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Soviet Union Fractal State – Maybe some of the Sinaumed’s have heard the name of the country “Soviet Union”. Today, the Soviet Union has ceased to exist and has now become various splinter states. However, in the past, the Soviet Union was a country that had great power and was feared by many other countries.

In this article, we will discuss a brief history of the Soviet Union, along with the history of the 15 former Soviet Union states themselves. It is hoped that this article can add to Sinaumed’s’ knowledge, especially in the field of Social Sciences (IPS), such as history and geography.

A Brief History of the Soviet Union

The history of the Soviet Union, also known as the United Socialist Soviet Republic with the abbreviation USSR, began in 1917. Radical leftist revolutionaries overthrew Tsar Nicholas II whose family ruled the Russian state for centuries.

This coup also went through a civil war that lasted quite a long time, before the Red Army, representing the revolutionaries, conquered the White Army, which at that time was the defender of Tsar Nicholas II, also adhered to other ideologies such as capitalism and monarchy.

After the Soviet Union was established, they changed leadership regimes many times. Counting the Soviet Union had 8 leaders before finally split in 1991. Below, there is a list of leaders of the Soviet Union and their leadership period.

1. Vladimir Lenin (1922-1924)
2. Joseph Stalin (1924-1953)
3. Georgy Malenkov (1953)
4. Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964)
5. Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)
6. Yuri Andropov(1982-1984)
7. Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985)
8. Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)

Apart from that, what historians will probably remember is the fact that the Soviet Union had involvement in various major wars in the past. They were involved in several wars such as World War I, World War II, and the Cold War.

During World War I, the Soviet Union, which at that time still had the name Russia, had a hand in helping Serbia defeat the Ottoman Empire, or now better known as Turkey. In World War II, the Soviet Union had a conflict with Japan regarding the problem of Japan’s expansion into the territory of the Soviet Union, becoming one of the foundations for this war and the reason why the Soviet Union allied with countries such as Britain and the United States to fight the Nazis from Germany and its allies. .

However, it could be argued that the Soviet Union’s greatest involvement in the war was when it fought the United States in the Cold War. This war involved a number of major countries in the world, and led to wars between countries and civil wars.

The Cold War occurred not long after the victory of the United States and the Soviet Union against the Nazis. This war was based on ideological differences as well as political concepts from a number of these major countries. The United States and its allies, also known as the western bloc, with its liberal views, and Russia and its allies, also known as the eastern bloc, with its communist views.

Beginning in 1947, the Cold War was long, going through various ups and downs of both blocs. There is a possibility that several small wars that occurred in the past were the work of the United States and the Soviet Union who defended one of the war camps.

In the end, there is no clear winner in this Cold War. However, observers say that the Western Bloc is the apparent winner of this war, because of the financial stability they have achieved, as well as the major influence on the pace of the world economy.

Meanwhile, the Soviet Union, failed to achieve what the United States managed to get during the Cold War. Their economic situation slowly worsened, until finally on December 31, 1991, the Soviet Union fell and split into 15 countries as we know it today.

The Soviet Union’s Fractal State

Maybe some of the Sinaumed’s have looked at the world map and found several small countries around Russia. It is very likely that these countries were ex-Soviet Union states, which still exist and survive today.

As mentioned above, there were 15 countries that were split from the Soviet Union. This time, we will briefly discuss this ex-Soviet Union country, starting from history, economic conditions, political understanding, and the life of the people of that country.

1. Armenian

Armenia is a country that is actually located on the Asian Continent, but is considered a European Continental country like Turkey. Armenia used to be part of the Ottoman Empire, before finally becoming a member of the former Soviet Union.

Until now, Armenia is included in the category of developing countries, which rely on the mining sector and export a lot of precious metals such as bronze, silver and gold. For the rest, the Armenian economy thrives on people working abroad.

As a ex-Soviet Union state, Armenia has good relations with Russia, the largest country of this splinter. Armenia imports a lot of oil and gas from Russia, and is under their protection if attacked by other countries. The country adopts a republican and democratic system of government, and the majority of its people are Catholic Christians.

2. Azerbaijan

Apart from Armenia, Azerbaijan is also a country located on the Asian Continent, but is considered a part of the countries on the European Continent. Azerbaijan also has a republican and democratic system of government like Armenia, and is still categorized as a developing country.

Despite this, the majority of Azerbaijan’s population is Muslim. And unlike Armenia, Azerbaijan belongs to a country that speaks Turkish as its national language, even though they were formerly a former Soviet Union state.

The natural gas sector is the largest contributor to the Azerbaijani economy. About 80% of Azerbaijan’s exports are oil and natural gas, both in raw and finished form. Apart from the natural gas sector, Azerbaijan also relies heavily on the agricultural sector in their economic wheel.

3. Belarus

Belarus or Belarus is a former Soviet Union country which is categorized as a Slavic Nation because their main language, namely Russian, has Slavic roots. Apart from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine also fall into the category of Slavic Nations.

And among these three countries, Belarus has the smallest area. Like many other former Soviet Union countries, Belarus, which has a mixed government system between dictatorship and presidency, also falls into the category of developing countries.

The country also exports oil and gas, mostly in the form of refined oil and gas, making the sector a key sector in the Belarusian economy. They also export a lot of basic materials such as rubber, plastic, and formed metal.

4. Estonian

Located east of Russia, Estonia is another small country that was also a former Soviet Union state. However, in contrast to the majority of former Soviet Union countries, Estonia can be included in the category of developed countries because of its very good economic growth.

Estonia relies on various sectors to advance their economy. However, the industrial sector can be said to be a reliable sector in this country. Estonia exports many industrial materials and finished products to other countries, such as cars, electronic equipment, and building materials.

The system of government that Estonia has is a republic. The majority of the population of this country do not adhere to any religion, more commonly referred to as atheists. An interesting fact about Estonia is that the history of their country shows that they have the ancestry of the Balkan peoples, even though they were formerly part of the Soviet Union.

5. Georgia

Apart from being a state in the United States, the name “Georgia” is also the name of another former Soviet Union country. The country of Georgia is actually located as part of the Asian continent. However, like some of the former Soviet Union countries discussed above, this country is also considered a country on the European Continent.

Nearly 89% of Georgia’s population is Christian. This is because in the 4th century, Georgia has a history where this country was occupied by Alexander the Great, a ruler who at that time was a Christian who spread the teachings of that religion.

Even though it is included in the category of developing countries, Georgia’s economy can be said to be quite good. Georgia relies on a number of sectors as a source of their economic income. Even so, this country with a republican government system has 2 of the largest sectors in its economy, namely the manufacturing sector and the mining sector.

6. Kazakhstan

In contrast to several former Soviet Union countries which were previously located on the Asian continent but were considered part of countries on the European continent, Kazakhstan is a country on the Asian continent and is still considered part of the countries on this continent.

The religion adopted by the majority of the people of Kazakhstan is Islam. The country which holds the record for being the largest country without sea borders also has a republican system of government like many other former Soviet Union countries.

It should be noted that the Central Asian region has abundant oil resources. It is used by many countries of the region as their economic resource. The developing country of Kazakhstan is one of them, which relies on the oil and gas sector as a source of state revenue, exporting around 60% of oil and gas, both in raw and refined forms.

7. Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan is another country located on the Asian Continent, in the Central Asia region to be precise, and has quite a lot in common with the country of Kazakhstan. Among them are the majority of the population who embrace Islam, a country without sea borders, and a republican political system.

Kyrgyzstan is also included in the category of developing countries, just like Kazakhstan. Apart from that, the difference here is that Kyrgyzstan’s economic condition is still far below that of Kazakhstan, even though both are developing countries. Kyrgyzstan has even been included in the list of the poorest countries in Central Asia, in second place.

Kyrgyzstan relies heavily on the mining sector, which also happens to be heavily relied on by a number of other countries in the Central Asian region. The biggest export from this country is gold, followed by other precious metals such as silver and bronze.

8. Latvian

Back to Continental Europe, Latvia is another former Soviet Union country which also actually has a history as a Balkan country like Estonia which we have previously discussed. Like Estonia, Latvia is also classified as a developed country in Europe and the world.

There are various sectors that these republics rely on to support their economy. Latvia exports various kinds of goods to other countries, both finished goods and raw materials, such as wood, electronic equipment, medicines, and alcoholic beverages.

The large number of exports owned by Latvia has made them heavily involved in the economic system in Europe. They are also members of a number of economic organizations both in Europe and in the world. These two factors are the reasons behind Latvia’s high per capita income.

9. Lithuania

Apart from Estonia and Latvia, Lithuania is also a handful of other developed countries that were once part of the Soviet Union. All three have similarities in history, economic conditions, language, and area. This country has a republican system of government.

Lithuania, whose population is predominantly Christian and Catholic, has a number of sectors that form the backbone of the country’s economy. In Europe, Lithuania is one of the countries that exports a lot of various kinds of needs from other countries such as electronics, medicines, oil or gasoline and car spare parts .

Nonetheless, the agricultural sector seems to still be the country’s main source of income. Similar to Latvia, Lithuania has also joined many trade organizations both in Europe and the world.

10. Moldova

Prior to joining the Soviet Union, Moldova was part of the Ottoman Empire. Having become independent in 1918 and joined by Romania, Moldova eventually merged into the Soviet Union in 1924 and became part of the country before they broke up.

Moldova is one of the poorest countries in Europe. Their per capita income is not as high as other European countries. In fact, this country that has a republican government system is also one of the poorest former Soviet Union countries.

The agricultural sector is the main sector that supports the Moldovan economy. Food items such as wheat, corn, sunflower seeds, as well as food and beverage products such as wine, vegetable oil and nuts, are the most exported products from Moldova.

11. Russia

This country is the largest ex-Soviet Union country and has the strongest economy when compared to other former Soviet Union countries. Naturally, considering that Russia became the country that founded the Soviet Union, and invited a number of other fractional countries to join it.

Russia itself is a member of the G7 which consists of countries with the strongest economies in the world. This country with a republican government system but still has authority like a dictator also relies on various sectors to support their economy.

Due to the area of ​​the country which is even the largest in the world, Russia has natural and human resources to support their economy. The mining sector, the agricultural sector, the oil and gas sector, and even the tourism sector, support the country’s economy.

12. Tajikistan

Back to the ex-Soviet Union countries in the Central Asian region, there is Tajikistan, which is also included in the category of developing countries. Like Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan which we previously discussed above, the majority of the population of these countries are Muslims.

Tajikistan also exports a lot of precious metals to other countries. Several types of precious metals that they export include gold, bronze, and aluminum, and minerals such as zinc. Tajikistan is also famous for its agricultural endeavors, and has several food sources such as fruits and vegetables.

However, this does not cover the fact that Tajikistan is one of the poorest countries in the Central Asia region and Asia as a whole. Their economic growth and development is still far behind compared to other countries in a similar region.

13. Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a former Soviet Union country located in the Central Asian region which we previously discussed in this article. Some of the Sinaumed’s might have guessed that Turkmenistan has a lot in common with other former Soviet Union countries in the same region.

Turkmenistan is also included in the category of developing countries, just like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Like the last 2 countries, Turkmenistan’s economic situation is unfortunately considered the lowest and can be said to be not very good.

Turkmenistan relies on the oil and natural gas sector in its economic rotation. This country with a republican government system was once labeled as the country with the worst Human Rights (HAM) compared to other countries. This is because they do not treat minorities, the press, and freedom of religion properly.

14. Ukraine

Ukraine is the largest ex-Soviet country after Russia. Even though they are both former Soviet Union countries and have a number of similarities, Ukraine and Russia have a conflict which, until the time this article was written, has not been resolved, and they have even gone to war with each other.

One thing that this country has in common with a republican system of government is that it has more natural and human resources compared to a number of other former Soviet Union countries, making Ukraine classified as a developed country.

Some of the sectors that Ukraine relies on to support their economy are the natural gas sector and the agricultural sector. This last sector is considered the best sector belonging to Ukraine, because they export a lot of various agricultural products such as corn, wheat and barley.

15. Uzbekistan

The last ex-Soviet Union state that we discuss in this article is again located in the Central Asian region. However, unlike the majority of other countries that were part of the former Soviet Union, Uzbekistan’s economy is much better off.

Uzbekistan relies on the oil sector, due to its location in Central Asia which is rich in petroleum. They are also one of the largest cotton exporters in Asia. Therefore, the economy of this country with a majority Muslim population continues to grow every year.

Even so, the human rights condition in Uzbekistan is also not good enough, like Turkmenistan which we discussed earlier. However, Uzbekistan is slowly trying to improve their human rights conditions and continues to improve so that the people’s human rights needs can be met.

Related Book Recommendations

That is an article discussing the ex-Soviet Union countries. Sinaumed’s who are interested in increasing their knowledge on this topic can read some of our recommended books, namely the book “Migration as an Impact of Political and Economic Changes in the Former Soviet Union Areas”, the book “World Figures Series 64: Mikhail Gorbachev (Last President of the Soviet Union)” , and the book “The Movement of Islam in Russia”.

1. Migration as an Impact of Political and Economic Changes in the Former Soviet Union Areas

2. World Figures Series 64: Mikhail Gorbachev (Last President of the Soviet Union)

3. Movement of Islam in Russia

Author: M. Adrianto S.

Getting to Know the Human Respiratory Organs – Breathing as a process of inhaling air containing oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs. The respiratory system is a collection of organ tissues that help your body breathe.

Did you know that adult humans breathe 12-16 times per minute while resting? One series of inhaling and exhaling is counted as 1 breath. This process is also known as the human respiratory system. With the support of oxygen, all organs can then function normally. Let’s get to know the following human respiratory system:

 

A. How the Human Respiratory System Works

The working process of the human respiratory system is often also called the respiratory system. As explained by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the process of respiration begins when you take in air through your nose and into your throat.

After that, the air will descend through the larynx and into the trachea. At the same time you inhale, the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs contract to create empty space in the chest cavity. This is so that the lungs can draw in the air you breathe.

After the incoming air moves up to the end of the trachea, the air will pass through the bronchi and into the two lungs. After that, air flows into the bronchioles, which continue to narrow until the air reaches the ends of the forks. At the end of the bronchioles are small air sacs or alveoli. When air reaches the alveoli, oxygen passes through the membrane into tiny blood vessels called capillaries.

Instead, carbon dioxide from the blood in the capillaries leaves and enters the alveoli. After oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange places in the alveoli, the chest cavity will relax the diaphragm muscle so that the diaphragm loosens. This allows carbon dioxide to move up and then be expelled through the lungs and then exhaled through the nose.

More in the article: Human Respiratory System

B. Respiratory System Organs in Humans

Breathing is a very important activity for humans. Humans have been equipped with a device that is able to breathe air, so that the need for oxygen is met, because without oxygen the activities in the bodies of living things cannot take place.

The definition of the respiratory system in humans can be interpreted as follows: The activity of taking in air (inspiration) and expelling air (expiration) through the respiratory apparatus. Exchange of gases between cells and the environment (external respiration). Enzymatic reactions, utilization of oxygen require respiratory enzymes (cytochromes).

1. Nose

The nose is the main gate for air to enter and exit when breathing. The inner wall of the nose is covered with fine hairs that function to filter impurities from the air we breathe. Apart from the nose, air can also enter and leave the mouth.

2. Tonsils

Tonsils are another name for tonsils. The tonsils are lymph nodes that are in the wall of the pharynx (throat). The tonsils are actually not an important part of the human immune or respiratory system. If the tonsils become infected and inflamed, the doctor can remove them or remove them surgically.

3. Pharynx

The pharynx or upper throat is a tube behind the mouth and nasal cavity that connects them to another respiratory tract, namely the trachea. As part of the human respiratory system, the pharynx functions to channel air from the nose and mouth to the trachea (windpipe).

4. Sinuses

Sinuses are air cavities in the skull. These cavities are located on either side of the nose near the cheekbones, behind the bridge of the nose, between the eyes, and in the middle of the forehead. In the human respiratory system, the sinuses function to help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air you breathe from your nose.

5. Adenoids

Adenoids are lymph node tissue in the throat. Inside the adenoids are knots of cells and connecting blood vessels that carry fluid throughout the body. Adenoids help the body fight infection by filtering foreign matter such as germs, and producing lymphocyte cells to kill them.

6. Epiglottis

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue, above the larynx (voice box). During breathing, the epiglottis opens and allows air to enter the larynx and into the lungs. However, the epiglottis will close while we eat to prevent food and drink from being accidentally inhaled and causing choking.

6. Lungs

The lungs are a pair of organs located within the rib cage. Each lung is on either side of the chest. The main role of the lungs in the respiratory system is to accommodate the oxygenated air that we breathe from the nose and to channel this oxygen into the blood vessels to be distributed throughout the body.

7. Pleura

The lungs are covered by a thin membrane called the pleura. The pleural lining acts as a lubricant that allows the lungs to expand and contract smoothly with each breath. The pleural lining also separates the lungs from the chest wall.

8. Bronchioles

Bronchioles are branches of the bronchi that function to carry air from the bronchi to the alveoli. In addition, the bronchioles also function to control the amount of air that enters and leaves during the breathing process.

9. Larynx

The larynx or voice box houses the vocal cords. It is located just below the junction of the pharynx which divides into the trachea and esophagus. The larynx has two vocal cords that open when we breathe and close to produce sound. When we breathe, air will flow through the two vocal cords that coincide to produce vibrations. It is these vibrations that produce sound.

10. Trachea

The trachea or windpipe is an integral part of the airways and has a vital function of moving air to and from the lungs for breathing. The trachea or windpipe is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi of the lungs.

It is about 10 cm long and less than 2.5 cm in diameter. The trachea extends from the larynx down to the breastbone (sternum), and then divides into two small tubes called bronchi. Each side of the lung has one bronchus.

11. Ribs

The ribs are the bones that support the chest cavity and protect the internal organs of the chest, such as the heart and lungs from impact or shock. The ribs will expand and contract following the movement of the lungs when taking in and exhaling.

12. Alveoli

Alveoli or alveoli are small sacs in the lungs that are located at the ends of the bronchioles. In the respiratory system, alveoli serve as a site for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

There are also capillaries in the alveoli. Later, the blood will pass through the capillaries and be carried by the veins and arteries. The alveoli then absorb oxygen from the air carried by the bronchioles and pass it into the blood. After that, carbon dioxide from the body’s cells flows with the blood to the alveoli to be exhaled.

13. Bronchial Tubes

In the bronchial tubes of the lungs, there are cilia in the form of small hairs that move like waves. The wave movement of the cilia will bring mucus (phlegm/mucus/fluid) up to the outside of the throat.

Cilia are also present in the nostrils. The function of mucus or phlegm in the bronchial tubes is to prevent dust, germs, or other foreign objects from entering the lungs. Coughing can also be a way for the human respiratory system to prevent foreign objects from entering the lungs.

14. Diaphragm

The diaphragm is a strong muscular wall that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. When doing belly breathing, the diaphragm will move down and create an empty cavity to draw in air. It can also help expand the lungs.

C. How to Keep the Respiratory System Healthy

Various conditions can affect the respiratory organs of the human body. Among them due to irritation of bacteria or viruses that cause germs. It can also be due to inflammation, irritation, and pain due to various diseases. Various diseases that attack the respiratory organs include: asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, tuberculosis.

In addition, there are also lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, pleural effusion, and sarcoidosis. The way to keep the respiratory organs healthy can be done in various ways. Among them:

• Avoid pollutants that can damage airways, including smoke, chemicals and radioactive gases
• Wear a mask outdoors so as not to be exposed to smoke, dust or other types of pollutants
• Avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke
• Consume a healthy intake that contains lots of fruits and vegetables
• Drink enough water to keep the body hydrated
• Exercise regularly
• Prevent infection by washing your hands frequently
• Get vaccinated regularly

 

D. Diseases of the Human Respiratory System

The respiratory system is one of the most important systems in the human body. The lungs that enter this system have an important function in distributing oxygen. Oxygen that enters the lungs will later be carried by the blood and distributed throughout the body. If lung function is disturbed, the body will also slowly weaken due to reduced oxygen levels.

Disorders of the respiratory system can be caused by lifestyle, such as smoking to viral infections such as Covid-19. Therefore, you must be careful in maintaining lung health so that the body remains healthy. Here are some diseases that commonly attack the respiratory system in humans:

1. Asthma

The first is asthma. One of the diseases that causes the respiratory tract to narrow so that the sufferer has difficulty breathing. This narrowing can be caused by several things, such as dust, smoke, animal hair, exercise, cold air. Or also because of heredity. If one of your family members has a history of this disease, then one of their offspring must suffer too.

Asthma can attack parents, adults, teenagers, and children. To reduce asthma, you can take beta adrenergic receptor agonists. Is one of the best asthma medicine. Don’t forget to bring inhalers or asthma inhalers when you are on the move, so that your activities continue to run smoothly.

 

2. Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a condition in which the lungs become infected due to dust ingress. Then resulting in the appearance of black spots in the lungs. Apart from dust, viral infections such as Covid-19 can be a forerunner of respiratory problems because this virus directly attacks the respiratory tract.

Pneumonia is divided into two levels, namely mild and severe with different symptoms for each person. It can be like fever, chills, cough with phlegm, and a chest that feels tight. Check with your doctor immediately so you can get further treatment to prevent unwanted things.

3. Bronchitis

Bronchitis is a disease that triggers inflammation of the bronchi, the airways connected to the lungs. The main causes are viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and chlamydia (small organisms that look like bacteria).

Bronchitis is a disease that can be cured over time. But for sufferers who are chronic (lungs and heart) and are old, it can be a serious illness. It is recommended for sufferers to take medicines recommended by doctors, get lots of rest, and drink water.

4. Emphysema

The next disease that can attack the respiratory system is emphysema. Can cause damage to the air sacs in the lungs. The damage that occurs initially is small, but over time it will increase in size. When the area of ​​the lungs gets narrower, the amount of oxygen pumped into the lungs decreases, consequently disrupting the respiratory system.

Reporting from WebMD, a common cause of emphysema is due to smoking or inhaling cigarette smoke. Some of the symptoms for people with emphysema are coughing, shortness of breath, decreased body weight, tired easily, and heart palpitations.

5. Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension is one of the more specific diseases of high blood pressure, which includes the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart. This disease occurs when the small arteries and capillaries become blocked or narrowed. This condition causes blood flow to the lungs to be disrupted.

When pulmonary hypertension recurs, the right side of the heart has to work harder to pump blood to all organs of the body. When blood flow enters the lungs for a long time, the heart’s performance will weaken and eventually cause heart failure. This disease can affect anyone. But it is more common in people with lung or heart disease.

6. Whooping Cough

Whooping cough or hundred-day cough is a contagious disease that affects the human respiratory tract. According to data from WHO, the number of people with whooping cough is around 30-50 million cases each year and the number of deaths that occur is 300 thousand people each year.

Symptoms that arise such as sneezing, runny nose, and nasal congestion. Whooping cough can be prevented by giving a vaccine to the sufferer. Or it could be by getting enough rest and avoiding foods that contain oil such as fried foods.

7. Lung Cancer

This cancer is a type of severe respiratory disease. Lung cancer occurs when cells in the lungs develop abnormally which then causes tumors. The tumor, which was originally small, will slowly grow and become more numerous. This causes lung function to be hampered. Nicotine in cigarettes is touted as the main cause of lung cancer. Besides smoking, frequent exposure to air polluted with chemicals can cause lung cancer.

 

8. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

This disorder is caused by injury to the lungs due to serious illness. Patients with ARDS mostly need the help of a breathing apparatus called a ventilator until they recover. One of the diseases that can cause ARDS is the Covid-19 virus.

9. Tuberculosis (TB)

The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the main cause of TB disease. This respiratory disease is one of several dangerous diseases in the world. Sourced from the WHO website, there were as many as 1.4 million people died due to TB in 2019. To prevent this disease, children will be given a TB prevention vaccine at certain ages. Treatment for TB patients takes a long time until they are declared completely cured. If not treated immediately, this respiratory system disease can attack other organs in the body.

Read more in this book

Book & Article Recommendations Related to the Human Respiratory System

Regional Anthem of East Java – Being an Indonesian is indeed proud. Okay, maybe our country is not as advanced as other European countries, such as Switzerland or Denmark. However, we are also not a backward nation that is ostracized by the world. On the contrary, our country is one of the richest countries in the world.

Our country is rich in natural resources, as well as abundant human resources. But apart from that, our country is also rich in culture. Just imagine, there are 37 provinces in Indonesia.

Each province has its own regional language, different traditional houses, different arts, and even cooler, each region also has its own regional songs.

Folk songs are definitely not something foreign to your ears, right? At least if you were born and educated in the 90s to early 2000s. In those years, every elementary school always taught its students to play folk songs. We always sing it in arts and culture lessons every Friday or Saturday with the teacher in class.

The regional songs that are sung are not only regional songs from the place or province we live in, but also regional songs from each province. Starting from the Bungong Jeumpa song from the province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam to Apuse from Papua, we also learn it. Even though dozens of years have passed, we still remember some of their songs.

Apart from cultivating a sense of nationalism and enlivening the atmosphere in the classroom, folk songs also have many functions. What does it do? Here are 5 functions of traditional songs in Indonesia that you need to know!

Functions of Regional Songs

Singing folk songs is always fun, even if the folk songs don’t come from our area and use a local language that is completely foreign to our ears.

When we were still in elementary school, we always loved to sing folk songs. One of the reasons is because singing folk songs is much more fun than doing math problems that are confusing and cause boredom.

But again, folk songs exist and are created not only to liven up the atmosphere in the classroom. More than that, folk songs also have a bigger function. What’s that? Here are the functions of regional songs in Indonesia!

1. As a part of a traditional ceremony in an area

One of the reasons why regional songs exist is because of the customs and culture of the people in the region. Usually the songs were composed by the ancestors for various functions, one of which is as an accompaniment in traditional ceremonies.

As you know, several regions in Indonesia are still very thick with their traditions, customs and culture. They even still perform traditional ceremonies on certain days of the year. Whether it’s in a death ceremony, or even a ceremony welcoming the harvest season.

In a traditional ceremony like this, apart from praying, it is not uncommon for the residents to also sing folk songs as accompaniment throughout the event. In Sumba, for example, there is the Merapu traditional ceremony which is a death ceremony. At this ceremony, apart from slaughtering animals as an offering to the ancestors, people will also sing folk songs to accompany the spirits during the ceremony.

2. Dance accompaniment or regional arts

Every city in the world has events or festivals that can only be found in that area. In Indonesia, art performances or festivals are much more lively.

Usually, art performances are filled with traditional dance performances from their respective regions. To make it more lively, this dance performance will always be accompanied by folk songs. Usually these songs are played from cassettes or CDs, but not infrequently the dancers themselves sing along to sing the folk songs. Saman dance from the province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, for example, apart from being accompanied by musical instruments, the dancers also sing regional songs to accompany the dance.

3. Communication Media between Singers and Listeners

When a singer sings a song, he is actually conveying the message of the song to the audience. This function also applies to folk songs.

What’s more, folk songs are very thick with wise messages. So when the song is sung, the singer is conveying a message to the audience.

4. As entertainment for ancient people

Every human being needs entertainment in his life. The existence of entertainment, allows a person to release the burden on his mind even if only for a moment. Entertainment also has the same function for people in ancient times.

However, entertainment in ancient times was certainly different from entertainment today. In the past, there were no malls, no cafes, not many tourist destinations that we used to visit like today. Instead, they will entertain themselves by singing folk songs.

Not infrequently, these folk songs are accompanied by traditional dances. Indeed, when compared to tourist attractions and malls, the entertainment our grandparents had was fairly simple. However, despite its simplicity, it was quite entertaining for people in the past.

Apart from being entertainment for parents, folk songs are also an accompaniment for small children when playing with their friends. The song Ampar-Ampar Pisang from South Kalimantan, for example, you girls must have sung this song when playing with friends. Likewise with the Pok Ame-Ame song that we often sing to our younger siblings.

5. To Enliven the Atmosphere

Apart from functioning as an accompaniment for traditional dance arts or regional art performances, folk songs are also used in various important events in a region. Of course the goal is to enliven the event.

For example, during regional campaigns, it is not uncommon for the organizers to play folk songs from that area, and even sing with their supporters.

Traditional songs were chosen, because these songs have affinity with the community rather than the types of songs that are currently popular. It is hoped that this closeness can make the relationship between candidates and their supporters closer, as well as create a more fluid atmosphere so that campaign events can run smoothly.

 

 

10 Popular East Java Regional Songs

So far we have thought that each province has only one regional anthem. If you think so, then you are wrong. In fact, every province has dozens or even dozens of folk songs that will be sung at certain events or only as accompaniment in traditional performances.

Of the many provinces in Indonesia, East Java is one of the provinces that has the most regional songs. Here are 10 of the most popular East Java folk songs. Which one have you heard before ?

1. Come on Rec

Meaning

The first East Javanese folk song that we will discuss is ‘Rek Ayo Rek’. This song is one of the most popular songs. The lyrics are easy to remember, so it’s also easy to sing.

The song ‘Rek Ayo Rek’ itself is a song that tells about the happiness of young people or teenagers when Sunday night comes. As we know, Saturday night is youth night.

If you go out at night, you will definitely find lots of young people gathering in the square, city center, cafe or other entertainment venues. Whether it’s alone with his girlfriend or can also gather with his friends. Here are the lyrics of the song ‘Rek Ayo Rek’.

Lyrics

rek Come on rek
rek, come on rek, do the Tunjungan
rek, come on, rek, it’s crowded together
Cak, come on, cak, sopo, I’m melting with me,
cak, come on, cak, I’m dating cah ayu

Strolling through the shop,
masio’s motto, I’m just annoyed at Lego’s heart.
Sopo understands your fate and is lucky to
know Anake Sing Dodol Rujak Cingur

Jok thinks con podho isn’t duwe sangu
Jok thinks it’s angger podho is so glum that I do
Mangan tofu jok mixed with cucumber nganggo
Sunday night wasn’t good I was daydreaming

2. Gai Star

Meaning

The song ‘Gai Bintang’ or also popularly known as ‘Gei Bintang’ is another popular folk song from East Java. Unlike the previous songs and most other East Java regional songs which use Javanese, the song ‘Gai Bintang’ uses the Madurese language.

