Category: General

For those of us who live in Indonesia, the threat of natural disasters in the form of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can become a reality at any time. Because, as Sinaumed’s already knows, Indonesia is located at the confluence of three major tectonic plates, namely the Eurasian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Indo-Australian Plate.

According to historical records, Indonesia was devastated by the eruption of Mount Krakatau in 1883 which erupted 4 times in 4.5 hours and the sound of the eruption was heard as far as Sri Lanka and Australia. Not only that, this eruption caused a large tsunami as high as 36 meters which claimed 36,417 lives.

In 2004, Aceh was rocked by a massive earthquake measuring 9.3 on the Richter scale which generated a 30 meter high tsunami whose waves bounced off several other countries such as Sri Lanka, Thailand, Maldives, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Tanzania, Somalia, Bangladesh, Seychelles, to Kenya.

It was so great that the natural disaster that occurred on December 26, 2004 also had an impact on the Earth’s rotation and shortened the duration of one day by 2.68 microseconds; and shifting the North Pole a few centimeters.

So, talking about earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, it’s incomplete without discussing plate tectonics. You see, these two natural disasters are closely related to the movement of tectonic plates.

Plate Tectonics, The Most Advanced Theory of the Formation of the Earth’s Surface

As we know, planet earth and its present form were not created just like that. It took billions of years for the earth to “form” itself to be habitable by humans.

In geography, there are several theories that explain the process of formation of the earth’s surface. Starting from the theory of contraction (Descrates, 1596-1650); The theory of two continents (Edward Zuess, 1884); the theory of Continental Shift (Lothar Wagener, 1915); Ocean Floor Expansion Theory (Harry H. Hess, 1962); and finally the theory of plate tectonics (Tozo Wilso, 1968).

The birth of the theory of plate tectonics brought changes to the human perspective in viewing the structure of the earth, natural wealth, and natural disasters. In fact, some say this theory is as powerful as Einstein’s theory of relativity because of its benefits to earth science.

In the theory of plate tectonics, it is stated that the planet Earth consists of plates that are constantly moving. These plates can be in the form of oceanic crust, continental crust, or a combination of the two. Well, this movement is caused by convection currents or the transfer of heat energy in the asthenosphere layer (the Earth’s mantle which is a very hot liquid).

Because all the plates are constantly moving, there is interaction between one plate and another. These interactions occur along plate boundaries. The forms of interaction are divided into three, there are those that collide, move away from each other, and shift. Well, the surface of the earth that exists today is the result of interactions between these plates.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, there are 13 plates that make up the earth’s crust which are divided into large plates and small plates, namely:

Big Plate	Small Plate
Pacific Plate	Nasca Plate
Eurasian Plate	Arabian Plate
India-Australia plate	Caribbean Plate
African Plate	Philippine Plate
North American Plate	Scotia Plate
South American Plate	Cocos Plate
Antarctic Plate

If compared, the 13 plates are exactly like puzzle pieces that are fused together but the puzzle pieces are “placed” on top of the liquid. So if there is movement in the liquid, the puzzle above it will automatically move too. Well, this is what is called the movement of the earth’s crust plates.

You can read other explanations of the theory of the formation of the earth’s surface in the book Ips: Geography of SMA/Ma Kls.10/Km , compiled by Yasinto Sindhu Priastomo. This book is designed to help you understand the causal relationship of geosphere phenomena or phenomena on the earth’s surface and events that occur on the earth’s surface.

Eurasian Plate

In this article, we will discuss one of the major plates on earth, namely the Eurasian Plate. The Eurasian plate is the third largest plate which is slightly smaller than the Pacific plate and the North American plate.

The Eurasian Plate includes parts of the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, most of mainland Europe, Russia, Asia, and several sub-oceanic basins, such as the Norwegian, Lofoten, South China, Aleut, Western European basins).

On the east side, the Eurasian plate is bounded by the North American plate and the Philippine Sea plate. While on the south west side, it is bordered by the African plate, in the middle by the Arabian plate, and on the south side east by the Indo-Australian plate.

To make it easier, try to pay attention to the position of each plate in the following image:

Based on the picture of the Eurasian plate above, the location of the Eurasian plate in Indonesia includes Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Maluku. Indonesia is indeed located at the confluence of three plates, namely the Indo-Australian Plate, the Eurasian Plate, and the Pacific Plate.

The Movement of the Eurasian Plate And Its Effects

In general, the Eurasian plate is moving about ¼ to ½ inch per year on average. More specifically, this plate is moving northward by 2 cm each year. Compared to other plates, the Eurasian plate is the third slowest moving plate after the North American and South American plates.

The movement of the Eurasian plate occurs due to the flow of magma that is under the earth’s surface. When the magma heats up and boils. The hot magma then rises to the top and cools when it comes in contact with seawater so that it creates new rock.

One of the effects of the movement of the Eurasian plate that we can see clearly today is a series of mountains along the islands of Sumatra, Java and Nusa Tenggara, then the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.

The series of mountains in Sumatra, Java and Nusa Tenggara emerged as a result of the Pacific plate colliding with the Eurasian plate. Meanwhile, the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau emerged after the landmasses of India and Asia collided about 50 million years ago. This phenomenon then causes the Eurasian plate to fold over the Indian plate.

Tectonic Plate Boundaries

Because the shape is similar to a puzzle, of course each plate has its own limits. Well, these boundaries can be divided into three, Divergent, Convergent, and Conservative boundaries.

1. Divergent Boundary

Divergent movement is the movement of tectonic plates that move away from each other and move slowly and cause cracks. These cracks then become a way out for magma that continues to flow.

The magma flow will gradually appear a little to the surface of the earth which can cause new volcanic islands to emerge. Meanwhile, if it occurs on the seabed, this will cause what is called the Sea Floor Spreading or the expanse of the seabed.

It is estimated that the spreading rate in these ocean ridge areas is 2 to 10 cm per year, and averages 6 cm (2 inches) per year. Because the amount of newly formed rock is equal on both sides of the plate that is moving away from each other, the growth rate of the ocean floor is twice the value of the spreading rate.

One of the most famous examples of divergent boundaries is the Mid Oceanic Ridges which are at the bottom of the Atlantic ocean. Apart from that, there are also other examples such as rifting that occurred between the African continent and the Arabian mainland which then created the red sea.

2. Convergent Limits

This is the boundary between plates that collide with each other. This collision can occur between two oceanic plates, one oceanic plate and one continental plate, or two continental plates. Convergent boundaries are divided into two based on their shape, the first is Subduction and the second is Obduction.

Subduction boundaries are plate boundaries in the form of plate collisions. This means that one plate sinks into the bowels of the earth while the other plate rises to the surface.

subduction boundary image

One example of a subduction-type convergent boundary is the Indonesian Archipelago which is part of the Southeast Asian continental plate with the Indian-Australian oceanic plate. The boundary of these two plates is in the form of a subduction zone in the sea with a trough shape that extends from the islands of Sumatra, Java, to East Nusa Tenggara.

Another example is the Philippine archipelago which is the result of subduction between the Philippine oceanic plate and the Pacific oceanic plate.

Meanwhile, obduction boundaries are plate boundaries caused by collisions between continental plates and other continents. The results of this collision then form a series of mountains. Like the Himalayan mountain range that emerged as a result of the collision between the Indian continental plate and the Eurasian continent.

obduction limit image

3. Transform Boundary

Finally, there is a transform limit. This is a boundary between plates that pass each other and slide over each other without causing destruction of the lithosphere. This interaction then produces a horizontal fault of the Strike Slip Fault type.

Most of the transform faults occur in the oceanic crust, but a few occur in continental crust such as the San Andreas fault in the United States. This fault appears due to a shift in the Pacific Ocean plate with the North American continental plate.

Consequences of Plate Movement

As previously discussed, the movement of the plates in the earth’s crust can have several consequences, including:

1. Volcanic eruption

Volcanic eruptions can occur when hot magma rises to the surface of the earth. This is caused by the melting of rock into magma due to an increase in temperature, a decrease in pressure, or if water enters it. Usually volcanic eruptions occur at convergent plate boundaries and diverging plates.

At divergent boundaries, the warmer asthenosphere creeps up due to pressure drops which then fill the gaps that appear between two separate plates.

As a result, parts of the asthenosphere will melt and form large amounts of basaltic magma which then spill out onto the earth’s surface.

Meanwhile, at convergent plate boundaries, dense oceanic lithosphere will sink into the asthenosphere along with silt and rocks. Well, the plate that goes into the mantle will change its temperature to heat.

This heat moves water to rise into the hot asthenosphere which is under the opposite plate. After that the water melted the asthenospheric rock and formed magma in large quantities in the subduction zone. Magma that has formed then rises to the lithosphere. Here, some of the hardened magma can enter the lithosphere, some of it is erupted onto the earth’s surface via volcanoes.

2. Earthquake

Earthquakes generally occur at three tectonic plate boundaries and are quite rare on the inside of tectonic plates. The reason is because plate boundaries are fracture zones in the lithosphere. In this zone, one plate can slip on another plate and this happens continuously.

As explained in the book ( Series of Natural Disasters) Earthquakes compiled by the Atlas & Geography Editorial Team, the fracture can be locked for hundreds of years, then when a plate slips a few centimeters or a few meters on another plate, the surface will also vibrate. This vibration is called an earthquake.

3. The formation of mountains

There are many mountain ranges that form in subduction zones. Usually this happens because a large volume of magma rises into the crust, then triggers the formation of mountains. In addition, volcanic eruptions can also form a series of volcanoes.

4. Oceanic trenches

Trench, briefly, can be defined as the deepest part of the ocean basin. Trenches can appear wherever subduction occurs because they always follow a boundary on the developing ocean floor where subduction feeds into the Earth’s mantle.

5. Transfer of continents and oceans

Continental drift can occur on the surface of the earth because the continents themselves are part of the lithospheric plates that are constantly moving. Now, when a continent moves, it creates ocean basins that open and close during geological time.

6. Supercontinent

About 2 to 1.8 billion years ago, tectonic plate movements brought together the microcontinents and formed the first supercontinent known as Pangea I. This Pangea I then fractured around 1.3 billion years ago. After that, the fragments of the existing continental crust reassembled and formed the second supercontinent known as Pangea II.

Pangea II then broke apart again and the continental fragments reassembled into the third supercontinent or Pingea III 300 million years ago.

Factors That Trigger Tectonic Plate Movement

The movement of tectonic plates on the earth’s surface certainly requires a large amount of energy. This energy is usually drawn from the earth’s membranes – large lumps that are located under tectonic plates.

The Earth’s membrane is up to 2,800 km thick and is composed of rocky material in the form of silicate compounds. The materials within the membrane are arranged in complex ways, some of which even melt together. Even so, this membrane couldn’t be said to have a liquid state.

Experts say the shape of the earth’s membrane is rather soft. very sticky, has a very high temperature and pressure.

The lower the temperature of the earth’s membrane, the hotter the result. Well, because of the temperature difference between the upper earth’s membrane and the lower earth’s membrane, the earth’s membrane continues to move consistently. This movement then causes the tectonic plates to move.

The question is, why did this happen?

The reason is because the earth’s membrane that is at the bottom tries to move its very hot material to the top because the top layer of the earth’s membrane is thicker than the bottom layer. Meanwhile, some parts of the upper membrane layer sink to hotter temperatures. This process continues continuously without ever stopping.

So, if you want to learn more about the plates on the earth’s surface, the book General Geology from Imam Subekti can be the main reference that is right for you. The problem is this book provides a description of the science of geology in general. Arranged chronologically starting from the process of the formation of the earth, the process of forming the earth’s crust or skin, to the evolution of living things that existed and once existed on earth.

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Gilang Oktaviana Putra

Hard-to-decompose waste and its time – Hello Sinaumed’s friends , did you know? Garbage is a serious problem today, not only in Indonesia but also in most countries in the world. Unfortunately, although the amount of waste continues to increase day by day, public awareness to reduce waste is very low. Not to mention reducing the amount of waste, disposing of waste in its place is still difficult.

Although it seems trivial, it actually has the potential to damage our planet. Apart from polluting the earth, some types of waste also take a very long time to decompose along with the soil.

Hundreds to thousands of tons of waste are generated every day. Waste comes from the rest of the business or from household use. With advances in technology, various products were born to meet people’s needs. In fact, we are used to using a lot of single-use products that are practically difficult to recycle. Called plastic, aluminum, glass, etc.

Each waste or waste has its own decomposition or application period. Even if not recycled, trash lands in landfills, in the nooks and crannies of cities, or piles up in the oceans, taking millions of years to decompose.

Or even the pieces that don’t rot and can’t decompose forever. How long does it take for the waste we produce every day to decompose? Take a look at the objects in the house, my friends. Is there anything that can be tempered with glass?

After wearing these clothes, what do you usually do? There are items that can no longer be used and must be thrown away, but there are also items that can be reused, you know.

Do you know? Currently, our earth is facing the problem of accumulation of too much waste and environmental pollution. This is because various objects that we throw away end up in the sea or on land and do not decompose quickly.

Objects around us that are immediately thrown away will remain on the surface because it takes a long time to decompose. It would literally destroy the earth. See the explanation below for several types of waste that are difficult to decompose and take a very long time to decompose and even take hundreds of years to do. Here’s the explanation!

List of types of waste that are difficult to decompose

Plastic waste

Plastic dominates all types of waste in society, from plastic bags, plastic cups, plastic straws and others. Plastic is made from petroleum. Plastic products can decompose in the soil for 1000 years, while plastic bags can take 10 to 1000 years. Plastic bottles can decompose in nature in about 450 years. Currently, plastic is the waste that takes the longest time to decompose.

Quoting the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Australia, the energy used to produce and transport plastic bottles can power 1.5 million cars per year. For that much energy, 75% of plastic bottles are used only once and end up as waste that pollutes the environment.

United States Citation According to the National Park Service , candy wrappers take about 20 years to decompose. Meanwhile, cigarette packs take more than 20 years to decompose.

The General Department of Waste Management at the Ministry of Environment and Forestry said that each plastic waste takes a different amount of time to decompose. Plastic bags will decompose in about 10 to 500 years.

Meanwhile, plastic straws decompose in about 20 years. Plastic cups decompose in about 50 years. Packaging takes about 50 to 80 years to decompose. Styrofoam is not biodegradable.

Even though plastic waste can decompose for tens to hundreds of years, it will not disappear completely. Leftover plastic waste turns into microplastics, tiny particles invisible to the naked eye.

The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) explains that plastic waste breaks down into microplastics which are eaten by fish or livestock. It is harmful to the health of animals and humans who consume it. Risk of causing disease.

The time it takes to decompose plastic waste is very dangerous for the environment, because it will continue to accumulate, including being scattered in the oceans. This situation will threaten the destruction of marine ecosystems, quoted from the Marine Garbage website. Plastic scattered in the oceans accounts for around 60-80% of other types of waste.

According to the records of the People’s Alliance for Fisheries Justice (KIARA), every year in Indonesia, 1.29 million tons of plastic waste are dumped into rivers and seas.

As a result, many sea creatures die from ingesting plastic waste. A 10-year-old sperm whale was found beached on Luskentyre, Harris Island, Scotland, in November 2019. When the Scotland Marine Projects team performed an autopsy, they found a large amount of plastic waste in the whale’s stomach. Here are some types of plastic waste

1. Plastic Bag

Using plastic bags for shopping or storing anything is what we often do today. Apart from being used to accommodate many items, plastic bags are also safer because they are not waterproof.

It turns out that it’s not only water that has difficulty getting into plastic bags, even our earth has difficulty decomposing the plastic bags we use. It is so difficult that it takes our earth from 10 to 1000 years to destroy this amount of plastic bag waste.

The bigger and better quality plastic bags, the more difficult it is for the waste to decompose in the soil.

2. Plastic Bottles

Apart from soft drinks, drinks in plastic bottles are also a favorite of many people. In fact, just like plastic bags, plastic bottles are also very difficult to decompose by soil. To decompose plastic bottles, soil takes 70 to 450 years to decompose.

3. Styrofoam

Lastly, there is Styrofoam foam which is also one of the most hazardous wastes. This is because styrofoam is made of polystyrene, a petroleum-based plastic material, so soil cannot decompose properly. That is, when the styrofoam that we used 20 years ago was still around, the amount of waste from styrofoam was increasing and how long would it take to fill the earth.

Some of the items above are useful, but on the other hand, this waste is very harmful to the earth. Worse yet, there is no sense in disposing of waste in its place, making this waste not only contaminate the land, but also pollute the oceans and harm other creatures that live there.

4. Baby Diapers

Older parents preferred to use cloth diapers for their babies. Over time, plastic and cotton baby diapers began to replace cloth diapers. Even though these diapers can absorb more of your baby’s urine and are easy to use, the diapers currently used are not easily decomposed by the soil.

Compared to disposable bottles, baby diapers take longer to decompose into the soil, around 500 years to decompose. Even worse, baby diapers also lead to increased pollution and energy wastage because a lot of water is needed to make baby diapers.

Why does plastic waste experience a very long decomposition process?

In general, almost all the plastic in the world is made from petroleum. If you are familiar with gasoline and diesel, these materials are often used to make them. Plastic is an organic compound composed of carbon atoms arranged in long chains. These long chains are called polymers and monomers (smallest polymer units).

Polymers are a group of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, which are multiple units of simple chemical units called monomers.

So the word polymer just means a large number of monomers. Polymers are not limited to monomers having the same chemical composition or structure and the same molecular weight. Some natural polymers consist of only one monomer

Natural polymers include living and synthetic organisms. Examples of polymers that include living organisms are proteins, cellulose, and nucleic acids. For example, the solid parts of all trees are made of polymers. These include cellulose, lignin and various resins. Cellulose is a polysaccharide, a polymer made up of sugar molecules. (in English) . Cellulose is found in the structure of the cell walls of all plants. Lignin consists of a complex three-dimensional polymer network.

