statistics. This statistical trio is very popular in everyday life.

Before discussing more about the median, we must first know that the median is a part of the center of the data. What is the measure of the center of the data?

The measure of data concentration is a descriptive method that shows the center of a data or a representation of a data. There are three sizes of central data that we are familiar with, namely the mean, mode, and median. This paper will discuss the median.

Is it difficult to determine the median? Relatively difficult or easy, yes, but it does require god-level patience to work out the median. Not only that, accuracy is also needed.

One calculation can make the next step confusing. One number, all data wrong. It’s like a proverb because a drop of tilapia is damaged by a pot of milk

The teachers at school are very familiar with statistics, especially when they assess their students. Likewise, the researchers are really soulmate with this. They need to process the data that they have been getting up and down.

Want to try the fun of calculating the median? Come on, let’s slowly discuss this median.

A. Definition of Median

The median is the central number of a set in a measure of the center of the data. Where, arrange the data points from smallest to largest and find the center number. So that’s the median. However, if there are 2 numbers in the middle, the median is the average of the 2 numbers.

To further animate the median, consider the following illustration:

Even though the median is the middle value, that doesn’t mean that once we get the data, we immediately determine the data in the middle, it’s the median.

This illustration is clearly wrong. This is not the middle value rather it is the middle position. if we look at it, it will be wrong if the baby with the lowest weight among the others becomes the middle value, right?

The median is a datum that is located in the middle of a data set, but what are the conditions? The condition is that the data is sorted from smallest to largest. So once you get the data, you have to sort it first!

now the children are arranged so that they stand starting from the lowest weight to the highest. Through this illustration, we can immediately determine that the median is a child weighing 24 kg. This data has been sorted so that we can immediately point to the child in the middle weighing 24 kg.

So, in discussing the median, we can pay attention to the amount of data available, whether the data is odd or even. Finding the median of odd and even data will be different.

So once again, the main requirement for determining the median is to sort the data. Sort from the smallest value to the largest value.

Where the median is the middle value in a table list of numbers in ascending or descending order, and can be more descriptive than the mean or average value.

The median is often used as the opposite of the mean when there are outliers in the sequence that might distort the mean. The median of a data sequence can be less affected by outliers than the mean or average.

 

B. How to Find the Median

There are 2 types of data sought for the median, namely single data median and interval data median

1. Single data median

Single data is unit data. Single data is divided into 2, single odd data and single even data

Single data is data that is presented simply and the data has not been arranged or grouped into interval classes.

a. Odd single data

For an odd number of data, we can look directly at the data and take the middle number, make that easier? as long as it’s sorted of course.

If there are odd numbers, the median is the number in the middle, with the same number of numbers below and above.

Now the steps to determine the median odd value:

• Sort data data groups from the smallest value to the largest value or vice versa.
• Determine the middle value.
• The amount of data on the left and right sides must be the same so that there is one number right in the middle which is the median of the data group.

The formula for finding the median for single data is as follows:

Example Question 1:

Calculate the median from the following data: 9,1,3,7,5

discussion:
sort data from smallest to largest
1,3,5,7,9
1st data : 1
2nd data: 3 3rd
data: 5 4th
data: 7 5th
data: 9
second count the number data(n)
n = 5

Third enter in the formula

Me = X (n+1) / 2
Me = X ( 5+1) / 2
Me = X (6)/ 2
Me = X₃

the third data is 5, then the median is 5

Example question 2:

1, 2, 8, 11, 6, 10, and 16!
find the median of the data
. Discussion:

First , we sort
the data
from
the smallest
. -5:10 data 6:11 data 7:16

second, calculate the amount of data.
The amount of data = n = 7

third plug it into the
Median formula:
Me = X ( n+1)/2

Me = X ( 7+1)/2
Me = X (8)/2
Me = X₄

We see above that the 4th data is 8
So the median of the data is 8

Example question 3:

Find the Median of the data: 7, 8, 8, 9, 4, 3, 7, 9, 5, 7, 6, 5, 6. Let’s
first sort the data from smallest
3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9
data 1st : 3
data 2nd: 4
data 3rd: 5
data 4th: 5
data 5th: 6
data 6th: 6
data 7th: 7th
data 8th: 7th
data 9th: 7th
10th: 8th data
11th : 8th
data 12th: 9
13th data: 9

So the total data is 13, yes
Me = X (13+1)/2
Me = X (14)/2
Me = 7th data.
We can see above that the 7th data is 7
, so the median data is 7.

b. Single even data

Meanwhile, for an even number of data, there will be 2 numbers in the middle. So in order for us to get the median value, we have to use a different formula than determining the median for odd single data.

If there is an even number of numbers in the list, the middle pair must be determined, added up, and divided by two to find the median.

The steps for determining the median for even single data are as follows:

Sort data groups from smallest to largest value or vice versa.
Determine the middle value. The amount of data The left and right sides must be the same. Leave the two numbers in the middle and then find the average

The following is the median formula for even data:

example question 1:

Calculate the median from the following data: 4,8,6,2

the first discussion,
we order the data from the smallest
data order: 2,4,6,8
1st data: 2
2nd data: 4
3rd data: 6
4th data: 8

second, calculate the amount of data.
The amount of data = n = 4

third plug it into the
Median formula:
Me = X n/2 + X (n/2 + 1 ) / 2
Me = X 4/2 + X (4/2 + 1 ) / 2
Me = X 2 + X (2+ 1 ) / 2
Me = (X ₂ + X₃ )/ 2
Me = (4 + 6) / 2
Me = 10/2
= 5
so the median of this data is 5

Example question 2:

If the following data are known:
1, 2, 8, 11, 6, 10, 12 and 16,
find the median of the data