This song is also very short as it only consists of four lines and three verses. The song ‘Gai Bintang’ itself tells the story of a person who wants to reach for the stars by using a pole from janur kuning. However, instead of getting the stars, he got the moon instead. Here are the lyrics for the song ‘Gai Bintang’ that you must listen to:

Lyrics

Gai Star

Gai bintang alek gagar moon
Pagaina janor koneng
Kaka eagle alek sajan jau
Pajauna bro lon alon
Leya letes kates flower tokca tokcer

3. Malathe flower

Meaning

Compared to the song ‘Rek Ayo Rek’ whose popularity is already well-known everywhere, the song ‘Kembang Malathe’ is probably nothing. However, just like the title, this song has a very beautiful meaning.

The title ‘Kembang Malathe’ itself means ‘Jasmine Flower’. As the title suggests, this song tells about jasmine flowers which are beautiful, fragrant, and perfect for giving to loved ones. Here are the lyrics of the song ‘Kembang Malathe’ which you can read below:

Lyrics

Malathean flower

Malathe pote flower
Beunah ro’om ngapencote
Gik buru e pettek from taman sare
Ropana segger tor asre

Bennyak kembeng se sae
Not seddep akadhi malate
Menangka kasogen kaator kapotre
Se seddep akadhi malathe

4. Lindri

Meaning

The next regional song from East Java is entitled ‘Lindri’. This song is also rarely heard by people from other areas outside the East Java region. However, if you are originally from East Java, you must have heard this song at least once in your life, or maybe you even memorized the lyrics?

Again ‘Lindri’ itself uses Javanese and has the meaning to always be grateful for what God has given to us, His servants. Even though what we get is not always what we expect, we always get what we really need. That should also be grateful, right? Here are the lyrics of the folk song entitled ‘Lindri’:

Lyrics

Lindri

Lindri adang telung kati lawuhe semayi
Adhitutul a mak telep lep
A dhiemplok plok a mak telep
Pacak gulu cingkring adhuh yayi fishing sandals
Adhuh dhangkrek krek adhuh dhangkrek krek 

5. Mold

Meaning

One of the functions of folk songs is as an accompaniment in children’s games. The same goes for this one song. Titled ‘Jamuran’, again, it actually doesn’t have a special meaning like the other songs. But this song is often used by children in ancient times to accompany their games. Here are the lyrics:

Lyrics

Moldy

Mushrooms, ge ge thok
What herbs do you have, ge ge thok, Mushrooms
that are so
rich

 

 

6. Pa’ Kopa’ Eling

Meaning

If the previous song was used as an accompaniment song in children’s games and has no special meaning, the song ‘Pa’ Kopa’ Eling’ is quite the opposite. This song has a deep meaning, where the creator wants to remind people to always be aware or remember, to remember God more precisely and not forget to carry out His commands such as prayer, fasting, and a number of other acts of worship. Here are the lyrics to the song ‘Pa’ Kopa’ Eling’:

Lyrics

Pa’ Kopa’ Eling

Pa’ kopa’ eling,
Elingnga sakoranji,
Eppa’na olle paparing,
Ana’ mine tao ngaji…
Praying babana cabbi, 

Ka’angka’na sarabi potthon,
E cocco’ dhangdhang pote keba mole,
E cocco’ dhangdhang celleng keba melleng

7. Cublak Cublak Suweng

Meaning

If this one song, you must have heard or sung it when you were little, right? Even if you don’t come from East Java, this song is very popular outside of East Java.

In the past, this song was also often used as an accompaniment for children’s games. Uniquely, even though it is often used as a children’s accompaniment when playing, the song ‘Cublak-Cublak Suweng’ actually has a deep meaning.

This song itself has the meaning not to be greedy with the world’s treasures that are owned. Because no matter how much wealth we have, it will not be a guarantee that we will get happiness. Here are the lyrics of the song ‘Cublak-Cublak Suweng’:

Lyrics

Cublak-Cublak Suweng

Cublak cublak suweng,
Suwenge ting gelènèl,
Mambu ketundhung gudèl…

Pak empong lera-léré,
Sapa ngguyu ndelikkaké,
Sir sir pong dhelé kopong,
Sir sir pong dhelé kopong…

8. Re Sere Penang

Meaning

Eleven twelve with the song ‘Cublak-Cublak Suweng’, a regional song in East Java which also has a meaning that is no less deep. Titled ‘Re Sere Penang’, this song tells about good values ​​and calls to do good. Because it is our good attitude that will become our provision or handle in the future. Here are the lyrics!

Lyrics

Re Sere Penang

Re-sere penang,
Penangnga penang jambe,
Maju kaka’ Maju ale’,
Pa Bagus Tengkana, Lako Becce’,
Kalellan e Ka’dinto

9. Keraban Sape

Meaning

Well, if this one song has a unique meaning. Unlike other East Javanese folk songs which contain messages of kindness, the song ‘Keraban Sape’ actually tells about the culture and traditions of a region.

Yup, from the title you can probably guess that this song tells about the excitement of the Cow Race competition which is often carried out by the Madurese people. Here are the lyrics of the song ‘Keraban Sape’:

Lyrics

Keraban Sape

Every year, Madura Latan is busy. There are a lot of
kerbbana kerraban sape.
Many foreign people are coming from far away. Bade
waiting for kerraban sape
madura.

10. Maloko Sets

Meaning

After the song ‘Keraban Sape’, another song that has no less unique meaning is ‘Set-Seset Maloko’ which also comes from East Java. This song does not tell about a traditional game, but this song is often sung by boys while playing kites.

Apart from being a boy’s favorite song, this song is also often sung by mothers when feeding their children. Interestingly, this song actually has nothing to do with children because this song actually tells about the transition of the weather from the rainy season to the dry season.

Lyrics

Maloko Sets

Set-seset maloko’
Yes ​​tompe, yes ma’am’
Tompena for you mama’na
Ma’am ma’am for you embu’na

 

 

So, those are some popular East Javanese folk songs. Each song has a different meaning, from play to messages of kindness to changes in the weather. So, from the East Java folk songs, which songs have you heard ?

Thus a review of East Java folk songs. Sinaumed’s who want to know more about folk songs can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books. As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Siti Marliah

Career planning and development may not be something that is imagined when we are toddlers. When we were toddlers, we only knew ideals. When asked what goals we have, innocent answers flow, wanting to be a doctor, soldier, police, teacher and many more.

Without realizing it at the time, we were already having a future conversation about careers. Even though after we grow up, many of whose goals are missed because of many things. Sometimes hope is not as beautiful as reality.

Then when should we be more serious about planning and career development? What should we do to climb step by step in order to reach the desired career? Okay, let’s first discuss about understanding and career development.

Definition of Career and Career Path

According to KBBI, a career is a job that gives hope to move forward. Meanwhile, the complete definition of a career is a sequence, series or sequence of employee experiences from holding a position to another position while he is working in a place.

Career path is a model of a person’s job position sequentially that shapes that person’s career. For example, from the beginning a training employee who can then become an employee, then can move up to become a section head and so on depending on the career path that exists in a particular place.

Definition of career planning

Career planning according to Corey & Corey (2006) is a process which includes exploring options and preparing for a career. Career planning can also be someone’s plan to get a process of promotion or rank according to the existing requirements and abilities they have. So, career planning is an attempt to plan what level we will occupy in the company we are after.

Does an ordinary employee have the opportunity to become a director? So, we have to observe and collect information to get an idea of ​​what requirements or abilities we have to master in order to get promoted.

Then if we already know the requirements, what should we do in order to achieve that position? For example, if we were originally a teacher, then there were plans to become a lecturer, then it is clear that those of us who originally graduated with an undergraduate degree took another course for a master’s degree so that we could apply to become lecturers.

What is the purpose of planning a career? The goal is first to increase self-awareness. The second is to achieve personal satisfaction, the third is to prepare ourselves and get a better position, and the fourth is to make time more efficient when achieving a career because we have prepared beforehand.

If an individual plans well for his career then he is able to measure his abilities both in terms of interest, potential and also all the capabilities that exist in him. With careful planning, everything that is done will be more focused and get maximum results.

Key Elements of Career Planning and Development

Career is what we will pursue after completing our education. Besides of course chasing money as income, we also pursue achievements to increase self-esteem and pride.

What exactly do we have to prepare as the main elements of career planning and development?

1. Knowledge

The first element in career planning and development is knowledge. This knowledge includes clear goals after achieving education. So, when we finish college, what next plans do we have? Is it enough to get to the S1 level and then look for a job that is in accordance with the major, or will we prefer to continue our education to the next level.

So knowledge is directly related to brain work, a social indication of how smart we are among others. The measuring tool is of course the values ​​we get. For example, when studying in college, our learning process is measured by the GPA we get. We can see, some vacancies often include GPA requirements in the job description.

Adjust as realistically as possible between the reality on the ground and the capabilities that exist within us. Thus we can measure ourselves, where it is necessary to distinguish the will from the ability that we have. Willingness is self-desire while ability is self-potential.

2. Attitude

What is included in that attitude? First, what ideals will you achieve to match the education we take. Are you going to become a teacher after majoring in teacher training, or do you see the fact that being a teacher is not to your liking in terms of income and finally decide to switch professions.
Second, how much encouragement is in us to progress either in the dream job or education. Once accepted in the workplace how your performance. Do you do the tasks requested by the company or even become lazy because you feel the work given is tiring.

In addition, attitude also reflects your ability to appreciate work and value. Do you work to get perfect results in completing everything that is asked, or are you only oriented towards the money that will be received.

Finally, attitude also reflects independence whenever making a decision. Maybe, during the training period we often ask a lot of questions, but when it’s past that period you are expected to be an expert in getting the job done.

So even if you are academically smart, do you have the attitude employers need? Are you individualistic or able to work in a team. People who have a good attitude will be preferred by companies. Because basically work in the company is team work, not individuals.

3. Skills

Things that are included in skills are the ability to group jobs that are of interest, then show real ways to achieve goals. If you are only smart in theory or knowledge but once you enter the field you are totally ignorant, then it will be difficult for you to move forward through the career ladder.

So who says that success only belongs to smart people? Maybe a smart person is rich in knowledge, but if the attitude and skills are lacking then it is not certain that the person can achieve success. Where, people who are diligent and willing to learn can become more successful.

Stages of Planning and Career Development

The stages of career planning and development are the stages of time and age that will be passed starting from the period of entry to work until retirement.

The level by level or step by step that will be undertaken in career planning and development is as follows:

1. The initial stage / establishment

At this stage employees will try to achieve the need for security. Euphoria goes into the workplace, especially what one really aspires to. At this stage the employee is so excited about his new world.

Employees will work hard to be able to stay where they work. This happened the first years of running the job. The duration of this stage is approximately five years.

2. Advanced stage

At this stage, employees begin to have a desire to change their fate and climb the ranks in the company.

Self-esteem makes him feel that he must be promoted by the company. Seeing that many juniors entered, there was a feeling of wanting to show their existence to them.

This stage takes place in employees aged 30 to 45 years. When there is a promotion offer, they usually try to catch up.

3. The maintenance stage

When at this stage the employee is no longer eager to move up the ladder, and tends to try to maintain his position.

At this time the employee is satisfied with his finances and position. Some even think that they are still employed and are already grateful.

4. Retirement stage

After so many years of work, at this stage the employee will leave his place of work. Either because of age, or there could be a sudden reduction in the number of employees because the company went bankrupt.

After entering the retirement stage, some may choose to just rest and choose a home business, others may stop productive activities and decide to take care of their family only.

Some will look for work elsewhere if they feel that there are still many necessities of life that must be met, or feel that they still have to continue working. It is hoped that at this stage of retirement, you will be well-established so that you no longer work too hard to find daily expenses.

It’s even better if at this stage you have a retirement fund that was previously collected while still having income. As in the example, if you become an ASN, matters of pension funds are not a problem. However, for those who work outside the ASN sector, setting up a pension fund is absolutely necessary.

Career Planning and Development Steps
To achieve a glorious career, there are steps you can take. These steps are as follows.

5. Develop a vision and mission of life

The vision and mission of life is a guide for planning life for at least the next five years. Some things to plan are what do you want to get in the future? Do you want to have a vehicle first or a house for example.

Then you imagine in the next few years, what you will become and what achievements you have got. Successful writer? Professional teacher? Artist? politician? Or a businessman with millions of profits?

If the next five or ten years is too far to imagine, you can look at the short term first, next year for example. The most important thing is to have an idea so that you can determine the next steps to achieve it. This vision and mission need to provide suggestions and motivation for you to get success.

6. Focus on exploring your own abilities

Take a closer look and judge yourself, what are the weaknesses and strengths that we actually have. For example, you are a person who likes to write. If you display your writing on social media, lots of people give likes, comments and even share your writing, maybe you have potential in this field. Furthermore, these talents can continue to be honed by taking majors related to the world of writing or taking special writing training.

7. Evaluate yourself

If for example we have experienced a failure somewhere, try to evaluate where the error lies. Is there a mismatch between our interests and work? Is there an inability to work with a team or is the work pressure from superiors too heavy?

By evaluating ourselves we can learn from these failures. And will fix it in a new place.

8. Looking for information about the latest career

Looking for information at this time, it’s very easy. So there is no reason for us to be illiterate. If we really like the digital world, find out where you can have a brilliant career and as expected.

9. Make a Career path design

In this step you map out ways or strategies that can be done to get the career you want. For example, if you want to become a professional teacher. After S1 education, in the early years you can try to open tutoring for the children of your closest neighbors for a modest fee.

Then in the following year look for a regular school to teach, regardless of how much money you get, and focus on the experience you get. Only in the following year, you can start looking for large, qualified schools in your city to improve your abilities.

Benefits of Career Planning and Development

Career planning and development clearly has its benefits. Martoyo (2007) reveals 7 benefits of career planning and development, namely:

1. Helping employees who are seen to have potential for advancement so they can be promoted
2. Decreasing employee turnover, setting attention to individual careers as well as maintaining employee loyalty to the company where they take shelter
3. Obtain information about employees so that career planning will encourage individuals or groups within the company to achieve the desired position
4. Stimulate employee morale to be able to grow and develop and achieve the desired career goals
5. Career planning can redeploy qualified employees for advancement, thereby reducing hoarding
6. Career planning means there is respect for individual employees which also means there is recognition and appreciation for individual achievements, so as to satisfy the needs of employees
7. Career planning can help group members prepare for more important positions because it can help implement agreed action plans.

According to Rivai (2009) the benefits of career planning and development are as follows:

1. Provide a clear strategy as well as the selection of staff from internal employees ( aligns strategy and internal staffing )
2. Build or create employees who deserve to be promoted ( develops promotable employees )
3. Able to prepare international scale placement ( international placement facilities )
4. Assist with employee diversity issues ( assist with workforce diversity )
5. Reducing employee turnover ( lower turnover )
6. Can select potential employee potential ( potential employee taps )
7. Continuing personal growth ( furthers personal growth )
8. Reducing the accumulation of employees ( reduce hoarding )
9. Providing satisfaction of employee needs ( satisfies employee needs )
10. Assists in planning affirmative action ( assists affirmative action plans )

While the benefits of career planning and development according to Hariandja (2002) :

1. Can make adjustments between employee abilities and strategies
2. Increase the internal supply of employees
3. Prepare for placement internationally
4. Helping employees to have the ability to work with employees even though they have different backgrounds
5. Reducing or reducing the existence of work turnover
6. Can channel employees who have potential
7. Provide encouragement to employees to improve capabilities
8. Reducing the accumulation of employees
9. Give satisfaction to the needs of employees
10. Reducing discrimination.

So for those of you who are preparing to get a job after graduation, plan and develop your career first before you finally decide to send a job application to a company.

So, that’s a brief explanation about career planning and development that can help Sinaumed’s to know and plan your career so that you have an overview in advance for the next few years.

Sinaumed’s can learn more about planning and career development through the books available at sinaumedia, because as #FriendsWithoutSinaumed’s, we always try to provide quality and useful books. Buy the book right now!

Standard Unit – How are you friends of Sinaumed’s? Hope you are always in good
health. Our material this time will explain standard and non-standard units in physics.
As understood, the unit is the quantity of comparison used in measurement. In other
words, a unit is something that is used to compare the size of a quantity.

The units known today are divided into two types, namely standard units and non-standard units.
So, what do each type of unit look like and what are the differences between the two?

Standard units are units that have been determined internationally, while non-standard units are units that
are not defined as scientific units of measurement.

Quoted from a book entitled IPA Physics 1 SMP and MTs for Class VII written by Mikrajuddin Abdullah
(2004: 11), standard units are units that have been defined internationally as units of measurement.
Standard quantities and units apply throughout the world to facilitate scientific communication
between nations and the values ​​are always the same.

The determination of standard units always changes over time according to human ability to make
measurements accurately and to use technology that requires accurate measurements. Today, a
measurement accuracy of 1/10,000,000 millimeters is considered commonplace.

Standard Unit

What is meant by standard unit? The standard unit is a unit that has been determined and
recognized for its use internationally. This unit is also called the International System
of Units or often abbreviated as SI.

The standard unit is also called the standard unit, which is obtained from the results of measurements with
standard measurement tools. It is this unit in the scientific world that is agreed upon by
everyone, especially scientists, to state measurement results.

Who sets the units? Standard units are determined by a special community of world scientists
called The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (French: Bureau International des Poids et Measures)
which was founded on May 20, 1875 in Sevres, France.

There are three conditions that must be met in International Units to become a standard unit.
These conditions include:

• The first requirement of a standard unit is fixed or does not change under any influence.
  The measurement results will always remain the same, even if they are carried out by different
  people and in different places. So, the standard unit is the unit used to make measurements
  with the same results for everyone.
• The second requirement of a standard unit is that it is easily imitated by everyone who will use it.
  The goal is that everyone can easily create, acquire and use it as a unit of the same
  name.
• The third condition of standard units is widely applicable. It means. these
  units apply internationally and are useful as measurement standards, for example the units used in
  Indonesia are also used by all countries in the world.

In addition to these three conditions, an additional requirement for standard units is that they are easy
to change or convert into other units. Unit conversion serves to simplify measurement
results.

1. Types of Standard Units

In its development, standard units are divided into two types, namely the MKS and CGS systems.

• The MKS system (meters, kilograms and seconds) is a way of expressing quantities using the units of
  meters, kilograms and seconds. For example, the unit of force in the MKS system is kg.m/s
  ² .
• The CGS system (centimeters, grams and seconds), is a way of expressing quantities using units of
  centimeters, grams and seconds. For example, the unit of density in the CGS system is g/cm
  ³ .

2. Examples of Standard Units

Here are some examples of standard units of measurement.

• The standard units of length are centimeters (cm), meters (m), and kilometers (km).
• The standard units of mass are grams (g) and kilograms (kg).
• Standard units for temperature: Celsius, Kelvin, Reaumur, and Fahrenheit.
• The standard units for electric current strength are milliamperes (mA) and amperes (A).
• The standard unit for luminous intensity: candela (cd).
• The standard unit for the amount of substance: moles.
• The standard units for area are: square meters (m ² ), square centimeters (cm
  ² ), and square kilometers (km ² ).
• The standard units for volume are cubic meters (m ³ ) and cubic centimeters (cm
  ³ ).

Unstandard Unit

What is meant by non-standard units? Non-standard units are units that are not defined as
scientific units of measurement. This unit is not generally accepted or recognized
internationally. Non-standard units are units that if used by different people can produce
different measurements, for example measuring the length of a book using the span of the hand.

When you and your friends measure the length of the book using a ruler and a span of each hand, you will find
that the length of the book is 20 cm and 1.5 spans, while your friend will find the length of the book is 20 cm
and 1.25 spans.

It can be seen that the span of the hand gives different results if the measurements are taken by different
people. That is, non-standard units have properties that are not fixed. This is
why the span is called a non-standard unit.

1. Examples of Non-standard Units

Here are some examples of non-standard units that are often used in measurement.

• Non-standard units of length: spans, fathoms, and cubits.
• Non-standard units of mass measurement: mayam and entik.
• Non-standard units of volume: bottles, glasses, and buckets.

The following is the definition of some non-standard units.

• The span is the distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the index finger when extended.
• Depa is the distance between the tip of the middle finger of the left hand and the tip of the middle finger
  of the right when both arms are extended.
• The cubit is the distance between the elbow and the tip of the middle finger when
  extended.
  Tumbak is a unit of land area used in West Java. 1 tumbak is
  equivalent to 14 m ² .

2. Weaknesses of Unstandardized Units

Non-standard units cannot be used in scientific measurements because they have several drawbacks.
These weaknesses include:

• Non-standard units have variable properties and measurement results vary.
• Non-standard units are difficult to imitate, for example it is difficult to find the exact span of a person.
• Its use is limited or cannot be used in general.
• Cannot be changed or converted to other units.

Examples of Standard Units and Measuring Instruments

Examples of standard units and measuring instruments in Physics are as follows.

1. Unit of Length

The SI unit of length is the meter. Originally, a meter was defined as a length equal to one
ten millionth (1/10,000,000) the distance from the equator to the north pole of the earth along the meridian
passing through Paris, France. Next, physicists created an alloy bar of platinum and iridium
that was defined as a standard meter.

This standard meter is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures which is located at Sevres,
near Paris. After the speed of light in a vacuum could be accurately measured, one meter was
determined to be equal to the distance traveled by light in a vacuum, namely 1/229,792,458 of a second at
the 17th General Conference on Weights and Measurements in 1983. commonly used is a ruler or ruler, caliper,
screw micrometer, and tape measure.

2. Unit of Mass

The unit mass has not changed since the 19th century. The standard mass of 1 kg is a metal
cylinder made of an alloy of platinum and iridium. This standard mass is kept at the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures located at Sevres, near Paris. The mass
measurement tools commonly used are scales and balances.

3. Unit of Time

The standard unit for time is seconds. From the second unit, other units can be set, such as
minutes, hours, and days. 1 minute = 60 seconds, 1 hour = 60 minutes, and 1 day = 24 hours.
Therefore, 1 day can be concluded equal to 86,400 seconds. One second is determined
based on atomic vibrations at the 13th General Conference on Weights and Measurements in 1967. One second is
determined based on the time required for a cesium-133 atom to vibrate, which is 9,192,631,770 times.
The tools used to measure time are stopwatches, watches, and wall clocks.

—

That’s an article related to “Knowing Standard Units and Measuring Instruments in
Physics” that you can use as a reference. If there are suggestions,
questions and criticisms, please write in the comments box below. Also share this article
on social media accounts so that your friends can also get the same benefits.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the
best. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight and knowledge, sinaumedia always provides quality
and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithMemreading
information . Hope it is useful!

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1. Quantum Physics: History and
Inspirational Stories of Its Characters

Quantum physics is a broad field of physics covering every subject concerned with systems exhibiting
well-known quantum mechanical effects. Quantum mechanics is important to study for
understanding how individual atoms combine into covalent bonds to form molecules. The
application of quantum mechanics to chemistry is known as quantum chemistry.

The courage to break the existing paradigm is the key in creating change. As someone who has a
background in engineering and chose to enter the world of business startups , Maryana has not
touched the world of physics in a long time.

However, after reading this book Maryana again realized that the developments taking place in the world of
physics actually had an impact and we can take lessons from other scientific multidimensional dimensions,
including in the startup business world .

In this book, it is described in a very complete and interesting way the history of the breakthrough from
classical physics to quantum physics which has been very long and winding. At least the spirit
of quantum physics scientists in breaking this “classical” paradigm can be adopted directly in other
scientific fields.

The journey of quantum physics scientists in exploring their curiosity and persistence to never be satisfied in
the end produces results that have a big impact on humans. I.

2. Seven Physics Short Lessons

It’s a book about the joy of discovery. A thought-provoking, entertaining, and enjoyable
introduction to modern physics that has become a bestseller in Italy and the UK. Carlo Rovelli
offers startling—and surprisingly easy-to-grasp—explanations of general relativity, quantum mechanics,
elementary particles, gravity, black holes, the intricate architecture of the universe, and humanity’s role
in this amazing and strange world. It takes us towards the limits of our knowledge: to the
smallest corners of important spatial arrangements, back to the origins of the universe, and into our
thought processes.

3. Basic Physics Books for
Computer Science and Informatics Students

Basic physics is a subject that belongs to the branch of natural sciences, this course is one of the basic
engineering courses. Basic physics subject matter consists of quantities and units, relative
motion, point body dynamics, rotational motion, elasticity and oscillation, gravity, fluid mechanics, heat,
mechanical waves, Gauss’s law, electric fields and forces, potential energy, electricity and electric
potential , capacitors, emf of magnetic induction, alternating current, modern physics.

This book is intended as a handbook for students participating in Basic Physics courses in the Department
of Computer Science and Informatics, first year. It is hoped that the users of this book can
master the material of Basic Physics exposure even though the semester credit units (credits) are a little
effective at adequate quality of learning outcomes. The material and order of presentation for
each subject are adapted to Springer-Physics for Computer Science Students, but written and
adapted to a more Indonesian atmosphere.

As far as possible this book avoids prolonged calculus. Each chapter in this book is
accompanied by examples of questions, end-of-chapter exercises, and evaluation questions in the attachments
to this book. To increase understanding in reading this book, readers are expected to practice
questions on sample questions, and practice questions at the end of the chapter. The practice
questions start with odd numbers and are compared with the answer keys that have also been provided.
Furthermore, the level of understanding of the reader can be tested again by doing evaluation
questions at the end of this book.

The main points contained in this book:

• Mechanics.
• Heat.
• Oscillatory and Wave Motion.
• Electrostatics and Direct Current.
• Magnetic and Electromagnetic Forces.
• Quantum Theory.

4. The Magic of Reality

The Magic of Reality is a book published in 2011 by British biologist Richard Dawkins, with illustrations
by Dave McKean. The book was released on 15 September 2011 in the United Kingdom.
This is a graphic science book aimed primarily at children and young adults. Dawkins
says the book is intended for kids around 12 and up. Prior to the publication of this book,
Dawkins piloted younger readers to understand its contents with adult assistance.

There are many big questions that humans ask: What are all things made of? How did the
universe begin? Why are there many kinds of living things? Why is there day and
night? In the past, humans responded with myths and legends, magical stories that tried to
explain natural phenomena.

Now, there is an explanation that is no less miraculous: science, which answers the big questions by
looking at and researching reality itself, studies what is really real. This is a book that
juxtaposes the answers to both types of explanation: myth magic, and reality magic—science.

5. 30 Unique Solutions Conquer Math

Until now, mathematics is still one of the most frightening subjects. This is because
mathematics is closely related to solving complex problems, requiring an understanding of formulas and
calculations. However, you don’t need to be afraid of this subject, because there are ways to
learn mathematics that are effective and not boring. This book will provide a variety of
solutions to learn mathematics easily and interestingly.

Mathematics is like a very scary ghost of life. Hearing math terms, as if presenting a scary
monster. Most parents and students are afraid of the name mathematics. Instead of
overcoming the fear, instead it runs away from it. Their assumptions are very contrary to the
actual situation. In fact, mathematics is very useful, even in almost every daily activity,
they intersect with mathematics.

This book is present as the best medium to help those who are afraid of mathematics. By
studying this book, they will no longer be afraid of mathematics, they will even enjoy it.
Well, this book presents the best ways to learn math to make it easier and more fun.
Not only that, this book also presents interesting tricks about mathematics that every child can
learn.

With this book you will find a different and easier, faster and more precise way of solving math problems.
You are curious about the entire presentation of this book, right? Please listen and
enjoy every subject in this book!

6. Logic and Mathematics

Mathematical logic is a branch of logic and mathematics which contains the study of mathematical logic and
the application of this study to fields other than mathematics. Mathematical logic is closely
related to computer science and philosophical logic.

The main themes in mathematical logic include the expressive power of formal logic and the deductive power
of formal proof systems. Mathematical logic is often divided into the branches of set theory,
model theory, recursion theory, proof theory, and constructive mathematics. These fields have
similar logical base results.

Get to know SM Mochtar – Who doesn’t know the song Kasih Ibu? Mother’s love, to the infinite
beta of all time, only gives no hope of return, like the sun shining on the world .
That’s a piece of the lyrics of the song Mother’s Love. Written by SM Mochtar, the
song Kasih Ibu is still being sung today.

Maybe no one doesn’t know the song Kasih Ibu, but do Sinaumed’s also know who is the creator of the song Kasih
Ibu? Come on, get to know more about the creator of the song Mother’s Love, SM Mochtar or
Mochtar Embut.

Biography of SM Mochtar, Creator of the Mother’s
Love Song

SM Mochtar or also known as Mochtar Embut is a musician and composer from Indonesia. Not only
creating the song Mother’s Love, but SM Mochtar has composed more than 100 songs in his lifetime.
Mochtar Embut was born on January 5, 1934 and died on July 20, 1973 at the age of 39.

SM Mochtar comes from Makassar, South Sulawesi. Since he was small, Mochtar has been known to
often show his talent in music. Until finally, when he was an adult, Mochtar was able to become
a children’s songwriter whose songs are still known today.

Mochtar Embut’s father is a pianist and leader of Miss Riboet’s tonal music, while Mochtar’s mother is a
dancer named Sukinah. From his father’s side, Mochtar’s grandfather was named Saimun
Notoasmoro, his grandfather was also a musician who came from Surabaya and then migrated to Siak Si
Indrapura and married a local girl.

Not many people know that Mochtar’s talent was discovered from a young age, from the age of 3 to 4. Apart
from his talent for playing the piano, Mochtar also discovered a talent for painting, which started with
graffiti on the floor depicting mountains or birds. His painting talent then continued to be
developed until Mochtar continued to high school.

At the age of 8, Mochtar then began learning to write from his grandfather who was a musician.
It was from there that Mochtar then wrote the song “Kupu-Kupu” without lyrics. Then
followed by the work Conversation with Nature, then Reluctant, My Soul’s Violin, Butterflies in My Garden,
Dian, and Evening Wind Does Not Bring News. Mochtar composed these songs when he was still in
junior high school in 1952. Then, when he entered high school, Mochtar unfortunately did not return to being
productive and did not even produce songs anymore.