Wood resin is a polymer of the simple hydrocarbon, isoprene. isoprene can be found in rubber. Natural polymers in the presence of nucleic samples are DNA and RNA. As we all know, DNA carries genetic information in cells.

This long carbon chain makes it difficult for microorganisms to decompose plastic waste. By using enzymes, bacteria can use them as tools to cut and destroy things. However, it is different when these bacteria meet plastic. The reason is that no bacteria have cutting enzymes capable of cutting polymers.

The natural decomposition of plastic waste is actually caused by heat, humidity, pressure, and even solar radiation. However, this decomposition takes place over a long period of time.

If Sinaumed’s friends already know why plastic waste is difficult to decompose, please limit the use of plastic waste from now on. These can be plastic bags and others. So that our earth can be saved from the threat of garbage that can slowly kill our health.

The Dangers of Plastic Waste to Ecosystems

Basically, plastic waste is waste which basically has a bad impact if not handled wisely. If you adopt the 3R approach, of course plastic waste can have economic value, but more efforts are needed to educate and spin the wheel of recycling plastic waste in the right and fast way.

Irregular plastic waste spreads everywhere including in the sea, damaging the ecosystems of several species of plants and animals. The food chain is damaged, especially with plastic pollution which damages the condition of plankton, which are the smallest organisms in the world.

Plankton itself is a food source for small fish, if plastic waste spreads and decomposes it will cause microplastics to be consumed by fish.

This condition causes fish for human consumption to contain harmful substances, namely microplastics. Apart from small animals, large fish also have the potential to consume food contaminated with polluting plastic waste.

It doesn’t stop there, data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shows that millions of birds and fish per 100,000 mammal species have died as a result of the release of plastic waste in many environments.

Poor waste management is the main cause of the spread of plastic waste and eventually destroys the habitat of thousands of plant and animal species.

In addition to animals and plants, untreated plastic waste contaminates soil and groundwater. Therefore, special handling is needed to see which plastics are safe to use and which ones are dangerous or at least should be avoided.

Organic trash

Organic waste is waste that comes from plants or animals and can be decomposed naturally. Because of this understanding, many people believe that any organic waste that is thrown away will decompose by itself. It’s not easy. Some organic waste is difficult to decompose and even pollutes the environment.

It is important to understand the importance of properly disposing of organic waste to reduce various environmental problems caused by waste. Taken from the California Department of Resources, Recycling and Recovery (Call Recycle) website, organic waste is divided into four categories, food waste , food soiled paper , non -hazardous wood waste. ) , and green waste (green waste).

Of the four types, not all of them can decompose quickly and are harmless to the environment. In addition to the four categories above, animal waste, leather factory waste and animal carcasses are also included in organic waste.

1. Food Waste

Processed organic waste is different from leftover vegetable and fruit peels that are not processed. While vegetables, fruit peels and fruit scraps can be easily composted and processed in an environmentally friendly manner, processed food waste cannot be easily composted or eco-enzymatically.

Leftover food such as rice, cooked meat, vegetable soup and other leftovers can pollute the environment. Especially if leftover food gets dumped into the mix with other trash cans and ends up in a heap in a landfill.

If these leftovers accumulate and lack oxygen, they will produce methane gas which can explode in certain quantities. In addition, these food scraps also attract rodents such as rats, flies, cockroaches and mosquitoes, which have the potential to be a source of dangerous infectious diseases.

The best way to deal with this organic waste is to consume food, or it can also be used to feed maggots (maggots can eat rotting food scraps).

2. Food Soiled Paper

Tissue, paper, packaging, paper cups, cardboard, egg cartons and coffee filters are included in this organic waste. All of these can be broken down naturally, but take a long time to decompose. Paper takes about 2 to 6 weeks to decompose. Undyed brown paper bags may spoil in 6 to 8 weeks. This organic waste will more easily decompose if cut into small pieces, and can be used as brown organic waste in compost.

3. Non-Hazardous Wood Waste

Unpainted/coated wood chips, bamboo, coconut shells, twigs and sticks actually fall into the category of biodegradable organic waste. However, there are several things that make organic waste difficult to decompose. One of them is based on quite a long time. For example, a piece of wood from a tree, takes about 50 to 100 years to decompose if intact. If wood scraps are recycled into smaller sizes, the time needed to decompose is around 6 months to 1 year.

The decomposition time of wood waste is influenced by several factors, such as the type of wood, its size and method of decomposition. If wood, bamboo, or coconut shells are ground into powder or very small pieces, they can be used as additives in compost and the decomposition time will be faster. Aside from being a complement to compost, wood waste that is cut into small pieces can also be used as mulch for plants.

The Danger of Organic Waste that Can Contaminate the Environment

Apart from the three types of persistent organic waste, there is green waste which is highly biodegradable. Examples are dry leaves and dead leaves. The decomposition time for this green waste is very fast, only a few weeks. In addition, this green waste can also be used as compost and mulch.

On the other hand, organic waste which is quite difficult to decompose has the potential to cause environmental pollution if not handled properly. Methane produced from food waste can cause explosions due to lack of oxygen and exposure to sunlight. Leftover food will also create new toxic substances. These fluids can contaminate the water and soil around the pile. Not only food waste, other organic waste that takes a long time to decompose can also be dangerous because it takes up space.

The way to reduce the impact of this organic waste is to separate the waste. Not only organic and inorganic waste, but also organic waste and reuse.

Metaverse Is – In an era that is already sophisticated like today, new terms about technology have also developed. Apart from the multiverse, there is also the metaverse which is currently being heralded as being able to facilitate human activities, especially in terms of the digital world, including in the economics of business to marketing.

Yep, this metaverse concept is considered to be the gateway to the virtual world which of course will be closely related to the digital world in the future. Later, everything in the future will be easy to achieve because the digital world is so closely related to technology, especially technology on our smartphones. So, what is the metaverse that is predicted to be able to revive the digital world in all fields?

What is the history and how it works that relies on the sophistication of this technology? What’s the difference between the metaverse and the multiverse? How is the relevance of this metaverse concept for human life? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands these things, let’s look at the following review!

What is the Metaverse?

If the term metaverse is explained linguistically, it will be two things, namely “meta” which means ‘beyond or beyond’, while “verse” is defined as ‘universe’. Both of these words come from Greek which means “outside the universe” or “beyond the universe”. The term metaverse first appeared 30 years ago, in the early 1990s to be precise. At that time, the metaverse was considered as a method that connected humans (society) with the concept of avatars which depended heavily on technology.

Please note that in this metaverse virtual world, there are 3 main elements, namely:

1. Virtual Reality (VR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
2. Web 3.0 technologies
3. Blockchain Technology

Currently, there are quite a number of well-known companies that involve themselves in the metaverse world. Starting from Samsung, Microsoft, Meta (formerly Facebook), Google, to Adidas. In Indonesia itself, it turns out that the metaverse world has been eyed by a number of companies , some of which are BRI (Bank Rakyat Indonesia) and BNI (Bank Negara Indonesia) which are ready to expand into the virtual world . The two banks will later enter the metaverse world with the development carried out by the WIR Group under the name METAVERSE INDONESIA.

Many experts have defined what the metaverse is according to their understanding. According to Nicely (2022), argues that “Metaverse refers to shared online virtual worlds, similar to video games such as Second Life or Pokémon Go. It (the metaverse) is a realistic three-dimensional environment where people can explore and interact with others in real time.”

Then according to Weston (2022), the metaverse is “Metaverse refers to shared online virtual worlds, similar to video games like Second Life or Pokémon Go. It (the metaverse) is a realistic three-dimensional environment where people can explore and interact with others in real time . ” Meanwhile, according to Stefanic (2022) reveals that “Metaverse refers to the online 3D world that is accessed via computers, smart devices, augmented reality and virtual reality headsets. Interaction and engagement are at the heart of the metaverse principles, ensuring that users can be fully immersed in the online environment facilitated by metaverse technology.”

In this case, Metamandrill (2022) also speculates that the metaverse is a concept of merging the online world with the real world (physically) to create something new. The metaverse concept will usually use certain devices, including virtual reality headsets to augmented reality applications. Now, through some of these devices, later we can explore new realities with 3D-based environments, aka 3 Dimensions. That means, the concept of this metaverse is only limited by the human imagination.

Based on the definition of what metaverse is that has been coined by several experts, it can be concluded that,

“Metaverse is a concept of space where one can be directly involved in it by using sophisticated devices in the virtual world. In this metaverse, we can socialize, play games, and shop, but only in the virtual world.”

History of Metaverse Development in the World

In fact, this metaverse is developing in line with the increasingly sophisticated development of the internet. This is due to the existence of the metaverse together with the virtual world and its contents can only be “reached” through the internet. Even though the term metaverse has been around since the 1990s, real evidence has only arrived in 2021. That was after the owner of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, tried to develop this virtual world. So, here is a review of the history of the development of the metaverse concept in the world.

1989 – The emergence of the Internet

In 1989, Tim Berners Lee succeeded in creating the internet. The early emergence of the internet became the birth point of the metaverse.

1992 – The first time the term Metaverse appeared

In 1992, to be precise, the term metaverse first appeared in one of Neal Stephenson’s novels entitled Snow Crash. In this novel, as a whole, it tells about humans as avatars who can interact with other avatars in a 3D virtual space. This 3D virtual space is considered a metaphor or comparison of the real world. Uniquely, the novel also describes how 3D virtual space exists.

2003 – Launch of Second Life

A scientist named Philip Rosedale and his team launched an online virtual world called Second Life at the Linden Lab. Overall, Second Life is similar to a multiplayer online role-playing game, although Linden Lab maintains that their world is not a game. In Second Life, users will call themselves residents and create virtual representations of themselves. This virtual representation is called an avatar. This avatar will be able to interact with places, objects, and even other avatars.

2006 – Roblox Introduced to the Public

The existence of this metaverse concept is also applied in the game world. In 2006, one of the online game platforms, Roblox, introduced games that rely on virtual worlds. In the game, players can create and share their game worlds with other players, thereby creating trades. This Roblox game development company also provides various game genres, from role-playing, racing, to obstacle course games.

2009 – The emergence of Bitcoin

The existence of bitcoin is of course part of the metaverse concept. This is because bitcoin is one of the cryptocurrencies and blockchain. Later, crypto currency will also become a transaction tool in this metaverse, starting from buying land, buildings, clothes, to other avatars.

2011 – The Metaverse Concept Reappears

In 2011, the concept of the metaverse reappeared in the public through a novel entitled Ready Player One by Ernest Cline. Overall, this novel tells that in 2045, reality is a bad place so that the main character will enter the virtual world and study the world. A little trivia, the novel was adapted into a film with the same title in 2018.

2014 – Production of Oculus

In 2014, the Facebook company acquired a virtual reality (VR) hardware and platform company, Oculus. The reason why Facebook acquired the company is because VR technology will later become an important tool in the development of the metaverse world. Most head-mounted display devices for displaying virtual worlds are developed by the Oculus brand.

2015 – Release of Decentraland

In 2015, one of the metaverse platforms was successfully released under the Decentraland brand. Developed by Esteban Orfano and Ari Meilich where in their virtual world there are many assets which of course are digital. Even NFT (Non-Fungible Token) purchases can also be made through this VR platform.

2016 – The Emergence of the Game Pokemon Go

Is Sinaumed’s a fan of this Pokemon Go game? How far has Sinaumed’s been on his way to collect Pokemon Go characters? Well, the game also turns out to carry VR technology, you know . Even though this game has faded, it actually proves that we have “tasted” the concept of the metaverse through the gaming industry.

2017 – Fortnite

Similar to Pokemon Go, the game Fortnite also carries the theme of the metaverse world. Unfortunately, you can’t get this game by downloading it through the PlayStore or Appstore, but directly on the website.

2018 – Axie Infinity

Apart from Pokemon Go and Fortnite, there is also a game that carries the theme of the metaverse world in 2018, namely Axie Infinity. Did Sinaumed’s ever play it?

2021 – Metaverse Development Through Two Technology Companies

In 2021, 2 of the world’s leading technology companies stated that they were developing a metaverse world. Yep, the 2 technology companies are Microsoft and Facebook. Microsoft is releasing a platform called Mesh, which is designed for virtual collaboration on multiple devices. Meanwhile Facebook has changed the parent company name to “Meta” and plans to focus on developing this metaverse virtual world.

How the Metaverse Works

Little information, to enter the world of the metaverse is also quite easy. Sinaumed’s only needs to log in and register on the platforms provided, for example Decentraland. If already registered, immediately enter the world of metaverse using existing devices.

As previously explained, this metaverse virtual world can run if we use special devices, ranging from headphones, virtual reality glasses, to an internet connection. The way it works is also almost the same when we want to play games.

First, prepare in advance some of these special devices. Don’t forget that the internet network must be smooth , OK , so you don’t get stuck while enjoying the virtual world. Devices in the form of software and hardware will later understand our movements, sounds, and language. If the device is ready, we will only enter the virtual world and do things like in the real world, such as interacting, shopping, and making buying and selling transactions.

Apart from the 2 devices already mentioned, there are also additional devices such as haptic gloves, robot hands, and VR sunglasses. The price range for these devices is relatively expensive, yes, if they are high-tech and of high quality.

Difference Between Metaverse and Multiverse

Actually, there is a sharp difference between the metaverse and the multiverse. However, not everyone understands this, especially since both of them contain the word “verse”. So, what are the differences between the metaverse and the multiverse? Come on, see the following reviews!

Metaverse	Multiverse
A virtual world that has an avatar for the representation of a human being.	An idea that all of us on earth from this universe have copies living in other universes. In short, there are other versions of us in other universes and maybe we are not the only ones in existence.
The concept of the world ‘outside’ our world now is called the virtual world.	Taking the concept of the real world, but in another universe.
Its existence is within reach of the hand because several companies have succeeded in developing it.	Its existence cannot be reached by hand because it is only a theory.

So, that’s an overview of what the metaverse is and its history of development, how it works, and how it differs from the multiverse. Is Sinaumed’s interested in entering a virtual world using a VR device?

What is the Median and How to Calculate It – One part of statistics that is quite fun to calculate is the median. Together with the mean and mode , the median enlivens the realm of statistics. This statistical trio is very popular in everyday life.

Before discussing more about the median, we must first know that the median is a part of the center of the data. What is the measure of the center of the data?

The measure of data concentration is a descriptive method that shows the center of a data or a representation of a data. There are three sizes of central data that we are familiar with, namely the mean, mode, and median. This paper will discuss the median.

Is it difficult to determine the median? Relatively difficult or easy, yes, but it does require god-level patience to work out the median. Not only that, accuracy is also needed.

One calculation can make the next step confusing. One number, all data wrong. It’s like a proverb because a drop of tilapia is damaged by a pot of milk

The teachers at school are very familiar with statistics, especially when they assess their students. Likewise, the researchers are really soulmate with this. They need to process the data that they have been getting up and down.

Want to try the fun of calculating the median? Come on, let’s slowly discuss this median.

A. Definition of Median

The median is the central number of a set in a measure of the center of the data. Where, arrange the data points from smallest to largest and find the center number. So that’s the median. However, if there are 2 numbers in the middle, the median is the average of the 2 numbers.

To further animate the median, consider the following illustration:

Even though the median is the middle value, that doesn’t mean that once we get the data, we immediately determine the data in the middle, it’s the median.

This illustration is clearly wrong. This is not the middle value rather it is the middle position. if we look at it, it will be wrong if the baby with the lowest weight among the others becomes the middle value, right?

The median is a datum that is located in the middle of a data set, but what are the conditions? The condition is that the data is sorted from smallest to largest. So once you get the data, you have to sort it first!

now the children are arranged so that they stand starting from the lowest weight to the highest. Through this illustration, we can immediately determine that the median is a child weighing 24 kg. This data has been sorted so that we can immediately point to the child in the middle weighing 24 kg.

So, in discussing the median, we can pay attention to the amount of data available, whether the data is odd or even. Finding the median of odd and even data will be different.

So once again, the main requirement for determining the median is to sort the data. Sort from the smallest value to the largest value.

Where the median is the middle value in a table list of numbers in ascending or descending order, and can be more descriptive than the mean or average value.

The median is often used as the opposite of the mean when there are outliers in the sequence that might distort the mean. The median of a data sequence can be less affected by outliers than the mean or average.

 

B. How to Find the Median

There are 2 types of data sought for the median, namely single data median and interval data median

1. Single data median

Single data is unit data. Single data is divided into 2, single odd data and single even data

Single data is data that is presented simply and the data has not been arranged or grouped into interval classes.

a. Odd single data

For an odd number of data, we can look directly at the data and take the middle number, make that easier? as long as it’s sorted of course.

If there are odd numbers, the median is the number in the middle, with the same number of numbers below and above.

Now the steps to determine the median odd value:

• Sort data data groups from the smallest value to the largest value or vice versa.
• Determine the middle value.
• The amount of data on the left and right sides must be the same so that there is one number right in the middle which is the median of the data group.