Discussion:
first we sort the data from the smallest
data sequence: 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16
1st data : 1 2nd
data: 2
3rd data: 6
4th data : 8th
data 5th: 10th
data 6th: 11th
data 7th: 12th
data 8th: 16

then we enter it into the even data median formula

Me = (X n/2 + X (n/2 + 1 )) / 2

Me = (X 12/2 + X (12/2 + 1 )) / 2

Me = (X ₆+ X (6 + 1 )) / 2
Me = X ₆+ X₇ / 2
Me = 11 + 12 / 2
= 23/2
= 11.5
so the median is 11.5

Example question 3:

First, we first calculate the sum of all frequencies
f = 9 + 10+ 12+6+2+1 = 40

Me = (X n/2 + X (n/2 + 1 )) / 2
Me = (X 40/2 + X (40/2 + 1 )) / 2
Me = (X₂₀+ X (20 + 1 )) / 2
Me = X₂₀+ X₂₁ / 2
Me = X₂₀+ X₂₁

Now for the 20th and 21st data it turns out that it is located at the number of frequencies 31 alias the data is at frequency 12
both the 20th or 21st data are both 7.

Please have a look at the following table:

Me = 7+ 7
2
= 14
2
7
so the median is 7

In studying the median or other material, you must master the basic skills first. This Basic Mathematics book can help you to understand the foundation needed to develop your math skills.

 

2.2. Interval Data Median / Group Data

Grouped data is data that is usually presented in the form of a frequency table and the data has been arranged or grouped into interval classes
mathematically.

The median of interval data is formulated as follows:

Tb = bottom edge of median class – p
p = 0.5
n = sum of frequencies
f kum = number of frequencies before median class
fm = frequency before median class
If values ​​are expressed in integers and p= 0.05 if values ​​are expressed in decimal 1 number behind the comma.

confused huh? Calm down, let’s try using questions

A data collection was carried out by a group of researchers to find out the height of the 1st grade students. Calculate the mean from the data for the 1st grade students’ height group at Happy Always Elementary School if the following data is obtained:

First, we add up all the available frequencies.
The number of frequencies = 12 + 18 + 10 = 40

Second, determine the median class:
the median class is data that contains the n/2th
, then the media class = 40/2= 20

Let’s make a table…

The median class is indicated by the 20th data where it is located in the 2nd group at the 2nd frequency which totals the frequency is 30.
group: 2nd

interval: 120-130
at f before f median class = 12
frequency before median class (fkum)
fkum = 12
while the frequency where the median class is at fm
fm= 18
interval distance l = 10

Because the data is expressed in integers, the lower edge of the median class is as follows.
the lower value of the 3rd group
the interval 120 – 130
is 120
Tb = 120- p
because it is an integer then p = 0.5
Tb = 120 – 0.5 = 119.5

Thus, the median is formulated as follows.
Me = Tb+ [ ½ n- fkum] l / fm

Me = 119.5 + [ ½ 20-12 ]. 10/10

= 119.5 + [10 – 12 ,] 10 / 10
= 119.5 + (-2).10 / 10
= 119.5 – 20 / 10
= 119.5 – 2
= 117.5
So, the median of the data it is 117.5

Example question 2:

Determine the median of the following student height data.

First, because there is a lot more data than before, we take a deep breath first, after that we have counted a lot of data, you
can see from the frequency gaess
1st frequency : 6th
frequency 2nd frequency : 8th
frequency 3rd : 10th
frequency 4th : 5th
frequency 5th : 4th
frequency 1st : 3rd

Let’s add up

Total (n)=6 + 8 + 10 + 5 + 4 + 3 = 36

So after that, let’s determine the median class, the
median class is the data that contains n/2
, so the Median class = 36/2 = 18

Observe the following table:

The median class is indicated by the 18th data where it is located at:
3rd group
Interval 150-154
at f before f median class = 8
frequency before median class (fkum)
fkum = 14
while the frequency where the median class is at fm fm
= 10
interval distance l = 5

Because the data is expressed in integers, the lower edge of the median class is as follows.
the lower value of the 3rd group
the interval 150 – 154
is 150
Tb = 150- p
because it is an integer then p = 0.5
Tb = 150 – 0.5 = 149.5

Thus, the median is formulated as follows.
Me = Tb+ [ ½ n- fkum] l / 10
Me = 149.5 + [ ½ 36- 14 ]. 5 / 10
= 149.5 + [18 – 14 ,] 5 / 10
= 149.5 + (4).5 / 10
= 149.5 + 20 / 10
= 149.5 + 2
= 151.5
So, the median of these data is 151.5

Darmawati’s Sensible Book of SMA/MA Mathematics Questions for Class X, XI and XII can help Sinaumed’s to practice their math skills through various practice questions in it.

So, what about the median questions given along with the discussion, have you got enlightenment?

The advantage of the median is that it is easy to calculate if the amount of data is relatively small. So if the amount of data is small, it’s really easy.
But the title is different if the data provided is a lot. Of course it takes extra effort that makes us sweat from all directions.

While the drawback of the median is that the median value is relatively unstable even for data in the same population. However, the median is a part of basic statistics that must be understood.

The function of the median is to measure the concentration of land. In statistics and probability theory, the median is the value that separates the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, population, or probability distribution.

The advantages of the median are firstly that it is not used for extreme data, secondly it can be used for both quantitative and qualitative data and thirdly it is very suitable for heterogeneous data.

Meanwhile, the weaknesses are the first that it does not consider all data values, the second is that it cannot describe the average population, and the third is sensitive to the amount of data.

That’s a brief explanation of the median that you can find out. Hopefully it will be a little enlightenment for those of you who are studying statistics. Hope it is useful.