Education SM Mochtar

At the age of five, Mochtar Embut started playing the piano. Then after four years, Mochtar
Embut began to compose several children’s songs, such as a song called Butterfly.

His proficiency in playing the piano was obtained by SM Mochtar through his shrewdness in self-taught
learning. At the age of 16, SM Mochtar was able to complete the first composition he worked on
the piano. Mochtar had completed his studies at the Faculty of Letters at the University of
Indonesia majoring in French.

After completing his education at the University of Indonesia, SM Mochtar was reluctant to continue his
education abroad. However, Mochtar did not reveal the reasons for his reluctance to continue
his education abroad. Even though SM Mochtar had received an offer to continue his music
education in Japan, it is known that Mochtar Embut continued to refuse the offer.

Character SM Mochtar

Even though he has composed many songs, Mochtar Embut turns out to be a shy person. He was
reluctant to be exposed and only chose to spread his works. From the songs he also composed,
Mochtar has a character that looks shy, lonely and doesn’t like publicity.

Compared to appearing, Mochtar prefers to be behind the scenes. Although shy, Mochtar still
managed to make achievements on the international stage. SM Mochtar had the opportunity to
attend and perform at an international pop song festival held in Japan in 1971. At that time, Mochtar
presented a song called With the Deepest Love from Jakarta which won an award.

Due to their shyness, the festival goers did not know that the songwriter was among the festival goers.
SM Mochtar also appeared as conductor at the festival and became the first Indonesian to ever
appear as conductor and the first to lead a symphony orchestra in Tokyo, Japan.

The End of SM Mochtar’s Life

Mochtar is someone who is highly dedicated to his work, SM Mochtar has even earned the nickname of a
workaholic. When working, SM Mochtar is known as a person who is tireless and very diligent at
work

As explained, that Mochtar had won an award in Japan. But unfortunately, two years after he
received the award, Mochtar had liver and liver cancer. Until Mochtar had to rest at a hospital
called Borromeus in Bandung. Mochtar underwent treatment until 1965, then on July 20, 1973
Mochtar breathed his last at the age of 39 and was buried at the Karet Bivouac Cemetery in Jakarta.

SM Mochtar’s Contribution to the World of
Music in Indonesia

Besides being known for the children’s songs he has created, SM Mochtar is also known as one of the
seriossa composers whose songs have a poetic nature. Mochtar is known for being able to combine
and cultivate musical harmony and musicalize poetry by Indonesian poets.

Throughout his life, SM Mochtar has musicalized poetry from poems written by poets in Indonesia such as Chairil
Anwar, WS Rendra and Usmar Ismail, into songs with musical compositions that are pleasant to listen to.

He has composed approximately 100 songs and some of his songs have become part of the eternal history of
Indonesian music. Some of them are songs entitled On Your Face I See the Moon, In the Corners
of Your Lips, No Moon on a Prone Face. Apart from that, Mochtar also musicalized a poem from WS
Rendra’s poem entitled Far My Love, Lonely Song, Request, Hair, Far Away, Letters to Girlfriends, Don’t Be
Far Away, Lovers and Evil Winds.

Not only about the musicalization of poetry and children’s songs, Mochtar also has a contribution to
politics. Mochtar had created several election marches which were then used as General Election
marches in Indonesia. Apart from that, Mochtar also composed a family planning song which later
helped to make the movement of the Family Planning program started by the government in the 1970s.

The KB song later became very famous and popular, to the point that it even became a mandatory school song
starting in elementary school. Apart from being a composer and songwriter, Mochtar was also a
music teacher for Guruh Soekarnoputra, the youngest child of President Soekarno and Fatmawati, who at that
time, Guruh was still studying at the Cikini College Foundation High School.

Apart from being a composer, Mochtar also completed a book entitled Collection of Popular Songs I which
contains 27 Indonesian folk songs and 9 western songs. Mochtar managed to finish the book
before he died. In the book Collection of Popular Songs I, Mochtar had time to write down a
message and his intention was to write a book of the collection of songs.

“With this book, I (Mochtar) have the intention of conveying to the world at large, that Indonesia also has
several folk songs that are quite weighty.” Mochtar wrote

Mochtar Embut was then officially registered as a member of the Indonesian Muski Institute (LMI), an
institution under the People’s Cultural Institute or Lekra. Also in 1963, Mochtar Embut took
part in a cultural mission with the Happy Ensemble to go to Vietnam, Korea to China.

Also in 1964, Mochtar Embut was elected as an official member of the presidium of the Lekra National
Conference of Indonesian Musical Institutions (LMI). As a member of LMI, Mochtar had the
opportunity to sit with Drs. Suthasoma, Eveline Tijaw, Adi Karos, Gesang, M. Aries, Luther
Sihombing, Juliarso, Ktutu Putu, Ukuo Sen, Nj. Komara, M Karatem, Tjie Wing Hoo, and Hersad
Sudjiono.

List of Songs Created by SM Mochtar

As a songwriter and composer, SM Mochtar has succeeded in creating approximately 100 songs in his lifetime.
Here are some famous songs that have been composed by SM Mochtar.

1. Boat Boy
2. In Your Face I See the Moon, created in 1960
3. Ambition
4. Our Teacher Mother, written in 1968
5. At the Corner of Your Lips
6. Life
7. If You Know
8. A mother’s love
9. Kamajaya
10. KB song
11. Love and Painter
12. Election March
13. My Miss Song
14. miss you
15. Smoky Butts
16. All praise
17. Heroine
18. Dewdrop
19. No Moon on Prone Face
20. Conversation with Nature
21. Butterflies in My Garden
22. Girl Singing on a Sunny Day
23. Smile in Suffering
24. play
25. Borneo Urara jungle
26. Cuban Fire
27. Djamila

Several songs by Mochtar Embut are still being sung today and are even still one of the materials for Elementary
School or Madrasah Ibtidaiyah courses.

Some Anecdotes About Mochtar Embut’s
Songs

An anecdote is a short story which contains interesting elements, jokes and impresses. Some of
Mochtar Embut’s songs seem to have been included in quite interesting anecdotal stories. Here
are some anecdotes about Mochtar Embut’s song.

• The fifth President of Indonesia, Megawati Soekarno Putri, sang a song by Mochtar Embut at a party.
  The song sung by Megawati was On Your Face I See the Moon in 2003. Several Indonesian singers
  and songwriters were also present at the party. After singing the song, someone once
  offered the song On Your Face I See the Moon at a fantastic price of Rp. 12 billion. At
  that time, Indonesian Minister of Transportation Agum Gumelar with Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Jusuf
  Kalla also bid for the song composed by Mochtar Embut sung by Megawati.
• In 1968, there was a program on national TV called Let’s Sing. Through this event, the
  song Ibu Guru Kami was broadcast for the first time. The event, coordinated by AT.
  Mahmud is one of the famous figures and composers in Indonesia.
• One of the well-known contemporary rock bands in Indonesia, named Slank, once sung Mochtar Embut’s
  song entitled Mars Pemilu. When singing the song, Slank brought it with the characteristics
  of their band, namely with a typical rock rhythm. The song sung by Slank was later included
  in their album which was released in 2004 entitled Road to Peace.
• The song Kamajaya by Mochtar Embut was inspired as part of a wayang story, namely Jawa Batara Kamajaya and
  Dewi Kamaratih, who are famous because they are considered symbols of a harmonious family.

A Fragment of the Story
from the Creation of the Election Mars Song by Mochtar Embut

As previously explained, Mochtar Embut also contributed to composing the song and creating the election
march song. Election Mars at that time was created as a form to invite the public to
participate in elections.

This is because the Election Mars song was created when Indonesia first held elections during the New Order
era. In fact, Mochtar Embut’s Election Mars song was stipulated through the Decree of the
Minister of Home Affairs/Head of the Election Institute No. 28/LPU/1970.

Mochtar Embut’s song was not immediately accepted. But through the network of the mars
committee that was formed. There were several songs that were previously accepted by the
marching committee, but the song created by Mochtar Embut became the song chosen for the official election
march.

After that, Mochtar Embut’s song continued to be sung during the election period during the New Order era.
From the Mars Election song, Mochtar Embut managed to bring several certificates of appreciation
from the Minister of Home Affairs in 1970 and another award from the Minister of Home Affairs in 1970, who
was then held by General Amir Machmud.

Some of Mochtar Embut’s song lyrics

Here are some of Mochtar Embut’s song lyrics which are still being sung today.

• Mother’s Love Song Lyrics

Mother’s love, to Beta
Infinite all the time
Just giving, no hope of
return
Like the sun shining on the world

Mother’s love, to Beta
Infinite for all time
Just giving, no hope of
return
Like the sun shining on the world

• Election Mars Song Lyrics

The general election has summoned us.
All the people welcome with joy
the democratic
rights of Pancasila,
the wisdom of an independent Indonesia

Choose your representative who can be trusted
Faithful AMPERA bearers
Under the 45th
Constitution
We are headed for General Elections (vote)

• Lyrics of Our Mother Teacher

Our teacher,
good at singing, good
at telling
stories
, very
fun

Our teacher is good
at
singing

Our teacher
is good at singing
Good at telling stories
It’s
fun
We were guided by him with all of our hearts
Be useful people in the
future
Become useful people in the future

• In your face I see the moon

In your face, I see the moon
Hiding in the corner of eyes
Are you aware, sir, you are
stared at by a human
who is thirsty for caresses

On your face, I see the moon
Illuminates a dark, vulnerable heart
Let me, seek
shade
On a beautiful peaceful face
It seems not far
away
You’re easy to reach by hand
Want your heart to
reach
It’s high in the clouds

On your face I see the moon
Lurking behind the smile
Don’t let me be
friendless
Servant waiting for the master

On your face I see the moon
Illuminates a dark
, vulnerable heart Let me seek
shade
On a beautiful peaceful face
It seems not far away
You
are easy to reach by hand
Want your heart to reach
It’s high in the
clouds

On your face I see the moon
Lurking behind the smile
Don’t leave me friendless, I’m
waiting for the master

That is a brief biography of the creator of the song Kasih Ibum, namely Mochtar Embut or also known as SM
Mochtar.

Sinaumed’s can also recognize famous song composers in Indonesia or know children’s songs that are popular in
Indonesia. A collection of children’s songs, such as Mother’s Love, can be purchased by Sinaumed’s
at sinaumedia. Because as #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides a variety of
interesting books for Sinaumed’s.

Get to Know Accounting for Service Companies – Accounting for service companies is actually almost the same as accounting in general. What distinguishes it is the absence of control over merchandise with a general cycle. Let’s Get to Know the Accounting for Service Companies in More Depth, along with a more complete explanation. Check them out!

Accounting and Service Companies

Service companies according to Phillip Kotler are companies that offer an element that is intangible but the benefits can be felt. In addition, there is no transfer of ownership in this transaction. If the money has been paid in a service purchase, the buyer no longer gets any additional items that he can take home.

Meanwhile, according to William J. Stanton, who is also the author of a book entitled Fundamentals of Marketing, service companies are companies whose job is to sell various services, where services are something that can be identified separately and have no concrete form, services themselves are offered to be able to meet various needs of a person. .

These services can be produced using a variety of tangible and intangible objects. Service companies are companies that sell various intangible products or services with the main goal of making a profit. Service companies themselves carry out business activities as follows:

• Business in educational services or courses such as language courses, schools, tutoring
• Accommodation services such as hotels, hostels, mess.
• Services to Communication service providers such as television, cellular, radio.
• Body care services such as spa services and salons
• Professional services such as accountants, doctors, financial consultants, to tax consultants.
• Travel services such as selling travel packages, buses, and so on.
• Repair and installation services such as cell phone repair, or workshops.

Sinaumed’s can study basic accounting, especially for service companies, in the book Accounting for Service & Trade Companies by Made Ary Meitriana et al which is below.

 

Service Company Example

According to William J. Stanton, who also wrote a book entitled Fundamentals of Marketing, he describes service companies as companies that sell services, where services are something intangible but can still be identified separately, services are also used to meet the various needs of their consumers’ lives. Examples of service companies in Indonesia that are listed on the IDX include:

• Property & Real Estate, including Agung Podomoro Land Tbk, Alam Sutera Reality Tbk, Bekasi Asri Pemula Tbk, Bumi Citra Permai Tbk, Bekasi Fajar Industrial Estate Tbk, Bhuawanatala Indah Permai Tbk, Bukit Darmo Proerty Tbk and Sentul City
• Construction & Building Service Companies, including Acset Indonusa Tbk, Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk, Totalindo Eka Persada Tbk, Duta Graha Indah Tbk, Nusa Raya Cipta Tbk, Paramita Bangun Sarana Tbk, Housing Development (Persero) Tbk, Total Bangun Persada Tbk, Surya Semesta Internusa Tbk, Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk, Waskita Karya (Persero) Tbk
• Infrastructure, Utilities & Transportation, including the State Gas Company (Persero) Tbk, Rukun Raharja Tbk, Cipta Marga Nusapala Persada Tbk and Jasa Marga Tbk
• Telecommunications Service Companies, including Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk, Indosat Tbk
• Transportation service companies, including National Shipping Bina Buana Raya Tbk, Blue Bird Tbk, Capitol Nusantara Indonesia Tbk, Cardig Aero Service Tbk and Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk
• Financial Services Companies, including Bank Bukopin Tbk, Bank Mestika Dharma Tbk, Bank Nusantara Paahyangan Tbk, Bank Yudha Bhakti Tbk and Bank Jabar Banten Tbk\
• Financing Institutions, including Buana Finance Tbk, BFI Finance Indonesia Tbk and Indomobil Multi Jasa Tbk
• Hotels, Restaurants & Tourism, including Bayu Buana Tbk, Bukit Uluwatu Villa Tbk, Fast Food Indonesia Tbk and Saraswati Griya Lestari Tbk
• Health, including Mitra Keluarga Karya Sehat Tbk, Prodia Widyahusada Tbk, and Sarana Meditama Metropolitan Tbk
• Computer services and other facilities, including Multipolar Technology Tbk

With so many companies providing and selling services produced by a professional activity, there are also many management companies that must meet general requirements. Learn how to in the book Managing a Professional Services Company below.

 

Service Company Character

After discussing the many definitions of service companies above, it can be concluded that this company has various characteristics, including:

1. Selling Services as the Main Activity

Service companies are not companies that produce a product, therefore their main activity is to offer and sell a service that they have.

2. Not Providing Products in Physical Form

Services themselves have an intangible form so that service companies certainly do not sell products that can be seen or stored. Even though the product cannot be seen, the benefits can be felt by consumers or users.

3. Results cannot be equated

The results of business in a service company are also very subjective, it depends on customer satisfaction. Thus, the results of their efforts cannot be beaten evenly to all consumers. The reason is the measure of satisfaction of each person is different. In addition, the quality of employees also depends on health, psychological conditions, and so on.

For example, employees with morning to evening shifts must have different services, services in the morning are definitely more excellent than services performed in the afternoon when the employee’s condition is exhausted, apart from that there is no Cost of Production, the characteristics are also very different from service companies of other types of companies. where of course there are no sales and cost of production in it.

Service companies also do not carry out various production activities, so they do not need production raw materials. This will then affect its financial statements, where in service companies there is no information about the cost of production and sales.

In the financial statements themselves there are various forms such as profit and loss reports, reports on changes in equity, reports on changes in financial position, and much more that you can learn in the book Easy Ways to Prepare Financial Statements for Service Companies.

 

4. There is no common price standard

Generally, customer needs will always vary depending on the wishes and complaints they have. So that the price of services then cannot be set and must be adjusted to each customer’s needs.

5. Service Company Accounting Cycle

As with various other types of companies, service companies also require various financial reports. In designing these financial statements, it is very important to understand the accounting cycle of service companies. Thus the resulting financial reports will then be good and correct. The following is a service company accounting cycle:

Stages of the Service Company Accounting Cycle

Each transaction recording requires major components such as purchase or sale notes, transaction value including taxes, income or expenses, debt or receivable controls. The use of service company accounting software will help make it easier to record these transactions. Here are some pictures of the input form and the ledger.

 

1. Perform Transaction Analysis

The first step is, of course, analyzing transactions that have taken place within a period. Paired journal accounting system as a tool used to analyze transactions.

In using this system it is very necessary to have an analysis of a transaction, how to understand the explanation of the transaction to determine whether the transaction is included in the asset, liability, capital, income or expense items and then determine the effect of the transaction on these items, increase or decrease. Follow the credit debit rules for recording transactions.

Examples of document sources that are often encountered are receipts, sales invoices, purchase invoices, cash receipts, work hours cards, and so on.

2. Make an Accounting Journal

A journal is an activity of writing the type of account accompanied by the amount along with evidence of transactions that have been collected previously, to be recorded in a daily journal, also known as a general journal. The next step in creating a cycle is to make a journal entry for each transaction.

If you use a cashier or point of sale application, it usually helps the company get through cycles 1 and 2, but the company also keeps track of their expenses. Record transactions in a journal with details based on the data obtained to facilitate the next cycle.

The choice between accrual and cash accounting will determine when transactions are formally recorded. Keep in mind, accrual accounting requires matching income with expenses so both must be ordered at the time of sale. Meanwhile, cash accounting requires transactions to be recorded when cash is received or paid. The next option is recording single entry and double entry.

Single entry is the recording of financial transactions only once with transactions affecting the cash account. Double entry is the recording of financial transactions twice on debit or credit in order to produce a profit or loss or balance sheet.

3. Posting Accounting Transactions from Journal to Ledger

The next step is to post all transactions to the general ledger. The ledger itself is a collection of bookkeeping accounts, each of which is then used to record information about a particular asset. For convenience, classify financial transaction data based on the date, type of transaction, account number and name.

Thus all company transactions in journals that are also linked to cash will enter the cash ledger. After that, calculate the balance of each account in the general ledger to find out the total value of the account.

4. Preparation of Trial Balance

Making a trial balance or balance is one of the service company accounting cycles that must be carried out. The trial balance itself serves to prove that the credit and debit sides are balanced. If the number of both is balanced, it will help reduce errors in data input. How to make your own trial balance, including by copying or citing the balances of all accounts in the ledger. Therefore, calculating the ledger balance will play a very important role at this stage.

5. Make Adjusting Journals

The next step is the preparation of adjusting entries. Making adjusting journals is done if there are errors in journalizing and posting or ensuring costs and income have really been recorded in the right period. If at the end of the accounting period, there are transactions that have not been recorded, there are transactions that are wrong or need to be adjusted, then they are recorded in an adjusting journal.

Adjustments are generally made periodically, usually when the report is to be prepared. Then, you also have to create a second trial balance by transferring the adjusted balance in the general ledger into the new trial balance. The balances of the accounts in the general ledger are grouped into assets or liabilities. The balance between the assets and liabilities groups on this trial balance must also be balanced. For example depreciation of equipment, unpaid rent and so on.

6. Make a column balance

A work balance is created based on adjusting entries and a trial balance. The work sheet contains information regarding adjusting journals and trial balance which will produce information such as profit, loss, balance sheet, and various other information needed in preparing future financial reports.

7. Compile Financial Reports

Financial Report as one of the accounting cycles in which there are reports of profit, capital, loss, up to the balance sheet. The financial statements themselves are the main and most important results in an accounting cycle. Financial reports can also be directly prepared from a trial balance, as well as working papers that have previously been adjusted from a general ledger. This financial report is also prepared as a profit and loss statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and report on changes in capital.

Accounting which is the art of recording transactions, grouping accounts into ledgers, is presented through financial reports that you can study through the Service Company Accounting Practicum book.

 

8. Make a Closing Journal

After designing financial reports, you must also make closing entries which are usually made at the end of the accounting period. This closed account itself is only a profit-loss account or a nominal account. You do this by emptying the associated account nil. The nominal account itself must be closed because this account can be used to measure the flow of resources that occur in a period.

9. Make a Reversing Journal

A reversing journal is a journal that contains the stages of reversing several accounts that have been closed to restore their balances. This reversed estimate account is then an advance payment before maturity. This reverse journal is actually not required to be made, although in some transactions this reverse journal must be made.

10. Final or Beginning Balance Sheet

What is referred to as the final or initial balance here is the final balance produced at the end of the period which will later be used as the initial balance in the next period’s accounting cycle.

Types of Service Company Accounting Transactions

Differences and characteristics of companies cause differences in the various transactions that exist in a service company. Here are some types of service company accounting transactions that you need to know:

1. Purchase

This purchase transaction is an activity carried out to buy a product. Purchasing transactions for service companies themselves include the purchase of work equipment and tools. Everything is done to provide satisfaction to customers in terms of service.

Furthermore, service companies must also record various other transactions related to purchasing transactions. For example, at the Beauty Salon, you make a purchase in the form of a hairdryer, scissors, flat iron, hair vitamins at Toko Merah Merona, so after the purchase is made you must immediately record it in your business’s books of account.

2. Income

Like other companies, service companies also have various objectives to gain profit. This income must be recorded in the cash and credit register. Income from the service company itself, among others, is obtained from the various services it has provided. Therefore, service entrepreneurs will provide the best services to their customers.

3. Payment of Other Expenses

In addition to expenses made when buying various necessities such as various equipment and tools. Service companies also have various fees that must be paid, for example electricity bills, telephone administration, internet, and others.

4. Receipt of Receivables

Receivables as gifts or sales made on credit to users. So that according to the agreement or consumer policy which will then pay off payments at a certain time, company records are needed in this case.

5. Investment or Investment

When the first service company was established, there must have been a deposit of capital from investors and owners. All of these investment transactions must be properly recorded. Especially if the capital or funds come from other parties.

Learn more about service company accounting such as its accounting cycle and accounting records in the Accounting for Service, Trade and Manufacturing Companies below.

Thus the discussion of the service company accounting cycle. By applying the correct accounting stages, business activities can then be carried out effectively as well as helping to make decisions more precisely because they are carried out based on real financial information. Thus the info, hopefully useful!

Book of Recommendations Concerning Service Company Accounting

 

1. Introduction to Accounting Second Edition

2. Introduction to Accounting 1: The Accounting Cycle Approach

3. Financial Accounting

Articles Related to Service Company Accounting

Source: from various sources

Numerical code – Communication as one of the most important things in life.
Communication can also be done either directly or indirectly, also either confidentially or not,
and in writing or not in writing. This also applies in the world of scouting. The
world of scouting itself knows a communication that uses a scout code.

Sandi in the world of scouting has been used as a learning medium for members of the alert group scouts,
raisers, enforcers, as well as pandega. The use of the scout code itself must be adjusted to
the level of knowledge possessed by the scout group. See a more complete explanation regarding
the use of numeric codes in the following Scouts:

Recognizing Numerical Passwords

Number ciphers are one of the most common ciphers in scouting basics. This is because the
number code is often tested and taught because this code is often taught and tested on scouts even from the
time the scouts are on standby.

Number passwords are also the most basic passwords because there are not a few passwords that are read
using numeric codes. For example, kanji codes, flower codes, math and algebra codes, and
balloon codes, all of which use the principles and methods of working with number codes.

Therefore mastery of code numbers is considered very important for every scout member, both from student groups
such as raising scouts, enforcer scouts, standby scouts, Pandega scouts, to adult scout members, namely scout
coaches.

Scout Code History

The emergence of the cipher itself began with the heroes who in ancient times often traveled by traveling
and moving from place to place. For that they have to use a variety of secret communications
that are not known by the opponent. They also created a code to trick their enemies.
In 3000 BC in the Babylonian Empire, cuneiform writing was found which became one of
the ancient writings in the form of nails and was written on clay.

To then send secret news between regions, they also shaved the heads of the slaves and then wrote the news
on their heads. This hair is allowed to grow back before it is sent to its destination.
After arriving at the destination, the slave’s head hair will be shaved again to be able to find
out a secret message that will be conveyed.

This method was considered very effective by the leaders of his time because it could trick the enemy.
Julius Caesar who sent secret news using a skip code. The jump code itself is created
by writing letters of the alphabet in a line and then choosing a secret number between them.

How to read this code by placing your index finger on the letter A and then jumping 3 letters to the side,
the letter designated is the letter D. And so on. At this time, communication itself is
considered very broad, so secrecy is needed in certain fields, both in the service and in the
military.

This code is also used by scouts in the form of a scout code as a learning medium for scout members.

Benefits of Numerical Passwords

In terms, this password comes from Sanskrit which means secret or hiding. While in the Big
Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) password means code. So, the scout code is writing in letters that
are often difficult to understand by lay people or those who have not studied it.

Even though this code is also known as the scout code, its use is not only in scouting, but is also widely
used in the military and police world for various specific purposes. Therefore, learning the
number code is not without its benefits. The following are some of the benefits that will be
obtained when learning code numbers.

As a Communication Media Between Team Groups

In a scouting activity, several groups of teams will be formed. Scout passwords that can be
used are also useful for carrying out secret communications between team members. This is also
used so that the tricks of each team are not known by other teams.

Improve Memory

Anga passwords can also help in increasing the memory of each scout member because they are then required to
memorize various types of passwords.

Increase Intelligence

Using code numbers will also increase intelligence because they are then required to think and read something
written using a password.

Suggestions for Learning to Solve Problems

Using a number code will then familiarize scout members in solving a problem. They will also
get used to thinking about reading a code to then solve problems and various challenges in everyday
life.

Scouting Game Facilities

Scout codes are also generally used as a game in a scouting activity. Usually this password is
also used as a complement to an outbound activity or wide games .
Here they will also be challenged by using various scout codes as a guide for their next
trip.

Various Types of Passwords in Scouting

Coordinate Code or Red and White

Coordinate passwords or often known as red and white passwords are one of the codes that are often used.
Its use itself by placing it in a table, RED is used for rows while WHITE is used for
columns.

You can also fill in the table with letters A to Z and you can read through the coordinates.
For example, the letter A is then written with PM, which means it is in row P and column M. You can
also use the word I, which will later be changed again with the codes HH, PM, IA, PM.

Napoleon cipher

Code Napoleon is a code taken from a French emperor, namely Napoleon Bonaparte. In its use, it
is often used to count the number of letters in each sentence. Then divide by 3 with the same
number of parts.

Where the first line must be written from right to left while the second line is written from left to
right. For the third row, you are required to repeat the same pattern, namely from right to
left and continue to do so over and over at the next stage.

River Code

Another type of Scout code is the river code. This river code is also known as sand 5 by 8,
this is because the arrangement consists of 8 columns and 5 rows. Each column and row itself
has a variation of letters which will be read in the opposite or opposite direction. For
example, given the passcode OZO LOWOEO VOQPOQ BYHOS. By listening to this passcode column, each
letter in this passcode will then be searched for from the replacement letter. So the results
can then be read as THERE IS A DANGER DO NOT MISS. This is also included in one of the Scout
codes which is easy to practice in Scouting activities.

Number Password or Password Number

A number or number code is a way of numbering each alphabet by using numbers. For example, by
using the number 1 as the letter A, and the number 2 as the letter B, and the number 3 as the letter C and
so on up to the letter Z.

Examples that can be applied include writing Scouts which are also written with a number code or by using a
number code as 16-18-1-13-21-11-1.

Clock Password

Another type of scout password that is often used is the hour code. For example, when using
the clock at 06.00 for letter A, and there is a difference in time used for every 5 minutes, then letter B
then uses 06.05 and so on. You can also change the different time used according to your needs,
for example, every 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and so on.

Snail Password

One of the scout codes that is difficult to read is the snail code. However, this does not
mean that this password cannot be read by its members. The way to read it yourself is by
spinning like a snail’s house. For example, at the beginning of the letters in this cipher, a
certain sign will then be given and you can read it by predicting the direction of its movement.

Semaphores

One type of cipher that is widely used and quite familiar is the semaphore. Its use is to use
a flag that is moved using both hands. There is also a step-by-step guide to using it for each
letter so you can just copy it later. Of course you need time to memorize all the letters so
that then the position of the movement is not changed.

Braille code

Usually, the braille code is also used by the blind and is very useful in shaping their daily life.
Braille letters can also be read using the touch of the hand because they are located at 6 raised
points that can be touched so that they can be read later.

Password Box

Another type of cipher is the password box. The code for this box itself is known using
Sanskrit which is confidential. This means that the various codes contained in this code box
are then only known by each team when carrying out Scouting activities.

Usually this type of code is then used during camping activities, to be able to train each team in solving
various puzzles given in a game.

In this cipher, passwords are generally also denoted by straight lines, perpendicular lines and boxes with
various variations. These dashes are generally also equipped with dots which when combined then
become the symbol of a particular letter of the alphabet. So that when combined with other
cipher codes can form letters that can be read.

Morse code

Apart from that, you can also use several media in doing this Morse code, such as using a whistle, the light from
a flashlight, or writing in the form of lines and dots.

Code Helen Keller

The next type of code is the Helen Keller code, which is still almost the same as braille in its use.
The difference lies in this password which is usually used for the deaf and mute using a finger
symbol.

Grass Password

Grass code as one of the derivatives of Morse code but looks like grass. The key is to use
short grass as point symbols and tall grass as line symbols.

Cipher Chemistry

Chemistry is also related to Morse codes, you know , but the symbols are similar to the letter
symbols in chemical formulas. Terms of use where the dots are vowels, a, i, u, e, o, while
the consonants represent dashes. For example, in the chemical code it is then written KOH +
OH + HH + OO and read as KAMI.

Books Related to Sandi and Scouts

Scout Skills Series: Sandi

In Scouting, ciphers are not just a complement to Scouting activities. Passwords can be used
for various activities that can improve life skills. In addition, the abilities of Scout
members, from Siaga to Pandega, in creativity and communication can also be developed by practicing ciphers.
The Scout Skills Book: Passwords describes in detail the various types of codes used in scouting
activities.

In addition, this book also explains the steps for creating and using ciphers so that readers can easily
understand and practice them. Equipped with attractive pictures and illustrations as well as
exercises that really help the application of passwords, the Scout Skills book: Passwords is a must-have
book for all Scout activity activists.