The formula for finding the median for single data is as follows:

Example Question 1:

Calculate the median from the following data: 9,1,3,7,5

discussion:
sort data from smallest to largest
1,3,5,7,9
1st data : 1
2nd data: 3 3rd
data: 5 4th
data: 7 5th
data: 9
second count the number data(n)
n = 5

Third enter in the formula

Me = X (n+1) / 2
Me = X ( 5+1) / 2
Me = X (6)/ 2
Me = X₃

the third data is 5, then the median is 5

Example question 2:

1, 2, 8, 11, 6, 10, and 16!
find the median of the data
. Discussion:

First , we sort
the data
from
the smallest
. -5:10 data 6:11 data 7:16

second, calculate the amount of data.
The amount of data = n = 7

third plug it into the
Median formula:
Me = X ( n+1)/2

Me = X ( 7+1)/2
Me = X (8)/2
Me = X₄

We see above that the 4th data is 8
So the median of the data is 8

Example question 3:

Find the Median of the data: 7, 8, 8, 9, 4, 3, 7, 9, 5, 7, 6, 5, 6. Let’s
first sort the data from smallest
3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9
data 1st : 3
data 2nd: 4
data 3rd: 5
data 4th: 5
data 5th: 6
data 6th: 6
data 7th: 7th
data 8th: 7th
data 9th: 7th
10th: 8th data
11th : 8th
data 12th: 9
13th data: 9

So the total data is 13, yes
Me = X (13+1)/2
Me = X (14)/2
Me = 7th data.
We can see above that the 7th data is 7
, so the median data is 7.

b. Single even data

Meanwhile, for an even number of data, there will be 2 numbers in the middle. So in order for us to get the median value, we have to use a different formula than determining the median for odd single data.

If there is an even number of numbers in the list, the middle pair must be determined, added up, and divided by two to find the median.

The steps for determining the median for even single data are as follows:

Sort data groups from smallest to largest value or vice versa.
Determine the middle value. The amount of data The left and right sides must be the same. Leave the two numbers in the middle and then find the average

The following is the median formula for even data:

example question 1:

Calculate the median from the following data: 4,8,6,2

the first discussion,
we order the data from the smallest
data order: 2,4,6,8
1st data: 2
2nd data: 4
3rd data: 6
4th data: 8

second, calculate the amount of data.
The amount of data = n = 4

third plug it into the
Median formula:
Me = X n/2 + X (n/2 + 1 ) / 2
Me = X 4/2 + X (4/2 + 1 ) / 2
Me = X 2 + X (2+ 1 ) / 2
Me = (X ₂ + X₃ )/ 2
Me = (4 + 6) / 2
Me = 10/2
= 5
so the median of this data is 5

Example question 2:

If the following data are known:
1, 2, 8, 11, 6, 10, 12 and 16,
find the median of the data

Discussion:
first we sort the data from the smallest
data sequence: 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 16
1st data : 1 2nd
data: 2
3rd data: 6
4th data : 8th
data 5th: 10th
data 6th: 11th
data 7th: 12th
data 8th: 16

then we enter it into the even data median formula

Me = (X n/2 + X (n/2 + 1 )) / 2

Me = (X 12/2 + X (12/2 + 1 )) / 2

Me = (X ₆+ X (6 + 1 )) / 2
Me = X ₆+ X₇ / 2
Me = 11 + 12 / 2
= 23/2
= 11.5
so the median is 11.5

Example question 3:

First, we first calculate the sum of all frequencies
f = 9 + 10+ 12+6+2+1 = 40

Me = (X n/2 + X (n/2 + 1 )) / 2
Me = (X 40/2 + X (40/2 + 1 )) / 2
Me = (X₂₀+ X (20 + 1 )) / 2
Me = X₂₀+ X₂₁ / 2
Me = X₂₀+ X₂₁

Now for the 20th and 21st data it turns out that it is located at the number of frequencies 31 alias the data is at frequency 12
both the 20th or 21st data are both 7.

Please have a look at the following table:

Me = 7+ 7
2
= 14
2
7
so the median is 7

In studying the median or other material, you must master the basic skills first. This Basic Mathematics book can help you to understand the foundation needed to develop your math skills.

 

2.2. Interval Data Median / Group Data

Grouped data is data that is usually presented in the form of a frequency table and the data has been arranged or grouped into interval classes
mathematically.

The median of interval data is formulated as follows:

Tb = bottom edge of median class – p
p = 0.5
n = sum of frequencies
f kum = number of frequencies before median class
fm = frequency before median class
If values ​​are expressed in integers and p= 0.05 if values ​​are expressed in decimal 1 number behind the comma.

confused huh? Calm down, let’s try using questions

A data collection was carried out by a group of researchers to find out the height of the 1st grade students. Calculate the mean from the data for the 1st grade students’ height group at Happy Always Elementary School if the following data is obtained:

First, we add up all the available frequencies.
The number of frequencies = 12 + 18 + 10 = 40

Second, determine the median class:
the median class is data that contains the n/2th
, then the media class = 40/2= 20

Let’s make a table…

The median class is indicated by the 20th data where it is located in the 2nd group at the 2nd frequency which totals the frequency is 30.
group: 2nd

interval: 120-130
at f before f median class = 12
frequency before median class (fkum)
fkum = 12
while the frequency where the median class is at fm
fm= 18
interval distance l = 10

Because the data is expressed in integers, the lower edge of the median class is as follows.
the lower value of the 3rd group
the interval 120 – 130
is 120
Tb = 120- p
because it is an integer then p = 0.5
Tb = 120 – 0.5 = 119.5

Thus, the median is formulated as follows.
Me = Tb+ [ ½ n- fkum] l / fm

Me = 119.5 + [ ½ 20-12 ]. 10/10

= 119.5 + [10 – 12 ,] 10 / 10
= 119.5 + (-2).10 / 10
= 119.5 – 20 / 10
= 119.5 – 2
= 117.5
So, the median of the data it is 117.5

Example question 2:

Determine the median of the following student height data.

First, because there is a lot more data than before, we take a deep breath first, after that we have counted a lot of data, you
can see from the frequency gaess
1st frequency : 6th
frequency 2nd frequency : 8th
frequency 3rd : 10th
frequency 4th : 5th
frequency 5th : 4th
frequency 1st : 3rd

Let’s add up

Total (n)=6 + 8 + 10 + 5 + 4 + 3 = 36

So after that, let’s determine the median class, the
median class is the data that contains n/2
, so the Median class = 36/2 = 18

Observe the following table:

The median class is indicated by the 18th data where it is located at:
3rd group
Interval 150-154
at f before f median class = 8
frequency before median class (fkum)
fkum = 14
while the frequency where the median class is at fm fm
= 10
interval distance l = 5

Because the data is expressed in integers, the lower edge of the median class is as follows.
the lower value of the 3rd group
the interval 150 – 154
is 150
Tb = 150- p
because it is an integer then p = 0.5
Tb = 150 – 0.5 = 149.5

Thus, the median is formulated as follows.
Me = Tb+ [ ½ n- fkum] l / 10
Me = 149.5 + [ ½ 36- 14 ]. 5 / 10
= 149.5 + [18 – 14 ,] 5 / 10
= 149.5 + (4).5 / 10
= 149.5 + 20 / 10
= 149.5 + 2
= 151.5
So, the median of these data is 151.5

Darmawati’s Sensible Book of SMA/MA Mathematics Questions for Class X, XI and XII can help Sinaumed’s to practice their math skills through various practice questions in it.

So, what about the median questions given along with the discussion, have you got enlightenment?

The advantage of the median is that it is easy to calculate if the amount of data is relatively small. So if the amount of data is small, it’s really easy.
But the title is different if the data provided is a lot. Of course it takes extra effort that makes us sweat from all directions.

While the drawback of the median is that the median value is relatively unstable even for data in the same population. However, the median is a part of basic statistics that must be understood.

The function of the median is to measure the concentration of land. In statistics and probability theory, the median is the value that separates the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, population, or probability distribution.

The advantages of the median are firstly that it is not used for extreme data, secondly it can be used for both quantitative and qualitative data and thirdly it is very suitable for heterogeneous data.

Meanwhile, the weaknesses are the first that it does not consider all data values, the second is that it cannot describe the average population, and the third is sensitive to the amount of data.

That’s a brief explanation of the median that you can find out. Hopefully it will be a little enlightenment for those of you who are studying statistics. Hope it is useful.

Definition of Solution Concentration – To make it easier to understand what is the concentration of a solution, we should know about the meaning of the solution itself. Solution in chemistry has the meaning of a homogeneous mixture with a composition ratio according to its constituent components. One example of a solution in chemistry is H2SO4 (sulfuric acid). If a solution of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) is electrified, it will conduct electricity.

In general, a solution consists of one type of solute and one solvent. Solvent (solvent) and solute (substance that is dissolved) are usually often heard and mentioned. Solvent  is a component that physically does not change if a solution is formed, whereas all components present in the solute will dissolve in the solvent.

Solution Concentration

Even though the solution is a homogeneous mixture, the composition of each solution can vary. For example, there are two solutions in which each solvent contains one liter, but the amount of salt dissolved is different. From the two salt solutions just now, others couldn’t tell how much salt was contained therein.

Therefore, to find out information about the relative amount of solute and solvent present in the solution, the term concentration of the solution is used. The concentration of a solution is the amount of substance dissolved in each unit of solution or solvent. In simple terms, the concentration of a solution can provide an overview or information about the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent.

The concentrations of solutions commonly used in laboratories are Molarity, Molality, Normality, Mole Fraction, Concentration in Percent, Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb), and Formality. In studying solution concentration, Sinaumed’s can read Solution Chemistry books by Rusman, Ratu Fazlia Inda Rahmayani, and Mukhlis which can help you to develop knowledge about solution concentration.

 

Solution Concentration Formula

It turns out that the concentration of the solution itself has a formula, so you shouldn’t calculate it arbitrarily. That way, the substance to be dissolved will be maximized. The formula for the concentration of the solution is C = m/V. In this formula,  C  is the concentration,  m  is the mass of the solute, and V is the total volume of the solution.

Solution Concentration Unit

Below will be explained further about the concentration of the solution along with how to calculate the concentration of the solution.

1. Molarity ( M )

Molarity in the concentration of a solution is known as molar concentration or molarity with the symbol it has, namely M. Molarity is used to quantitatively obtain the concentration of a solution. Expressed as the number of moles of a solute in solution divided by the specified volume of solution in liters. The following is the molarity formula for the concentration of a solution.

Molarity (M) = moles of soluteliters of solution

or

Molarity ( M ) = mass of solute g Mr solute 1000volume of solution (mL)

Problems example

Question: 2.00 grams of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is dissolved in water to form a solution with a volume of 200 mL. What is the molarity of NaOH in solution?

Answer:

In order to know the amount of molarity, you must look at the ratio between the number of moles of solute and the number of liters of solution. In other words, we know the amount of NaOH in moles and the volume in liters.

The formula mass of NaOH is 40.0 g/mol, thus:

2.00 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH40.0 g NaOH = 0.500 mol NaOH

If expressed in liters, 200 mL becomes 0.200 L

Molarity (M) = 0.05 mol NaOH0.2 L solution = 0.250 mol NaOH/liter = 0.250 M NaOH

So, the concentration of NaOH in the solution is 0.250 M NaOH.

Why is molarity so important in the concentration of a solution? Because, if we know the molarity of a solution, then we can determine the desired number of moles. To find out the desired number of moles, you must measure the volume precisely.

2. Molality (m)

Molality is a concentration of a solution that states the number of moles of a compound or substance per kilogram of solvent ( solvent ).

If, Mm is the molar mass (g mol-1) then:

molality m=m (solute) Mm x kg of solvent

or

molality m=mass of solute (g)Mr of solute x 1000mass of solvent (g)

Problems example

Question: Calculate the molality of a methyl alcohol solution (Mr = 32) by dissolving 37 g of methyl alcohol (CH3OH) in 1750 g of water.

Answer:

moles of solute = 37 g32.0 gmol = 1.156 mol

After getting the mass of the solvent, then find the molality.

molality = 1.156 mol1.750 kg=0.660 m

3. Normality (N)

Normality can be defined as the number of equivalent moles of a substance per liter of solution. So, the normality formula can be written as follows:

normality = V molecule (liters)

Meanwhile, the normality formula used to find solids dissolved in water is different from the normality formula for the number of equivalent moles of a substance per liter. The following is the formula for normality of solids dissolved in water.

normality=grams of solute equivalent mass x liters of solution N= m (X)Mm Xx x 1000V (ml) x

Meanwhile, the equivalent relationship and molecular weight can be formulated as follows:

gram equivalent= Mrn

Where n is the number of equivalents per mole of substance X.

Problems example

Question: Calculate the normality of a solution containing 36.75 g, H2SO4 in 1.5 liters of solution. Mr H2SO4 = 98.

Answer:

Equivalent mass = 49

normality = 36.7549 x 1.50 = 0.50 n

4. Mole fraction

The mole fraction is used to express the moles of a substance per the total number of moles. The following is the mole fraction formula.

mole fraction A = X A = N (A)N (total)

mole fraction of solute = number of moles of solute, number of moles of solute + number of moles of solvent

mole fraction of solvent = number of moles of solvent, number of moles of solute + number of moles of solvent

Problems example

Question: If it is known that Mr. H2O = 18 g/mol. What is the mole fraction of H2SO4 in a solution containing 0.56 moles in 1 kg of H2O?

Answer:

number of moles of water = 100018 = 55.56 moles

mole fraction of H 2 SO 4 = 0.56056+55.56 = 0.5656,12=0.010

5. Concentration in percent

In chemistry, the term percent is often used to express the concentration of a solution. Percent in solution concentration can be expressed in three forms, namely weight percent (%W/W), volume percent (%V/V), and volume weight percent (%W/V). Weight percent is often used because it does not depend on temperature.

a, Percent by weight (%W/W)

weight percent (%W/W)=grams of solutegrams of solutionx 100

Problems example

Question:

Calculate how many % by weight of NaCl is made to dissolve 10 grams of NaCl in 50 grams of water.

Answer:

Weight % NaCl= 1010+50 x 100 =16.67%

b. Percent of volume (%V/V)

volume percent (%V/V)= mL of solute mL of solution x 100

Problems example

Question:

40 mL of alcohol is mixed with 40 mL of water to give 86.54 mL of solution. What is the volume percent of each component?

Answer:

percent by volume of alcohol %VV= 40 mL86.54 mLx 100 =46.22%

percent by volume of water %VV=40 mL86.54 mLx 100 =46.22%

c. Percent by volume (%W/V)

weight percent by volume (%W/V)= grams of solutemL solution x 100

Problems example

Question: CH3COOH in 5 mL of vinegar at the rate of 1.008 g/mL containing 0.2589 g CH3COOH. What is the volume percent by weight?

Answer:

% wt volume = 0.2589 g5 mL x 1.008 gmL x 100 =5.14%

6. Parts Per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb)

Both units of solution concentration are commonly used when the solution becomes dilute. The concentration of parts per million is parts per one million and parts per billion is parts per one billion. Both of these units are widely used to analyze trace elements with SSA (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry).

The ppm unit expresses the number of grams of a substance in 106 grams of solution. Check out the Parts Per Million (ppm) formula.

ppm= m (substance)m (sample) x 106 ppm

or

1 ppm= 1 mg of solute in 1 L of solution

The ppb unit expresses the number of grams of a substance in 109 grams of solution. Check out the Parts Per Billion (ppb) formula.

ppb= m (substance)m (sample) x 109 ppb

or

1 ppb= 1 μ g solute1 L solution

Problems example

Question: There is an acetone in water solution which contains 8.60 mg of acetone in 21.4 liters of solution. If the solubility density is 0.997 g/cm3, then calculate the concentration of acetone in a (ppm) and b (ppb).

Answer:

Weight of acetone 8.60 mg = 8.60 x 10-3 g

Weight of water = 21.4 L x 1000 mL/L x 0.997 g/mL

= 21.4 x 104 g

ppm acetone = 8.60 g acetone21.4 x 104 g water x 106 ppm = 0.402 ppm

ppb acetone = 8.60 g acetone21.4 x 109 g water x 109ppb = 402 ppb

7. Formal (F)

Formality is the ratio between the total mass of the solute formula in each liter of solution. Formality can be referred to as the actual concentration that comes from the solute or dissolved ions present in the solution. Because of this, there are differences as well as similarities between formality and formality. The following is the formal formula.

formality F= total mass of solute formulaliters of solution

Problems example

Question: A solution is prepared to dissolve 1.90 g of Na2SO4 and this solution is in 0.085 liters of solution. How much formality of the solution?

Answer:

Molar mass, Na2SO4 : 142 g/mol

1.90 g= 1.90 g142 gmol=0.0134 formula weight

After getting the total mass of the formula, then the formality is calculated.

formality = 0.01340.085 = 0.16 F

Sinaumed’s can learn more about solution concentrations through the SMA/MA Class 1,2,3 book Tentor’s Chemistry Bimbel Method which is made by summarizing various difficult materials, so it will be easier to understand chemistry and in which there are examples of questions and discussion.

 

 

SOLUTION CONCENTRATION IN CHEMICAL AND PHYSICS UNITS

Basically, the units of concentration of solutions that have been mentioned are divided into two groups, namely physical units and chemical units. The following table of physical and chemical units.

Concentration of Solutions in Chemical Units
Symbol	Name	Formula
M	Molarity	moles of solute liters of solution
m	Molality	moles of solute kg of solvent
N	Normality	solute equivalentliters of solution
X	mole fraction	moles of solute liters of solution
F	Formality	the formula mass of the solute in liters of solution
M Eq	Millequivalent	One-thousandth of a mole of charge
Osm	Osmolar	osmolsliter of solution

Concentration of Solutions in Physics
Symbol	Name	Formula
%W/W	Weight percent	grams of solute grams of solution x 100
%V/V	volume percent	mL of solute mL of solution x 100
%W/V	Volume weight percent	grams of solute mL of solution x 100
%mg	Percent milligrams	mg of solute 100 mL of solution x 100
Ppm	Parts per million	1 mg of solute 1 L of solution
ppb	Parts per billion	1 μg of solute1 L of solution

How to Make a Solution

Procedure for preparing a solution in solid form. Check out the steps.