The Complete Official Guidebook of the Scout
Movement

General Scouting Knowledge, General Proficiency Mark (TKU), Special Proficiency Mark (TKK), Daily Clothing, Scout
Attributes, Scout Movement Identification Sign, Semaphore, Morse Code, Other Scout Codes, Camping Procedures,
Procedures for Making a Campfire, Procedures for Using a Compass, Terrain Orientation, Ribbon Maps, Marches,
First Aid in Accidents (P3K), Pioneering, and Glossary in the Scout Movement.

Complete Guide to the Scout Movement

Scout salute! Scouts are a very appropriate and important place for young people to learn and
be creative. Its members generally grow to be dependable figures, having mastered various
important skills. Therefore, how lucky we are if we follow the scout movement.

This book contains complete Scouting material that can be used by Scout members as a practical guidebook.
With this book, we can participate in Scouting activities even more smoothly. Not only that, we
can also quickly master the skills taught. Happy reading, and become a true scout that is
useful for the homeland and nation!

Complete Scout Guide

The Complete Scout Guidebook contains the Scout Honor Code, Scout Emblem, Scout Greetings, Organizational
Structure of the Scout Movement, Age Classification in the Scout Movement, Types of Work Units, Size of Front
Group Flags, Use of Standby Scout Signs/Attributes, Use of Scout Signs/Attributes , General Proficiency Signs,
Scout Proficiency, Marching Lines, Morse, Morse Letters, Punctuation Marks.

Service Marks, Motto With Whistle, Code Letters, Semaphores, Camping, Tents, Campfires, Compasses, Maps, Natural
Signs and Artificial Signs, Rigging, Statutes and Bylaws, Pancasila, Preamble to the 1945 Constitution,
Indonesian National Anthem Raya, and Scout Hymns.

This is a review of number codes and several other codes in Scouting.

Sales Promotion – A brand usually does sales promotion because of the intense competition
in the market, especially if other brands sell the same product and are sold by many other parties.
Companies and brands can have the opportunity to re-attract the attention of their consumers by
conducting promotions.

Therefore, every company or brand needs to make or do what is called a sales promotion. Let’s
take a closer look at how sales promotion is a way to increase sales.

Definition of Sales Promotion

Sales promotion or sales promotion is a type of marketing that is used to introduce a new product, spend
old products and also increase sales figures. And in general, sales promotion can take place
temporarily, with the aim of increasing buyer interest in the product and it is carried out by the company
only at certain moments.

Sales promotion includes a variety of promotional activities, such as sales demonstrations, context,
sampling, point-of-purchase displays, incentives, and coupons. In principle, sales promotion
spending is greater than advertising spending. While techniques on communication and incentives
provide several advantages, promotions can be used to target buyers, respond to special occasions, and
create purchase incentives.

Sales promotion is certainly different from what is known as advertising, even though both have the same
goal. Advertising is an invitation to consumers to buy products with visual forms in the form
of images, videos, sounds. Meanwhile, sales promotion has the goal of inviting consumers to buy
a product by touching the side of the mind in a reasonable and rational way.

Sales Promotion Goals

Sales promotion usually includes attractive benefits and can also increase brand awareness .
Brand awareness will certainly affect the growth in sales numbers. The following
are the objectives of the sales promotion, namely:

1. Create a market for a new product

A company and nrand usually have many products or services to offer. It is possible that each
product has its own target market.

In order to introduce a product to the market, sales promotion can be the solution. Companies
can find out whether their products have targeted the right target consumers or not.

2. Stay competitive

Maybe your company and brand are getting high sales figures. However, don’t let this put you
off guard. At the same time, it’s possible that competitors are carrying out promotional
strategies that can rival and even take current customers. In addition, sales promotion can
keep brands competitive and continue to be chosen by consumers.

3. Brand Awareness

Sales promotion usually includes attractive benefits and can increase brand awareness. Brand
awareness of course will affect the growth of sales figures.

4. Consumer loyalty

If related to the previous point, sales promotion can help maintain consumer interest in your brand.
An attractive sales promotion can make consumers feel they have an advantage when buying our
products compared to other brands.

It is also important to create promotions aimed specifically at registered members or consumers in order to
maintain their loyalty.

Example of Sales Promotion

After Sinaumed’s knows about sales promotion, here’s an example of sales promotion:

1. Sales Promotion Free gifts

There are many ways to optimize sales promotion tactics, one of which is giving free gifts. If
Sinaumed’s owns a restaurant, it can give free desserts as a way of promotion.

Not only that, such clothing stores can provide free goods that may come from old stock and are considered
to be unsold. However, it must also be noted that each piece of clothing is in good condition
so that it still deserves to be used as a free gift.

2. Sales Promotion Samples are free

Basically, consumers really like everything that can be obtained for free. Giving free samples
can trigger consumers to buy the products Sinaumed’s sells. In fact, that may not have been
thought of by consumers before. This method has proven to be effective, especially if Sinaumed’s
is going to introduce a new product.

3. Sales Promotion Discounts

Discounts can certainly encourage consumer buying interest in a product. This has the idea
that consumers can obtain an item at a lower price than usual, which is one form of stimulus that can
encourage purchases from customers.

4. Sales Promotion Vouchers and coupons

Vouchers and coupons, both of which can create an exclusive impression when you give them to selected
people. Especially if the coupon has an expiration date. Consumers who get special
vouchers and coupons will certainly feel the need to use them before the specified time limit.

5. Sales Promotion Giveaway

Sales promotion can be done by optimizing a brand’s social media. It functions not only to
increase sales figures. Instead, this tactic can increase engagement rates for social media
marketing. Sinaumed’s can create quizzes on social media that can attract consumers’ attention.
A quiz with a giveaway as a prize for the winner will provide an opportunity to gain new followers
on social media.

6. Sales Promotion Buy one get one free

Buy one get one free is a form of promotion that is often used by various brands. Buy One Get
One Free or also known as BOGO, gives consumers the advantage of getting 2 products by paying for 1 product.
Buy one get one free is a fairly effective tactic used by almost all types of products and
services.

7. Sales Promotion Cashback

Another example of promotion is giving cashback on every product purchase, with the intention that the
consumer will buy back other products with this cashback promo. For example, if the price of
one bag is IDR 200,000, and every time you buy that product you will get a cashback of IDR 10,000, then if
you buy two bags, the buyer will get a cashback of IDR 20,000.

How, has Sinaumed’s made a choice to promote the product using which sales promotion? Make sure
the sales promotion is chosen right!

Tips for Running a Sales Promotion

In conducting promotions, buyers are often not interested in buying the product. Though the
promotion costs have been incurred. So that these costs are not in vain, here are some
effective promotion tips:

1. Create a different concept

The first step in promoting a product, Sinaumed’s needs to create a unique concept, not just giving a
discount. For example, Sinaumed’s provides special discounts to suit customers who have birthdays
or by providing product bundling promos.

2. Achievements to be Achieved

In making a promotional program, you must know what achievements you want to achieve. This
makes activities more measurable and specific.

Avoid making goals that are too general, such as increasing sales. You can make it more
specific, for example increasing sales and getting new customers.

3. Determine the Target Market

Of course we must know in advance, who will be our target market. The right target market will
give satisfactory results. Then, how do you determine the right target market?

To determine this, Sinaumed’s can analyze and also understand through the customer database.
Through this database, you can identify several problems that can be solved using the products you
offer. In this way you will have target market data which is divided into segmentation,
targets, and also their problems. This data is also the basis for Sinaumed’s to create a sales
promotion program.

4. Doing Promotion by Utilizing
Certain Events

The first tip for doing promotions is to take advantage of several major events, such as Independence Day,
Eid al-Fitr, Christmas and New Year. By doing this promotion at the right time and place.
Then consumers will feel interested in buying because there is an urgency of need there, especially
for products that consumers need at that time.

And at certain moments, consumers will be very happy if the product they need costs less. For
example for clothing products at Eid or Christmas and New Year. Setting lower prices can also
attract more consumers.

5. Provide Special Promotions to Loyal
Consumers

Special promotions for loyal consumers or customers are intended to increase the number of customers who
will buy the product. For example, if you have known your regular customers who have subscribed
to your store for 5 years, provide special offers and lower prices from other customers as a form of
appreciation for these customers.

Loyal consumers are customers who make repeated purchases (repeat orders). The existence of
these customers must be maintained in order to continue to contribute to increase sales.
Besides that, even loyal consumers will not be easy to switch to competitors.

6. There is a minimum purchase

By setting a minimum purchase, it can encourage customers to make a larger number of transactions.
Because by setting a minimum purchase, the discount given is getting bigger.

This method will certainly attract the attention of your consumers, who initially only bought one product, they
will add more because they are eyeing the discount.

7. Understanding Consumer Needs

Promotion should be done by starting to understand consumer needs. It aims to make the
promotion more effective. For example, by giving gifts on every purchase of a product.
Consumers will certainly love it, because these products are consumer staple products and
complement each other.

Consumers who feel their needs are understood can make these consumers interested in buying the promo
products offered. Therefore, it is important to know more about consumer needs.
One of them is by providing customer satisfaction surveys to consumers, from which conclusions can
be drawn about consumer needs.

8. Product Bundling Promotion

Sinaumed’s can also use this one marketing strategy, namely bundles. Maybe it’s not just one or
two people who apply this promotional method, but there’s nothing wrong with trying to create a bundling
promotion. Usually, business people will sell goods together in packages, especially if you
sell on the marketplace, you can really use these tips.

But the obstacle that most online sellers face when using the bundled marketing strategy is the difficulty
in calculating inventory. Then how do we avoid difficulties in calculating inventory sales of
goods? So whether you want it or not, Sinaumed’s must first calculate the amount of each
inventory, only then can you determine the maximum stock that can be sold.

Take it easy, there is an easy way so that you no longer have trouble counting stock and it is easier to
create product bundling promotion strategies. The tip is that Sinaumed’s can use the Jubelio
system because the application already has features that make it easier for you to create promotions, one of
which is product bundles. Later you can also set the number of stock items that you will sell
and will automatically generate a new SKU.

9. Doing Promotion in All Media

The media that exist in modern times like today are of course very diverse. As well as print
media, electronic media, and social media. Sinaumed’s can use all of these media as promotional
media so that the products produced are more recognized by many people. With promotions like
this, of course, can bring in new potential customers.

This one media is very helpful and effective to do as a way of promotion. Lots of features
that support this promotion. Sinaumed’s can also pay for the services of people who have
considerable influence on social media. Therefore, optimizing social media is highly
recommended as a medium for promotion.

10. Keep Profits in Mind

The last tip in doing promotions is that you have to take into account the profit that will be obtained.
Profit or profit is the orientation of every businessman. Therefore, even if you are
doing a promotion, you still have to take into account the profit that will be obtained. Thus,
it will still benefit, even if it costs money for promotion.

Even though the promotion costs a lot and cuts profits, it will still be very important for you to
calculate the profit you get from the promotion process that you are doing. This is done to
ensure that the promotion you are doing is not in vain and is right on target.

You can calculate profits through calculating ROI. If you have difficulty or are unfamiliar
with this, you can try using accounting software such as Accurate Online to get comprehensive financial
reports and financial data quickly and with minimal errors.

Sales Promotion Tools

Kotler (2005) states that sales promotion tools consist of:

1. Samples

Samples are a small number of products offered to consumers to try.

2. Coupons

Coupons given to buyers will provide discounts for certain products.

3. Refund offers (rebates)

An offer to return part of the purchase price of a product to consumers who send proof of purchase to
manufacturing companies.

4. Price Packages (transactions with
discounted prices or discounts)

Offer consumers savings from the usual price of a product.

5. Premium (giving gift)

Goods offered for free or at very low prices as an incentive to buy a product.

6. Program frequency

Programs that provide rewards related to the frequency and intensity of consumers buying the company’s products
or services.

7. Contests, sweepstakes and games

Promotional activities that give consumers the opportunity to win something such as cash, trips or goods either
by luck or by extra effort.

8. Subscription rewards

Cash or other prizes offered for use of a company product or service.

9. Free testing

Inviting potential buyers to sample the product free of charge in the hopes that they will buy.

10. Product warranty

The seller’s explicit or implicit promise that the product will perform as specified.

11. Joint promotions

Two or more company brands work together with coupons, cash-outs and contests to increase traction.

12. Promotion – cross

Using a brand to advertise other non-competitive brands.

13. Point of purchase

Display or demonstration that takes place at the place of payment or sale.

Reincarnation is – For some people it is believed that after we die, humans will come back again in a different form. Things like that are usually better known by many people with the term reincarnation. However, not many people know what reincarnation is and what are its signs. If you are one of those people, don’t worry because this article will discuss further the meaning of reincarnation along with its signs and scientific evidence.

Definition of Reincarnation

Reincarnation (or in Latin is “born again” or “rebirth”) or refers to the belief that a person will die and be reborn in another life. As for the intentions that are born, not only in a physical form as we are now, but that person’s soul is reborn in a certain form that is in accordance with the results of his previous actions.

Whereas in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), reincarnation is incarnation (incarnation) back into another body after death or rebirth.

There are two main streams in reincarnation, namely first, those who believe that humans will then continue to be reborn.

Second, those who believe that human beings will then cease rebirth at some point if they do enough good or if they gain great consciousness or merge with God. Hinduism itself adheres to the second stream.

Rebirth is a process of passing on birth from a previous life. In Hinduism and Buddhism, the philosophy of reincarnation itself teaches humans to be aware of true happiness and to be responsible for the destiny that is being carried out.

As long as humans are bound by the cycle of reincarnation, their lives are not free from sorrow. As long as these souls are attached to the results of bad actions, they will be reincarnated as people who are always grieving. In Hindu and Buddhist philosophy, the process of reincarnation itself gives humans the opportunity to enjoy the highest happiness. This happens when humans are unaffected by worldly pleasures or miseries, so they never feel sorrow, and when they understand the true meaning of life.

Signs of Reincarnation

Have you ever had a past life? Have you ever come across a particular place, language, or culture that you recognize without knowing it beforehand? This could be because you have lived in the past, aka experiencing reincarnation.

Sometimes you can find people frequently remembering their lives and past incidents they experienced. Well, there are many ways to find out about someone’s past life. One way is by regressing (backwards) to a past life. However, sometimes there are some subtle signs that may seem strange to you. Check out the signs if you had a past life, as follows:

Have Some Lasting Unexplained Memories

Have you ever felt like you have some memories that seem to have no relation to your current life? For example, you may have memories of living somewhere you’ve never been or doing things you’re completely unaware of.

This unusual memory then becomes one of the signs of life in the past. These memories may also remain in your subconscious. Moreover, these memories will also be unlike any other memories related to your current life. In fact, it can also be very offbeat and can give goosebumps at times.

Experiencing Déjà vu

Have you ever heard a certain language or uttered a certain sentence before? For example, you are talking to a friend but suddenly there is a point where you feel like you have experienced this before. Even if you have never witnessed or experienced it.

Experiencing Strange Phobias

Everyone has different phobias and depends on unpleasant experiences. However, there are also people who have strange phobias without even going through any unpleasant experiences before. Like you might be afraid of water even after knowing that you’ve never had any incidents about water. You also need to understand that these fears and phobias can be related to your previous life.

Have Enigmatic Skills and Knowledge

A child can dance at the age of two or three as if he had been doing it for a long time. In addition, sometimes you may find children who have extraordinary knowledge in a particular field or subject when compared to other children of their age group. There are also people who cannot live without music, spending their time with nature or dancing to the rhythm of the music. Some people take these as signs of past life

Having Strange Recurring Dreams

Sometimes people have nightmares or strange dreams over and over again. They might not be able to figure out the reason behind this. However, it is believed that our subconscious mind often recalls happy memories and past life traumas through recurring dreams and nightmares.

Like when you dream of being in a place you don’t know, meeting someone who is familiar but not from your current life. Instead of throwing these dreams away, you can actually find a connection in them and find out who you were in a past life

Having Strange Birthmarks on Body

There are many people who have one or more birthmarks on their bodies and this may still be considered normal. According to science, these birthmarks occur because of our position in the womb or because of some random pigmentation. However, those who study the science of reincarnation believe that birthmarks are marks that can tell you about your previous life. So, you undergo past life regression to find out the truths that lie behind the birthmarks.

7 Scientific Evidence of Reincarnation

In general, reincarnation is a religious concept which implies that after the death of a human being, their soul, mind, and consciousness are transferred to a newborn baby. It sounds like an impossibility, but some scientists believe that reincarnation exists.

In fact, reincarnation has long been a central tenet of certain spiritual traditions, but it is not something that has been rigorously tested by many scientists, so its veracity remains in doubt.

Even so, there is some scientific evidence that shows that reincarnation really exists. Here are some scientific evidences that show that reincarnation is real. “Believe it or not!”

Remember Because of Birthmarks

Launch Express , Ian Stevenson, a former Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Virginia, wrote in his study that about 35 percent of children who claimed to remember their previous life had birthmarks or birth defects that they showed as injuries in their previous life.

Stevenson himself dedicated most of his career to finding evidence of reincarnation, until his death in 2007. The total number of children he has investigated is 210 people. The study that Stevenson created is useful for investigating reincarnation cases entitled Birthmarks and Birth Defects Corresponding to Wounds on Deceased Persons.

Claims to Remember Previous Life

In a separate study, Stevenson also interviewed three children who claimed to remember aspects of their lives from previous lives. Each of the children interviewed then made 30 to 40 statements about memory that they had not personally experienced, and through verification, Stevenson also found that the statements they made were 92 percent true.

In an article published in Scientific Exploration , Stevenson also believes that the possibility of finding families with family members as described by these children is very likely.

Already More Than 2,500 Cases Researched

Jim Tucker, who is also from the University of Virginia, revealed that they have now studied more than 2,500 cases of children who reported their memories in the past. Then, Tucker and his team try to determine exactly what they said and what really happened, as well as see if this fits into the lives of someone who has lived and died before.

Remember Ever Killed

As quoted from NPR , there is a child named James Leininger who remembers being a fighter pilot in World War II. Tucker also said that when James was a child, he really liked his toy planes. However, by the time James was two years old, he began having extremely horrific nightmares four or five times a week about plane crashes.

Then, one afternoon, he talked about this plane crash and said that he was a pilot who flew off a United States ship in a past life. His father also asked the name of the ship, and he said Natoma. James said he had been shot down by the Japanese and killed on Iwo Jima. After investigating, it turns out that there was an aircraft carrier named USS Natoma Bay which was stationed in the Pacific during World War II. In fact, the ship is involved in Iwo Jima.

At that time, they lost one pilot there, a young man named James Huston. James Huston’s plane crashed exactly as described by James Leininger, namely experiencing engine failure, exploding, falling into the water and quickly sinking. Then, his memory started fading at the age of 5-7 years. Tucker was sure that this child’s memory must still be in his mind because the stored memory was quite strong from his previous life.

Maybe many think James was just hallucinating or imagining it, it’s just that Tucker believes that we can’t conclude what James said was imagination if this has been verified to be true. Moreover, the memory that James told was exactly the same as what had been experienced by James Huston, a man who lived during World War II.

Not only that, Huston is also from Pennsylvania, while James lives in Louisiana, is it really impossible for a 2 year old boy to go there to find information about Huston?

Related Books

Unique Natural Phenomena

Brothers and sisters, do you still remember the disaster that befell our friends in Aceh, Yogyakarta or Padang? Yes, in December 2004, our friends in Aceh experienced an earthquake and a tsunami. May 2006, our friends in Yogyakarta who experienced an earthquake. Then, our friends in Padang experienced a devastating earthquake in September 2009.

Earthquakes and tsunamis are natural events or phenomena that can happen anywhere and anytime. How do earthquakes and tsunamis happen? Why can this natural phenomenon cause such great damage? The brothers will find the explanation in this book. Apart from that, you will also find several other unique phenomena. For example hail, walking mountains, animal rain, fire rainbows, shooting stars, and many other phenomena. Everything is explained and explained clearly in this book. Interesting, right? Happy reading, huh!

100+ Unique World Cup Facts

The World Cup is one of the most awaited events by millions of people in the universe. Since it was launched in 1930, many interesting, heroic, phenomenal, dramatic, tragic, as well as funny and unique events have happened there. However, there are many facts and events that are then forgotten or deliberately forgotten.

This book examines the complete answers to all these mysteries. In it, there are 100 unique facts—including the 10 greatest moments—in the history of the World Cup which are revealed to show how powerful and interesting this grand event every four years is called “The Greatest Show on” . Also disclosed are all the first things that happened at the World Cup, profiles of players, coaches and football figures who colored the history of the World Cup, historical data and facts for the World Cup from 1930 to 2006, as well as a brief guide to the 2010 World Cup. The match schedule from the group stage to the final is made separately as an additional bonus.

Unique Traditions of Indonesia and the World

Various ethnicities, religions, and geographic locations are among the things that affect the diversity of a country. This diversity makes a country have a unique tradition that exists between one country and another. It cannot be denied that the existence of this tradition makes a country have unique and interesting characteristics to visit.

Through this book, it is hoped that it can broaden the reader’s horizons in getting to know the various unique traditions that are owned by Indonesia and various countries in the world from Indonesia, the Asian Continent, to the Americas. Not only reviewing unique traditions, but this book is also accompanied by photos which make it easier for readers to understand any information that is explained.

101 Facts & Events

The present era is referred to as the information-oriented age. We can get various information about domestic politics or how the progress of the times is just by reading newspapers, watching TV or accessing the internet while sitting pretty at home. However, there are still many terms that you don’t know such as NIMBY, Wisdom of Sunshine, Screen Quarter etc, right?

Whenever a term appears that we are not familiar with, we usually ask our parents. Well, now you don’t need to worry. This book will answer the questions in your minds through 101 story titles sorted by No – and packed in interesting comics. As a bonus, we provide the `One More!` column with additional knowledge. By now you know a lot about important issues, so try to talk about it with friends or parents. Soon, your horizons will broaden!

Closing

Thus the discussion about reincarnation is accompanied by some evidence showing that reincarnation really exists from the signs and from the scientific evidence. Are you one of those who believe in the theory of Reincarnation?

You can also add insight about unique events in the world or in Indonesia through books that can be found at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Quality Assurance – In fact, Quality Assurance (QA) is a job that is not only centered in a company, but also in the realm of education, namely in schools to the realm of health, namely in hospitals. But in this article, we will discuss what QA is in a company.

Basically, the existence of Quality Assurance (QA) will “go” hand in hand with Quality Control (QC) which both play an important role in the manufacture and development of a product. The product doesn’t have to be physical, you know, but can also be a digital product, for example a software. So, what is Quality Assurance (QA)?

What are the duties and responsibilities of a QA? What skills are needed so that Sinaumed’s can become a Quality Assurance (QA)? How is it different from Quality Control (QC)? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands these things, let’s look at the following review!

What is Quality Assurance?

The definition of QA in language is “quality assurance” or quality assurance. Basically, Quality Assurance (QA) is a form of guarantee that is used to provide security and trust in a product. Therefore, in the process, this QA will ensure whether the quality requirements of a product have been met or not. Usually, this Quality Assurance (QA) process covers the planning and supervision of activities in the product manufacturing process.

The existence of this QA plays an important role in the production of a product, especially in the midst of industrial developments like today. Just a little trivia, the existence of QA is expected to emerge during the Total Quality Control (TQC) era initiated by America and Europe at that time. If you talk about a product, you will definitely not be separated from its quality.

Yep, the assessment of the high or low quality of a product cannot be determined by the producer as the maker of the goods, but will be focused on the consumer’s assessment as the user of the product. What’s more, these consumers have different backgrounds, both in the realm of socio-economic conditions to their level of education. Therefore, product quality will be very relative.

Unfortunately, the existence of QA is often equated with Quality Control (QC). In fact, the two are clearly different, you know, even though in the process they will alternate. This QA focuses on checking whether the method of Quality Control (QC) is running according to plan or not. Quality Assurance (QA) is also the one who can decide whether the product can continue its production process, or be repaired, or even discontinued for free.

As the name implies, QA will focus on product quality. Why so? Because product quality can directly affect the credibility of the company so that it can improve work processes to consumer confidence.

In the work process, the QA will closely monitor the flow of product manufacturing, from the planning stage to testing. This is done so that later there will be no rework which will actually be a waste of time and money. In addition, this monitoring is also carried out to avoid complaints from consumers regarding damaged or defective products.

Career path

Even though it looks complicated, a Quality Assurance (QA) is required to be thorough, you know . That is why the career path of a QA will develop very widely, especially in a large company. Reporting from hashmicro.com , a QA can have a career path in the form of,

1. DevOps

DevOps is work in the form of optimizing the process for developing a product so that the product release process can be carried out quickly and optimally. Actually, DevOps work is almost the same as Quality Assurance (QA) because they both test products before they are released. It’s just that, this DevOps job has special expertise, namely mastering a programming language.

2. IT Management

IT Management is work in the form of planning, managing, organizing, and managing information technology resources based on company needs. The purpose of this information technology resource includes data, software, hardware, network, to data center facilities. Anything related to the use of technology. Later, the skills that have been taught in Quality Assurance (QA) can also be useful in this job, one of which is ensuring the quality of the software or application being created by the company.

3. Product Manager

Becoming a Product Manager requires that we have the ability to analyze, conduct audits, to provide solutions for a product (especially defective products). So, since a Quality Assurance (QA) is also required to have problem solving skills, the two jobs can be related to one another.

4. Customer Experience Leaders

Just a little trivia, a Quality Assurance (QA) does not only analyze product quality, but also must have knowledge of its consumers. In this regard, a Quality Assurance (QA) must focus on how consumers’ expectations of the product to be released.

Types of Quality Assurance

Even though they both analyze product quality before releasing it to consumers, the existence of Quality Assurance (QA) has several types based on the place and form of the product.

1. Hospitality Quality Assurance

As the name implies, Quality Assurance (QA) is a guarantee of quality for a product that has been offered by the hospitality industry. The hospitality industry is a business industry that prioritizes customer satisfaction, usually has a motto of being friendly, sincere and full of love. Example: hotels, inns, or places related to tourism.

2. Total Quality Assurance

This type of Quality Assurance (QA) is usually in a company, usually serving as a guarantor for quality or product quality as a whole. Assurance of product quality will be targeted in the short and long term.

3. Software Quality Assurance

As the name implies, Quality Assurance (QA) will act as a quality guarantor for a product produced by a technology company. Therefore, the resulting product is not in physical form, but in the form of software (software).

Quality Assurance Tasks

Indeed, in general, QA is tasked with guaranteeing the quality of a product that will be released to consumers. However, the flow of work will of course be complicated because you have to start with planning and end up verifying the quality of the production team. So, here is the flow of QA tasks in a company.

1. Make a plan regarding the quality of the product that will be needed. Usually QA will work closely with the research team and marketing team.
2. Monitor, analyze and test product samples until they are produced.
3. Provide verification of how product quality is, then handed over to the production team.
4. If there is a production process that does not meet the standards, Quality Assurance (QA) will provide corrective instructions.
5. Look for repair solutions if problems are found during the production process.
6. Doing product test documentation and included in the report.
7. Creating a production process flow in the form of a report as a reference for making products in the future.
8. Investigate consumer complaints if there are non-conformance problems with the product.

Skills Required To Become A Quality Assurance

If Sinaumed’s is interested in becoming a QA, don’t worry because currently there are many trainings both online and offline to become a QA. This profession is still very popular with many people, you know, apart from its wide career path, the salary is no joke. One of the skills that must be possessed by a QA is in the IT field. However, there are also other soft skills that must be mastered, namely in the form of:

1. Strong research and analytical skills.
2. Problem solving
3. time management
4. Understand market needs
5. Critical thinking
6. Good communication (oral and written)
7. Able to work with a team (teamwork)
8. Detailed, thorough, and disciplined
9. Management product
10. Understand the company’s quality standards

Difference between Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC)

Quality Assurance (QA)	Quality Control (QC)
Responsible for ensuring that the quality requirements for a product are met.	Responsible for ensuring product quality is in accordance with product standards.
Usually in the form of planning and supervision of the activity of making these products.	Usually in the form of product quality checking process.
Focusing on standardizing a product so that production errors do not occur.	Focusing on correcting errors in a product, before it reaches consumers.
The aim is to carry out inspections on the product development process.	The goal is to test the process, but only in the final stages of product development.
Check in advance whether the product is in accordance with the size, model, and color set by the company standard.	Re-checking products that have been checked by QA, to avoid damaged goods.
Usually present and play many roles before the production process runs.	Usually present and play a role after the production process takes place.
The place of work is usually in an office or room to make plans, work procedures, determine product specifications, and more.	The place of work is usually in the warehouse or down directly to the factory to carry out inspections.
More process oriented.	More product oriented.
The way it works is to create a quality management system.	The way it works is to find the source of the problem and fix it with existing equipment, so that product quality is maintained.

So, that’s a review of what Quality Assurance (QA) is and its career paths, tasks, soft skills needed, and the difference with Quality Control (QC). Is Sinaumed’s interested in being part of Quality Assurance (QA)?

Operators are – In the process of writing a programming language there is usually something called an operator. Where later the operator is used to form the desired value result.

Simply put, the operator is a symbol commonly used in writing programming languages. The existence of operators will usually be found more in certain operations.

Most operators are indeed used in arithmetic calculations in a program. For those of you who are studying in the world of programming, you may also be familiar with operators.

So that your knowledge is even wider about operators in programming languages. Of course, the explanation that is available in this article about operators in programming languages ​​will be very helpful.

Definition of Operators

Although previously discussed a little about operators in programming languages. But in this point we will learn together about the meaning of the operator in more depth.

Operator is a symbol that gives a compiler or interpreter to be able to perform certain operations such as mathematical, rational or logical operations in order to produce the final result as desired.

Operators can also be regarded as the basis of any type of programming language. When we make a program, usually there will be a lot of data which will be processed and produce a certain output .

When processing this data, an operator is needed that acts as a symbol. There are at least three types of operators that are often used in programming languages. Starting from arithmetic operators, relational operators and logical operators.