1. The number of moles required must be calculated in advance so that the solution is in accordance with its volume and concentration.
2. Determine the molar mass of the compound used to calculate the required mass.
3. The next step is to place the watch glass on the scales. Then, set the scale at “0”. Weigh it carefully in order to get the required weight from the mass of the substance.
4. After weighing the substance, transfer the substance into the beaker. Then, add water to dissolve the substance. So that no substance is left behind, clean the watch glass by rinsing it with clean water, then transfer the rinse water to a beaker. Do the rinse at least twice.
5. Stir using a stir bar until all the substance is dissolved, then transfer the solution into a measuring flask. To clean up residue in the beaker and stir bar, it’s best to use water from a wash bottle.
6. The next step is to add water to the volumetric flask up to the mark, then add the last drop of water with a dropper to ensure that the base of the meniscus is right at the boundary line.
7. Close the volumetric flask and shake the volumetric flask several times so that the solution is mixed evenly.
8. The final step is to label the solution with the name of the solution and the date of manufacture.

Primary and Secondary Standard Solutions

In chemistry, every solution has a standard. A standard solution is a solution whose concentration is known with certainty. If, using a standard solution, it will be able to determine the concentration of another solution. Standard solutions have uses that can be utilized when in a chemical laboratory. Following are some of the uses of standard solutions.

1. Serves to standardize volumetric solutions
2. Can be used as a reference to determine a solution whose concentration is unknown.
3. To calibrate the instrument
4. Prepare standard solution.

Standard solutions are divided into two types, namely primary standard solutions and secondary standard solutions.

1. Primary Standard Solution

Primary standard solution is a solution whose concentration is obtained from the measurement results. The primary standard is used as the primary calibrator.

The requirements for a primary standard solution are to be stable, anhydrous, not hygroscopic, have high purity, have a high molecular level, when compared to similar molecules, are inexpensive, are not toxic, and are always available and ready to use.

2. Secondary Standard Solution

Secondary standard solution is a solution whose concentration is obtained by determining the concentration of a substance using a primary standard solution. Secondary standard solutions are commonly used for calibration purposes of control materials in small laboratories to analyze unknown concentrations of solutions of a substance.

The requirements for a secondary standard solution, namely the level of purity of the solution is lower when compared to the primary standard solution, the solution has a stable time, determines the level of a substance using a primary standard solution, and has lower stability when compared to a primary standard solution.

Conclusion

Solution in chemistry has the meaning of a homogeneous mixture with a composition ratio according to its constituent components. In chemistry, solutions are divided into two types of standards, namely primary standards and secondary standards. The concentration of a solution is the amount of substance dissolved in each unit of solution or solvent.

In simple terms, the concentration of a solution can provide an overview or information about the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent. The concentrations of solutions commonly used in laboratories are Molarity, Molality, Normality, Mole Fraction, Concentration in Percent, Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb), and Formality.

So, that’s an explanation of the concentration of a solution, starting from the definition, types, and units that Sinaumed’s needs to know. Sinaumed’s will often find material on the concentration of solutions in chemistry and physics lessons from elementary school. So Sinaumed’s can understand this material better so that it is easier to find out about a wider range of material solutions and can more easily solve questions.

Appetizer is an appetizer that is often served in several restaurants or hotels. Usually this appetizer is a package with the main menu or dessert. However, some people may not know exactly what an appetizer is . To find outmore about appetizers , you can refer to this article, Sinaumed’s.

Meaning of Appetizers

Eating is one of the human activities to consume various types of intake to get the benefits in it such as energy, nutrition, vitamins, and delay the feeling of hunger.

This eating activity can be done at home, places to eat, restaurants and cafes which offer a wide variety of menu choices with appetizing flavors. But did you know that there is actually an arrangement or sequence of meals that is commonly practiced, especially in star-rated restaurants.

The structure/arrangement of the meal is divided into several stages and it always starts with an appetizer or more familiarly called an “ Appetizer ”. As is well known, in serving food, of course you are no stranger to the term Appetizer .

You may often hear this term in various cooking shows on television. Or maybe, you often read the term Appetizer in restaurant menu lists that serve a variety of food choices. Appetizers are snacks that are usually served before the main meal.

Appetizer as an appetizer before the main course is served with the intention of arousing appetite or appetite. Appetizer , in Indonesian terms means ‘appetizer’.

While the French term says Hors d’oeuvre (starter) . Some references also say that the Appetizer is a delivery person to enjoy a special dish.

The purpose of the appetizer is to bring up appetite. Therefore, the quantity is small with a sour, salty or spicy taste. In this case, Appetizer is the designation for an appetizer, usually an Appetizer in the form of a snack served before the main meal or consumed between meals.

These Appetizers can be anything from light and simple to complex meals depending on the time it takes to make . Appetizers are foods that are served in small portions with the aim of arousing appetite as an appetizer before the main course with a sour, sweet and or spicy taste.

This Appetizer dish is always served at every dinner or similar banquet. In fact, often Appetizers are also served as a food dish at weddings. Usually guests will be given appetizers as a banquet when they come to a wedding.

That way, it can be said that the Appetizer is an important dish that must be present at a banquet. In this case, there are various examples of Appetizer dishes that you need to know. Various dishes

This appetizer can be made from simple ingredients, processed in such a way as to produce a delicious taste. Serving delicious appetizers will certainly give a good and attractive impression to anyone who is holding a banquet.

The appetizer also has a small size and is served in an attractive way. Appetizer is a type of food that can be served hot ( canapes , fritters , soup ) or cold ( salad , chilled fruit cocktail , shrimp cocktail ), and sometimes tastes spicy.

Related to its role as an appetite generator, an attractive appearance is really needed when serving an appetizer . Because an appetizer is an appetizer, of course this will affect the impressions of the next dish.

Therefore, in order to create an attractive impression, the maker needs neatness, precision and fantasy. In other words, serving an appetizer is a must to serve with perfect performance.

As previously explained that Appetizers are appetizers or snacks that are usually served or consumed before mealtime. These appetizers are also often called hors d’oeuvres , antipasti, or starters .

In this case, appetizers can range from simple or light meals to foods made with complex ingredients. This of course depends on the opportunity and time needed to make it. Appetizers are common appetizers served with alcoholic drinks or cocktails that are served before a meal.

Types of Appetizers

Although as an appetizer, appetizers are also classified in several ways, starting from the ingredients used to the temperature in the presentation.

Based on Materials Used

Sur Asiette Complate

Sur Asiette Complate , namely an appetizer that uses excess ingredients or ingredients at quite affordable prices.

Hors D’Oeuvre Royale

Hors D’Oeuvre Royale , namely an appetizer that uses expensive ingredients and is served without sauce .

Hors D’Oeuvre Variations

Hors D’Oeuvre Varies , namely an appetizer that uses a combination of ingredients at expensive and cheap prices.

Based on the Serving Temperature

Cold Appetizers

Cold appetizer (Cold Appetizer): Food served in a variety of salads , shrim , cocktails, or cold , canapes ( small sandwiches served cold). Examples of Cuisine: Canape , Pate , Aspic Jelly .

Hot Appetizers

Hot appetizer (hot appetizer): Food served various types of soups , muffins , fritters . Examples of dishes: Galantine , Ballotines , Croquette , Risoles , Quiche Lorraine.

Characteristics of the Appetizer Menu

After knowing the meaning, there are several characteristics of the Appetizer dish that you need to know. The first characteristic, Appetizers are appetizers that are often served at dinner parties or similar banquets.

As an appetizer, the appetizer is served at the beginning of time before meal time. Apart from banquets, appetizers are also often served at weddings or receptions after the wedding is over.

At a wedding, an appetizer can be said as a welcome dish that is given to guests when attending the event. Even though it’s simple, the appetizer is an important dish that must be served at a banquet or other formal event.

Apart from formal occasions, Hors d’oeuvres may also be served at long parties which are held after the usual mealtime. Or it could be served at an afternoon party where there is no intention of serving dinner.

An after-dinner evening party may also feature an Appetizer so guests can have a chance to enjoy a snack. This Appetizer dish is a suitable food served when guests are consuming alcohol to help reduce alcohol absorption.

In addition, many restaurants serve a variety of pre-meal canapes as a first course for their customers.

1. Served at the Beginning

The most important characteristic of the appetizer is to arouse the appetite. Sometimes in an official banquet or in a star-rated restaurant the serving of the appetizer is always at the beginning and the dishes served must be in prime condition both in aroma, taste and appearance.

2. Has Many Variants

The variants are very diverse, such as soup, made from seaweed, shark bones, mushrooms, to seafood. In addition, the appetizer dish has a unique color, which is slightly lit, for example yellow or bright red

3. The Taste Shown is Unique, Warm, Smooth, and Still Gives Freshness

Appetizers are usually served cold, warm, smooth and still fresh. Usually the freshness uses fruit ingredients.

4. Fragrant fragrance bursts into the nose

The appetizer uses a pungent fragrance even if it is a fruity or floral fragrance as well.

5. Served in small portions

Appetizers are appetizers that are usually served in small portions, so they are often called finger food. Foods served as appetizers are made in one bite size. This is none other than so that food is easily consumed in one to two bites.

That way, guests can consume it while relaxing chatting or chatting with other guests without feeling bothered by the dish being enjoyed. This appetizer can be made from a variety of ingredients and processed with various spices to produce a delicious and delicious taste.

Examples of this Appetizer dish could be a plate of cheese and chips, chopped vegetables served with dips, or small pieces of fruit that can be enjoyed simply.

Apart from that, other Appetizer choices are quite popular such as canapes, sandwiches, crab cakes, small sausages, dumplings, or dimsum which can be eaten in one or two bites.

 

6. Unique Seasonings

Using unique spices, namely spices that stimulate gastric acid production to increase hunger.

7. Spices can whet your appetite

Appetizers are deliberately made using selected ingredients and seasonings that can stimulate stomach acid in the stomach, thereby increasing hunger . In addition, it is hoped that a delicious appetizer will give the impression that the next dish will be even more delicious.

8. Served in banquets or various events

The next characteristic of the appetizer is that the food is served at a banquet or served at a special event. Therefore, the appetizer menu is usually very diverse and certainly not filling.

9. Appetizer dishes must be adjusted

The next characteristic in an appetizer is that it must be adapted to other foods. In this case, the host or the person serving the food must be able to adjust the type of appetizer that matches the main food to be served, which is different in taste and attractiveness so that it becomes the perfect complement.

In addition to the appropriate taste, a good Appetizer menu choice must also be sufficient or not excessive. In addition, the host who serves the appetizer must also try foods that have allergen properties in general.

For example, if shellfish are one of the ingredients for an appetizer , you should make sure that the shells don’t come into contact with other foods served. Hosts should also avoid common allergens like nuts, and make sure, if they do serve them, they are stored in a separate serving bowl or plate.

Examples of Appetizers

Here are some examples of hot and cold appetizers and how to serve them.

1. Salads

Salad is a food that is a combination of fresh green vegetables , fruit, meat, poultry and fish served with dressing .

The salad portion is 40 grams-50 grams, while for the vegetarian salad portion it is 80 grams-125 grams.

Salad Composition

Salad also has a composition that makes this dish taste even more delicious.

1. Underliner (base) : as the basic part of the salad, usually the ingredients used are green vegetables with the aim that the salad looks fresher .
2. Body (Content) : as a special part of the salad, the naming of the salad is generally taken from this important side.
3. Dressing Salad : as a dressing to complement salads, in appetizer sauces are called dressings. Dressing is the side that will determine the taste of the salad. There are many important things to pay attention to when giving dressings to salads.
4. Garnish : generally taken from the contents, but can also use other foodstuffs. The principle of garnish should not only be consumed but also have a taste that suits the body.

Salad Temperature

The temperature of the salad is divided into two, namely:

1. Cold salad: served at 10°C – 15°C
2. Hot salad: served at 50°C – 60°C

2. Canapes

Canape is an appetizer that is divided into various kinds of plant, animal, fruit and nuts ingredients.

Various kinds of toppings are usually placed on pieces of toast or biscuits as a canape base .

Structure of Canapes

Canape base : made from toasted/cooked bread in the form of rectangles, rounds, triangles, which are spread with butter.

Spread (spread) : is a soft/thick food ingredient that is spread on the surface of bread/biscuits which functions as an adhesive, adding flavor and nutritional value. The spread should be soft, easy to spread and not runny.

Toppings : food ingredients that are placed on bread/biscuits that have been spread. Several kinds of toppings, among others; sliced ​​cheese, boiled eggs, fish, shrimp, meat, vegetables, fruit and nuts.

Toppings can be used with only one type or as a combination of several ingredients. In general, the toppings used determine the name of the canape , for example: cheese canape , shrimp canape .

Garnishes : The role of garnishes is twofold, adding food performance and at the same time adding nutritional value. The criteria for garnishes in canapes are simple, can be consumed and have a taste that matches the contents.

How to Make Canapes

1. Some of the ingredients used are in good condition and fresh
2. The bread is cut first then baked
3. The biscuits used have a crunchy taste, have a small shape and have a combination of colors.
4. Give toppings as desired.

3. Aspic jelly

The role of aspic jelly as a cold appetizer, coating the appetizer to make it more attractive. As an appetizer made from clarified stock with a combination of meat, egg whites. With cold stock added gelatin solution, then simmering for 2 hours, stranning , then chilling.

Aspic Jelly Arrangement

1. The basic material used is clarified stock.
2. The filling material used is animal and vegetable food.
3. Garnish has a role to improve performance and can enrich the names of aspic .

4. Pates

Pate is a cold appetizer menu made from chicken, beef, fish, liver which is finely chopped and seasoned and then molded like pie dough .

Pate arrangement

1. The special ingredients in question, such as chicken, beef, fish, liver mixed with vegetables to make it more attractive and have a variety of colors.
2. The wrapping material plays a role in wrapping special materials, but some are printed.

How to Make Pate

1. The basic ingredients must be finely chopped.
2. Soft and dense structure
3. Processed with baked techniques
4. Finished with aspic jelly
5. Served chilled whole/chopped.

To make a delicious and delicious appetizer , you need quality ingredients and they have to be fresh . The ingredients for making an appetizer can consist of a combination of foods such as meat, seafood , poultry, vegetables and fruits.

All of these materials must be stored in the refrigerator so that the temperature is maintained and reduces damage. In addition, the ingredients for the appetizer should not be stored for too long and must be handled immediately to maintain the taste and aroma.

Sinaumed’s can get more appetizer recipes by reading books available at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information .

Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine

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Definition of Ambivert – Usually, people only recognize two personalities, namely extroverts and introverts, even though there are also combined personalities of extroverts and introverts known as ambiverts.

The ambivert personality is often said to be a mix of extrovert and introvert. However, is that really the case? So, what are the characteristics of people who have this personality type? Come on, find out the answer through the following article regarding the meaning of ambivert.

What Is an Ambivert Personality?

The terms extrovert and introvert personality were first coined in the 1900s by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl G. Jung.

He said that someone who has an introverted personality tends to prefer to be alone. Meanwhile, someone who has an extroverted personality tends to prefer socializing with other people or can be said to be easy going .

After reading the information in the previous point, which personality does Sinaumed’s have? Apparently, there are people who have opinions or think that they are neither extroverts nor introverts. If Sinaumed’s has the same thoughts, it could be that Sinaumed’s is an ambivert.

The definition of ambivert is a personality that can lead to extrovert or introvert, depending on the situation at hand. Someone who has an ambivert personality, in general, will easily mingle like an extrovert, but also likes to be alone and there is a phase where he doesn’t talk much like an introvert.

To find out about Sinaumed’s personality types ; extrovert, introvert, or even ambivert, Sinaumed’s can take various free online tests on the internet. Usually, Sinaumed’s will be asked to fill out a questionnaire similar to when Sinaumed’s is undergoing a general psychological test.

Traits of an Ambivert

As previously explained, not everyone can be categorized as an extrovert or introvert. Between the two personalities, there is one personality, namely the ambivert.

Many people think that an ambivert is a person with a wishy-washy personality. In fact, if you pay close attention to its characteristics, this is not the case.

The following are signs that are generally shown by an ambivert.

1. Can be social as well as a loner

One sign of an ambivert personality is being good at socializing but also likes to be alone in certain situations. They can communicate flexibly with the people around them, but also like to be alone at certain times when necessary.

2. Good listener and speaker

Happy to talk about various things, usually a characteristic of someone who has an extrovert character. Conversely, someone who has an introverted character generally tends to be more reserved, even though introverts are actually very different from shy ones. So, what kind of person who has an ambivert character? Well, it turns out that an ambivert person can be a listener as well as a good speaker.

If he really needs to express an opinion, he will not be ashamed to express it. On the other hand, he can also be a good listener if he is in the right situation.

3. Have high empathy

One more characteristic of an ambivert personality that Sinaumed’s needs to know about is a high level of empathy. Empathy itself means understanding what other people feel, seeing from that person’s point of view, while being able to imagine themselves in someone else’s position.

People who have high empathy levels generally care and are good at understanding the feelings of others. High empathy can also make them good listeners. Therefore, people who have an ambivert personality are generally often used as a place to express complaints for those around them.

Knowing this personality can help Sinaumed’s to recognize one’s own personality. This can also help develop yourself to become a more flexible person because basically personality can change. In addition, Sinaumed’s can also recognize more deeply if he has an ambiverted partner, or a family member with this personality.

Advantages of an Ambivert

People who have an ambivert character, have a position in the middle, namely between extroverts and introverts. Therefore, they have unique traits and can take advantage of both personalities to apply to certain situations.

Here are some of the advantages possessed by an ambivert.

1. Have a healthier and more stable relationship

One of the advantages of someone who has an ambivert character is that they have a more stable relationship, both in the circle of friends and their partners.

This is because they can become listeners as well as socialize well in the general public. In addition, people who have an ambivert character are more flexible and emotionally stable, so that when facing a problem in a relationship, they can be used as a mediator.

2. Have a good management system

The next advantage for someone who has an ambivert character is having good management skills.

The truth is, both extroverts and introverts make good bosses, but in definitely different ways. This means that both will have different styles and results depending on what kind of personality they have when working with employees.

This is proven through the results of a study conducted by the Harvard Business Review which examined which type of boss is better, a boss with an introverted character or an extroverted character.

For bosses who have extroverted personalities, company profits will tend to be high when they lead passive employees. That is, bosses with this model prefer to give instructions and direct.

On the other hand, when extroverted bosses work with active employees, the company’s profits decrease because these workers prefer to work with their own methods.

Therefore, active workers will usually be more able to develop when they have bosses who are introverted. Bosses with introverted characters will generally prefer to listen and help their employees to recognize and understand their potential.

If Sinaumed’s has a boss with an ambivert character, they will usually be able to bring out their extroverted and introverted traits according to the needs of their employees. Whether they will put out a listener or be a good director depends on the personality of their own employees.

3. Can read the situation well

In 2013, there was a study that made observations about the relationship between extroverted personality and talent in marketing . While many people believe that when it comes to offering goods, extroverts tend to be good at it. However, in reality, ambiverts are more skilled.

This is because ambiverts can speak well, as well as being good listeners too. Therefore, when it comes to marketing , ambiverts are better able to listen to what customers want without appearing too eager.

So, what are the drawbacks of being an ambivert?

People with an ambivert personality have the following disadvantages:

• Although an ambivert is a person who tends to be flexible, his personality is considered inconsistent because it is always changing
• Understanding Ambivert is someone who is moody , so it’s not surprising if they behave according to their feelings
• The feelings of an ambivert can change even in a relatively short period of time
• Even though they have a special personality, people with an ambivert personality are sometimes confused about the personality they have
• Easily feel tired caused by too much socializing
• An ambivert figure is very difficult to organize a plan
• The definition of ambiverts, even though they can act like extroverts, sometimes they seem ambiguous when they are in the middle of a conversation
• The character of an ambivert is very difficult to predict, so it’s no wonder that the decisions made are sometimes surprising and don’t match the expectations of others
• An ambivert is someone who gives up when faced with a choice
• An ambivert figure sometimes finds it difficult when making a decision

How Do Ambiverts Adjust?

Ambivert figures who are considered inconsistent, they are also often distracted by their environment. So, if the ambivert work environment is conducive then they can work truly productively. However, on the contrary, if they are in an environment that has a lot of disturbances or is not conducive, then they can also follow the pattern of their environment.

Because they have the ability to adapt and read the atmosphere well, ambiverts need to hone their ability to understand the conditions around them. For example, when you are hanging out with new people.

As an ambivert, Sinaumed’s may enjoy being the center of attention, but don’t forget to embrace introverted friends so they can feel accepted and comfortable.

Also maximize the potential to express opinions and listen to other people so that you better understand the right time to speak and also listen.

Tips for Developing an Ambivert Personality

If Sinaumed’s has an ambivert personality, Sinaumed’s can still develop it further so that he is able to gain abilities that will further support Sinaumed’s in the world of work and education.

1. Focus on activities or things you like

An ambivert generally likes various types of social activities. However, sometimes these activities do not give them pleasure, but instead drain energy and cause fatigue.

To develop your personality, try to start now focusing on activities that really make you happy and meaningful for life. For example, going on vacation with close friends or just taking a vacation to relieve fatigue.

2. Try to be more free to communicate feelings

Communicating thoughts or feelings can help Sinaumed’s develop ambivert traits. If Sinaumed’s really needs time for himself, don’t hesitate to communicate this to the people around him. Give understanding to the people around you that Sinaumed’s is feeling tired and needs time to calm down.

3. Try to maintain flexibility

An ambivert is known for his nature which tends to be flexible. This is a good thing, keep it up, and develop this trait. Because this trait is actually so useful especially for the world of work. This characteristic allows Sinaumed’s to be accepted by the environment in any situation. That way, Sinaumed’s can quickly mingle with superiors and colleagues.

Jobs That Are Suitable For Ambiverts

People with an ambivert personality can adapt well to various situations in a professional environment, therefore, there is actually no problem finding a job. Here are some job options suitable for ambiverts.

1. Human Resources Department (HRD)

As we all know, HRD has a duty to recruit employees. As an ambivert, Sinaumed’s can be said to be smart enough to read someone’s character, as well as being able to lure them into opening up and having a good conversation. This ability is very necessary for an HRD to be able to find the most appropriate candidate for the position needed.

2. Psychologist or therapist

By having high empathy that Sinaumed’s has, the job of being a psychologist is perfect for ambiverts. Sinaumed’s can be a good listener for patients who share their complaints, as well as being a solution provider like a friend.

3. Journalist

Being a journalist is also suitable for ambiverts. With his flexible nature and being able to lighten the mood, Sinaumed’s was able to get various kinds of information from sources. In addition, Sinaumed’s can also read and adjust speech style, personality, and conditions in the interview session.

4. Sales

Being a salesperson is not an easy job, Sinaumed’s needs to adapt and familiarize himself with potential buyers. In addition, Sinaumed’s is also required to listen to what is the need of potential customers in order to be able to sell the goods that Sinaumed’s offers. Well, this job is perfect for an ambivert, who is able to break the ice and be able to make observations.

In fact, a study in the journal Psychological Science says that ambiverts tend to be more suited to work in marketing or as sales than extroverts or introverts.

5. Lawyer

Good emotional control by an ambivert makes him suitable for working as a lawyer. This calm and controlled emotion will be a powerful weapon to win various arguments from the case that Sinaumed’s is handling.

 

6. Teacher

Not only being able to teach in front of the class, a teacher must be able to understand the personalities of all his students. This is to find out what their opinions and difficulties are facing. This job is very suitable for people with ambivert characters, this is because the understanding of ambiverts has a flexible personality when dealing with various types of students from various backgrounds.

7. Interior designer

An interior designer must be able to persuade his client so that the design suggestions offered are acceptable, but he must also be able to listen to what the client wants. Well, both of these things can be done by someone who has an ambivert personality.

That’s a review of what is personality and the meaning of ambivert and all of it. Is Sinaumed’s also an ambivert? No matter what your personality is, keep fighting hard and never give up in life, OK?

Check out various other information related to the meaning of ambiverts and other personalities through various recommendations for psychology books and related articles below!

Types of Immunizations – To avoid the severity of life-threatening illnesses, children must be immunized. The types of child immunizations given, preferably as recommended by IDAI, are designed to protect your little one early in life. As a parent, you should understand the importance and variety of immunizations.

This is because babies and children are vulnerable to contracting dangerous diseases. Has Sinaumed’s checked the basic and advanced immunization schedule for your little one? Come on, look at the following types of immunization.

Definition of Immunization

Immunization is a process to make someone immune or immune to a disease. This process is carried out by injecting a vaccine that aims to form the body’s resistance to certain diseases. By routinely carrying out immunizations, it can prevent the spread of disease.

After being born into the world, children need vaccines or immunizations to protect themselves who are still vulnerable to exposure to viruses and bacteria. There are various types of immunizations that your little one should get according to his age.

Immunization recommendations have also been widely conveyed by experts and health organizations. However, unfortunately there are still many parents who are not aware of the importance of immunization for their children.

Immunization goals

Immunization aims to protect yourself from various diseases that are dangerous or at risk of causing death. Immunization can also be a way to form herd immunity.

This is important to prevent the spread of disease in people who cannot undergo immunization. In other words, the more people who get immunized, the fewer people who are infected with the disease.

It should be remembered that someone who has had a severe allergic reaction to a previous immunization or is allergic to the ingredients contained in the vaccine, should not get immunized. Patients with cancer or autoimmune diseases who have low immune systems should also not undergo immunization.

Immunization Program Benefits

Immunization prevents a great deal of suffering and death of infants and children from infectious disease outbreaks. Infectious diseases have existed since ancient times. If left unchecked, this can be potentially life-threatening.

By immunizing, it can stop the disease outbreak in the future. Babies should be immunized during their first 2 years of life. Your little one may need several doses of vaccines to be fully protected.

The Ministry of Health and IDAI reminded that giving complete basic immunization alone is not enough. So, a complete follow-up immunization schedule must be carried out.

Baby Age For Immunizations

The following is the recommended age for infants to receive basic immunization types:

• Age <24 hours: Hepatitis B (HB-0).
• Age 0 – 1 month: BCG and Polio 1.
• Age 2 months: DPT – HB – Hib-1, Polio 2, Rotavirus.
• Age 3 months: DPT – HB – Hib – 2, Polio 3.
• Age 4 months: DPT – HB – Hib – 3, Polio 4, IPV, Rotavirus.
• Age 9 months: Measles or MR.

 

 

Complete IDAI 2020 Immunization Types

Unhealthy environmental conditions often have the potential to carry diseases that can attack anyone. Actually, all immunizations are important. However, there are indeed some that are considered mandatory or basic immunization types that have been provided by the government.

The following is an explanation of the types of basic to advanced immunizations, as well as the schedule according to the age of the baby, including:

1. BCG

According to the 2020 Indonesian Pediatrician Association (IDAI), giving the BCG vaccine is recommended before the baby is 3 months old. If the baby is more than 3 months old, it is recommended to do a tuberculin test first.

These basic types of immunization protect against tuberculosis, also known as TB. TB is a serious infection that attacks the lungs and sometimes other parts of the body, such as the bones, joints and kidneys. It can also cause meningitis. BCG immunization can be given if the tuberculin test shows a negative result. The recommended place for the BCG immunization injection is on the upper right arm.

2. DPT

The basic types of DPT immunization function to protect against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus. DPT vaccination is recommended to be given 5 times, each at the age of:

• Age 2 months or the fastest at the age of 6 weeks.
• Age 4, 6, 18 months.
• 5 years old.

Furthermore, booster immunizations for children need to be repeated every 10 years.

3. MR/MMR

According to the immunization schedule of the Ministry of Health and IDAI, this includes the types of basic immunizations that your little one needs. The MMR vaccine is responsible for preventing children from experiencing mumps, measles and rubella / German measles.

The first dose is given when the child is 9 months old. After that, give the MMR vaccine when the child is 15 months old, with a minimum distance of 6 months from the measles vaccine.

4. Hepatitis B (HB)

This new type of hepatitis B immunization is given before the baby is 6 months old, as many as 3 doses:

• The first dose is given when the baby is born. Precisely before the baby is 24 hours old.
• The second dose is given when the baby is 1-2 months old.
• The third dose is given when the baby is 6-18 months old.

This type of hepatitis B vaccine coincides with DPT, so administration can be done when the baby is 2.3 and 4 months old. In addition, babies born to mothers with hepatitis B need to get the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine before they are 24 hours old.

Coupled with hepatitis B immunoglobulin at the same time in different parts of the thigh, this is done after receiving a vitamin K1 injection. Giving the next type of immunization can be given according to the schedule. When they are 9–18 months old, babies born to mothers with hepatitis B need to be tested for anti-HBs and HbsAg.

5. Hemophilus influenza B (Hib)

The Hib vaccine is a type of immunization used to prevent infection with Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib). In countries that include it as a routine vaccine the rate of severe Hib infection has fallen by more than 90%.

The Hib vaccine is recommended to be given when the baby is 2, 3, 4 months old. Then, the Ministry of Health’s immunization schedule will be repeated at the age of 12-15 months with doses depending on the baby’s age (3 or 4 doses). This vaccine is often combined with other types of immunization or is called DPT-HB-Hib.

6. Flu or influenza

Influenza or flu viruses cause acute respiratory infections. This results in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. So, it’s important for your little one to get the flu immunization.

The flu vaccine can be given annually when the child is 6 months to 8 years old in 2 basic or initial doses. Advanced influenza immunization for children can be done once a year.

 

 

7. Pneumococcal (PCV)

Pneumococcal vaccine is a type of immunization against Streptococcus pheumoniae bacteria. Its use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. The PCV vaccine is used 4 times according to the age group, namely when your little one is 2, 4 and 6 months old.

There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines, namely conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. Administering the fourth dose of the PCV vaccine to infants aged 12–15 months.

8. IPV (Polio)

The polio vaccine is IDAI’s basic type of immunization used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). There are 2 types of vaccines used, namely inactivated polio virus by injection (IPV) and by mouth (OPV).

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all children be vaccinated against polio completely. The first administration of the polio vaccine immediately after the baby is born. After that, the vaccine was given to babies aged 2, 3 and 4 months. At the age of 18 months, children can get advanced polio immunization to get perfect immunity.

9. Rotavirus

Rotavirus immunization serves to prevent children from contracting infectious diseases due to rotavirus such as diarrhea. There are 2 types of vaccines for rotavirus that are considered important. The first is the monovalent rotavirus vaccine, which consists of one type of virus administered twice.

This rotavirus vaccine is given at babies aged 6–14 weeks and 4 weeks after the first purchase. Meanwhile, the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, which consists of several types of viruses, was administered three times at the ages of 2, 4 and 6 months.

10. Varicella

To prevent chicken pox, children need to get the varicella vaccine according to IDAI’s schedule. This varicella immunization schedule is given after the child is 1 year old. Based on records from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the varicella vaccine can provide 90–97% protection for 7–10 years. If a child has ever received the varicella vaccine, the chances of getting chickenpox are even smaller.

11. Hepatitis A

The next immunization that children need to get is hepatitis A. This immunization is useful for preventing hepatitis virus infection through food and feces of sufferers. Children receive hepatitis A immunization 2 times with a gap of 6–12 months after the first injection.

It is not mandatory, but this is an IDAI immunization schedule that can be followed. The first gift was when the child was 2 years old, Sinaumed’s.

12. Typhoid

Typhoid immunization works to prevent infection with the Salmonella typhi bacteria, which causes typhus. The child will receive the typhoid vaccine for the first time when he is 2 years old. Children can get advanced typhoid immunization once every 3 years.

This IDAI immunization schedule can protect children from typhus by around 50-80%. Therefore, parents still have to maintain their child’s diet so they don’t catch this disease.

13. Japanese Encephalitis (JE)

Disease transmission through mosquitoes is not only in dengue fever, but also Japanese Encephalitis (JE). As the name suggests, this disease first appeared in Japan in 1871 as summer encephalitis.

Classified as the Ministry of Health’s immunization schedule, this can be obtained at the age of 12 months. Meanwhile, JE immunization is continued in the next 1-2 years. If a child has missed a vaccination for up to 2 years, there is no need to repeat the vaccine. This can be given directly to the missed vaccine dose. Give a gap of about 1 month between vaccines to catch up, Sinaumed’s.

14. Dengue (DHF)

Dengue (DHF) is a type of child immunization that is classified as advanced or supporting. This immunization is used to prevent dengue fever in children. Dengue vaccine is given to children aged 9–16 years who are seropositive for dengue.

This means that a history of being treated with a diagnosis of dengue has been proven. This requires testing for NS-1 antigen and/or a positive anti-dengue lgM/lgG serological test. Alternatively, your little one can take a positive anti-dengue IgG serological examination.

15. Immunization against measles

This immunization is to prevent measles virus attack which causes high fever, rashes on the skin, eyes, mouth, pneumonia (pneumonia), diarrhea and inflammation of the brain or can even result in death. This measles vaccine is injected from the age of 9 months and 6 years.

Immunization Side Effects

According to IDAI, several types of basic and advanced immunizations sometimes trigger mild side effects. The side effects of immunization according to the Ministry of Health are classified as mild, including:

• Mild to high fever
• Swelling at the injection area
• Reddish skin
• Fussy baby

This right is a common reaction and is called a post-immunization adverse event (AEFI). In general, AEFI will disappear in 3-4 days although sometimes it can take longer.

When to See a Doctor

Before undergoing immunization, tell the doctor if your child has a history of allergies, autoimmune diseases or cancer. In addition, do a child’s examination to the doctor if severe symptoms appear or if the complaint worsens after immunization, such as:

• AEFI symptoms that are getting worse or don’t go away
• Fever more than 2 days
• Breathing problems such as shortness of breath or loss of sense of smell (anosmia)
• Chest pain
• fast heartbeat (tachycardia)
• seizures
• Loss of consciousness

Management of Immunization Side Effects

Immunizations have been confirmed to be safe, but it is possible that side effects or AEFIs will appear as mentioned above. However, Sinaumed’s need not worry because AEFI can be handled independently according to the symptoms.

Some ways to treat the side effects of immunization in children are:

• Give warm compresses and febrifuge according to the doctor’s prescription
• Give more drink
• Replace children’s clothes with thin fabrics and do not cover children
• Breastfeed more often
• Provide nutritious food

Child immunization is in the form of a catch-up program that lasts until the age of 18 years. However, that does not mean that all types of vaccines can be included in the catch-up immunization program. There are several immunizations that once missed the schedule are not necessary because their effectiveness has decreased.

Catch-up immunization must still pay attention to the time limit and type of vaccine. Provision of catch-up immunization can be through routine immunization programs at the nearest health care facility such as posyandu, midwife, health center or hospital.

Therefore, parents need to consult with a pediatrician about administering follow-up vaccines related to delays in child immunization. This is because the vaccine dose varies depending on the age of the child.