Characteristics of Operators

Operators can be grouped by their nature. There are about three groups of operators that can be seen based on their nature. Below is an explanation of the properties possessed by operators in programming languages.

1. Unary

The unary operator will only see the existence of operands in an operation. There are two main types of unary operators such as increment and decrement. Then the writing form of the unary operator is b++.

2. Binaries

Then there are also binary operators. Where later this operator will require two operands and also one operator in the middle in one operation. In simple terms, the writing of the binary operator is b + c.

3.Ternary

Finally, there is the ternary operator type. Where this ternary operator will show three operands in an operation performed. The writing form of the ternary operator is an expression? First choice : second choice.

The three points above are an explanation of the types of operators seen by their nature. When you write a programming language, of course you will meet from when the type of operator is seen based on its nature.

Types of Operators in Programming Languages

Apart from being based on their nature, the grouping of operators in programming languages ​​can also be grouped based on their function. There are about six types of operators which are seen based on their functions.

The six types of operators based on their functions are as follows.

1. Arithmetic Operators

First, there is the arithmetic operator, where this type of operator has a function to process two operands that will produce a certain value. However, the results of operations involving arithmetic operators also depend on the operand value and the type of operator used.

Simply put, this type of operator will be easier for us to find in a mathematical operation contained in writing a programming language. Arithmetic is a branch in mathematics.

Where basically this arithmetic will be a simple calculation such as plus, minus, divide and times. In addition, in the C++ programming language the use of operators also applies to the modulo division operation or the % operator which is used to find a remainder for the quotient.

The types of operators in the C++ programming language arithmetic operators are as follows.

+ (addition), for example a = 5 + 2
– (subtraction), for example a = 5 – 2
* (multiplication), for example a = 5 – 2
/ (division in real numbers or fractions), for example a = 5 – 2
% (remaining quotient or modulus), for example a = 5 % 2

2. Assignment Operator or Assignment

Then there is the assignment operator or assignment operator. Where this type of operator has a function to assign a value to one variable. There are two sides of the operand that have their respective functions.

The operand on the left side of the operator is a variable, while the operand on the right side of the operator is a value or a variable that has a value. As a result, the result on the right side must have the same data type as the variable on the left side.

In C++, the assignment operator uses symbols such as the equals sign “=”. Later assignment operators can also use several combined symbols such as “+=”,”-=”, and so on.

3. Increment and Decrement Operators

Then there are also the increment and decrement operators. These two types of operators have different meanings and functions.

The increment operator is used to increase the variable by one number. Meanwhile, the decrement operator is used to reduce the variable by one number.

In writing the increment operator will use a symbol like (a++). Then for writing the decrement operator will be used using the symbol (a–).

The two symbols are also a short writing of the operations a = a + 1 and a = a- 1.
Meanwhile, the writing of these symbols can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the existing variables. For example like ++a or –a, it can also be like a++ and a–.

4. Comparison Operators

Then there is the comparison operator. Basically the function of the comparison operator is used to be able to find out in a variable that has a value that is greater or smaller than the presence of other values.

Or simply the existence of this comparison operator is used to compare two values. Is the value the same, smaller, greater and so on. The result obtained from the comparison operator is Boolean true or false.

In the C++ programming language, when the results of the comparison operators are displayed with the cout command, true or false are displayed as integers 1 or 0.
Below are some of the symbols used in the comparison operators.

Same as “==”, for example 5 == 5 will get result 1 (true)
Not the same as “!=”, for example 5 !+ 5 will get result 0 (false)
Greater “>”, for example 5 >6 will get result 0 (false)
Smaller “<”, for example 5 < 6 will get result 1 (true) Greater or equal to “>=”, for example 5 >= 3 will get result 1 (true) Less or equal
to 5 <= 5 will get result 1 (true)

5. Logical Operators

Logical operators have a function to check the equality of two or more data values. Logical operators also have functions as expressions that can return values ​​of type boolean.

Simply put, logical operators can be used to return a true or false Boolean value from 2 or more conditions.

&& (And), Will return true if both operands are true
Example: true && false will return false
|| (Or), will return true if one of the operands is true
For example: true || false will return true
! (Not), will return true if the operand is false.
For example: !False, will return true.
From the three points above, a formula can be applied as follows.
The && operator can only return true when both operands have the value true, otherwise the result is false.
Operators|| can only return false when both operands have the value false, otherwise the result is true.
Operator ! Will reverse some logic, !False will be true and !True will be false.

6. Conditional Ternary Operators

This conditional ternary type operator has a function to evaluate expressions seta has two choices of existing values.

7. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise is a special operator that can be used to handle logical operations on binary numbers in the form of bits. Binary numbers are a type of number that can only consist of two types of digits, namely 0 and 1.

If the original value used is not a binary number, the C++ compiler will automatically convert it into a binary number. An example is 7 decimal =0111 in binary.

The C++ language provides support for 6 types of bitwise operators. Some of them are like & (AND), |(OR), ^ (XOR), ~ (NOT), << (Left shift), >> (Right shift).
Those are the types of operators commonly used in programming languages ​​like C++. Each operator has its own function. Of course, until now the existence of this operator is always present in various programs that are written.

Programming Languages ​​that are Often Used Today

After we learn together about the operators in the programming language. The next thing we will learn is the various programming languages ​​that are still being used today.

In this programming language, you will usually use operators according to existing needs. So that you are even clearer about what programming languages ​​are often used today, here is a complete explanation.

1. C++

C++ is a programming language that is so popular today. This is none other than because the C ++ language is able to offer convenience. Besides that, C++ can also provide quite a lot of features and applications.

For beginners it will also be easier when learning the C ++ language. Originally C++ was run by the Unix OS. But after the development of time, this programming language can get support as a low level coding. The existence of this also makes the C ++ programming language function more optimally.

2.JavaScript

Next is the JavaScript programming language. Where the existence of this programming language will usually be found more on websites. In its application, usually the existence of JavaSript will be used by developers for the front end. In addition, the existing framework in JavaScript is also often used to support the development of the Internet of Thing or IoT on mobile devices, more specifically AngularJS and React.

3. Java

In the world of programming, the existence of the Java programming language is very widely used. In search alone until now has a fairly high level of popularity.

Java is a programming language that was developed in 1991. About 20 million developers have used the Java programming language in their applications on 15 billion world devices.

Because of this, the Java programming language is so popular. You may even have used this programming language when coding programs.

4.Python

Although Python is a common programming language. But actually Python is one of the programming languages ​​that fall into the group of high-level code structures.

Like other programming languages, Python can also be used to create websites, scientific computing, data mining to machine learning.

Even big companies like Google, Yahoo, NASA, Instagram, Reddit and YouTube also use the Python programming language in their development.

5.PHP

In Indonesia, the existence of PHP is very popular to use. PHP itself is a scripting language that has various server side scripting advantages so that it can produce more complex websites.

PHP can also interact with databases such as mysql and also basic CMS such as WordPress. In addition, web servers that provide full support for PHP are also very easy to find. Starting from Apache, IIS, Lighttpd to Xitami which has configuration so easy.

From a development standpoint, PHP can indeed provide convenience. There are even lots of online discussion groups in which there are developers from all over the world who can help develop the program you are building.

6. C#

There are also C# or C Sharp programming languages. Where the basis of the C # programming language is the C programming language and also C ++ which was developed by Microsoft with various other programming features such as Java, Delphi, Visual Basic and so on.

The use of the C# programming language is indeed more of a simple object orientation and is widely used for video game development. On Windows, this programming language will run on the .NET platform.

7. Kotlin

Then there is the Kotlin programming language. Where this programming language runs on the Jva Virtual Machine or JVM or can also be run using the LLVM compiler. This programming language is arguably different from other programming languages. This is because the Kotlin programming language can manage complex Android programs. Besides that, the existence of the Kotlin programming language is also a tough competitor of the Java programming language.

8. Rust

Rust is a programming language which, if you look at the program code used, is similar to C++’s syntax and has properties similar to the Go or Golang programming languages. Interestingly, Rust can be accessed and used for free. Dropbox and Coursera are two examples of websites that use the Rust programming language on the back end.

9. Ruby

The Ruby programming language has a very simple syntax structure. It’s no wonder that many website developers use the Ruby programming language or just to learn.

The Ruby programming language can also be written in one line. This keeps Ruby concise and tidy. Apart from that, this programming language can also be used for 3D modeling, tracking information and creating a web app. Even Github and Scribd use Ruby in their application scripts.

10. Go Or Golang

Go or golang or go language has open source properties and is also often used on social media platforms. The Golang programming language has clear algorithm attributes and data structures that easily make website performance more up-to-date.
Those are some programming languages ​​that are still often used today.

Apart from these 10 programming languages, there are several others. But of the 10 programming languages, of course you can choose to use one according to your personal needs and abilities.

If Sinaumed’s is interested in reading books about programming language operators , you can get them at sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia always provides the best products so you have #moreWithReading information.

Princess Leonor’s name was widely heard and several times became a public discussion. She is a daughter of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia. The following is a brief profile of Princess Leonor.

Full name: Leono de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Ortiz Sianturi

Stage name: Princess Leonor

Honorific name: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Asturias

Place, date of birth: Madrid, Spain, October 31, 2005

School: Atlantic School in Glamorgan

Father: Don Felipe (King Felipe VI)

Mother: Doña Letizia (Queen of Spain)

Siblings: Princess Sofia (sister)

Princess Leonor is still a teenager, but has been groomed to be Queen at the age of 13. He has also attended royal events and given speeches at them. Princess Leonor has been accustomed to addressing the nation.

Princess Leonor is also a smart person. He is able to communicate in several languages ​​including Spanish, Arabic, English, Mandarin, and Catalan. Currently, he is studying at UWC Atlantic College.

Not only that, Princess Leonor also has several other titles, such as Lady Balaguer, Duchess of Montblanc, Order of the Golden Fleece, Princess of Girona, Countess of Cervera, and also Princess of Viana.

Princes Leonor becomes the Heir to the Royal Throne

Princess Leonor is the first child of King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia. He became the heir to the throne of the Spanish empire. This is because Princess Leonor is the first child of King Felipe VI.

In the royal system it is known that the next holder of the throne is a man. This is known as male-preference cognatic primogeniture. However, the constitutional law changed after King Felipe VI ascended the throne and had no sons.

Therefore, Princess Leonor was officially appointed as the first heir to the throne since June 19, 2014. She will be the first Queen of Spain to continue the throne since the reign of Isabella II, who ruled from 1833 to 1868.

List of Countries Led by Women

Being a leader is not only the right of men. Women also have the right to be a good leader for themselves and even for the country. Women can be fair leaders. The following is a list of women who have become leaders in several countries which have been summarized from the page Cnnindonesia.com.

1. Liz Truss, British Prime Minister

Since the prime minister election round took place, Liz Truzz has indeed been predicted to be Johnson’s successor. Liz herself received a lot of support from British officials including the Minister of Defence, Ben Wallace.

During the campaign, Liz Truss promised to cut taxes and revive the sluggish British economy due to inflation. She is the third female leader in England.

The UK’s first female prime minister was Margaret Thatcher with a term of office from 1979 to 1990. Meanwhile, the second female prime minister was There May who served from 2016 to 2019.

2. Mette Frederiksen, Prime Minister of Denmark

Mette Frederiksen became prime minister of Denmark in 2019. She took office at the age of 41. Mette is also among the country’s leading heads of state.

Mette Frederiksen is not Denmark’s first female prime minister. Previously, there was Helle Thorning Schmidt who served from 2011 to 2015. They were both from the Social Democratic Party.

3. King Kallas, Prime Minister of Estonia

King Kallas has served as prime minister of Estonia since January 2021. In 2016, Estonia was also led by a female head of state, namely Kersti Kaljulaid. She became Estonia’s first female prime minister.

4. Elisabeth Borne, Prime Minister of France

Elisabeth Borne has been prime minister of France since May 2022. Prior to Elisabeth, France’s first female prime minister was Edith Cresson.

5. Katerina Sakellaropoulou, President of Greece

Katerina Sakellaropoulou becomes the first female President of Greece. He has served as president since January 2020. In the Greek system of government, the presidency takes on a ceremonial role.

However, Katerina Sakellaropoulou changed it. He made a new breakthrough in the form of the president becoming the country’s high court in 2018.

6. Katalyn Novak, President of Hungary

Katalyn Noval, president of Hungary who has served since AMret 2022. She became the first female president in Hungary. Katalyn became a close ally of Prime Minister Viktor Orban and a former family policy minister. Meanwhile, the role of the president in Hungary is largely ceremonial.

7. Magdalena Andersson, Prime Minister of Sweden

Magadalena Andersson, Swedish prime minister who has served since November 2021. Before serving as prime minister, Magdalena Andersson was an economist who also served as finance minister for seven years.

When initially elected as prime minister, Magdalena Andersson had experienced difficult things. He had resigned after parliament and the Green Party rejected the budget and left the coalition.

8. Sanna Marin, Prime Minister of Finland

Sanna Marin became prime minister of Finland in 2019. He took office when he was 34 years old. He is also the youngest prime minister in Finland. Sanna has good competence in leading a country.

This is supported by the assessment of several observers who regard him as one of the world’s strongest leaders. one of the researchers from the University of Helsinki Economic Studies, Timo Miettinen expressed the opinion that Marin is a person of integrity.

Not only that, Marin is also the youngest female prime minister in the world. This status has made her and her governing coalition (all party leaders are women and four are under 35) in the global spotlight.

Countries that Implement a Monarchy System        

There are many different government systems in the world. Every country has its own way to lead its people. Launching from the Dunia.tempo.co page, here is a list of countries that implement a monarchy system.

1. England

England adheres to a monarchy system in which the king or queen is only a symbol of sovereignty. Controlling power in a monarchy system is the prime minister. Until now, England still has a king who is active in the country’s government.

The king was Raha Charles Philip Arthur George III. King Charles succeeded Queen Elizabeth who died on September 8, 2022.

2. Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia adheres to an absolute monarchy system of government. That is, the existence of the prime minister is only a symbolic form. This is because the power is fully held by the king.

Saudi Arabia is led by King Salman bin Abdulaziz al-Saud. The position of king was passed down to the next generation. However, there is a committee of Saudi princes to elect the king who serves in accordance with a 2006 decree.

3. Bhutan

Bhutan or the country that is nicknamed the Thunder Dragon Country adheres to an absolute monarchy system of government. However, this system was discontinued when a new constitution emerged and the election of a prime minister was held.

Since then, Bhutan’s government system has been run by implementing a semi-constitutional monarchy system of government. In this monarchy system, the prime minister holds executive power in the government.

However, the king still had considerable political power to carry out his own policies. Since 2006, Bhutan has been ruled by Raha Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.

4. The Netherlands

The Netherlands is one of the countries that implements a constitutional monarchy parliamentary system and there is still a federal element in it. Therefore, the role of the prime minister in the Dutch government system is important.

Since 2013 until now, the Netherlands has been led by King William Alexander who obtained his position by replacing his mother, namely Queen Beatrix. The Netherlands is the most expensive monarchy country that still exists today in Europe.

5. Swaziland

Before becoming the name of Swazilan, previously the country was called Estawatini which is located in southern Africa and between South Africa and west and east of it lies Mozambique. Swaziland is a country that adheres to an absolute monarchy system of government.

However, unfortunately King Mswati III who is now leading Swaziland is known as a king who often gets criticism. This is due to a very luxurious life. This is inversely proportional to the life of the people who are far from luxurious. His life is in contrast to the circumstances of his people.

6. Thailand

Thailand adheres to a constitutional monarchy system of government. The king is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government. The Thai king has few direct powers under the constitution. Currently, the King of Thailand is named King Vajiralongkorn who has ascended the throne since December 1, 2016, when his father died.

7. Norway

Norway adheres to a constitutional monarchy system of government with a parliamentary government. Since 1991, Norway has been led by a king named King Harald V. Meanwhile, the Norwegian parliament has been divided into two, namely voting on odelsting and lagging legislation.

8. Vatican

The Vatican is headed by a bishop of Rome, namely the Pope. The Vatican itself is considered to have a unique government system, namely an elective monarchy system. The pope has the title of king of the country. This position cannot be passed on to anyone.

Apart from these 8 countries, here is a list of countries that adhere to a monarchy system and the kings/sultans/queens who lead them, which are summarized from the Bola.com page.

1. Brunei Darussalam – Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
2. Oman – Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said
3. Qatar – Amir TAMIM bin Hamad Al Thani
4. Saudi Arabia – King Salman bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud
5. Swaziland – King Mswati III
6. Vatican – Pope Francis
7. Andorra – Prince Emmanuel Macron
8. Antigua and Barbuda – Queen Elizabeth II
9. Australia – Queen Elizabeth II
10. Bahamas – Queen Elizabeth II
11. Barbados – Queen Elizabeth II
12. Bahrain – King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa
13. Belgium – King Philippe
14. Belize – Queen Elizabeth II
15. Bhutan – King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
16. Cambodia – King Norodom SIHAMONI
17. Canada’s Queen Elizabeth II
18. Denmark – Queen Margrethe II
19. Grenada – Queen Elizabeth II
20. Jamaica – Queen Elizabeth II
21. Japan – Emperor Akihito
22. Jordanian King – Abdallah II
23. Kuwait Amir – SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah
24. Lesotho King – Letsie III
25. Liechtenstein – Prince Hans Adam II
26. Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Henri
27. Malaysia – The Agong MUHAMMAD V
28. Monaco – King Albert II
29. Morocco – King Mohammed VI
30. Netherlands – King Willem Alexander
31. Norway – King Harald V
32. New Zealand – Queen Elizabeth II
33. Papua New Guinea – Queen Elizabeth II
34. Saint Kitts – Queen Elizabeth II
35. Saint Lucia – Queen Elizabeth II
36. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Queen Elizabeth II
37. Solomon Islands – Queen Elizabeth II
38. Spain – King Philip VI
39. Sweden – King Carl XVI Gustaf
40. Thailand – King Maha Vajiralongkorn
41. Tonga – King Tupou VI
42. Tuvalu – Queen Elizabeth II
43. United Arab Emirates – Khalifa bin Zayid Al-Nuhayyan
44. United Kingdom – Queen Elizabeth II

Kingdom Background Novel Recommendations

Kingdoms can be one of the inspirations for writing novels or works of fiction. Here are some novels set in the kingdom and their summary as an overview of the book.

1. Arok Dedes

Arok Dedes is a romance novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer which tells the history of Ken Arok’s resistance and rebellion against the government of Akuwu Tumampel, Tunggul Ametung. Romance of Arok Dedes is not just an irrational mystical romance (the curse of the Gandring kris has seven generations). This is a full political romance. Tells about the first coup in the archipelago. Javanese coup.

A crawling coup that uses many hands to then knock out and take full power. A cunning but ingenious coup. Bloody, but true killers applaud the high honors. It involved military movements (the Gandring movement), spreading suspicion from within, bringing friends against each other, and heating up the camps. The actors work like ghosts. Even if his movements are known, there is no valid evidence for the authorities to get rid of him. Arok is the knot of a combination of cunning paramilitary machines and greedy politicians from the Sudra/agrarian circles who crawled the fate of becoming the sole ruler of the land of Java).

Arok did not have to show his bloodstained hands accompanying Ametung’s fall in the Tumapel Grand Chamber, because politics is not always synonymous with open war. Politics is a game of chess on a pawn board that requires foresight, inducement, determination to throw baits to get big baits. There are no friends or foes. There is only a throne where all desires can be blown up as much as they want. In the end, the novel Arok-Dedes describes a complex political coup map that Java “donated” for Indonesia.

2. Emma

Beautiful, smart, rich and single. Emma Woodhouse was so content with her life that she felt she needed neither love nor marriage. The only thing that pleases him is meddling in other people’s love lives. However, when he ignores his best friend’s warning, Mr. Knightley, and trying to arrange an arranged marriage to Harriet Smith, his protégé, all go awry. It turns out that Emma and Harriet like the same guy, only Emma realizes her own feelings too late.

Should he give in? Or the pursuit of happiness regardless of Harriet’s feelings? Set in the village of Highbury, England in 1815, with imperfect but charming characters, and witty and sharp portrayals, Emma is often considered Jane Austen’s finest work. This novel has also been adapted to the big screen in 1996, starring Gwyneth Paltrow.

This novel written by Jane Austen tells the story of Emma, ​​a twenty-one year old girl living in Hartfield, in the Village of Highbury with her widowed and wealthy father, Mr. Henry Woodhouse. Emma has a sister, Isabella, who now lives in London after marrying John Knightley, her mother died when Emma was young so you could say she is the mistress of the house in Hartfield. Emma Woodhouse was beautiful, smart, and rich, she was also easily happy, affectionate and spoiled others.

But behind all her goodness, Emma also has flaws. She is not as perfect as in the eyes of those who know her. Stubborn, does whatever he wants, prefers to believe his own opinion, tends to think too highly of himself.

3. The Keris

Glory can only be achieved by knowledge, war, and mental practice, while death is a path that must be taken with great respect. Die with a dagger stuck in your chest as a knight, not die with a spear stuck in your back because you ran from the battlefield. Civilization has a lot to say about power.

Power gives birth to picky people, and picky humans always hold an heirloom. This is the second winner of the most prestigious writing contest. The novel tells the story of a keris belonging to Kanjeng Kyai Karonsih as well as a series of history of a nation. A dagger that records traces of the past, witness to many important events, witness to the change of power from time to time in the archipelago, from the days of the Hindu, Buddhist and Islamic kingdoms to the era of Independence, and a prediction of Indonesia in the future.

“This nonlinearly plotted novel divides itself into long and short chapters, some of which can stand as separate stories showing the courage to test form and content.” —Accountability of the 2019 Jakarta Arts Council Novel Contest Jury.

“Sang Keris by Panji Sukma will be read, digested, and enjoyed by the wider community, and will be included in the group of leading Indonesian novels.” —Ahmad Tohari. “Readers will be brought into the storyline and cosmic space, and will be unconsciously led into the depths of the meditation of the chosen humans.” —Basuki Teguh Yuwono

Features of Microsoft Power Point – Microsoft power point is a computer software for processing presentations for documents or works in the form of slides. This software is the output of Microsoft Corporation along with other Office packages. PowerPoint is done in slide pages, unlike Word in the form of pages and Excel in the form of spreadsheets. This PowerPoint slide show is available with various template designs in it that are useful for displaying data or documents.

There are other opinions regarding Microsoft Power Point, which is part of Microsoft Office. The most important function of Microsoft power point is a means of presentation. This function is very useful in the fields of education, economics, business and many more. Apart from being used for presentations, the function of Microsoft Power Point plays a very important role in protecting the environment. Paper production is minimal because many presentations rely solely on soft files. Power point is also known to make it very easy for its users to influence the audience during presentations. If you already know the functions of Microsoft Power Point, you also understand how to make presentations with PowerPoint. There are lots of mainstay features in power point that can shorten presentation making time.

Microsoft power point is the most widely used presentation application in Indonesia. The features of this application made by Microsoft are quite complete. Microsoft PowerPoint is a package with Microsoft Office. Its use is also quite easy without having to activate the internet. The advantage of Microsoft PowerPoint that can be obtained is that this PowerPoint application has a user-friendly interface and is easy for beginners to use. Each version of Power Point has additional features that are more complete.

In general, to make presentation materials using Ms. PowerPoint doesn’t take long. This can happen because PowerPoint has various features that can help us operate the application. There are 10 PowerPoint features that can make PPT interesting and useful for us. Power point is software used to design presentation material in the form of slides. With this application, it will be easier for someone to make presentations that are made in a simple, attractive and even professional manner which are used as learning material in class or in public.

 

 

PowerPoint function

Every application program that is made is of course created with a clear purpose, so is Power Point. This Power Point application has several functions that can be useful for us. Here’s the function:

• Power point can make it easier for users.
• PowerPoint can make it easier for users to organize the material to be delivered.
• Power point can make the audience better understand the presentation material being displayed. This can happen because the user displays the main points in the slide that is displayed.
• For media presentations, users can easily convey communication with slide media by writing or material in the form of writing, pictures, animation or video.
• Effective in sharing information and communicating to multiple users, in the sense that Power Point makes presentation files in softcopy form for many computer users to access.
• Arranging discussion material to the audience is easier with material slide shows and element support in the form of images, videos and animated material which will make understanding the discussion material easier.
• Supporting the implementation of business presentations, in this case the program will facilitate companies or businesses in communication media in the form of promotions, introductions and sales to clients.
• Supporting educational and learning activities, students and educators use presentation software to make teaching and learning materials and tools easily and in an organized manner.
• Power point can make the presentation of material more memorable and interesting. To make presentation materials more memorable and interesting, you can use animation or features in Power Point.

However, it is highly recommended for users to use animation in a way that is not excessive, so that the presentation continues to run well and the focus of the audience remains on the material, not on the animation provided.

Advantages of PowerPoint

The following are some of the advantages of powerpoint:

1. Make it easy for users to make presentation slides

One of the advantages that has the most impact on users is that with Power Point, users make it easier to make presentation slides. With this application, users can prepare simple, attractive and even professional presentations in a short period of time.

2. Has a variety of tools

Another thing that is obtained from using Power Point is that there are various kinds of tools that can make presentation slides more interesting. The existence of the features contained in Power Point can help us in inserting sound features, imported videos, photos and so on.

3. Has Collaboration Features

A busy routine often makes it difficult for someone to get things done at the right time and in the right conditions. Therefore, it is not uncommon for someone to continue their work using a different media (computer/laptop). We can use the collaboration feature in PowerPoint to edit presentation material simultaneously from different computers. That way our work will be much faster and easier.

4. Varied Power Point Templates.

Another thing that we get from using PowerPoint is that we can choose the template design we want. In this case, PowerPoint templates are useful for making presentations more attractive with varied backgrounds. This feature is one of 10 PowerPoint features that can make PPT attractive.

5. Can be imported into PDF Form.

In addition, PowerPoint has a feature that can be used to export files to PDF format. This feature can make it easier for us if we want to print presentation material files.

6. Has Very Advanced Authoring Features.

Another advantage you get from using Power Point is the existence of a very advanced Authoring feature. This feature is a solution that we can use to protect the documents we have from irresponsible parties, that is what is meant by the Authorization feature. In this case the user can mark or provide a password to encrypt the file that has been created.

7. Has a Cloud Service Feature.

The Cloud Service feature is used as the default for saving the file to local storage.

 

 

Power Point Features and Their Functions

Microsoft office PowerPoint is the most widely used presentation processing software for Indonesians. All of this is due to the ease of the program’s features and facilities in processing material in various fields.

1. File menu

The file menu in PowerPoint has a variety of main features.

• Open has a function to open a saved PowerPoint document file. The format that can be opened is various, PPT as the original PowerPoint file
• New, this feature has a function to create a new worksheet by opening a blank worksheet template in PowerPoint
• Recent functions to open files left over from previous work that the user has opened. With the Recent feature, users don’t bother looking for files in documents, because files that have been worked on before are available in the recent list
• Save & Save As, has a function to save document files that have been completed. There lies a difference between the two. Save is used to save old files that have been previously saved on the computer. Meanwhile, Save As functions to save a new document file or is being worked on
• Print functions to print document files and display files to output devices (screens) or physical files in the form of text or images.

2. Home menu

Is a menu bar that contains several commands or text settings as well as the display of a PowerPoint document worksheet. The home menu feature contains various commands and settings, including the following:

• Clipboard, a feature of copying and pasting objects that have been copied from files outside the Powerpoint program
• Slides, this feature will display slide page sections and powerpoint slide settings
• Font, the font feature functions to set the font in the choice of font type, size, character and other font settings
• Paragraph, functions to set paragraphs on the worksheet. Paragraphs will provide settings for equipment, paragraph columns, text alignment, and sections related to paragraphs
• Drawing, used to add shapes with lines or design shapes on the slide page.

3.Insert Menu

Insert is a menu bar that functions to insert objects or media into the PowerPoint slide page. It also includes various features, namely:

• Table to add a table to the slide page
• Image to insert an image from a document or computer device into a powerpoint worksheet
• Illustration to illustrate illustration
• Link To connect page access in the form of links or actions
• Text to add text in the form of variations
• The symbols contain commands for creating formula equations, currency symbols, copyright and math
• Media to insert media in the form of audio video and screen recording

4. Menu Design

As the name of the feature suggests, the design menu will contain various settings regarding the slides page design.

• Page set up functions to set the page size and slide orientation in full screen or standard screen as well as custom size settings, portrait or landscape
• Themes contain design themes that can be applied and adapted to presentation slide backgrounds
• Background, namely the background format by changing the background according to user needs with various different themes. This feature provides background color and transparency facilities, besides that users can change solid fills, gradients, image fills, pattern fills and graphics.

5. Menu transitions

6. Animated menus

7. Slide shows

8. Reviews and views

 

 

Attractive PowerPoint Features

The various kinds of Power Point features that we can use to make learning activities more interesting are:

1. Slides

The slide size feature can help us choose the size that suits our goals. For example, if we want to make learning material for presentations, the slide size is automatically set to 16.9. Meanwhile, if our goal is to make slides in Power Point for social media posts, then choose a 1:1 ratio or a custom slide size of 38.1 x 38.1 cm.

2. Layouts

After choosing a slide size, we will be met with other features that can help us in making learning materials, namely the layout feature. In power point, we can choose a layout design that suits the material to be presented. Apart from that, we can also make our own layout design by choosing a blank layout. On this occasion, we can be creative with the layout design that will be used.

3. Slide Masters

We can use the slide master feature to adjust the colors and fonts used in the material to be delivered, which can be the same from the first slide to the last slide.

4. Color Templates

The color template feature can make the learning material to be made more harmonious and attractive. If we want to choose a color template according to our wishes, choose the design menu (click the small arrow in the variants menu) then select color. We can also make custom colors if we want to choose our own.

5. Distribute Rows/Columns

In addition, there is a distribute row/column feature which is used to tidy up existing tables. On this occasion, if the learning material that we are going to convey is still not neat, then we can use this feature.