 

 

Closing

So, those are the types of immunizations that can be used as a reference for your kids, OK, so don’t be late, Sinaumed’s! By providing complete basic immunization on time, it means that Sinaumed’s has provided additional protection for your beloved baby.

With good immunization, your little one will be able to grow healthily without obstacles and avoid serious illnesses. So, don’t hesitate to consult this matter with a pediatrician or midwife in the environment where we live. With a healthy and strong body, children can definitely achieve a bright future. I hope this article inspires you!

If Sinaumed’s is still confused, still needs references related to the complete types of immunization, you can visit the sinaumedia book collection at sinaumedia.com .

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, we will always provide the best and most complete information for Sinaumed’s. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Volcanism – Indonesia is one of the countries with the most volcanoes in the world. Of the 127 active volcanoes, only 69 have been monitored with tools, especially seismic equipment which is a minimum standard and is supervised by PVMBG. The pacific ring of fire where many volcanoes are located, the mountains of Indonesia are in the region.

Geologically, Indonesia is located between four tectonic plate collisions, which makes it overgrown with volcanoes. Volcanoes can erupt and release magma, volcanic ash and tephra. Apart from having an impact on volcanic eruptions, volcanic activity also fertilizes the soil, so that it can be used as forest areas, plantations, and tourism areas. Indonesia has three types of volcanoes, type A, B and C volcanoes.

In addition to volcanoes on land, Indonesia also has underwater volcanoes. These underwater volcanoes are invisible to the naked eye on the surface and hidden deep beneath the sea or ocean, and can cause natural disasters. Undersea volcano research is still very rarely done.

In history, several volcanoes in Indonesia erupted violently and caused many fatalities and even changed the lives around them. The volcano is known to be active and often erupts. In Indonesia, there are active volcanoes with an average of 100 years, 50 years and under 10 years. Mount Galunggung is an example of a volcanic eruption with an average rhythm of about once every 100 years. A volcano that erupts once every 50 years is an example of Mount Agung. While under 10 years, for example Mount Merapi, Mother, Dukono.

One of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia is Merapi. The eruption cycle of Mount Merapi is fairly routine, occurring every 2 and 5 years. Recorded since 1548, Mount Merapi has erupted 68 times. The 2010 eruption was an explosive eruption accompanied by explosions and rumbling sounds that could be heard up to 20-30 km away.

Within a period of 800 years, Indonesia produced three giant calderas, namely the Rinjani Volcano Caldera in 1257, the Tambora Volcano in 1815, and the Krakatau Volcano in 1883. In addition, the famous volcanic eruptions are Kelud, Galunggung, Toba , and Papandayan.

Among others, the explosive eruption of Toba about 73 thousand years ago was larger than Tambora in 1815, and had a Volcano Exploitation Index of 8. The magnitude of this super-eruption and the widespread distribution of the Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) in the sea core of the Indian Ocean, the The Arabian and South China Seas have sparked ongoing debates about their global and regional impacts on prehistoric climates, ecosystems and human populations.

The following is a complete review of volcanism, see the information!

Definition of Volcanism

Volcanism is all events associated with the release of magma to the earth’s surface. Volcanic events are related to the formation of volcanoes, namely the movement of magma from within the lithosphere that infiltrates the upper layers or reaches the earth’s surface. Inside the lithosphere, magma occupies a pocket called a magma chamber (Batholit).

The depth and size of the magma chamber varies greatly. There are magma chambers that are located very deep and some are close to the surface of the earth. This difference in location is the cause of the difference in the strength of the eruption that occurred. In general, deep magma chambers cause more violent eruptions than shallow ones.

Magma can be interpreted as incandescent silicate material consisting of solid rock), liquid, and gas that is in the earth’s crust (lithosphere). Various kinds of gases contained in magma include water vapor, sulfur oxides (SO2), Hydrocarbon Gases or Hydrochloric Acid (HCL), Hydrosulfuric Gases or Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4). Magma activity is caused by the high temperature of the magma and the amount of gas it contains.

There are two forms of magma movement associated with volcanism, namely magma intrusion and extrusion.

1. Magma Intrusion

Magma intrusion is the breakthrough of magma into the layers of the lithosphere, but does not reach the earth’s surface. Magma intrusion can be divided into five, including:

• Batholit, namely magma chamber.
• Flat intrusion (sill or intrusion plate), namely magma that infiltrates between two layers of rock, horizontally and parallel to the layers of rock.
• Lakolit, namely magma that breaks through between the top layers of the earth. It looks like a convex lens or a muffin.
• Alleys (coroks), which are rocks resulting from magma intrusion that infiltrates and freezes between the folds (coroks).
• Diatrema is a hole (pipe) between the magma chamber and the volcanic crater which looks like an elongated cylinder.

Formation resulting from magma intrusion is a very important mineral resource economically. Because in the intrusion area, various minerals such as diamonds, copper, iron, gold, silver and
other metallic and non-metallic minerals are often found.

2. Magma Extrusion

Magma extrusion, namely the process of releasing magma from inside the earth to above to the earth’s surface. The extruded magma material can be:

• Lava, namely magma that comes out to the surface of the earth and flows to the surface of the earth.
• Lahar, which is a mixture of lava and materials on the surface of the earth in the form of sand, gravel, dust, etc., and water, forming mud.
• Eflata and pyroclastics, namely solid materials in the form of bombs, lapilli, gravel, and volcanic ash.
• Echalation (gas) is material in the form of carbonic acid gas such as fumarole (a source of water vapor and limp substances), solfatar (a source of sulfur gas), and mofet (a source of carbonic acid gas).

Extrusion is synonymous with volcanic eruptions or eruptions which can be divided into two, namely effusive eruptions and explosive eruptions.

1. Effusive eruptions, namely eruptions in the form of molten lava through cracks or fissures or crater holes of a volcano.
2. Explosive eruptions, namely eruptions in the form of explosions by releasing solid materials (Eflata / Pyroclastics) in the form of bombs, lapilli, gravel, and volcanic ash together with gas and fluids.

According to the place where magma comes out, eruptions can be divided into three, namely:

1. Linear eruption, namely the event of magma ejection through gaps or cracks that extend, thus forming a series of volcanoes.
2. Areal eruptions, namely eruptions that occur when magma is close to the earth’s surface, then the magma burns and melts the rock layer above it, thus forming a large hole on the earth’s surface.
3. Central eruption, if the eruption occurs out through a hole that forms separate volcanoes.

Central eruptions produce three forms of volcanoes, which are as follows:

1. Shield volcanoes ( Shield Volcanoes ), which are volcanoes with wide bases and gentle slopes, are the result of effusive eruptions of molten magma. For example, the volcanoes that spread across the Hawaiian Islands.
2. Maar volcano, is the result of an explosive eruption that is not too strong and only once. For example, Mount Lamongan, East Java, with its Klakah crater.
3. Strato volcanoes, or cones, are the result of repeated, effusive and explosive mixtures. This volcano is conical in shape and its body is layered. As a result of eruptions that move from center to place, cones of volcanoes form here and there, so that the shape of the volcano is irregular. Most of the volcanoes in Sumatra, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and Maluku are cone volcanoes. Examples of Strato Volcanoes are Mount Kerinci, Merapi, Ciremai, Semeru, Batur, Tangkuban Perahu, and Mount Fujiyama in Japan.

Eruption Type

After understanding the meaning of volcanism, there are also types of area. Based on the viscosity of the magma, gas pressure, depth of the magma chamber, and the material it ejects, volcanic eruptions are divided into several types, namely:

1. Hawaiian Type Eruption

The Hawaiian type occurs because the lava that comes out of the crater is very liquid, so it easily flows in all directions. This very fluid nature of lava results in a shape like a shield or shield. Examples: Mount Maona Loa, Maona Kea, and Kilauea in Hawaii.

2. Stromboli Type Eruption

This type of eruption is specific, that is, the eruptions occur at almost the same intervals or intervals. The Stromboli volcano in the Lipari Islands has an eruption period of ± 12 minutes. So, every ±12 minutes there is an eruption that spews material, bombs, lapilli, and ash. Examples of volcanoes with the Stromboli type are Mount Vesuvius (Italy) and Mount Raung (Java).

3. Volcano Type Eruption

This type of eruption ejects solid material, such as bombs, ash, lapilli, as well as solid and liquid materials or lava. This type of eruption is based on the strength of the eruption and the depth of the magma chamber. Example: Mount Vesuvius and Etna in Italy, and Mount Semeru in East Java.

4. Merapi Type Eruption

This type of eruption releases viscous lava that clogs the mouth of the crater. As a result, the gas pressure becomes increasingly strong and breaks the lava plug. The broken blockage was pushed up and finally thrown out. This material flows down the mountainside as ladu or gloedlawine . In addition, hot clouds ( gloedwolk ) or often called wedhus gembel occur . Merapi-type eruptions are very dangerous for residents in the vicinity.

5. Perret or Plinian type eruptions

This type of eruption is very dangerous and very damaging to the environment. The material ejected in this type of eruption reaches a height of about 80 km. This type of eruption can throw a rock or break into the top of the mountain, causing the crater walls to sag. Example: Mount Krakatoa which erupted in 1883 and St. Helens which erupted on May 18, 1980.

6. Pelee Type Eruption

This type of eruption usually occurs when there is a blockage of the crater at the top of the volcano which is shaped like a needle, causing the gas pressure to increase. If the crater blockage is not strong, the volcano erupts.

7. Sint Vincent Type Eruption

This type of eruption causes the crater lake water to spill over with the lava. This eruption caused the area around the mountain to be hit by hot lava which was very dangerous. Example: Mount Kelud which erupted in 1919 and Mount Sint Vincent which erupted in 1902.

Other Phenomena After Volcanism

Apart from volcanoes resulting from magma extrusion activity, there are several other natural phenomena that are formed from advanced or post-volcanism processes. These features include calderas, caldera lakes, lava plateaus, geysers, and mud pools.

1. Lava Plugs

The first post-volcanism phenomenon was the Lava Plug. This feature occurs when the solidified lava in a volcanic pipe collapses into a resistant mass.

Over time, the part of the volcanic cone composed of less resistant material weathered and eroded away, leaving only a plug of lava. The size of this lava plug can be very large to resemble a hill. One example is the Devil’s Tower in Wyoming, USA.

2. Caldera and Caldera Lake

A caldera is a large depression at the top of a mountain. This appearance occurred due to a very powerful eruption and left a large hole. If this hole is then filled with water it will form a caldera lake.

3. Plato Lava

This appearance occurs because the magma that comes out is runny, so it can spread and form a wide expanse of lava and over time this lava slowly freezes to form a plateau called a plateau.

4. Geysers and Hot Springs

In volcanic areas, groundwater can be heated by magma. This heated water can appear to the surface with explosive force, this is what is called a geyser. If this water comes out through the flow of water in the rock crevices, hot springs are formed. Geysers are hot water that emits periodically.

 

Positive and Negative Impacts of Volcanoes

The existence of volcanoes in an area, in addition to causing negative impacts in the form of disasters, such as eruptions, toxic gases and landslides which always threaten the surrounding population, in fact can also bring positive impacts in the form of enormous benefits for life, including the following:

1. Positive Impact

Volcanoes form a giant cone which affects the weather conditions and the surrounding climate, thus making the soil very fertile due to the rocks and minerals that make up the soil composition which is needed by plants. In addition, water is the source of life for all living things on the surface of the earth. When water seeps and flows into the ground in contact with a heat source from magma, a hot spring will form, while in the lower part of the ground it is an ordinary spring.

With lots of springs around the volcano and thick forests and other vegetation, it will form a cool and beneficial environment for the people who live around it. Forming plantations and rice fields, will add to the beautiful scenery and fresh air around it.

The existence of a volcano will produce natural forests, thus producing abundant forest products, and with all its contents in the form of living things as a resource for flora and fauna, as well as minerals that form the volcano.

The positive impacts of volcanoes can be broken down as follows:

• As an energy source, because the heat source from volcanoes can be used as Geothermal Power Plants (PLTPB) such as those on Mount Kamojang in West Java and Mount Dieng in Central Java.
• As a source of minerals and minerals, such as diamonds, tin, copper, sulfur and pumice.
• As a tourist and sports object, for example hiking, climbing, hang gliding, and mountain biking.
• As a fertile agricultural area, this is because the material released by the volcano contains many elements and minerals that can make the surrounding soil fertile and experience rejuvenation.
• As an orographic rain area, namely rain that occurs because of a barrier in the form of a mountain or mountains, so that the volcanic area is a place that has a hydrological function for the surrounding area.
• As a source of germplasm, because the vertical variation in the height of a volcano can cause living germplasm to vary greatly as well.

2. Negative Impact

In addition to having a positive effect, volcanic eruptions can also have a negative impact on life and the environment. Thousands of people died and several livestock died and thousands of hectares of gardens and rice fields were destroyed by volcanic eruptions. Disasters and the danger of volcanic eruptions affect directly and indirectly and can damage life.

The direct hazard is the hazard caused by the material released directly by the volcano. The disaster-prone areas that will be hit by this direct influence include the area around the peak (inside the crater) and develop into other areas around the crater, with a range that can reach more than 10 km.

If a crater filled with water forms a crater lake and the water is neutral with an acidity of 7 or is acidic with an acidity of less than 7 and mixed with river water, river water cannot be used for irrigation purposes, livestock drinks, especially for humans to drink. because it can damage the teeth of the residents.

This is due to the consumption of water containing very high fluorine (F) and a lack of iodine will result in goiter, while the ejection of volcanic ash during an eruption also threatens flight safety because the eruption ash disturbs the vision of the aircraft. The spread of this volcanic eruption will be very wide from a few meters to hundreds of kilometers.

Well, that’s an explanation of volcanism. The following is a recommendation of books from sinaumedia that Sinaumed’s can read to learn about volcanism so they can fully understand it. Happy reading.

Find other interesting things at www.sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always present interesting articles and recommendations for the best books for Sinaumed’s.

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Yogyakarta Regional Song – Hello Sinaumed’s friends. Do you know? Indonesia is a country rich in diversity. Starting from the tribe, culture, flora, fauna and others. Even though there are many differences in Indonesia, because of that, Indonesian people can unite and respect each other. One of the cultures that has a lot of diversity is folk songs.

Each region has its own variety of regional songs. Just as in Yogyakarta there are several folk songs, the existence of regional songs in Yogyakarta can also be used as an identity. This article will discuss Yogyakarta regional songs and their meanings.

Yogyakarta Regional Song

Have you ever heard a song called Caping Gunung, Suwe Ora Jamu or Kidang Talun? If not, the following titles are some of the most popular Yogyakarta Regional Song lists. In this article, sinaumedia will explain it one by one for you.

The Special Region of Yogyakarta is a province on the island of Java with Yogyakarta as its capital. You can visit this city by Yogyakarta Tours. This province is a fusion of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the Kingdom of Paku Alamein.

It has jurisdiction over 4 districts, with a total area of ​​approximately 3,185.80 square kilometers and a population of approximately 3,842,952 people (2019). The ethnic groups in this province are mainly Javanese, and the rest are Sundanese, Malay, Chinese, Madurese and so on.

In terms of belief, all religions recognized by Indonesia are also present in this province, even though 90% of these religions are Muslim. In terms of tourism and cultural destinations, Yogyakarta is without a doubt one of the most visited provinces every year.

I will not discuss them one by one because in this article, sinaumedia will only review a collection of Yogyakarta songs along with their lyrics, meanings and understanding of folk songs and their functions. Okay, see the review below, hopefully it can add to your knowledge and understanding.

1. The song Suwe Ora Jamu

Lyrics:

Suwe no jamu,

Jamu godhong telo,

Suwe can’t find

Meet very atine gelo…

Suwe no jamu,

Jamu sogo thunteng,

Suwe can’t find

Very happy meeting…

Suwe no jamu,

Jamu godhong bunder,

Suwe can’t find

Meet really smarter…

The first meaning is happiness, where distant friends are finally reunited. The second meaning is disappointment, because there are people who become arrogant because they are smart/rich.

2. Song of Kidang Talun

Lyrics:

Kidang … Talun,

Mung bean,

Mile kethemil mile kethemil,

The deer is manganese..

Mice… pithi,

Siji’s two sons,

tweet tweet,

tweet tweet,

Forward the war of the dead…

Kidang… Talun,

Mung bean,

Mile kethemil mile kethemil,

The mauve deer…

Elephants… striped,

Soko mlembang land,

Nuk legunuk, nuk legunuk,

Gedhene meh podho gunung…

The song tells about the advice of parents to their children to always love the animals around them, especially those that are already rare like deer and elephants which are hinted at in the lyrics. In addition, they are also introduced to the types of animals.

3. The song “Pitik Tukung”

Lyrics:

I’m two pitik pitik tukung,

Every day I don’t eat corn,

Petok go petok petok nendok pitu…

Don’t make netes telu,

Kabeh trondol trondol tapa wulu,

Mondol mondol do work guys…

I’m a little pithik wulune Brintik,

The yellow shoot of the Jegger Abang Fight must win,

Sopo Wani Karo I’m the enemy of my pithik…

This traditional DI Yogyakarta song was later named Pitik Tukung which is a very popular song among children. The song has deep advice for generations to be able to act and act wisely.

On the other hand, the song also tells about the beauty and beauty of the village of Yogyakarta. Then describe a leader who must be able to act honestly and intelligently, despite his flaws.

4. Song “Caping Gunung”

Lyrics:

Dhek is struggling,

Njur little boy,

Mbiyen not open

Ning saiki ana ngendi…

Jarena will win

The longed-for succession,

Mbiyen left his promise,

What’s wrong with Ning now…

Ning the mountain doesn’t eat corn,

Yen is cloudy without successive mountain hats,

Sokur can live,

mount ndesa dadi reja,

Dene don’t miss nggone padha lara lapa…

The fourth song is titled “Caping Gunung”, created by Gesang. This song has a deep and painful meaning about a father who lost his child abroad and has no news after a long time of separation.

This song describes the emotional feelings of a mother who misses her child coming back from abroad. A deep desire often makes mothers daydream, preparing corn rice to welcome their child back.

5. Song “Sinom”

Lyrics:

Amening the crazy times,

Ewuh aja ing pambudi,

Melu is crazy can’t stand it,

Jen tan melu anglakoni…

Boya kaduman melik kaliren,

Wekasanipun dilalah karsa Allah,

Begjane kang lali,

Luwih begja kang engling lan alert…

In Javanese, Sinom (Sinoman) is a group of young people. As the title suggests, this song is very spicy about the lives of children who are entering their teens/puberty, in the sense that they are looking for identity.

So this song describes advice for all young people to be able to take care of themselves, behave and be more mature in facing life’s journey. In fact, you have to be wise in weighing something.

6. The song “Gethuk”

Lyrics:

Afternoon padhang month, come on kanca padha dolanan,

Rene-rene together, together, e dha gegojegan,

Kae-kae rembulane, you can’t see why you’re acting so cute,

It’s like they like it, all of them just go to sleep in the afternoon…

Gethuk, asale saka tela,

Sleepy eyes, iku tambane what,

Ah ala gethuk, asale saka tela,

yèn ra pethuk, atine is a bit dark…

Don’t talk about it, bro, don’t talk about it,

Kadhung I promise,

I’m how dark

Gek Kepriye…

Duh, I feel like this,

Anake wong or duwe,

Disgusting, tansah diece,

Karo kanca kancane…

Pye pye pye pye ya ben rasakna,

Pye pye pye pye feel dewe,

Pye pye pye pye ya ben rasakna,

Pye pye pye pye feel dewe…

Tomorrow when I can

Urip kang luwih mulya,

Melu honors the nation’s Drajat,

Indonesia bro…

Pye pye pye pye mbuh ra weruh,

Pye pye pye pye mbuh ra understand,

Pye pye pye pye mbuh ra weruh,

Pye pye pye pye mbuh ra understand…

“Gethuk” is often heard as an accompaniment in several regional performances, and was also popularized by Waldjinah, a keroncong singer in Solo, Central Java. Waldjinah is a 75-year-old keroncong singer who is nicknamed the Queen of Keroncong. He has won various singing competitions in several shows.

The song “Gethuk” was composed by the late Manthous, a legendary campursari artist. The lyrics of the song “Gethuk” come from the word “gethuk”, a Yogyakarta specialty. Gethuk itself is made from mashed tapioca and has a unique taste.

7. The song “Walang Kekek”

Lyrics:

E… yes ye…, yes ye… yes

E ya… yae yai, e yaiyo yaiyo

Manuk sriti kemplung banyu

I dreamed that the clouds would meet

Walang Abang clicked on Koro

Blue walang.. white walange

You’re a bachelor, man, don’t be lazy

Sing wis duwe putu, ra tau mulih

E… yes ye…, yes ye… yes

E ya… yae yai, e yaiyo yaiyo

You can’t mince, bro, you can’t flute

Biso Nyang, ora Biso nyanding

Walang ireng, mabur bastard

Walang ireng, dowo suthange

Yen podo is happy, bro, ojo may just stagnate

Golek ono ngendi omahe

E… yes ye…, yes ye… yes

E ya… yae yai, e yaiyo yaiyo

You can’t mince, bro, you can’t just ndemung

Biso hung, ora wani nembung

Walang snickers, walange wood

Walang kayu, tibo neng is weak

Yen want yo mas, arep melu

Yen is just a trimo, don’t try to have fun

E… yes ye…, yes ye… yes

E ya… yae yai, e yaiyo yaiyo

Andeng-andeng, ono choices

Ojo stares, looks confused

Walang snickers are striking

Mabrur mrene, tick wit pete

Sumengkemo mring God

Nindakake dawuh-dwuhe

E… yes ye…, yes ye… yes

E ya… yae yai, e yaiyo yaiyo

Walang snickers pinched the rope

Limang time ojo change lali

E… yes ye…, yes ye… yes

E ya… yae yai, e yaiyo yaiyo

Walang snickers, walange overdone

Walang kekek until finished

Genggong Cricket

Kendal Kaline Wungu, teach me to get to know you

Lelene was beaten to death, slapped in the face of walesane

Suwe doesn’t care, his heart is crushed, he is desperate for suwarane

e yes e yes e..e yae yae yae yae

Barking crickets, barking crickets, luwih babbling nonsense

Semarang kaline is flooded, so sumelang, I think

Cricket upa saba ning heap, malumpat ning in the middle of jogan

Priya’s character, he admits that he is loyal, presses him in the wrong way

e yes e yes e..e yae yae yae yae

Ganggong crickets, ganggong crickets, wani glances at the lonely nunwong

Yèn ngetan bali ngulon, tiwas crazy no joke,

Yèn nrujak nrujaka pineapple, just add kwèni,

Kene died thinking, you are adhem hot,

jebul ana sing nduweni…

e yes e yes e..e yae yae yae yae

Ganggong crickets, Ganggong crickets, Sampun pretty much the prey of wholesalers.

The next Yogyakarta regional song is entitled Walang Kekek, this very legendary song created and popularized by Waldjinah. The theme of this song is to express the feelings of female singers who are often referred to as artists.

Through this song, Waldjinah intends to change the public’s view of singers so they don’t look down on them. Apart from devoting himself to many people, the job of a singer is not easy.

8. The song “Ta Kate Dipanah”

Lyrics:

Te kate arrow,

Arched by reeds,

Ana manuk konde-onde,

Mbok sirbombok, mbok sirkate,

Mbok sirbombok mbok sirkate…

The next Yogyakarta regional song is titled Te Kate Dipanah. This song is very familiar to children and until now it is often sung at gatherings or games in everyday life. Its popularity cannot be separated from the meaning contained in this song.

The song Te Kate Dipanah tells about teachings and advice for children, always instilling positive values ​​and good morals in them, to become useful people in the future, environment, religion and country.

9. The song “Kupu Kui”

Lyrics:

The butterfly is not choking (incupe),

Mung abure ngewuhake,

sleepy,

Ngetan back ngelan…

Mrana mrene ing paran breakfast,

Mencok bleber blubber (Who can use it),

Mentas poked a fist,

Banjur (nuli) mabur bleber…

The next title is named Butterfly Kui, this Yogyakarta children’s game is also very popular and phenomenal. The author takes the subject of a butterfly because it has beautiful wings and can fly wherever it wants.

Therefore, for humans, everyone has special abilities within, but not everyone can realize it. Even though these benefits can make a person have a better life.

10. The song “Jamuran” 

Lyrics:

Mushroom, mushroom, yo ge ge thok

What mushrooms, what mushrooms, yo ge ge thok

Toadstool ngrembuyung like mauve

Sira badhe what mushroom?

Not much different from Cublak-Cublak Suweng, Mushroom is also a song sung in the game called Mushroom. This game can be played by 4 to 12 children which is usually played in the afternoon or at night during the full moon.

The game Mushroom can be played by both boys and girls, generally between the ages of 6 and 13. This game also does not require tools, only a large field.

11. The song “Menthok-Menthok”

Lyrics:

Menthok, menthok tak kandhani,

Maybe your behavior is windy,

Mbok ya wrote knocking ana kandhang wae…

It’s good to snore or not to do work,

Menthok, menthok is just your behavior,

Megal megol gawe guy…

Javanese singing is a cultural treasure of ancestral heritage, which has meaning and wealth values ​​that are passed on to the descendants of the Javanese people, one of which is a Javanese song called Menthok-Menthok, some write it MENTOK-MENTOK or MENTOG-MENTOG or MENTHOG-MENTHOG.

This Javanese Agung song has a very subtle irony, like the character of Javanese elders who advocate the use of wise language that is not painful but touches the heart. Mentok-mentok ironic phrase of this song is intended for those who are lazy and just sleeping, and gives advice that humans must be productive, creative and must work hard.

Menthok-menthok songs are usually sung in Javanese children’s games by forming a circle while walking like mint, with the right hand in front and the left hand on the hip while walking.

These games are fun entertainment especially for kids, making us look forward to watching. This game also trains children in their ability to cooperate and get along with their peers.

Definition of Regional Songs

Furthermore, according to Ali (2010: 75) , regional songs, or regional songs as they are commonly called, are songs from an area that will be favored by the community and other people in that area. In general, the creators of these regional songs are not known, alias noname .

Regional songs are songs whose creative ideas are based on the culture and customs of certain regions. The song contains meaning, a message to the community and the atmosphere or situation of the local community, the language used is the regional language, Arts Subject Teacher Consultation (2010:11).

Then Setyobudi et al (2007:47) said that although there are some special songs whose rules are fixed and have magical powers for religious traditions and ceremonies, most of the folk songs are used as a means of public entertainment and are close to civil society. Therefore, folk songs are also often called folk songs.

Regional Song Function

After knowing examples of regional songs from Maluku, the next step is to find out what functions they have. As a cultural product, it generally has several functions.

Accompaniment of traditional ceremonies 

Traditional ceremonies and traditional music are always related. In Indonesia, this can be seen in many local cultures in Indonesia. Traditional rituals use musical accompaniment to convey a sense of harmony and sympathy with nature. Usually this is done to celebrate certain rituals or festivals.

accompaniment  

In addition to traditional ceremonies, traditional music is also used to accompany performances. Each region must have traditional dances and a clear connection with music. The most interesting thing is that each word in traditional music has its own meaning. The philosophy of each lyric is also often incorporated into certain performances, such as dances.

Media playing music 

In addition to sacred activities, cultural products in the form of folk songs can also be used as a means of playing music. A very popular example is the song Rasa Sayang-Sayange from eastern Indonesia, namely Maluku. The song is often used as a background to play when playing music.

Communication tool 

In the past, folk songs were often used as a means of communication. The lyrics contain a certain meaning that is passed on to the next generation. Regarding the meaning of folk songs, it is not surprising that many experts also believe that this cultural product is used as a messenger.

News Media 

The purpose of the media is to convey certain messages, be it messages in the context of religion or humanity. An example is Lir-Ilir which is used as a means of preaching.

Drama Structure – Drama is one of the oldest literary works and has survived to this day.
While other literary works are becoming extinct, dramas are still being staged in many countries
around the world. In various senses, drama is a literary work that describes human life in
their daily life.

Discussing drama is incomplete if we don’t discuss its history. Actually there are several
opinions about when and where drama was first invented. The first opinion states that drama was
first discovered and staged in the era of Ancient Egyptian civilization around 4000 BC.

The second opinion, as well as the strongest opinion, states that drama first appeared in the era of
Ancient Greek civilization around 5 BC. Back then, the Ancient Greeks sang verses in praise of
the gods at Greek festivals. Gradually, these poems and songs then turned into performances
that performed plays with various characters.

Since then, drama shows have become popular and have been staged everywhere. Initially, drama
was just a way for people to worship the gods they worshiped. Over time, drama has become a
favorite form of entertainment that is always eagerly awaited.

Besides being increasingly popular, drama has also experienced many developments. If in the
past the story was only limited to the worship of gods, now the stories that are staged are becoming
increasingly diverse. Check out the explanation about the drama structure below!

Dramatic Structure

Drama structure is very important in a performance. The structure of the drama itself consists
of certain aspects.

1. Prologue

If a book has a preface, a play has a prologue. The structure of the drama prologue is at the
beginning of the play, and briefly describes the story in the play. In addition to a brief
story about the drama that will be played, the prologue also provides an overview of the characters,
setting, and several other aspects.

2. Dialogue

The next drama structure is dialogue. A drama won’t be drama if it doesn’t have dialogue.
You could say dialogue is everything in a performance, not just drama but literary and artistic
performances.

In drama, the existence of dialogue becomes even more important because with dialogue, the characters can
describe the story in the drama, starting from the prologue, problems, conflicts, to the epilogue.
The dialogue will also introduce us to the various characters in the drama, complete with their
respective characters.

The dialogue itself is broken down into several parts, namely an introduction that introduces the
characters, situations, and events that were happening at that time. Complications that tell
about the conflicts that arise between the characters in the drama. Lastly is the resolution,
or the solution to the conflict that appears as well as being the end of a show.

3. Episodes

Episodes are identical to soap operas that air on television. Actually, it’s not just soap
operas that have episodes, dramas too. Basically, episodes are part of a drama’s script or
script, and are aired sequentially.

Even so, the drama episodes are not as long as the episodes we usually see in Indonesian soap operas.
Usually dramas only consist of a few episodes, and the number doesn’t reach dozens, let alone
thousands.

4. Scene

Even though the episodes are not as long as soap operas, a drama, no matter how short it is, must consist
of many scenes. The scene itself is a change of events in a play.

Usually marked by changes in settings and screens, as well as the players. The changes were
deliberately made so that the drama performance would be interesting and not bore the audience present.
A drama starts from the prologue scene, then goes into the core story and ends at the
epilogue.

5. Epilogue

If the prologue is the introduction, then the epilogue is the closing word in a play. Given
its function, the epilogue is placed at the end of a story. The epilogue itself contains the
ending story in a play and the conclusion of the story in the play itself.

Although it doesn’t seem important at first glance, the epilogue is actually very important.
After all, every story needs an ending and the audience also needs an explanation. The
ending of the story usually determines whether the drama is good enough or not.

There are dramas that have a good plot but a disappointing epilogue. Conversely, many dramas
that may feel confusing at the beginning, but the plot gets better, then ends very well and makes the
audience feel satisfied.

4 Characteristics of Drama You Need to Know

By knowing the structure of drama, we also need to understand that there are many kinds of literary works,
and sometimes they are similar to one another. In order for you to be able to tell which is a
drama and which is another literary work, you must know their characteristics.

Here are 4 characteristics of drama that you need to know!

1. Having Dialogue

At the beginning of its appearance, drama was the chanting of verses sung to worship the gods of the
Ancient Greeks. Over time, people started replying to each other’s verses until it finally
turned into a complete storytelling with different plays and characters. This story then
attracted a lot of interest, and finally it was shown to the public.

In the past, people flocked to the theater to watch plays. Currently, drama performances can
not only be watched on the theater stage, but also watched on television screens and won millions of viewers
from various countries.

2. Have a Moral Message Conveyed

One of the main characteristics of a drama is the dialogue between the players. These
dialogues then form a story. It’s not arbitrary, a dialogue writer not only has to make a story
that is interesting and worthy of being staged, but also has a moral message to be conveyed to the thousands
of people who watch it.

This moral message is usually inserted between dialogues or becomes a conclusion that can be drawn by the
audience. In addition to dialogue writers, drama actors must also be able to convey a moral
message to the audience through the acting they display. If it’s only acting, then the story of
the drama will only be interesting but doesn’t have any lessons that can be taken by the audience.

3. Presenting Conflict

Not only giving a moral message, a good drama must also have conflict. Conflict is very
important to make drama look interesting and not boring. The more complicated the conflict that
arises, the better the drama. On the other hand, the conflict must also be clear.

Apart from being a playwright, the actors also have an important task of conveying the conflict to the
audience. To do so, the players must not only be good at acting, but also understand the script
so they can master the roles entrusted to them.

4. Language style

Finally, there is a style of language that is no less important than other characteristics.
Language style can also be a way to show a period, social class in roles, to conditions.
For example, a drama about a kingdom in the past. The players definitely have a
different style of language. Players who play the role of the king certainly have a different
language style from ordinary people.

Elements in a Drama

In addition to characteristics, drama also has several elements that cannot be changed. What
elements? Here are the answers and full explanations!

1. Theme

The theme becomes the first element in making a drama story. A drama must have a clear theme.
With a definite theme, we at least have a clear picture of the storyline, how many characters are
playing, what is the character of each character, to the background of the story in the drama.

From all of the above, in the end the production team can estimate how much it will cost and the creative team
can imagine what kind of decoration to make for each scene, plus the costumes that must be used by the
characters.

2. Storyline

After determining the theme, we can create a storyline in the play. Starting from the initial
story, the conflict, until the end story. The story line is very important because it
determines how interesting the play will be.

Apart from quality, the storyline will also determine the drama’s popularity. If the storyline
is boring, the audience will also get bored, even going home while the show is still going on and never
coming back. However, an interesting storyline will not attract more people to watch, but also
make other people fail to move on, and come back to watch it. In fact, it’s so good, it’s not
uncommon for someone to watch a drama many times.

3. Figures

A drama will not run without characters in it. The name of a drama, usually played by many
characters. Whether it’s the main character, or a minor character who only appears
intermittently.

In the past, drama characters were chosen just like that. Now, the players have to go through
a number of castings to be able to act as a character. In addition to an appropriate
appearance, drama actors must also have good acting skills so that the drama performance looks more
convincing and the moral message that the story writer wants to convey is conveyed to the audience.

4. Character

In a drama, each character certainly has a different character or behavior. Imagine if all the
characters in the drama you are watching have the same or almost similar characters, it is guaranteed that
the drama will run very boring.

A drama usually consists of two characters, namely the protagonist alias good behavior as well as antagonist or
bad behavior and makes the audience annoyed and even angry with him.

5. Background

Besides having a clear theme, plot, characters, and characters, a good drama also has a clear background.
If the actors and actresses have to portray the characters well, then the setting will be the job
of the creative team.

It is the people on the creative team who have to think about what kind of setting is appropriate to
describe the situation, time and conditions in each scene. The appropriate setting will make
the plot of the drama even more interesting.