6. SmartArt

This feature will help us in making graphics and charts. With this feature, our work will be much more effective because PowerPoint already provides various diagrams and charts that we can use in learning. On this occasion we only have to choose diagrams and charts that are appropriate to the material to be taught.

7. Theme

In addition, Powerpoint also provides a theme feature that we can use for free. If we feel bored and want to use a different theme, then we can use a premium theme or use a free theme from the web that provides PowerPoint themes.

8.Insert

There are several occasions where in the presentation of material we will need photos or learning videos. We don’t need to worry, because Powerpoint already provides an insert feature, where the learning photos or videos that will be used can be inserted into the presentation material by hovering over the ‘insert’ menu.

9. Morph

This feature can help us convert text, images and even 3D shapes into an animation. However, this feature can be found in the Microsoft PowerPoint 2016 series and above. With this feature, the learning material that will be delivered can be more lively and interesting.

10. Accessibility

By using this feature, we can be assisted in finding mistakes in presentations, so that it is much easier for us to edit the material. In addition to mentioning the mistakes in the document that we make, this feature also prepares reasons why we have to fix the document. We can find this feature in the Microsoft PowerPoint 2016 series and above.

To make it easier to use Power Point, Sinaumed’s can read books and get the books available at www.sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best!

Diseases of Ain – Hearing about other diseases, it seems that they are already familiar to the ears of Muslims, because some time ago there was also a lot of public discussion. Unlike other types of diseases, other diseases are not a type of medical disease that can be cured using certain medications or treatments, because other diseases are diseases of the liver.

Ain disease is one of the various negative supernatural forces that actually existed since the time of the Prophets and Apostles. The disease turned out to be very dangerous, even Rasulullah SAW asked for help from Allah SWT to avoid this disease.

This disease usually occurs in children. In Muslim narrations, Rasulullah SAW advised all his people to ask Allah SWT for protection from disturbances or diseases that befell the child on the day of his birth. The effects of exposure to other diseases are very diverse. This disease can make people who look at it immediately become wretched, sick, even to the point of causing death.

From Aisyah RA, she said which means:

“In the past Rasulullah SAW asked me to do ruqyah to heal ‘ain.”

If you look at other diseases from an Islamic perspective, other diseases are difficult to detect medically, because it is said that these diseases arise because of the envy and envy of other people. So, what exactly is ain disease, then how can you prevent it? Check out the full explanation below.

What is Ain’s Disease?

We cannot deny that in living life there are indeed things and events that we cannot explain with our minds. An example is a disease that cannot be detected medically.

In Islam, Muslims recognize the existence of this disease which is mentioned in a number of hadiths. Another disease is a disease that arises due to evil views that imply feelings of envy and envy or it could even be due to excessive admiration. As a result of that, the view causes illness and even death to the person being looked at.

This refers to and is also narrated in a valid Muslim hadith, that Rasulullah SAW said which means:

“Ain really exists. If there is something that can precede destiny, it’s really different that can. (HR. Muslim)

Ain disease is a term used to describe a misfortune that is spread by one person to another due to feelings of jealousy and envy. In this disease, the eyes that cause admiration when they see something will be followed by a negative mental response.

Simply put, satan takes advantage of jealousy and envy or even an exaggerated admiration through someone’s eyes. He then sends an arrow of jealousy to the person he admires excessively or he hates, causing a disease and even death.

In the book of Tawhid, other diseases are explained as a disease or disorder caused by the presence of eye sight. Sheikh Abdurrahman bin Hasan said, which means:

“A person who looks, causes symptoms to what he sees.” (Fathul Majid Syarah Book of Tawhid, page 69).

The scholars also mention a lot about this disease in several verses like the following, which means:

“Another disease is a look of awe or amazement accompanied by envy from someone who has a bad character that causes harm to the person he sees.” (Sheikh Ibn Hajar al-Asqalany, Fath al-Bari, juz 10. Pg.200)

Not only occurs in adults, this disease can also affect anyone, including children. This is usually marked by when parents take their children for treatment to various places, but they still don’t recover, because the disease is not medical in origin.

In the book Thibbun Nabawi: Review of Shari`At and Medical, it is stated that Imran’s wife had prayed when giving birth to Maryam, Allah SWT said which means:

“So when Imran’s wife gave birth to her child, she said: O my Lord, I have actually given birth to a daughter; and Allah knows best what he gave birth to; and boys are not like girls. Indeed, I have named her Maryam and I seek protection for her and her children from you (maintenance) from the accursed devil.”

In the book Thibbun Nabawi: Review of Shari`At and Medical answers all questions regarding Thibbun Nabawi which are often debated by Muslims, such as other diseases, treatment using honey and habatussauda, ​​cupping, diet, and ruqyah. This book also reveals the relationship between medical treatment and the teachings of the Nabawi which are often misunderstood by Muslims.

From the word of Allah which is mentioned in the book Thibbun Nabawi: Review of Shari`At And Medical, it can be understood that after a child is born into the world, it is very important for parents to ask Allah SWT for protection from medical and non-medical disorders such as other disease.

Characteristics of Ain Disease

The scholars mention some of the characteristics experienced by someone who is stricken with other diseases. However, these characteristics can vary from one person to another. The general characteristics of other diseases, namely:

1. Experiencing health problems but not medically detectable.
2. His face looked lethargic, pale, and also often sweating.
3. Turns away when he hears the sound of murotal or the sound of the call to prayer/
4. Often see scary things.
5. Really like to be alone and like to do strange things
6. Often feel dissatisfied with all the achievements and blessings given by Allah SWT.
7. Have no appetite
8. Often experience cold sweat and urination
9. Having too much emotion
10. Have excessive and unnatural fears
11. The chest feels very tight and accompanied by a feeling of anxiety
12. Frequent yawning and panting too
13. Frequent headaches that move around
14. The heartbeat is very fast and irregular
15. Experiencing pain that moves from the lower back to the shoulder
16. Like to feel numb
17. Burp frequently

Ain’s Disease Caused by Envy and Jealousy

In Thibbun Nabawi’s book it is also stated that the cause of this disease is the eyes of people who are jealous ( hasad ) and amazed (amazed) at children.

Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah Rahimahullah said that other diseases could occur without seeing them directly. He said that the souls of people who are the cause of this disease could cause other diseases without having to see it (directly).

In fact, sometimes, there are also blind people who then describe something to the blind person and his soul can cause other diseases, even though he doesn’t see it. So, it is inevitable that Allah SWT orders all of His people to take refuge from hasad. As in the letter al-Falaq verse 5, which means:

“And (take refuge) from the evil of the envious when he is envious.” (QS. Al-Falaq: 5)

However, hasad is a disgraceful act, and is also classified as madzmumah morality. People who feel jealous and also jealous will want someone else’s pleasure or hope that the pleasure will be removed from the person concerned.

Ain Disease Can Occur In Inanimate Objects

Scholars also say that inanimate objects can also be affected by other diseases. An inanimate object affected by this disease can cause damage or be destroyed suddenly. In a hadith, the Prophet SAW prayed which means:

“O Allah, I ask forgiveness and safety from my religion, my world, my family and my wealth.” (Narrated by Abu Dawud)

The scholars made the following verse as an argument that wealth can be affected by other diseases and it is permissible to ruqyah when affected by other diseases. Ibn Kathir said what means:

“Some of the salaf say: people who are amazed at their condition or their wealth or their children, should say maasyaallaah, laa quwwata illaa billaah. This is taken from this noble verse” (Tafsir Ibn Kathir).

How to Prevent Ain Disease

In Islam, several ways have been described that can be done to prevent other diseases. That is one of them by praying for the good of fellow human beings and also asking for safety and protection from Allah SWT.

Rasulullah SAW said, “If one of you sees in his brother something amazing, then pray for blessings for him, because it is true.” (QS. An Nasa-i No. 10872 authenticated by Al Albani in Sahih An-Nasa-i).

In addition, people with this disease can do ruqyah. Other diseases can also be cured by getting closer to Allah SWT. By regularly reading the Koran, dhikr and pray. Some letters in the Al-Quran can also be memorized and read regularly to avoid other diseases. Such as An-Naas, Al-Falaq, Al-Ikhlas, Al-Baqarah, and Chair Verses.

What Are the Impacts of Ain Disease on Babies?

Given the most beautiful, cute, and adorable gifts nowadays, not a few parents are tempted to share their little one’s moments on their social media.

Actually, there is no prohibition for anyone not to share photos or videos of your baby on social media. However, keep in mind that sharing photos and videos of children on social media can be one of the biggest opportunities for the baby to get other diseases.

Quoting Islampost, this could have happened because of an evil view of the image or amazement at the image. Eyesight contains a essence. Eye sight can be bad for a person’s health, especially in children.

That’s why Rasulullah SAW asked for protection from Allah for Hasan and also Husein when they were still children to avoid the disturbance of Satan and the influence of evil eyes and also incitement.

Reporting from Nahdatul Ulama, in addition to having an evil look full of malice, a look of amazement and overflowing joy without being accompanied by dhikrullah can also have a negative influence on the object.

It has been said that as many as 70,000 people died instantly, after one of the ancient prophets passed through their country looking in amazement at the people and their lives prospered.

In infants, the symptoms of this disease are usually in the form of a baby crying continuously without stopping, then the baby doesn’t want to breastfeed for no apparent reason for a long time and can make the baby experience malnutrition.

And what is no less important to know is that this disease can appear even though the perpetrator’s eyes have no intention of harming the baby. They were just amazed and also amazed.

Ibnul Qayyim Rahimahullah explained that, “The soul of the person who is the cause of ‘ain can cause ‘ain’s disease without having to see.”

“Sometimes there are even blind people, and then you tell them about something, their soul can cause ‘ain’ disease, even though they don’t see it. There are many causes of ‘ain that can be the cause of ‘ain, just by telling a story without seeing it directly,” (Zadul Ma’ad 4/149).

How to Treat Ain Disease

In Thibbun Nabawi: Shari`At and Medical Review, the way to treat other diseases is by reading authentic prayers and also verses from the A-Quran. As narrated by Muslim hadith, Rasulullah SAW once prayed for Hasan and Husein, which means:

“In the name of Allah, I perform ruqyah for you from everything that hurts you, from the evil of every soul or every envious eye, may Allah heal you, in the name of Allah I perform ruqyah for you.” (HR. Muslim)

Allah also always advises His people to always put their trust in them when they are facing trials in the form of illness. In the Al-Quran it is mentioned in the letter At-Tagabun verse 11, Allah SWT says, which means:

“There is no calamity that befalls (a person). Except with Allah’s permission; and whoever believes in Allah, Allah will guide his heart. And Allah is All-Knower of all things.”

It is also important to maintain friendly relations with each other in order to prevent labor incidents that come from jealousy, envy and hatred. Rasulullah SAW said, which means:

“Don’t hate each other, cut each other off, stay away from each other, hate each other. Be you servants of Allah, brothers and sisters.” (Narrated by Bukhari Muslim)

In the ruqyah encyclopedia, it is stated that there are three ways to cure other diseases, including the following way.

1. Take a shower

If there is someone who inflicts ain and it is proven because of that person’s view, then a peruqyah orders that person to take a bath then the water from the bath is poured over the back of the body affected by this disease. The water used must come from a vessel.

2. Ablution

Another treatment taught by the Prophet is ablution. The person who falls on the ain will be asked to perform ablution, then the water used for ablution is poured on the back of the body of the person affected by this disease.

3. Ruqyah

The ruqyah method is almost the same as ruqyah against the influence of the jinn, only there are ways and prayers that are specifically about this disease.

That’s information about other diseases, I hope we are all kept away from jealousy and envy, okay? May we always be surrounded by good people who always keep their eyes on bad things. Sinaumed’s can also read books about other diseases that you can get at sinaumedia.com so that you have #MoreWithReading information.

Organic and Inorganic Waste – Waste is the residue of daily activities of humans and or
natural processes that have a solid form. Garbage often refers to residual material that is
unwanted or has no benefit for humans after the end of a domestic activity or process. For
industrial waste, unwanted material is generally referred to as industrial waste.

The Bad Impact of Garbage on the Environment

Dirty environment and waste pollution can have a bad impact both on the environment and on humans.
The negative impact of a dirty environment and waste pollution on the environment itself includes
various things, one of which is water pollution.

Water pollution can occur when waste is dumped into rivers and not in the proper trash bins.
This often occurs in areas that cannot be reached by the waste cleaning team, for example in remote
areas or cities with dense pollution and lack of public awareness. Apart from polluting river
water, garbage and sewage disposal can also impede the process of groundwater and of course this is a bad
thing considering that groundwater is very important for human life.

Apart from contaminating rivers and hindering groundwater processes, waste can also contaminate the soil
and make it unhealthy. It’s the same as burning waste in densely populated areas considering
that burning waste, especially inorganic waste, can damage the environment if done continuously.

If all of these things happen in the Sinaumed’s environment , as a good member of society, of course
Sinaumed’s cannot just blame the local government considering that it is the habits of the people
living in that environment that are likely to be the cause so that the community should be the first to try
to solve the problem. .

Not only does it have a bad impact on the environment, garbage pollution and a dirty environment can also
have a bad impact on the people who live in that environment. For example, garbage pollution is
known to cause an increase in various diseases such as digestive tract infections, respiratory disorders,
and so on.

This is because there is a lot of garbage that has accumulated and is not disposed of in its proper place,
animals that can carry diseases such as flies and rats will become more and more and of course will spread
various viruses and bacteria in the area.

Good waste management is undoubtedly one of the most important keys in efforts to maintain environmental health,
considering that poor waste management will result in a dirty environment and waste pollution which of course
brings various kinds of bad effects to humans and the environment.

Trash Type

Based on its nature, waste can be divided into two types, namely organic waste and inorganic waste.
Organic waste is a type of waste that can be processed while inorganic waste is waste that is not
or is difficult to decompose. The following is more information about organic and inorganic
waste.

1. Organic Waste

Organic waste is a type of waste that comes from living things, both humans, plants and animals.
Generally, this organic waste can still be used if it is managed according to the correct
procedures. So, this waste can have various benefits for life.

Organic waste itself can be divided into two types, namely dry and wet organic waste. Just as
the name suggests, dry organic waste is organic waste that contains little water, while wet organic waste is
organic waste that contains a lot of water.

2. Inorganic waste

Inorganic waste is a type of waste that is difficult to decompose. Unlike organic waste, this
waste generally does not come from living things. Inorganic waste is waste originating from
non-biological materials which also includes synthetic products and the results of technological processes
from the processing of mining materials.

The problem of inorganic waste has not yet found a bright spot. Even though several efforts
have been made, the amount of waste in Indonesia is still very large. Based on data from the
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) in 2019, the amount of waste was 67.8 million tons, consisting
of 57% organic waste, 15% plastic waste, 11% paper waste, and 17% other waste.

Based on data reported by the Minderoo Foundation, every Indonesian citizen produces inorganic waste, which
is approximately 9 kg of single-use plastic waste. The country of Indonesia is even the country
that disposes of the largest per capita single-use plastic waste in the sixth place in Southeast
Asia.

Difference between Inorganic and Organic Waste

There are four fundamental differences between organic waste and inorganic waste which can be seen from the
source, the content in it, heat resistance, and the reaction it produces.

1. Source

The first difference can be seen from the source of the waste. Organic waste comes from the
remains of living organisms, both humans, plants and animals. While inorganic waste comes from
non-living organisms such as plastic.

2. Content Inside

Organic waste generally contains carbon and hydrogen bonds. Organic waste also has a more
complex composition when compared to annotganic waste. Meanwhile, inorganic waste does not
contain carbon. This waste has non-living matter and contains minerals.

3. Heat Resistance

Organic waste is generally more flammable when exposed to heat. In contrast to inorganic
waste, some of which are more heat resistant, for example iron, glass, and electronic goods which require
high heat to destroy.

4. The resulting reaction

A study revealed that organic waste has a slow reaction rate and does not produce salt. While
inorganic waste has a reaction rate that tends to be faster and can form salts. The salt in
question is not cooking salt, but shaped like granulated salt.

Examples of Organic Waste

1. Food leftovers

This food waste is included in or is included in the class of organic waste because it has properties that can be
recycled again to be used as compost.

2. Human and animal excrement

Animal manure is one of the various organic wastes that has quite good benefits. One of them
is cow dung. Cow dung is an example of organic waste that can be used to produce natural
biogas. Meanwhile, human excrement can also be used as plant fertilizer which has quite high
economic value.

3. Wood

Wood is one among various other organic wastes that some people may consider useless. However,
if wood is in the hands of creative people, it can be used as a work of art or a source of renewable energy
because wood contains cellulose.

4. Foliage

Leaves that have fallen off if certain treatments are not carried out, will naturally become fertilizer for
the surrounding plants. However, leaves can also be used as works of art and compost that can
be traded.

Examples of Inorganic Waste

Inorganic waste can be divided into two types, namely soft waste and hard waste.

1. Soft Trash

Inorganic soft waste as the name suggests is waste that has soft or flexible properties and is easy to
shape. An example is plastic waste, both in the form of bags, styrofoam ,
straws, or fast food wrappers. In addition, there are also types of liquid waste, for
example detergent water, laundry soap waste, cooking oil, and so on.

2. Hard Garbage

In contrast to soft waste, inorganic hard waste has properties that are not easy to destroy because it
contains strong materials. This waste can only be destroyed using certain destruction methods
such as burning or heating.

In addition to the two types of inorganic waste that were mentioned in the previous point, there is also
gas or wind inorganic waste that cannot be touched by humans. This type of waste usually comes
from the chimneys of production factories which are hazardous to health and can cause the earth to get
warmer.

Benefits of Inorganic Waste

Sinaumed’s certainly doesn’t want to live in a dirty environment and is polluted by garbage.
Simple steps that can be taken to avoid this are by reusing inorganic waste at home.

1. Reuse

Plastic or glass bottles can be reused as containers, multipurpose containers, planting media, and plant pots.
Sinaumed’s can change its shape or decorate it to make it look more attractive. So
Sinaumed’s doesn’t need to buy new plant containers or pots.

2. Made as a craft

Plastic bottles, plastic packaging, or paper can be processed to become handicrafts. Packaging
of various products such as coffee, shampoo, body soap, dish soap, and detergent, for example, can be
created into tote bags , bracelets, pencil cases, plastic flowers, wall hanging collages, and
so on.

3. Save costs

Bringing your own drink bottle every time you travel can reduce the urge to buy bottled drinks.
Getting used to reusing items that are still fit for use can also prevent Sinaumed’s from
being consumptive in buying items that are not really important.

Benefits of Organic Waste

Sinaumed’s certainly doesn’t want to live in a dirty and polluted environment. A simple step that
can be taken to avoid this is to reuse organic waste around the residence.

1. Organic Waste For Compost/Organic Fertilizer

Organic waste is a type of waste that can be recycled. Organic waste such as rotten fruit and
vegetables can be used as a useful thing, one of which is compost. In fact, processing organic
waste to be used as compost is not difficult.

2. Animal Feed Supplement

Organic waste can also be used as additional feed for livestock. Not only can it be used as
additional feed for goats, cows and chickens, organic waste can also be processed into pellets for fish
food.

3. Biogas and Electricity

Organic waste is a type of waste that can also be used as a source of electricity. This can be
done by using organic waste from animal waste, human waste, tempeh waste, and tofu waste to be used as the
main ingredient of biogas.

Inorganic Waste Treatment

Inorganic waste management in particular can be done by implementing the 3R system ( reuse ,
reduce , and recycle ). Reuse means to reuse inorganic waste that still
has other functions. Reduce means reducing the use of disposable items.
Meanwhile, recycle has the meaning of recycling inorganic waste into
various objects that have more benefits and have new values.

In addition, based on the explanation in Formative Journal 4 (2), there are several steps that can be carried out
in managing inorganic waste.

1. Preventing and Reducing Waste at the Source

Preventing and reducing waste at its source can be accomplished by sorting or separating organic and
inorganic waste. Separation can be done by providing special bins for each different type of
waste.

2. Reuse

The next way to process inorganic waste is to reuse the product. For example by using recycled
paper or making various crafts whose basic ingredients are plastic waste.

3. Garbage Banks

The waste bank is one of the government’s efforts to reduce the pile of inorganic waste. Based
on the 3R principle, the presence of a waste bank can provide an opportunity to save and maintain a clean
environment from the adverse effects of inorganic waste. In general, the waste bank system in
Indonesia is divided into three stages, namely waste selection, sorting, and waste sales.

1. Sorting

At this stage waste can be separated into two categories, namely organic and inorganic. For
inorganic types, waste is sorted again into several types, namely paper, bottles, plastic, and metal.
Organic waste is processed to be used as compost, while non-organic waste will be deposited into
the waste bank.

2. Sorting

After the inorganic waste has been collected, all of the waste is immediately deposited into the nearest waste
bank which will later be categorized as a deposit or a kind of money that will be deposited into a conventional
bank.

3. Sales

Garbage will be weighed at the bank and converted into money into the waste bank account. If
Sinaumed’s is a new customer, the officer will ask Sinaumed’s to create an account.
Keep in mind, the price of waste in each waste bank can vary depending on the provisions of
each waste bank.

Tribes on the Island of Java – Did you know that there are many tribes on the island of Java who inhabit the island? Indonesia is a country that has abundant wealth. This wealth is not only limited to natural products, but also various tribes, languages, religions, beliefs, and customs. For ethnic wealth, Indonesia has hundreds of tribal names, even thousands when broken down to sub-tribes.

Each tribe has different customs and norms. Even so, this diversity does not make the integrity of the nation fragmented. Instead, diversity unites to achieve the goal of a just and prosperous society.

Tribal data in Indonesia itself was first produced through the 1930 Population Census (SP) by the Dutch colonial government. However, this data collection was halted during the New Order era due to a political taboo which saw that discussion of ethnicity was an effort that could threaten the integrity of the nation. It was only 70 years later that the ethnic data began to be collected again during the Reformation period by BPS through SP2000, followed by SP2010.

At least, there are around 1,340 ethnic groups spread throughout Indonesia. Records compiled by BPS in 2010 stated that the Javanese are the largest ethnic group with a proportion of 40.05% of the total population in Indonesia. The rest are ethnic groups living outside Java, such as the Bugis (3.68%), Batak (2.04%), Balinese (1.88%), Acehnese (1.4%), and other ethnic groups. other.

The Javanese people on the other hand do not only live on the island of Java, but there are also those outside Java while still maintaining their cultural values. Therefore, Javanese culture is considered large and very diverse from various sides.

The majority of Javanese people are Muslim, although nowadays many adhere to other religions. The main economy of the people comes from agriculture. Many rural people work as farmers and cultivate the fields.

In addition, many of them also work as artisans, for example printing bricks, making batik, weaving, and becoming carpenters. Meanwhile, the Javanese who live in coastal areas generally work as fishermen and sell them at fish auctions.

In general, the majority of the Javanese region is inhabited by Javanese tribes, which are divided into several tribes or sub-tribes. Apart from the Javanese, other tribes on the island of Java who inhabit this area are the Samin, Tengger, Osing, and Bawean tribes. The other tribes in the western part of Java include the Bagelen, Bedouin, Sundanese, Betawi, Cirebon and Banten tribes.

In order to better understand the origins and customs of these tribes, let’s look together at the following description and explanation regarding the tribes on the island of Java.

1. The Bagelen Tribe

The first tribe on the island of Java is the Bagelen tribe. The Bagelen people are one of the subgroups of the Javanese in an area called Bagelen. In 1830, the Bagelen area became the residency of Bagelen, consisting of Afdeling Purworejo, Kebumen and Wonosobo.

The residency is bordered by the residency of Pekalongan to the north, the residency of Kedu and the residency of Yogyakarta to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, and the residency of Banyumas and residency of Tegal to the west. Since August 1, 1901, the Bagelen Residency was abolished and included in the Kedu Residency.

In general, the Javanese can be said to have Javanese culture. However, there are sub-cultures with cultural variations, for example in terms of accent, food, household ceremonies, folk arts, and sound arts.

The cultural diversity of the Bagelen tribe compared to other sub-cultures can be seen in terms of art. Bagelen arts include wayang urang, horse dance called jathilan, and teledhek dance. They have also been familiar with wayang kulit performances since ancient times, namely with wayang beber performances.

One typical performance from the Bagelen area is wayang jemblung, which tells Menak stories, tales about the Islamic figure Amir Hamzah. This show is usually held at circumcision and wedding celebrations.

Residents of the community like to hold performances of religious songs, namely perjanjen, which are performed by three or four singers sitting on the floor, each holding a small tambourine which is sounded according to the rhythm of the song.

In front of them sat about 12 men who came down to sing. The songs performed are songs from the Arabic book Barzanji. The culture of the Javanese village community generally shows similarities, but there are variations in various places, such as Bagelen.

2. Bedouins

The second tribe on the island of Java, the Bedouins (Sundanese Badui: Urang Kanékés ) or sometimes often called the Badui, are indigenous and sub-ethnic peoples of the Sundanese tribe in the interior of Lebak Regency, Banten Province, who have not been affected by modernization and are almost completely alienated from the outside world.

Their population is around 26,000 people, they are a group of people who shut themselves off from the outside world. Apart from that, they also have taboo beliefs to document, especially the residents of the Inner Badui area.

The Bedouins reject the terms “wisata” or “tourism” to describe their villages. Since 2007, to describe their area and maintain the sacredness of the area, the Bedouin people have introduced the term Saba Badui Culture , which means “Bedouin Cultural Gathering”.

The term “Bedouin” is a term given by outsiders to this group of people, originating from the name of the Dutch researchers who seem to equate them with the Badawi Arab group which is a nomadic society. Another possibility is because of the Bedouin River and Mount Bedouin in the northern part of the area.

They themselves prefer to call themselves Urang Kanekes or “People Kanekes” according to the name of their area or a designation that refers to the name of their village such as Urang Cibeo . Based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary, the correct writing is “Badui”, not “Baduy”.

The beliefs of the Kanekes people are referred to as the Sundanese Wiwitan teachings, which are hereditary ancestral teachings rooted in respect for karuhun or ancestral spirits and worship of the spirits of natural forces (animism). Although most aspects of this teaching are originally passed down from generation to generation, in subsequent developments this ancestral teaching was also slightly influenced by several aspects of Hindu, Buddhist, and later Islamic teachings.

This form of respect for the spirits of natural forces is manifested through the attitude of protecting and preserving nature, namely caring for the natural surroundings (mountains, hills, valleys, forests, gardens, springs, rivers and all the ecosystems in them), as well as giving the highest respect to nature. by caring for and protecting the forbidden forest as part of efforts to maintain the balance of the universe.

The core of this belief is demonstrated by the existence of absolute customary pikukuh (compliance or provisions) adhered to in the daily life of the Kanekes people. The most important content of the Kanekes pikukuh is the concept of “without any changes” or as few changes as possible:

Long heunteu can’t be cut, short heunteu can’t be spliced ​​(long can’t/can’t be cut, short can’t/can’t be spliced).

This taboo in everyday life is interpreted literally. In agriculture, this awkward form is not changing the contours of the land for fields, so the method of farming is very simple, not cultivating the land with a plough, not making terracing, only planting with a stick, which is a sharpened piece of bamboo.

During the construction of the house, the contours of the ground surface were also left as they were, so that the pillars supporting the Kanekes house were often not the same length. Their words and actions are honest, innocent, without preamble, even in trading they don’t bargain.

The most important object of belief for the Kanekes people is the Domas Arca, whose location is kept secret and is considered the most sacred. The Kanekes people visit this location to worship once a year in the month of Kalima , which in 2003 coincided with the month of July. Only the Pu’un or the highest customary leader and a few selected community members joined the worship group.

In the Arca Domas complex, there is a stone mortar which stores rainwater. If during worship the stone mortar is found full of clear water, for the Kanekes people it is a sign that there will be a lot of rain that year and the harvest will be successful. Conversely, if the stone mortar is dry or has cloudy water, it is a sign of crop failure.

For some people, the belief held by the Kanekes indigenous people reflects the religious beliefs of the Sundanese people in general before the arrival of Islam and shows the resilience of the people.

3. Sundanese

The third tribe on the island of Java is the Sundanese (Sundanese: Urang Sunda ) is an ethnic group originating from the western part of Java Island, with the term Tatar Pasundan which covers the administrative areas of the Provinces of West Java, Banten, Jakarta, and the western region of Central Java (Banyumasan ).

Significant Sundanese populations can also be found in other provinces in Indonesia, and abroad such as in Japan, Taiwan and other countries as places for the Sundanese diaspora.

The identity that unites the Sundanese people is their language and culture. Sundanese people known to have properties optimistic, friendly, polite, cheerful and homely. The Portuguese noted in the Suma Oriental that the Sundanese were honest and brave.

The Sundanese are also the first ethnic group to carry out parallel diplomatic relations with other nations. Sang Hyang Surawisesa or Raja Samian was the first king in the archipelago to carry out diplomatic relations with other nations in the 15th century with the Portuguese in Malacca.

The results of his diplomacy are set forth in the Sunda-Portugal Treaty Inscription. Several Sundanese figures also served as ministers and had been Vice Presidents in the RI cabinet.

In addition to achievements in politics (especially at the beginning of Indonesia’s independence) and economics, achievements that are quite proud of are in the field of culture, namely the many singers, musicians, actors and actresses from the Sundanese ethnicity who have achievements at the national and international levels.

4. Betawi tribe

The fourth ethnic group on the island of Java is the Betawi tribe, which is an ethnic group in Indonesia whose inhabitants generally live in Jakarta and its surroundings. They are descendants of residents who lived in Batavia (colonial name of Jakarta) since the 17th century.

A number of parties argue that the Betawi tribe originates from inter-ethnic and national marriages in the past. Biologically, those who claim to be Betawi are descendants of people of mixed blood of various ethnicities and nations who were brought by the Dutch to Batavia.

The so-called Betawi people or tribe are actually newcomers to Jakarta. In terms of race/DNA or genetics (genes), this ethnic group was born from a combination of original ethnic groups with various other ethnic groups that had lived earlier and had lived in Jakarta for a long time, such as the Sundanese, Malays, Makassarese, Javanese, Bugis, Chinese, Arabs, Dutch, Portuguese, Balinese and Ambonese.

In terms of ethnicity, starting from culture, customs, culinary, community habits, traditions, building architecture, traditional clothing motifs, music and other arts, the Betawi people are strongly influenced by Malay and Chinese culture. In fact, according to experts, almost half of Betawi culture is Chinese culture with half being Malay culture.

We can see this from several customs, traditions, customs, arts, and Betawi culture which is very Malay and Islamic. The rest, Betawi culture is influenced by several other tribes, such as Sundanese, Arabic, Portuguese, Javanese, Dutch and Balinese.

5. Cirebon Tribe

The fifth tribe on the island of Java is the Cirebonese, which is an ethnic group spread around the area of ​​Cirebon Regency, Cirebon City, Indramayu Regency, Majalengka Regency, Subang Regency and Karawang Regency and Brebes Regency.

The Cirebonese are seen as a separate tribe with various indicators, including their language which has its own rules that are not the same as Javanese or Sundanese.

The Cirebonese people embrace Islam. The language spoken by the Cirebonese is Javanese, which also has a combination of several languages, namely Sundanese, Arabic and Chinese which they call the Cirebonan language or the Javanese dialect of Cirebon. They also have their own dialect of Sundanese called Cirebonese Sundanese.

This view of life of the tribes on the island of Java is based on the implementation of customs based on the elaboration of hadiths and the Qur’an, among the views on life that are held firmly by the indigenous people of the Cirebon tribe are the petatah-petitih (Indonesian: message ) from Sheikh Syarief Hidayatullah (Sunan Gunung Jati).

Other sayings that become the way of life of the Cirebonese have similar values ​​to Pancasila, namely:

1. Wedia Ning Allah (fear Allah SWT);
2. Gegunem Kang Pinuji’s character (carrying out the commendable qualities of humanity);
3. Den Welas Asih Ing Sapapada (prioritizing love for others);
4. Angadahna Ing Pepadu (stay away from quarrels);
5. Amapesa Ing Bina Batan (don’t be greedy in living together).

6. Banten Tribe

The sixth tribe on the island of Java, the Bantenese or Sundanese Banten (Sundanese: Urang Banten ) are Sundanese who inhabit the former territory of the Sultanate of Banten outside Parahyangan, Cirebon and Jakarta. Banten people use Sundanese Banten and a small part use Serang Javanese.

The word Banten appeared long before the founding of the Sultanate of Banten. This word is used to name a river and its surroundings, namely Cibanten or Banten river. The first written references to Banten can be found in the Old Sundanese manuscript Bujangga Manik which mentions the names of places in Banten and its surroundings.

The grammatical difference between the Banten dialect of Sundanese and General Sundanese is because the Banten region was never part of the Mataram Sultanate, so it did not recognize the coarse and very fine levels introduced by Mataram.

This language is commonly spoken especially in Banten areas such as Pandeglang Regency, Lebak Regency, Tangerang Regency, Tangerang City, South Tangerang City, and the southern part of Serang Regency. Apart from the Banten language, there is also the Banten Javanese language which is spoken in the northern coastal areas of Banten (Serang City, Cilegon City, and northern Serang Regency).

So, that’s a brief explanation of the tribes on the island of Java. The following are book recommendations from sinaumedia that Sinaumed’s can read to learn about tribes in Indonesia so they can fully understand them. Happy reading.

Find other interesting things at www.sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always present interesting articles and recommendations for the best books for Sinaumed’s.

Recommended Books & Articles Related to Tribes on the Island of Java

Montage Art Works – As we know childhood is a time when a child plays and has more fun. A child in doing things he likes will be very enthusiastic in doing so, including in terms of drawing and coloring.

When drawing a child will try to explore their curiosity about various images and colors, combine them and then make them into a beautiful piece of art according to them.

One of the elements in drawing art is what is called montage art. When you were in kindergarten, how often did your teacher teach you to make art using the adhesive technique? Usually this art teaches us to cut paper and then paste it according to the available image templates. Well, this simple art is often called montage art.

A montage is a work of art that combines images from various sources to form a new work of art. An easy example, montage is the art of gluing several images together and forming a new work.

Even though it looks simple, the art of montage is often used as a special lesson to develop children’s creativity while training their fine motor skills. These two things are clearly important so that when growing up, a child’s right brain develops for things in the realm of art. Montages have become a popular artistic creation over time. In addition, montage is a unique business, fulfilling many functions, both psychological and social, and more.

To understand more about what is a montage artwork? We will review the definitions, characteristics, and techniques for making them in the following discussion.

Definition of Montage Artwork

Montage means putting together parts of an image which are then glued together in the same container to form meaning in a new image. This is the difference between collage and montage. You can take pictures from magazines or newspapers as montage materials and paste them in other areas to create new meaning.

The term “montage” comes from English, namely “montage” which means sticking technique. If you look at KBBI (Big Indonesian Dictionary), the term “montage” is defined as “an arrangement of images which is the result of mixing elements from various sources” or “a collection of images”. and connected from various sources of elements to create shapes with new ideas, whereas according to Sumanto (2005), montage is a work of applied art made from photo pieces or image-based pieces.

In line with that, Ayu (2017) also reveals the definition of montage as a combination of images resulting from combining elements from several works. Usually this montage artwork is combined with an existing theme, for example the theme of countryside, mountains, rivers, houses. Now, from an existing theme or photo template, we need to cut paper or photos in an arbitrary shape and apply glue to the image template.

Then the activity of drawing with the montage technique is often done by kindergarten students to develop their fine motor skills while training their creativity. In carrying out this perceptive activity, of course, it must be taught and supervised by the teacher. Not infrequently the basic materials used for this assembly operation use materials from the surrounding environment.

Call it photo paper, used magazines, newspapers, wrapping paper, poster paper, and others. So doing this assembly activity also teaches children to use the materials around them to recycle a work of art.

If this montage is developed further, it can of course become a larger work of art, and is often associated with painting, decoration, craftsmanship, relief, and sculpture. In its development, this montage is actually only a two-dimensional work of art, but now it has penetrated three-dimensional works of art.

This drawing activity using the montage technique, if applied to preschool-age children, can be used as a game, can invite children to have fun by cutting prepared sheets of paper into pieces according to children’s creativity.

After that, the kids also learned how to stick them neatly into the prepared picture patterns. According to Susanto (2012) also said that montage is work done by cutting image objects from various sources and then pasting them on a plane so that they become a unified work and subject.

Slow Lorises – If Sinaumed’s has ever seen a film called Zootopia released by Disney, Sinaumed’s is certainly familiar with slow lorises or sloths. The lemurs in the film are described as animals whose movements are very slow. Well, just like in the real world, slow lorises are animals with slow motion. In addition, slow lorises are also known as shy animals.

What are lemurs like? Here is his explanation of sloths.

Acquaintance with Loris Animals

The slow loris, also known as the timid animal, is a slow-moving primate. This one animal has a variety of hair colors, ranging from whitish gray, brown to black. On the back of this animal there is a brown line that runs from the back of the body to the forehead, then branches to the ears and eyes.

Slow lorises are primates that belong to the primitive nocturnal primate group, which is a type of animal that is more active at night and sleeps during the day.

If it is included in primitive primates, then it means that this animal has characteristics that are slightly different from most other primates. Some of the other primates have wet noses and senses of vision that function better in the dark. Slow lorises do more activities in trees, so slow lorises are also known as arboreal animals, apart from that, slow lorises also live solitary and solitary lives.

This animal has a stocky body shape with a small size, has a very short tail and a round head, sharp and tapered muzzle and big round eyes. This animal also has thick and smooth body hair.

Although each species has a different color pattern, in general, the color of this animal’s hair is more often pale gray brown. In addition, slow lorises usually have dark circles around their eyes which are also interspersed with a pale or white strip that runs between the eyes and towards the forehead. At night, the eyes of the slow loris will reflect light like a torch quite clearly.

As arboreal animals, slow lorises also climb a lot and move between branches and tree branches. However, because it has a slow movement, the loris moves between trees slowly and carefully and almost never jumps.

The hands and feet of this animal are almost the same length and long enough, so that the slow loris is able to stretch its body and rotate to reach the neighboring twigs. The hands and feet of the slow loris have adapted in such a way that even the slow loris is able to hold on tightly to a tree branch for a long time without feeling tired.

Despite having a funny face and being known as a slow animal, the bite of the slow loris is known to have a venomous bite. This is an ability that is rare in mammals, but is quite unique in the lorisid primate group. The venom that is present in the bite of the slow loris is obtained when the slow loris licks a type of fluid in the glands and the contents can be activated when mixed with saliva.

This venomous bite can be used to deter predators and also serves to protect baby slow lorises by brushing venom on their child’s body hair. The secretions on the glands of their arms contain a substance similar to an allergen produced by cats, which is also strengthened by the chemical composition that slow lorises get from their food in the wild.

According to records, the natural predators of slow lorises include brontok eagles, orangutans, snakes, sun bears, civets, and several types of cats.

Slow lorises communicate through the scent they leave in certain places. Male slow lorises are known to have territories that he will defend strictly. These animals have a slow reproduction, and sometimes they leave their young when they are small on a branch and will be guarded alternately with other parents. Slow lorises are omnivorous animals, they prey on small animals, tree sap, fruit and various other vegetables.

Kinship in Loris Animals

This animal belongs to the genus Nycticebus, which is a type of primate that belongs to the Strepsirrhini group which is closely related to the loris from India and Sri Lanka and the poto and angwantibo from tropical Africa.

If traced a little further, slow lorises are also related to galagos and lemurs from Madagascar. Branches of the family Lorisidae are believed to have developed around Africa, where most species of slow lorises occur, and it was only recently that a group of lorises migrated to areas in Asia deriving the loris genus of the lorises we now know.

Of the eight species of slow loris that currently exist, six of them can be found in Indonesia, namely in the areas of the islands of Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan.

Taxonomy on Sloths

In 1785, a Dutch doctor and naturalist named Pieter Boddaert wrote the first scientific description of a slow loris which he named Tardigradus coucang. He made this description based on a description from Thomas Pennant in 1781, regarding a tailless monkey that was thought to be the Sunda slow loris, then combined with the writings of Arnount Vosmaer regarding the Bengal slow loris. Therefore, the identity of T coucang also experienced confusion before finally being assigned the scientific name of the Sunda slow loris.

Although Vosmaer had written about the Bengal slow loris in 1770, it was only scientifically described in 1800 by Bernard Germain de Lacepde who gave it the name Lori bengalensis. Then twelve years later, Etienne Geoffroy Saint Hailaire described the Javan slow loris and placed a new surname, Nycticebus. The name comes from the Greek words, namely nyktos which means night and kebos which means monkey, this name refers to the nocturnal habits of slow lorises.

Then successively, the slow loris was described as the Bornean slow loris which at that time had the scientific name Lemur menagenesis by Richard Lydekker in 1893 and the pygmy slow loris or Nycticebus pygmaeus by John James Lewis Bonhote in 1907.

However, in 1939, Reignald Innes Pocock revised it and considered that all slow lorises were one species, namely N. coucang. This view persisted for approximately 30 years, until in 1971, Coin Groves believed that N pygmaeus was a different species of slow loris and that N coucang consisted of four different sub-species.

Along with the development of knowledge and the use of genetic analysis as a tool, especially after the 2000s, the status of the species of slow loris was restored one by one at the species level.

In fact, in 2012, a study of variations in facial color patterns in N. menagensis found that taxa consisted of four species, including the Bangka slow loris, the Bornean slow loris and a new species, the Kayan slow loris, apart from the Bornean slow loris. In 2022, Nijman and Nekaris named the genus Xanthon Nycticebus for the pygmy slow loris.

Species, Distribution, and Habitat

Until now, this animal with the genus Nycticebus is recognized as having eight species that still exist today, among which are the following.

1. Nycticebus bancanus or slow lorises are found around the islands of Bangka and southwest Kalimantan.
2. Nycticebus bengalensis or Bengal slow loris spreads in areas around India to Thailand.
3. Nycticebus borneanus or better known as the Bornean slow loris, has a limited distribution or is endemic in the central part of Borneo Island to the southwest.
4. Nycticebus coucang or Sundanese slow loris, spreads around the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and the surrounding islands.
5. Nycticebus kayan or slow loris kayan, has a limited distribution in areas of the northern central part of Kalimantan Island, namely to the north of the upper reaches of the Mahakam River and Rajang River, to the south of Mt. Kinabalu.
6. Nycticebus javanicus or known as the Java slow loris, has a limited distribution in the area of ​​the island of Java, to be precise in the west to the center.
7. Nycticebus menagensis or the Philippine slow loris, spreads around the northern part of Borneo Island, including parts of East Kalimantan, to the Sulu Islands in the Philippines.
8. Nycticebus pygmaeus or pygmy slow loris, spreads in the Indochina region east of S. Mekong: Yunnan, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia.

Sloth animals spread in several areas that have tropical and humid climates. The main loris habitat includes secondary and primary rain forests, bamboo groves and mangrove forests.

Slow lorises like forest cover with fairly high and dense crowns, although several species of slow lorises are also found in disturbed habitats such as mixed farms and even cocoa gardens.

Given the life habits possessed by slow lorises, which are nocturnal, it becomes difficult to measure their abundance accurately. In addition, not much data is available regarding the size of the population and distribution patterns of slow lorises.

In general, the finding density of individual slow lorises in the wild is low, a combined analysis of several field studies using transect survey methods in the South and Southeast Asia region obtained a range of finding densities of between 0.74 lorises per kilometer for N coucang to as low as 0.05 individuals per kilometer for N. pygmaeus.

Loris Animal Protection

In Indonesia itself, slow lorises have been protected animals since 1973 with the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture on February 14 `973 with No. 66/ Kpts/ Um/ 2/ 1973. The protection of slow lorises is then reaffirmed by the existence of a Government Regulation or PP No. 7 of 199 which discusses the Preservation of Plant and Animal Species which includes slow lorises in the annex of protected plant and animal species.

According to RI Law number 5 of 1990 concerning the Conservation of Living Natural Resources and their Ecosystems article 21 paragraph 2, the trade and maintenance of protected animals including slow lorises is prohibited. People who violate these rules and regulations may be subject to imprisonment for at least five years and a fine of approximately IDR 100 million.

With this regulation, all types of slow lorises in Indonesia are protected animals. Meanwhile, according to the world conservation agency, namely IUCN, the slow loris has been included in the vulnerable category, which means it has a 10 percent chance of becoming extinct within 100 years.

Meanwhile, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora or CITES has included slow lorises in Appendix I. Previously, slow lorises were included in Appendix II of CITES, which means that international trade in slow lorises is permitted, including the capture of slow lorises from the wild.

With the inclusion of slow lorises in CITES Appendix I in 2007, international trade in slow lorises has become increasingly stringent. The trade in slow lorises is not permitted if they come directly from nature, however, slow lorises must be from captivity.

In addition, the inclusion of slow lorises in CITES Appendix I will provide maximum protection for slow lorises, so that their sustainability in nature will be more guaranteed.

The proposal that the slow loris be promoted to Appendix I was brought by Cambodia at the CITES meeting which took place from 3 to 5 June 2007 in The Hague, Netherlands which was attended by more than 150 countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia has also ratified the CITES convention since 1978.

The proposal from Cambodia to raise an appendix for slow lorises then received support from other countries, for example India, Indonesia, the European Union, Laos, Japan, Thailand and the USA.

ProFauna Indonesia also attended the CITES meeting and supported Cambodia’s proposal. Apart from being pro-fauna, other organizations that support the increase in appendix I for slow lorises include the Species Survival Network or SSN and the Asian Conservation Alliance Task Force.

Even though they have been listed as protected animals, according to a survey conducted by ProFauna from 2000 to 2006, it shows that slow lorises traded freely at the bird market are natural caught lorises and not captive lorises.

Not only that, to show the impression that slow lorises are cute, docile and don’t bite, traders pull out the teeth of slow lorises using pliers or hooks commonly used by electricians.

In the process of extracting the teeth, the slow loris’ teeth are often broken or crushed, causing wounds to the loris’ mouth. Traders who cut the teeth of the slow loris must also hold the leg with the loris’ head down. Then the lemurs continued to be twirled with the excuse of stopping the bleeding that was experienced as a result of tooth extraction.

Because it is done carelessly, there are many cases of slow lorises getting infected after their teeth are removed and causing the slow loris’ death. The action of trading, catching and removing the teeth of the slow loris, of course, violates the results of the CITES trial which raised the status of the slow loris in Appendix I.

That is an introduction to slow lorises, starting from the habitat where they live, species, taxonomy to regulations regarding the protection of slow lorises. As one of the animals that has started to become extinct, it is better for Sinaumed’s to support and protect the existence of slow lorises. One of the ways is not to normalize poaching, trade and maintenance of slow lorises with the excuse of saving slow lorises.

If Sinaumed’s is interested in knowing more about slow lorises and other animals, Sinaumed’s can dig deeper by reading related books. As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides quality books so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Khansa

Getting to Know Javanese Market Day and the Origins of the Javanese Calendar – Friends of Sinaumed’s, do you still remember about the Javanese market day during elementary school lessons? When we were still in elementary school, there used to be local language lessons which contained specifically Javanese language and culture. We don’t know whether in this millennial era there are still lessons to be learned about it, especially in the areas of Central Java, East Java and Yogyakarta.

In the current era, many national cultures are lost and not studied thoroughly, even though this culture is one of the assets of our ancestors or ancestors that should be preserved. Well, Friends of Sinaumed’s, this article will specifically discuss culture in Javanese society, namely the Javanese calendar system.

The Origins of the Javanese Calendar

Sultan Agung or Susuhunan Agung.

This calendar system was originally used officially by the Mataram Sultanate and various fractional kingdoms that were influenced by it. At that time, there were two calendar systems used by the Mataram Sultanate, namely the Gregorian calendar and the Javanese calendar. The Gregorian calendar is used so that royal administrative affairs can be aligned with the daily activities of the general public, while the Javanese calendar is used as a benchmark for holding royal traditional ceremonies.

The Javanese calendar is also referred to as the Sultan Agungan Calendar because it was created during the reign of Sultan Agung (1613–1645). Sultan Agung is the third king of the Mataram Sultanate. At that time, the Javanese people used the Saka calendar which came from India. The Saka calendar is based on the movement of the sun (solar), in contrast to the Hijri calendar or the Islamic calendar which is based on the movement of the moon (lunar). Therefore, the traditional celebrations held by the kingdom are not in harmony with the celebrations of Islamic holidays.

Sultan Agung wanted these celebrations to be held simultaneously. For this reason, a new calendar system was created which is a combination of the Saka calendar and the Hijri calendar. This calendar system became known as the Javanese calendar or the Sultan Agungan calendar.

This calendar continues the Saka year, but removes the old calculation system and replaces it with a calculation based on the movement of the moon. Because these changes do not change and break the calculations of the old order, this shift in civilization does not cause chaos, both for society and for historical records.

This calendar has a feature because it combines several systems, namely the Islamic calendar system, the Hindu calendar system, and a bit of the Julian calendar system which is part of Western culture. So, the birth of the Javanese calendar system was a collaboration of these calendars.

Sultan Agung’s decree applies throughout the Mataram Sultanate, namely the entire island of Java and Madura, except for Banten, Batavia and Blambangan (Banyuwangi). The last three areas are not included in the territory of Sultan Agung. The islands of Bali and Palembang, which were influenced by Javanese culture, also did not take over the calendar written by Sultan Agung.

The calendar system pioneered by Sultan Agung is also called the Javanese Candrasangkala calendar or calendar calculations based on the circulation of the moon around the earth. Although adopting the Hijri calendar system, there is an essential difference between the Javanese calendar calculation system and the Hijri calendar.

The fundamental difference is when determining the change of day when the sasi (month) changes. The Javanese Candrasangkala stipulates that the change of day when the change of sasi time is fixed, namely at sunset ( fall between 17.00–18.00), while the change of day when the change of month in the Hijri calendar is determined by the new moon and sightings.

 

The Cycle of Market Days in the Javanese Calendar

Symbol of the market cycle in the Javanese calendar.

The Javanese in pre-Islamic times knew weeks that were not only seven days long, but from 2 to 10 days. These weeks are called by the names of dwiwara, triwara, chess, pancawara (pancawara), sadwara, saptawara, astawara and sangawara. The cycles that are still used today are saptawara (seven day cycle) and pancawara (five day cycle), while the others are still used on the island of Bali and in Tengger.

Saptawara or padanan consists of seven days connected with the lunar-earth system. This seven-day cycle coincides with the weekly cycle in the Christian calendar, namely Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. The following solah (movement) of the moon towards the earth are the names of the seven days.

• Radite • Ngahad , symbolizing meneng (silence);
• Soma • Senen , symbolizing progress ;
• Hangara • Tuesday , symbolizing retreat ;
• Buda • Rebo , symbolizing mangiwa (moving to the left);
• Respati • Kemis , symbolizing manengen (moving to the right);
• Sukra • Jemuwah , symbolizing muntung (going up);
• Stack • Setu , symbolizes descent (moving down).

The pancawara consists of Kliwon ( Kasih ), Legi ( Sweet ), Pahing ( Jenar ), Pon ( Palguna ), and Wage ( Cebony ) . Pancawara is also commonly referred to as a market . This cycle was previously used by traders to open markets according to existing market days. This is why many market names are now known that use that market name, such as Pasar Kliwon, Pasar Legi, Pasar Pahing, Pasar Pon, and Pasar Wage.

The market days are the patrap (attitude) positions of the months as follows.

• Kliwon • Kasih, symbolizing jumeneng (standing);
• Legi • Manis, symbolizing mungkur (turning backwards);
• Pahing • Jenar, symbolizing madep (facing);
• Pon • Palguna, representing sare (sleep);
• Wage • Gibbous , symbolizes lax (sitting).

Apart from pancawara and saptawara , there is also a six-day cycle called sadwara or paringkelan . Although sometimes it is still used in recording time, paringkelan is not used in calculating the falling time for traditional ceremonies at the palace. Paringkelan consists of Tungle , Aryang , Warungkung , Paningron , Uwas , and Mawulu.

Lunar Cycles in the Javanese Calendar

As in other calendars, the Javanese calendar also has 12 months. These months have borrowed names from Arabic adapted to the Javanese tongue, namely Sura , Sapar , Mulud , Bakdamulud , Jumadilawal , Jumadilakhir , Rejeb , Ruwah , Pasa , Sawal , Dulkangidah , and Besar . The lifespan of each month alternates between 30 and 29 days.

Here are presented the names of the Islamic Javanese months. Some of the month names are taken from the Hijri Calendar with Arabic names, but some of them use names in Sanskrit such as Pasa, Séla, and possibly also Sura, while the names Apit and Besar come from Javanese and Malay.

These names are the names of the lunar months or candra (lunar). The naming of the month is partly related to the big days in the Hijri month, such as Pasa which is related to Ramadan fasting, Mulud which is related to the Prophet’s Birthday in the month of Rabiulawal, and Ruwah which is related to Nisfu Sya’ban when the deeds of the spirit for a year are considered to be recorded. .

No	Javanese calendar	Day Length
1.	Sura	30
2.	Sapar	29
3.	Mulud or Rabingulawal	30
4.	Bakda Mulud or Rabingulakir	29
5.	Early Friday	30
6.	Jumadil finally	29
7.	Regeb	30
8.	Ruwah (Arwah, Saban)	29
9.	Pasa (Puwasa, Siyam, Ramelan)	30
10.	Early	29
11.	Séla (Dulkangidah, Apit) *)	30
12.	Big (Dulkahijjah)	29/30
	Total	354/355

The names of the months are as follows.

• Warana • Sura, means rijal ;
• Wadana • Sapar, means wiwit ;
• Wijangga • Mulud, means brother ;
• Wiyana • Bakda Mulud, meaning ambuka ;
• Widada • Jumadilawal, means wiwara ;
• Widarpa • Jumadilakir, means rahsa ;
• Wilapa • Rejeb, meaning purwa ;
• Wahana • Ruwah, means being ;
• Wanana • Pasa, means middle ;
• Wurana • Sawal, means form ;
• Wujana • Séla, meaning wusana ;
• Wujala • Big, means kothong .

Information:

The alternative name for the month Dulkangidah is Sela or Apit. These names are a relic of the Old Javanese names for the name of the 11th season which is called Apit Weak . Séla means rock; associated with weak which means “land”.

The appearance of the moon in the Javanese calendar is as follows.

• The 1st of the Javanese month, the moon looks very small-just like a line, this is interpreted as a newborn baby, which gradually becomes bigger and brighter;
• The 14th of the Javanese month is called the full moon sidhi , the full moon represents adults who are married or married;
• The 15th of the Javanese month is called full moon , the moon still looks full, but there is already a sign of size and light is slightly reduced;
• The 20th of the Javanese month is called panglong , this is interpreted as someone who has started to lose his memory;
• The 25th of the Javanese month is called sumup , this is interpreted as someone who has started to be taken care of by other people or returns like a baby;
• The 26th of the Javanese month is called Manjing , this means that humans return to their original place again.
• The remaining four or five days symbolize the time when humans will begin to be reborn into a new worldly life.

The Year Cycle in the Javanese Calendar

One year in the Javanese calendar has an age of 354 3/8 days. For this reason, there is an eight-year cycle known as windu . In one windu there are eight years, each of which has its own name, namely Alip , Ehe , Jimawal , Je , Dal , Be , Wawu , and Jimakir . The years of Ehe , Dal , and Jimakir have a lifespan of 355 days and are known as long years ( Taun Wuntu ), while the remaining 354 days are known as short years ( Taun Wastu) .). In this long year, the big month as the last month has a life of 30 days.

In addition, there is a 32 year cycle of four windu, namely the names of the days, markets, dates and months which repeat exactly or are called mash . The four windu in the cycle are named Kuntara , Sangara , Sancaya , and Adi . Each of these windu has its own symbol, namely Kulawu and Langkir . Each symbol is eight years old, so the total cycle of the signs is 16 years old.

Even so, there are still differences in calculations between the Javanese year and the Hijri year. Every 120 years, there will be a difference of one day in the two calendar systems. This is what made at that time the Javanese year was given an additional day. This 120 year period is called khurup .

Until the early 21st century, there were four khurup, namely Khurup Jumuwah Legi/Amahgi (1555 J–1627 J/1633 AD–1703 AD), Khurup Kemis Kliwon/Amiswon (1627 J–1747 J/1703 AD–1819 AD), Khurup Rebo Wage/Aboge (1867 J–1987 J/1819 M–1963 AD), and Khurup Selasa Pon/Asapon (1867 J–1987 J/1936 AD–2053 AD).

The current khurup name refers to the day that falls on the 1st month of Sura in the year Alip . On Khurup Asapon , the 1st of the month Sura of the year Alip will always fall on the Tuesday of Pon for a period of 120 years.

 

Wuku and Neptu

Related to the Javanese calendar, it is also known that the time period is considered to determine the character of the child being born, just as astrology is related to the Gregorian calendar. This period is called Wuku and the science of calculation is called Pawukon . There are 30 Wuku , each of which has a lifespan of 7 days, so that one Wuku cycle has a lifespan of 210 days which is called the Wuku Kitchen .

Besides Wuku , there is also Neptu which is used to see the value of a day. There are two kinds of Neptu , namely Neptu Dina and Neptu Pasaran . Neptu Dina is a number used to mark the value of days in saptawara , while Neptu Pasaran is used to mark the value of days in pancawara . These values ​​are used to calculate the pros and cons of a day related to certain activities and the character of someone born on that day.

The Sultan Agungan calendar begins on Friday Legi on 1 Sura in the year Alip 1555 J, or 1 Muharram 1043 H, or 8 July 1633. This event occurs on Windu Kuntara, the Kulawu symbol and is marked by a sengkala moon which reads Jemparingen Buta Galak Iku (arrows of wild giants That).

Since then, the Mataram Sultanate and its successors have been able to hold traditional celebrations in tune with Islamic holidays. Traditional ceremonies such as the Garebeg are not an obstacle to the development of Islam, but instead are used as symbols of the religion itself.

This new calendar system was an attempt by a far-sighted leader to combine the two currents of civilization at that time, a reconciliation between the waves of Islamic culture and pre-Islamic civilizations. The new civilization which is now known as Mataram Islam.

Implementation of the Javanese Calendar

Currently, the Javanese calendar is used to determine various important activities, such as activities to determine auspicious days for marriage, activities to determine days for circumcision, activities to determine events for death, activities to determine the construction of houses, and activities to determine good days for traveling.

The general public, especially the Javanese, think that they must determine an auspicious day in advance to carry out various activities, for example wedding activities must be determined in advance on an auspicious day so that future couples who are to be married will not experience bad events, either before marriage or after marriage.

The community views that the Javanese calendar has a sacred value. As for the characteristics of the sacred, it is respected by humans, creates fear, is held in high esteem, is characterized by ambiguity, its benefits are unreasonable, gives strength, and emphasizes the guidance and obligations for its adherents and worshippers.

Related to the existence of belief and also belief in something in the Javanese calendar, it all depends on the views of each individual community who judges. We as editors can only take the positive side of the Javanese Islamic calendar in this contemporary life.

Various social actions carried out by the community in announcing the existence of the Javanese calendar are a folkways (habits) related to problems in social life, a mores (code of conduct) related to social life, and also a tradition (adat).

So, that’s a brief explanation of the Origins, Cycles, and Implementation of the Javanese Calendar System. Sinaumed’s can also visit sinaumedia’s book collection at www.sinaumedia.com to obtain references about other cultures that are still being preserved in Indonesia. The following are recommendations for sinaumedia books that Sinaumed’s can read to study them in full. Happy reading.

Find other interesting things at www.sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always present interesting articles and recommendations for the best books for Sinaumed’s.

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• History, Meaning, Property, and Origin of Seudati Dance
• The History of the Origin of Serimpi Dance: Resistance Against Colonizers
• History and Origin of Pakarena Fan Dance
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• Saman Dance: Definition, History, and Meaning of Movement

Jambi traditional house – Sinaumed’s, what do you know about Jambi? As one of the provinces in Indonesia, Jambi certainly has cultural roots in social life. The life of the population that has been going on for a long time will shape the culture and traditions in Jambi.

This time we will review a small part of Jambi, namely the Jambi traditional house. Like other regional traditional houses, Jambi traditional houses also have certain uniqueness and philosophies. What kind of Jambi culture is reflected in the traditional house? Come on Sinaumed’s, let’s look at the reviews below together.

As one of the ten provinces on the island of Sumatra, Jambi certainly has its own culture and uniqueness. Jambi is a province whose capital, Jambi, has the same name as Bengkulu, DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, and Gorontalo.

When compared to the neighboring provinces, namely West Sumatra, South Sumatra and Riau, Jambi’s area is relatively small. With an area of ​​50,160.05 km2, Jambi is populated by around 3,548,228 residents. The northern part of Jambi Province is bordered by West Sumatra and Riau. While the southern part is bordered by Bengkulu and South Sumatra.

In terms of natural resources, Jambi is one of the largest areca nut producers in Indonesia. Apart from DI Aceh, North Sumatra, West Sumatra and Riau, Jambi is Indonesia’s pillar in exporting areca nut to the international world. At the end of 2020, 28,255 hectares of areca palm land in Jambi managed to contribute 60 thousand tonnes of areca nut worth 1.1 trillion rupiah. From January to September 2021, Jambi managed to record 67 thousand tons of areca nut worth 1.7 trillion rupiah.

Fable 34 Provinces: Jambi – The Tiger Eats Durian

For Jambi residents, you can meet the native Jambi, Jambi Malay, Batin, Kerinci, and Kubu tribes. The Batin tribe is also known as the Penghulu tribe and the Move tribe. This tribe is still allied with Minangkabau. Many of them live in Bungo, Merangin, Tebo, and Sarolangun districts. They were originally a Malay tribe who inhabited the interior areas, especially the mountains of Jambi.

The Kubu tribe itself is often called the Anak Dalam tribe. This mention is attributed to those who live in the lowland forests of the central part of Sumatra, especially Jambi. Because the Kubu tribe lives in the area, they are also nicknamed the Anak Dalam.

While many Kerinci tribes occupy the Kerinci area and its surroundings. The customs, culture and language of the Kerinci tribe are still allied with or close to the Minangkabau tribe. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are many similarities between the two.

This ethnic diversity will certainly produce a diverse culture in Jambi. From all kinds of cultural forms will produce diverse works.

Variety of Jambi Traditional Houses and Their Meanings

Many traditional houses in Indonesia have the concept of a stilt house. The choice of this concept is not without reason and careful consideration. This concept aims to keep the occupants of the house safe from disturbance by wild animals and floods as well as to act as cattle pens. This is adapted to the natural conditions of Indonesia, which used to be filled with forests.

Below is an in-depth explanation of the Jambi traditional house:

1. The Kajang Lako Traditional House

Story

The most famous Jambi traditional house is the Kajang Lako traditional house. This traditional house is a traditional house founded by the Inner Tribe. This tribe is known to have a strong stance to maintain their customs that have been passed down from generation to generation. Even this old building is still inhabited and its beauty can be enjoyed by the Inner Tribe to this day.

Syahdan, there used to be a group of approximately 60 tumbi (families) who moved from their place of origin (Koto Rayo). The people who belong to 60 families are the forerunners of the Marga Batin V which is divided into five hamlets. The five hamlets are Seling Hamlet, Tanjung Muara Semayo, Kapuk Hamlet, Muara Jernih Hamlet, and Pulau Aro Hamlet which are in the same sub-district, namely Tabir District, Rantau Panjang, Sarolangun Bangko Regency.

Shape and Roof

The house of this tribe is called Rumah Kajang Lako or Rumah Lako. When viewed from the side, the shape of the ridge of this traditional house resembles a boat, the top of which is curved and then tapered at both ends. In a way, the roof is similar to an overturned boat.

This connection is commonly referred to as the “Drunk Elephant”. The name is adapted to the name of the person who made and designed it. It is said that the maker of the house was intoxicated with love for someone who had stolen his heart. Unfortunately a thousand dear, his parents did not approve of that love. People think the maker was “drunk” because he was mistaken for an “overturned boat”.

This ridge form is also often called folding kajang or cut jerambah. The roof is made of palm fiber or mengkuang which is woven from one another and then folded in half. Since it is made from natural materials, making this house takes a long time. However, in today’s era, the use of palm fiber is very rare so that traditional houses that still exist generally have ordinary tiled roofs.

If you look at it from the side, the roof of this house looks like a triangle. The purpose of this model is for easy rain to fall, good air circulation, and as a place to store goods.

At the end of the roof, you can find Rafter Shape. With a length of 60 cm and the same width as the length of the ridge, the rafters of this shape are made with the aim of blocking rainwater from entering the house. Rafters of this form are installed on the front and rear of the house in an inclined position. With a design like this, rainwater ingress can be minimized optimally.

House Agency

Like other traditional houses, this traditional house is made of boards. This house has three types of doors, which are upright doors, masinding or wall doors, and transverse back doors. Each door has a function.

In order to enter the house, you can go through the upright door. This door is located at the far left of the building. The height of the vertical door is intentionally set low so that everyone who enters it bows their head as a sign of respect to the home owner.

The next door is masinding. This door is located in the living room and serves as the window of the house. Through this door, you can see under the house, ventilate when a traditional event is taking place, and so that people below can see from a distance whether the traditional event has started or not.

The next door is a transverse back door. This door is a window that is behind the transverse pillar. This door may only be used by certain people, namely house owners, traditional leaders, religious scholars, scholars, and ninik-mamak. Apart from these people, it is forbidden to pass through.

Overall, the house is 12 meters long and 9 meters wide. The shape is in the form of a rectangle whose number is four. This form is to facilitate the arrangement of rooms that are adapted to their respective functions.

Not only that, Islamic teachings which have become part of the Jambi Malay culture also influence the spatial arrangement of this house. Islamic teachings regulate the relationship between men and women who are not related by family (mahram). The arrangement of the rooms in the house does not allow the girls to meet outside men who are not residents of the house.

Room

Like houses in general, the Kajang Lako traditional house consists of several rooms, namely:

a. Slow Room

This room is located to the left of the building and functions as a living room. The floor is made of split bamboo which has undergone a preservation process. Between the bamboo is given a little distance so that water can flow under it.

b. Gaho Room

This room is located on the left side of the building which has an elongated direction. The function of this room is to store goods, kitchen and water storage.

c. Masinding Room

This room is at the front of the house. The function of this room is to receive guests. Then what’s the difference with the space slowdown. This masinding room can be in the form of an additional porch or terrace as a place to wait for guests who have not been invited to enter. It is also possible that guests who are received in this room are regular guests and only male guests are allowed in this room.

d. The Back Room Holds

This room is the inner porch of the house which consists of several more rooms. Inside there is a dining room, parents’ bedroom, and daughter’s bedroom.

e. Living room

This room is a room used for organizing traditional events or festivities. Generally this room may only be used by women.

f. Penteh Room

This room is located on top of the building and functions as a storage area for goods. This room with the room of the house building is separated by a ceiling.

g. Bauman Room

This room is located under a building that has no floor. Usually this room is used for cooking when there are traditional events, parties, thanksgiving, and others.

h. Transverse Back Room

This room is the main room in the Kajang Lako traditional house. It is located at the right end of the building and faces the living room and the masinding room. The floor in this room is generally higher than the other rooms. Only certain people are allowed in it, such as house owners, religious leaders, traditional leaders, scholars, and ninik-mamak.

Decoration and Carving

The Kajang Leko house is decorated with various decorations in the form of carvings on the doors, fences, windows, walls and roof to beautify its appearance. In general, the carved decorations on this house are in the form of flora and fauna.

The floral motifs that are often found are orange bungo, cape flowers, mangosteen caps, and many other plants that thrive in Jambi. While the floral motifs are often in the form of fish because many Jambi residents work as fishermen.

Jambi Culinary: Tracing Malay Traces, Savory Permeates

 

 

2. Tuo’s House

Who would have thought that Jambi had experienced a crisis of self-identity? At that time, Jambi was experiencing anxiety over how to determine their identity as a province. Until the 1970s, the governor of Jambi held a contest of Jambi Nine Lurah.

The competition was held to determine what kind of traditional house could represent Jambi’s customs and culture. This has an impact on the enthusiasm of the people of Jambi to start a new lifestyle. If in most areas traditional houses are increasingly rare with modern life, the Jami people are actually enjoying this euphoria more and more by building houses with traditional architecture.

You can prove this by looking at the Jambi Governor’s Office complex in Telanaipura, Jambi City. The traditional house is right next to the governor’s office building. This traditional house has many pillars, is black in color, and is equipped with crossed goat horns at the ends of the roof.

The house is the work of an architect who won this competition. The house is adapted from an original house that is more than 600 years old. The traditional house is in Jambi’s oldest settlement. Within the settlement, there are hundreds of similar houses.

For a house that is 600 years old, there are about sixty of them. While other houses are younger. This settlement is located in Kampung Baru Hamlet, Rantau Panjang Village, Tabu District, Merangin District, Jambi.

Traveling to Rantau Panjang feels like going back in time. Because the nuance says so. Plus old rubber plantations and hills that you have to go through if you go to the area.

Until now, local people still use the house as a place to live. This is of course very amazing because the people there still respect the traditional house which is the legacy of their ancestors.

Tuo’s house is synonymous with ancient Malay customs. Inside the house one can feel the relationship between humans in a nuclear family, extended family, and community. You can also feel respect for the nini mamak, living well in the family, guaranteed protection for children, and harmonious social life in society. In that house a civilized and ethical way of life is highly respected.

Among these houses, the oldest house is the Tuo House owned by Umar Amra (who is the 13th descendant of Undup Pinang Masak. Umar Amra is one of the Old Malay nobles who migrated from Kuto Rayo, Tabir.

Amazingly, even though it has been 600 years old, the house still looks sturdy. The pillars and the frame are made of kulim wood. According to the narrative of the current owner, this house was built in mutual cooperation by 19 families who also migrated from Kuto Rayo. When one house has been completed, the 19 families will work on another new house. And so on until the completion of 19 houses, according to the number of families present.

The ancestors agreed that this house was built by erecting twenty piles. At first the roof of this house was made of thatch leaves, but now the roof has been replaced with corrugated iron. Under the house can be used as a storage place for firewood for cooking, as a pen for livestock, and to protect the occupants of the house from attacks by wild animals.

Their ancestors were very careful. So that manners and ethics are regulated through window arrangements. One that is arranged through the window is the subject matter of guests. For male guests who are still single, they are only allowed to visit up to the window on the right side. Thus, he is only allowed to sit closest to the entrance. More than that is not allowed.

Guests who are allowed to go deeper into the second window are single male guests who come from large families, alias those who have family ties with the owner of the house. Then those who are allowed to enter the deeper parts of the house are married men and women.

Indang Dance – If we talk about art and culture from the island of Sumatra, then of course
it will never end. One of the provinces that we will discuss about traditional arts on this
occasion is West Sumatra.

Besides being rich in tourist and culinary destinations, the area which has the iconic Jam Gadang also has
very diverse traditional cultures, one of which is dance. In general, art in this area
describes the habits of life of the people.

One of the most famous arts from this province is the Indang Dance which comes from the Pariaman area,
especially the Minangkabau tribe. This dance was later transformed into a popular and
well-known traditional art in Indonesia.

The word ‘ indang ‘ in the name of this dance comes from the Minang language which means a small
tambourine. The other name for the indang dance is the dindin badindin dance.

In the dance process, this dance is almost the same as the saman dance from Aceh. The
difference is that the indang dance has a slower or slower tempo.

In fact, this traditional dance is a dance resulting from acculturation or a mixture of cultures between
Islamic religious culture and local Minang culture. This is because the early appearance of
this traditional art was brought by Islamic scholars from the Aceh region to the land of Padang
Pariaman.

At first, this indang dance existed as a means to develop Islamic religious teachings in the Minang
community. This dance also has its own function to fill one’s spiritual needs.

This is reflected because of the psychological value contained in the lyrics of the Indang dance song.
This is believed to be able to stimulate the spiritual community, especially in the field of
religion and also customs.

Indang dance movements are generally dominated by dynamic, agile and varied movements. One of
the movements that is the identity or characteristic of the Indang dance is the snap of the fingers and the
clapping of the hands.

As a performing art, the indang dance will not only present performances in the cultural and social context
of society. But also introduce about religious values. This dance originates from
a mosque or surau in the Minang area and is performed by boys aged 7-15 years.

Over time, this dance continues to grow and is known by many people. The art of the Indang
dance is guarded and preserved in the land of Pariaman.

To find out a more complete explanation about getting to know the Indang dance, its history and properties, see
the information below. Check this out!

History of Indang Dance

At the beginning of its appearance, the indang dance was first introduced by Sheikh Burhanuddin around the
13th or 14th century. This happened in order to spread the religion of Islam in all corners of
the land of West Sumatra.

In another source, it is stated that the dance which is called the dindin badinding dance actually
originated from Arab traders who were anchored in Minangkabau. Apart from trading, they also
have the goal of spreading Islam in the West Sumatra region through this trade route. It was on
this path that interactions between Arab traders and the people of the Minang land coast took place.

After that, it is said that one of the religious figures following Syekh Burhanuddin, named Rapa’I, began
to introduce the indang dance at a Tabuik celebration festival in Pariaman. This festival is a
local celebration of the people who live in the coastal areas of West Sumatra. This festival
also actually aims to commemorate the death of Imam Husein bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad
SAW.

Since then, this indang dance has always been included in every Tabuik celebration performance, even up to
now. At the beginning of its emergence, Rapa’I used percussion such as tambourine (a round flat
drum made of a wooden tube which is rather wide at the end and has a short height) as a musical
accompaniment.

At that time, this dance was considered a sacred dance because it contained sipatuang sirah or a group of
parents who had supernatural powers in each dance group.

This dance has a function as a medium of da’wah for scholars to spread Islam. Apart from that,
this dance has rules in each performance. There are two types of dance staging rules, namely
the ascending and descending indang rules.

This rising indang dance will be performed at the beginning or the first day at night around 11-12 at
night. As for the indang Bawah, it will be performed at dusk or in the evening and after the
Maghrib prayer. But now, this rule is no longer used.

This traditional dance also represents the very down-to-earth people of Padang Pariaman. They
also respect each other and obey the commands of God Almighty. If at first this dance was only
for the media of preaching, then over time, the function of this dance has turned into a dance for
entertainment as well.

Function and Meaning of Indang Dance

Every traditional art from a region, must have its own purpose, function, and meaning contained in the art.
Likewise with this traditional dance from the land of Padang Pariaman. Even though the
Indang dance has now undergone many changes and transitions due to changing times, the core values ​​of the
dance will still be there.

These values ​​will actually still exist, even if seen from the outside, this traditional dance has
undergone many changes. The meaning contained in this dance is a description of how Islam
entered the West Sumatra region. This is reflected in the lyrics of the song and its
movements.

If you examine more deeply from the beginning to the end of the dance, you can see how the dancers tell
about the greatness of the Islamic religion they believe in. The dancers also tell about the
beginning of the arrival of Islam to the land of Sumatra, especially Minang. So it can be
concluded that this indang dance has a meaning about the symbols of Islam in Minang land.

At first, this traditional dance served as a means of education and providing education to the surrounding
community about Islamic values. In addition, this traditional art is also useful as a means of
preaching and conveying praise and accompaniment to the blessings of the Prophet Muhammad as contained in
each of his Islamic verses.

However, currently the indang dance also functions as a means of public entertainment and is often
performed at various events. Both religious events, customs, to state events that are formal,
semi-formal, to non-formal.

In religious events, for example, this indang dance is performed at the Tabuik Pariaman Festival or the
commemoration of the death of the Prophet Muhammad’s grandson on the 10th of Muharram every year.
On the other hand, the Indang dance is also often performed to welcome guests, both from within and
outside the country.

At other events, Indang dance is also often displayed in celebrations. Such as for weddings,
traditional ceremonies, appointment of princes, performing arts, and so on.

Indang Dance Movement

At the beginning of the dance performance, which has another name as the dindin badindin dance, there will
be two groups of dancers lined up parallel from left to right. Then, the dancers will begin to
perform various movements. Of the several dancers, some immediately sat down, but there were
also dancers who made several movements while standing before then sitting cross-legged.

When all the dancers have sat cross-legged, the dancer will place the indang in front of them.
After that, the dancers will salute by bringing their palms together in front of their
chest.

When the musical instrument starts, the dancers will start moving and produce sounds. This
sound can come from the indangnya or it can also be from the dancer’s clapping. At this time,
dancers will adjust their dance moves to match the tempo of the music.

The movements of the Indang dance are quite varied. Starting from the dancers who alternately
bend their bodies to the right and left, there are also times when the dancers move alternately forward and
backward as well. This movement continues to change starting from the beginning of the show, in
the middle, until the end of the show.

What is certain about the movements of the indang dance is that there is an implicit meaning in it.
The following is an explanation of the meaning implied in every movement of the indang dance or
dindin badinding dance.

1. Offering movement

The first movement in the indang dance performance is called the offering movement. This is
because the movement shown has a meaning as a reminder and respect for people who have contributed to the
spread of Islam.

In addition, this movement also has a function and meaning as an apology to traditional leaders as well as
mamak and ninik who were present at the performance. Not to forget,
apologies and respect are also addressed to other dance groups that have performed or will be
performing.

2. Nago core movement

In this core movement, it consists of several movements, such as elbow antak, bago baranang, and alang
tabang. The meaning of this movement itself is a story that tells how one’s efforts are made to
achieve one’s goals.

This is also related to how the struggle was carried out by scholars and preachers in spreading the
teachings of Islam in the past. Meanwhile, the movement of the alang tabang itself tells the
story of the happiness and joy of the local people.

3. Closing movement

The closing movement is the last variety of movements performed by the dancers before ending the
performance. This movement hints at the etiquette of apologizing to the people of Minang land.
In addition, this gesture is also a symbol of apology to the audience who have watched the show
before parting ways.

Indang Dance Floor Pattern

As with traditional dances from other regions, this indang dance also has its own floor pattern.
The floor pattern certainly functions to form dance formations to make them more meaningful and
more beautiful to look at.

Based on the performance of the dance, in general this dance is presented using a horizontal floor pattern
or a parallel form from left to right. In one show, usually the dancers will only form one
formation or straight banjar. However, there are also those who add other floor patterns, such
as the shape of the letters V and V inverted, zig zag, circular, up to two or three people in pairs.

The number of dancers in the indang dance performance is actually not always the same or there are no
special rules. However, generally this dance is danced by 5 dancers to more than 25
dancers.

Because in ancient times women were not allowed to show themselves in public, this dance was only performed
by male dancers. But now, female dancers can participate in performing this dance, even at the
same time as male dancers, provided they keep their genitals closed.

As is known, every movement of this dance symbolizes the teachings of Islam. For example, when
a dancer moves his hand and snaps his fingers, it is said that based on the story, this movement is signaled
as a form of praise to Allah SWT.

Indang Dance Clothing and Makeup

Clothing or costumes used in a dance performance will generally describe where the dance originates from.
This is the same as the costumes used by the dancers in the indang dance performance.

The female dancers will of course wear traditional clothes typical of Minangkabau or Malay.
Then various kinds of accessories will be added to support her appearance, such as loose-fitting
clothes, loose-fitting black pants, headdresses, and don’t forget the typical Minang sarong.

Meanwhile, male dancers are not much different from female dancers. They also wear
loose-fitting clothes, long black pants, headdresses and typical Minang sarongs. Apart from
that, for the attire of the Dhikr performers or the singers of the poems that are the accompaniment to the
dance, they usually wear only loose koko clothes.

The thing that distinguishes the clothing of female dancers and male dancers is that female dancers must
wear a headscarf or headscarf. This is done so as not to lose the image and initial meaning of
the Indang dance as a medium of propaganda in broadcasting Islam.

The color of the clothing used in this dance is also free, it can be red, gold, or black.
Meanwhile, for the make-up, both female and male dancers have no specific provisions for what their
facial makeup should be.

The important thing about the makeup is that the dancers become more pleasing to the eye. You
don’t need to overdo it, but don’t overdo it either. In addition, the make-up should not be too
thick or too long, but still show the dancer’s joy and grace.

Property of Indang Dance

The property used in the performance of one of the traditional dances from Minang is quite simple, namely
only the musical instrument in the form of an indang. But now, this musical instrument which is
also known as ripai is rarely used.

In line with the times, this dance also made several modifications including the function of musical
instruments. After no longer using indang as a sound producer, currently this wall dance uses
the stage floor as a substitute for sound sources.

This is because the stage floor is a bit like an indang, the stage floor can also produce sound when tapped
by the dancers. In addition, if in the past there were some dancers who used tambourines as
accessories to support performances, then even that tambourine was rarely used. The difference
is, the tambourine is replaced by the dancer’s hand clapping on the body or floor.

In addition to enlivening the show, in the past, tambourines and indang were used to set the dance tempo.
However, nowadays the types of musical instruments used are increasingly diverse, ranging from
marwas, percussion, tambourines, to violins.

Meanwhile, for the strains of dance accompaniment, there are also those who use modern musical instruments
such as the piano and accordion. Songs and dance verses will also be sung when the dance
begins.

Conclusion

Indang dance is a dance originating from the Padang Pariaman area, especially the Minangkabau tribe, West
Sumatra. This dance is also known as the badinding wall dance which later transformed into a
popular and well-known traditional art in Indonesia.

Based on its history, this dance is a dance resulting from acculturation or a mixture of culture between
Islamic culture and local culture, Minang. According to the story, the first appearance of this
indang dance was brought by Islamic scholars from the Aceh region to the land of Padang Pariaman.
At that time, this dance was used as a means of developing and spreading Islamic religious
teachings to the Minang community.

So #FriendsWithoutLimits, that’s an explanation about getting to know the Indang dance, from history to its
properties. Hopefully this is useful and can add to your understanding of traditional
Indonesian arts.

If you want to explore the art of dance, then you can read books about dance that can be found at
sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always
provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Long Jump Style – The long jump is one of the athletic branches of jumping where long jump
athletes run and then jump until they reach the farthest distance. Even though it is one of the
branches of athletics, not everyone knows what the long jump is, the basic techniques, and the
styles.

To find out more about the long jump, you can see this article, Sinaumed’s. So, read this article
to the end, Sinaumed’s.

History of the Long Jump Sport

Before discussing the various styles of the long jump, it’s a good idea to discuss the history of the long
jump first. The history of the long jump itself is estimated to have existed since 13 centuries
ago. This sport, which has existed since 708 AD, existed during the Ancient Olympics in
Greece.

The long jump itself is not the only jumping championship which was later included in the Ancient Olympics.
All the competitions held at the Ancient Olympics were intended as military exercises for war.
Then, the emergence of this long jump sport is believed to train the agility of warriors in
breaking through existing obstacles, such as ravines or ditches.

At that time, long jumpers were required to run with a weight. The burden that was carried was
placed in his hands. The weight of the load is around 1-4.5 kg and all these activities are
known as dumbbells. then required to run with a weight in both hands known as halteres with a
weight of 1 to 4.5 kg.

The sport of long jump has also been performed by jumpers from Sparta with a record jump of 7.05 meters.
In the modern world, the long jump has been a part of Olympic competition since the first
appearance of this competition in 1896.

Finally, in 1914, Dr. Harry Eaton Stewart then recommended that a standardized running broad
jump be made for female athletes too, so that they could also hold long jump competitions.
These recommendations were taken into consideration and also implemented, so that long jump female
athletes emerged and could take part in the Olympics.

Although this sport was part of the Ancient Olympic Games, it was not until 1896, at the first modern
Olympics, that the long jump was officially contested. As for the new women’s long jump which
began in 1948.

Basic Techniques for Doing Long Jumps

A good long jump athlete will definitely need speed and leg muscle strength, as well as flexibility in
moving the body in the air. Athletes will also start running, take off, and land in the sandbox
to get the maximum distance.

How to do this long jump consists of four phases, namely prefix, takeoff, hovering, and landing.
The following below are the steps that must be taken when doing the long jump.

1. Initial phase (run up)

The start phase begins with a sprint then onto the takeoff board, except for the last two strides.
The long jump athlete also has a trajectory to do the 40 meter prefix. This distance
is an effective distance for building speed and momentum before making a jump.

When doing this phase, you must try to keep the pace. Generally, long jump athletes will take
about 20 to 22 steps when doing the prefix. Whereas. for beginners, start with at
least 8 steps for beginners.

2. The take-off phase

After doing the last two steps, the next long jump athlete will do the take-off phase. At this
stage, one of the feet will remain on the ground to support the body so that it can do the repulsion.

This stage will produce movements that will allow the body to reach a certain height. That
way, the long jumper will be able to fly longer and of course be able to fly farther.

Therefore, when doing this stage, you must be able to make sure that your feet are well planted so that you
can produce maximum repulsion. Long jumps on your heels will have a braking effect and also
reduce momentum. Meanwhile, jumping on toes can make the body unstable or even reduce the long
jumper’s distance. .

3. The flight phase

The attitude and movement of the body in the air will then depend on the initial speed and the strength of
the repulsion. The long jump will also be carried out after leaving the pedestal beam.

When doing floating movements, you must pay attention so that you don’t fall easily. To
maintain body balance, this can be done by swinging both hands which will help the athlete maintain body
balance.

Then the movement of the legs must go when the body is in a floating position, so that it will make the
landing distance easier. In addition, there are a number of things that must be considered when
the jumper’s body is in a flying position, namely maintaining body balance and trying to fly as long as
possible and having to prepare the feet for landing.

4. Landing phase

Every inch of landing itself is very important, so make sure to do the correct landing technique in the
sandbox so it doesn’t affect the distance of the jump. To ensure that the landing reaches the
maximum distance, an athlete will also perform several maneuvers when landing.

Typically, athletes will focus on keeping their feet in front of the body. The athlete can do
this by bringing the heels up and the head down with a full hip stretch. On landing, the
athlete will also make a sweeping motion with the arms to keep the legs upright and the body forward.

Various Long Jump Styles

The long jump itself refers to the movement an athlete makes during the hovering phase after taking off
from the board. Some of these styles include the squat style (float style), hanging style (hang
style), and walking in the air style which have their own characteristics. Here’s the full
explanation.

1. Squat style ( float style )

In the long jump squat style or what is also known as the orthodox style, the main goal of this style is to
run as fast as possible from a distance of 40 to 45 m on the track. The long jump technique
will start with running as fast as possible from the start of the track and not reducing speed until finally
doing the pedestal when jumping.

When doing repulsion, the body will be moved more, and also start with the tip of the heel, sole of the
foot and toe of the foot. After that, both legs will be moved forward. While in
the air straight arms forward along with the body, then move the hands back. When landing, also
make sure to use the heel tip. Do not let the body fall backwards because it will reduce the
distance of the jump.

2. Hanging style ( hang style )

Hanging style or hang style is one of the styles of the long jump whose speed cannot be changed when it is
resting on a pedestal or on a wooden board. This hanging style long jump technique is performed
with the body bouncy forward, then the position of the hands next to the ears and the position of the feet
tightly behind while in the air.

For prefix, repulsion or pedestal and landing techniques the same as the above technique. As
with the squat style, the body position in this style itself is more upright. In the hanging
style, backward and forward swings will be applied to the legs, along with the arms which are also swung
backwards and forwards.

Then, when landing, both legs will straighten forward and land using both heels first to maintain body balance.

3. Walking style in the air ( walking in the
air style )

Long jump gait in the air is a long jump style in which the long jump movement will look like you are
walking in the air. When the body is floating in the air leg movements as if running or walking
in the air.

When doing a pedestal that can be used on the left foot or right foot according to the jumper’s habits, you
should use the leg that has the dominant strength. When your feet rest on the block, your body
must be leaning forward to maintain balance.

Foresight with both arms that are on the sides of the body and when resting on speed which is then
developed through an uninterrupted start. After the jumper rests on the pedestal beam, the body
can also be lifted into the air. By doing the attitude of walking in the air, the two legs will
take turns pedaling in the air.

Before this foot lands, you should be in a position in the air as long as possible, so that later you can
produce a maximum jump. At the time of landing the jumper must also try to extend both hands
forward and pulled backwards. Meanwhile, the legs are launched forward as far as possible.
Land both feet simultaneously so that later to avoid injury, drop your weight forward.

The form of the long jump sports field

The long jump sports field itself consists of two main parts, namely the running track for the start and
the sandbox for landing. The standard size of the long jump field in official competitions is
as follows.

1. Running track. The runway starts with a hard concrete surface with a minimum length of 40
   meters. At the end of the running track, there is then a block for takeoff with a thickness
   of 5 cm, a width of 20 cm, and the distances between the blocks and the sandbox are 1 meter.
2. Sandbox. The landing area which is then filled with sand is 9 meters long and between
   2.75 and 3 meters wide.

Long Jump Sports Branch Regulations

The International Association of Athletics Federations or IAAF or currently known as World Athletics has made a
number of regulations, ranging from the jumping process to athlete equipment as follows:

1. All jumps must then be completed within one minute of stepping onto the running track.
2. The jumper’s leg must not cross the edge or foul line which is then located right after the takeoff
   block. If any part of the foot crosses the line of infringement, then the jump becomes
   invalid.
3. In a race, jumpers will generally have three chances to jump. Unauthorized jumps will
   then reduce the opportunity.
4. The judge will also measure the distance of the jump from the edge of the foul line to the first landing
   point which the jumpers then make.
5. Somersault movement techniques are not allowed when making jumps.
6. It is not allowed to wear running shoes with a sole thickness of more than 13 mm.
7. Apart from these points, there are other more specific regulations that long jump athletes need to pay
   attention to. In determining the winner, the jumper with the farthest jump distance, then
   he is the winner.

Long jump style is one of the athletics sports which is still being contested, especially in the Olympic
championships. After knowing more about the sport of long jump and long jump styles, are you
interested in becoming a long jump athlete?

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