6. Conveyed Messages

As previously discussed, a drama must not only have an interesting story and plot, but also a moral message
to convey. Without a moral message, a drama will only be interesting but does not teach
anything.

Usually, a moral message is inserted in the dialogue of the players. It can also be mentioned
at the end of the story.

Types of Drama You Need to Know

So far, most of us only know about romance genre dramas. Indeed, compared to a certain type or
gender, romance dramas are indeed interesting. But besides that, drama is also divided into
several types. Anything?

1. Tragedy

From the name alone, you can probably guess how sad this drama is. Yup, dramas with this type
of tragedy usually have sad or heartbreaking storylines. Even if the plot is not sad, this type
of drama usually has a tragic ending that will make you feel sad for days because of the story of the main
character who is so unlucky.

2. Opera

Those of you who like singing or music might really like this type of drama. Opera is a type
of drama in which the dialogue is replaced by singing and musical accompaniment.

In a way, this opera is the type of drama that is most similar to the drama at the beginning of its
appearance. In Indonesia, opera is less popular. But abroad, opera-type dramas
still have many fans.

3. Comedy

If tragedy has a sad plot, then comedy is just the opposite. You know, if anything related to
comedy is very funny.

In contrast to tragedy dramas, comedy genre dramas are actually very fun to watch and really keep you
entertained. This one drama made the audience laugh out loud throughout its performance.

4. Tragecomedy

“ Laughing at the suffering of others ” might be the right sentence to describe the situation in a
tragicomedy drama. For those of you who are confused, tragicomedy is a type of drama that
combines tragedy and comedy.

So, the storyline of this type of drama is actually quite tragic, but instead of bringing it with sadness,
the actors actually act very witty. The story is sad, but instead of crying, you’ll be laughing
the whole way through.

5. Melodrama

Melodrama is actually very similar to opera. The difference is, if dialogue operas are
performed with singing and musical accompaniment, melodramas still use ordinary dialogue.

However, as the name implies, so that the audience can feel the story more deeply, this dialogue is
accompanied by music. Usually melodramas have sad storylines, almost as sad as tragedy
dramas.

6. Tableau

Okay, among all the types of drama that have been mentioned, tableau is probably the most foreign type of
drama to all of us. In fact, this type of drama is rarely staged, even in European or American
countries. Tableau is also very different from other types of drama. Where’s the
difference?

You see, if opera is performed with singing, and melodrama is performed with musical accompaniment, at
least the two types of drama still have dialogue. Tableau? This type of drama
actually has no dialogue at all.

Now, because it does not have dialogue, tableau dramas only rely on movements or what is known as
pantomime. Usually, tableau dramas have a funny and entertaining storyline.

7. Farces

Apart from tableau, farce is also quite foreign to Indonesian ears. Understandably, in our
country, the popular dramas are tragedies, comedies, and a combination of the two.

For those of you who don’t know, ferce is a type of drama where the characters act funny and make the audience
laugh.

At first glance, bringing a drama performance looks easy. But what we see, will not always be
the same as the reality. What you see is easy, not necessarily easy for others.

So even with a drama show. Behind a cool show, there is a lot of effort that is done.
Starting from the writers who try to make an interesting story, the creative team who makes the
setting according to the story, and the actors who practice to master their roles. All of that
requires hard work, right?

For Sinaumed’s who want to learn about the structure of drama and all things drama, you can
visit sinaumedia.com so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Companions of the Prophet Muhammad SAW – Prophet Muhammad SAW is a human figure who is
most loved by all his people, but not only among his people, his family and friends also love him very much.
As a friend who lived at the same time as the prophet and spent his days with the prophet, of
course, the nature and character of a friend of the prophet is not much different from the noble character
of the prophet himself.

Imitating the figures of the companions of the prophet must be very good because they are also known to have good
and exemplary role models for the next generation, especially Muslims around the world.

The figures of the companions of the prophet who may be widely known are the first four caliphs who led
after the Prophet Muhammad died. However, in fact there are many more figures of the Prophet’s
companions who may not be as popular as the first four caliphs. Even so, their personality and
morals can still be used as good examples for generations of Muslims in the present and the future.

For this reason, Sinaumed’s friends who want to know who are the companions of the prophet who deserve to be role
models in living this life, in this discussion we have summarized various information related to the figures of
the companions of the prophet Muhammad SAW so that they can also have a positive impact and inspire humanity
throughout the world in do good.

You can see further discussion regarding the companions of the prophet Muhammad SAW below!

Get to know the figure of the Companion of the
Prophet Muhammad

Companions of the Prophet (Arabic:احبل النبي, transl. aṣḥāb al-nabī) is an Islamic idiom for those who knew and
saw the Prophet Muhammad in person, helped him in his battles and died as a Muslim.

Terminologically, the word ṣahabat (صحابة) is the plural of ṣahabi (صحابي), which means following,
accompanying, and direct interaction. The most important companions had a very close
relationship with Muhammad, for they were his assistants and students and followers.

The Companions of the Prophet hold a very important role in the Islamic world today, namely as a bridge in
passing down the Hadith and Sunnah of Muhammad which were narrated by them. Most scholars
generally define the Companions of the Prophet as those who knew the Prophet Muhammad, believed in his
teachings and died in a state of Islam.

In his book al-Iṣābah fī Tamyīz al-Ṣaḥābah, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 H/1449 AD) says:

“A Companion (صحابي, ash-shahabi) is one who meets the Prophet, believes in him and dies in a state of Islam.”

There is a stricter definition whereby only close relatives of the Prophet Muhammad are worthy of being
called Companions of the Prophet. In the book “Muqaddimah” by Ibn ash-Salah (died 643 H/1245
AD)

It was said to Anas: You are the Messenger of Allah’s Apostle and the last living. Anas
replied, “The Arabs (Bedouin) are still there, while his friend, I am the last person alive.”

In line with that, the scholar Tabi’in Said bin al-Musayyab (d. 94 H/715 AD) argued:

“The Companions of the Prophet were those who stayed with the Prophet for at least a year and participated in
several wars with him.”

Although Imam an-Nawawi (died 676 H/1277 AD) also stated that:

“Some scholars of hadith believe that this honor (as a friend of the Prophet) is limited to those who lived
with him (the Prophet Muhammad) for a long time, donated (property for his cause) and those who (to Medina)
and emigrants actively helped him; and not those whom he met only occasionally, for example the
Arab Bedouin envoys, and not those who were with him after the liberation of Mecca when Islam was
introduced.”

The Companions of the Prophet Muhammad Who
Are Guaranteed to Enter Heaven

The names of the Prophet’s companions are based on the hadith narrated by the Prophet Muhammad from Abdurrahman
bin Auf.

Allah promised heaven to the Prophet’s companions because of the many special deeds he did during his life
on earth. Here are 10 names of the apostle’s friends who are guaranteed to go to heaven.

• Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

The first Companion of the Apostle who is guaranteed to enter Heaven is Abu Bakr Ash-Shiddiq.
Abu Bakar Ash-Shiddiq was one of the Assabiqunal Awwalun or the first people to convert to
Islam.

He always followed the Prophet in preaching Islam and emigration. After the death of the
Prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr continued to rule in Medina from 632-634 AD.

• Umar bin Khattab

The closest companion of the Prophet who was promised Heaven by Allah was Umar bin Khattab.
Umar bin Khattab was the Rashidun Khulafaur and the most influential Muslim figure.

Umar was appointed as the second caliph after Abu Bakr who continued to build the spread of Islam so that it grew
rapidly throughout the country.

The figure of Umar bin Khattab is also known by his title, namely Al-Faruq, which means the difference
between right and wrong. Umar was not only a close friend of the Prophet, but also the father
of Hafsha, the wife of the Prophet Muhammad.

• Uthman bin Affan

Uthman bin Affan is one of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad who is guaranteed to enter heaven.
He continued to lead after the death of Umar bin Khattab.

Uthman was a very wealthy merchant in Mecca during his lifetime, but generous when he gave most of his wealth to
zakat, alms and infaq.

Under Uthman’s leadership, Islam saw a great development and expansion of Islam and built a lot of
infrastructure.

• Ali bin Abi Talib

Ali bin Abi Talib was the second person after Khadijah to embrace Islam, making him one of the Companions of the
Prophet who was guaranteed to enter Heaven.

Ali studied Islam from childhood, directly from the Prophet. Except that his loyalty to Islam
was shown by his participation in the war which was then carried out to defend Islam.

• Talha bin Ubaidillah

Talhah bin Ubaidillah was a friend of the Prophet Muhammad who fought with the Prophet Muhammad, who at
that time was already in a state of urgency. He was later killed in the Battle of Uhud and
martyred.

• Zubair bin Awwam

Zubair bin Awwam is a friend who is also the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. He was among
the first to convert to Islam or as-Sabiqun al-Awwalun, who is guaranteed to enter heaven.

• Abdurrahman bin Auf

Abdurrahman bin Auf is a friend of the Prophet Muhammad who is good at business. Throughout
his life he struggled with wealth and his life in the way of Allah SWT.

• Sa’ad bin Abi Waqqash

Sa’ad bin Abi Waqqash was a friend who always participated in the war with the Quraysh. He
even managed to become a military leader against Iran. In addition, Sa’ad is also a friend who
converted to Islam at the young age of 17 years.

• Sa’id bin Zaid bin Amru bin Naufal Al-Adawi
  

Sa’in bin Zaid bin Amru bin Naufal Al-Adawi was a friend of the Prophet who was also a cousin of another
Rashidun Khulafauri, Umar bin Khattab. He never fought except the Badr war because he was
ordered by Rasulullah SAW at that time.

• Abu Ubaidillah bin Jarrah

Abu Ubaidillah bin Jarrah was a companion of Prophet Muhammad SAW who had served as a military commander
against the Roman Empire. He is a Muhajirin from the Meccan Quraysh tribe who had emigrated
with the Prophet SAW

The Story of the Companions of the Prophet
Muhammad Who Should Be a Role Model

• Abu Bakr Ash-Shiddiq, the first companion
  of the Prophet

The first story of a friend of the Prophet Muhammad who is guaranteed to enter Heaven is Abu Bakr
Ash-Shiddiq. He is one of Assabiqunal Awwalun, ie. the first to convert to Islam.
Friends who always follow the preaching of the Prophet and spread Islam.

Abu Bakr was known as a gentle, patient and generous person who freed 70 slaves. The Prophet
gave Abu Bakr the title “As-Shiddiq” which means “True”. Abu Bakr also followed the journey of
the Prophet from Mecca to Medina. Despite being threatened by the Quraysh believers, Abu Bakr
remained loyal to the Prophet. When the Prophet was sick, the Prophet Muhammad appointed Abu
Bakr to replace him as the prayer priest.

When the Prophet died, many friends did not believe in the death of the Prophet, but only Abu Bakr reminded him
that the Prophet was also human like them.

Abu Bakr continued the leadership of the Prophet as the Caliph of the Muslims. When he became
caliph, Abu Bakr stayed on the straight path, stood firm in defending Islam and fought against
apostates.

• Umar bin Khattab, the brave
  companion of the Prophet Muhammad

The next companion of the Prophet who is guaranteed to enter heaven is Umar bin Khattab.
Umar’s adherence to Islam was very high during his lifetime. When Islam first arrived
in Mecca, Umar intended to kill the Prophet Muhammad. However, after hearing his younger
brother recite Allah’s verses, Umar, who was smart and sensible, was able to judge that the sentence his
brother was reading was not man-made. Instead of killing the Prophet Muhammad, Umar bin Khattab
even approached him to consciously embrace Islam.

After converting to Islam, Umar became a very brave person and did not hesitate to take up the sword to
defend the truth of Islamic teachings. Umar was also the person who dared to give ideas and
criticism to the Prophet. Prophet Muhammad gave the title “Al-Faruq” which means “the
difference between right and wrong”. The leadership of Caliph Umar increasingly guaranteed his
entry into heaven.

After the death of Abu Bakr, ‘Umar remained caliph. As the leader of the Muslim community,
Umar bin Khattab always played his role to the fullest. Creation of various new systems for the
development of Islamic society and the welfare of its people. Even when the plague hit, Umar
refused to eat and made eating a priority for his people. Umar’s leadership may have resulted
in the spread of Islam to a third of the world’s population.

• Uthman bin Affan, the predecessor of the
  Al-Quran Mushaf

Uthman bin Affan is included in the category of Companions of the Prophet Muhammad SAW who are guaranteed
to enter Heaven. He is also a member of the Assabiqunal Awwalun group or the first group of
people to convert to Islam. He became the third caliph after the death of Umar bin
Khattab.

Uthman is known as a very rich merchant in Mecca. Even though he was rich, Uthman was very
generous, articulate and spent much of his wealth on zakat, alms and infaq.

Islam continued to develop under Uthman’s leadership. Among other things, Uthman built the
first Islamic navy and expanded the reach of Islamic symbols. Collected various manuscripts of
the Qur’an and then compiled the manuscripts for collective use to date.

Then Uthman is a figure who has high social awareness. One of them is donating wells so that
people can drink and use water during the dry season. The fountain is still there and working.
Incredibly true!

• Ali bin Abi Talib, loyal to the
  Prophet since childhood

The second person to embrace Islam after Khadijah was Ali bin Abi Talib. Allah made Ali one of
the companions of the Prophet who was guaranteed to enter heaven. This was because Ali had
studied Islam from a relatively young age. Learn directly from the Prophet. There
is no doubt about his loyalty to Islam, Ali was never absent from the wars that were fought to defend
Islam.

When the Prophet migrated, Ali disguised himself as the Prophet Muhammad while sleeping in his bed.
Until the Quraysh infidels thought that the Prophet Muhammad was still in his house.

When the believers of Quraysh went to attack Prophet Muhammad, they found Ali bin Abi Talib in bed.
In vain did they wait at night to kill Prophet Muhammad.

Finally they left Ali. Three days later, Ali followed him to Medina alone. Hide
during the day and move on at night. How loyal Ali was to the Prophet so that he carried out
his duties sincerely.

After Uthman’s death, there was a vacuum of Islamic leadership for a while, then Ali was proposed as the
next caliph. During his leadership he faced many challenges because there were many rebellions
by groups that were divided by their own ideas. Ali bin Abi Talib was the last person in
Khulafaur Ar-Rasyidin.

• Talhah bin
  Ubaidillah, the guardian of the Prophet who wanted to give waqf

The name Talha bin Ubaidillah was not as famous as Abu Bakr or Umar bin Khattab, but the Prophet Muhammad named
Talhah after Ali as a friend of the Prophet who was guaranteed to enter Heaven.

When Islam arrived in Mecca, Talha did not hesitate to accept the teachings of the Prophet. He
immediately converted to Islam. As long as the preaching of Islam was carried out, Talha fought
and fulfilled the task assigned to him by the Prophet.

The Prophet called Talhah the Good, the Generous Talhah, the Gracious Talhah. During the time
of Uhud, the Muslims were careless and almost endangered the Prophet’s life. When the Quraysh
were about to attack the Prophet, Talha immediately protected the Prophet until he lost his finger.

the prophet said:

“Whoever wants to see a martyr walking on earth should see Talha bin ‘Ubaidillah.” (HR
Tirmidhi 3672)

• Zubair bin Awwam, Protector of the
  Prophet Muhammad SAW

Zubair bin Awwam, Protector of the Prophet and Assabiqunal Awwalun

Zubair bin Awwam is the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad who was also one of the first people to convert to
Islam or Assabiqunal Awwalun. He converted to Islam from the age of 15, he was very loyal to
the Prophet and always tried to protect the Prophet from harm.

The Prophet mentioned Zubair bin Awwam as one of the Companions of the Prophet who was guaranteed to enter
Heaven.

“Every Prophet has a helper (protector), and my protector is Zubair bin Awwam.” (Muslim
HR)

• Abdurrahman bin Auf, humble
  friend and philanthropist

Abdurrahman bin Auf, a friend of the Prophet, wants to make waqf and be guaranteed entry to Heaven.

One of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad who was very generous was Abdurrahman bin Auf.
Even though Abdurrahman bin Auf was a wealthy merchant, he used much of his wealth to help Muslims.
Abdurrahman bin Auf is also part of Assabiqunal Awwalun or the first 10 people to convert to
Islam.

When he heard the Messenger of Allah mention the name Abdurrahman bin Auf who was one of the Companions of
the Prophet who entered heaven, it made him not arrogant but nervous. He was worried about
going to heaven and felt that no one was worthy. Even though Abdurrahman bin Auf’s contribution
to the development of Islam was enormous, he was guaranteed to enter heaven.

• Sa’ad bin Abi Waqash, Faithful
  Fighting in the Way of Allah

Saad bin Abi Waqqash, a friend of the Prophet who is skilled at archery

Sa’ad bin Abi Waqqash was the maternal uncle of Prophet Muhammad. Sa’ad’s father was Aminah’s
uncle. As soon as he heard that Islam was present in Mecca, Sa’ad immediately approached the
Prophet to say the shahada. Sa’ad knew the Prophet very well, so he believed in the religion of
God.

What made Sa’ad join the companions of the Prophet who were guaranteed to enter heaven was his loyalty,
which always accompanied the Prophet in battle. Sa’ad was very skilled in archery and he was
the first to shoot an arrow in defense of Islam.

Besides being obedient to Islam, Sa’ad also loved his mother very much. He is a dutiful son to
both parents. Even though his mother was against it from the beginning Sa’ad converted to
Islam, Sa’ad still maintained his religion and was polite to his mother who had a different faith.

Conclusion

So a brief discussion about the figure of the companions of the prophet Muhammad SAW. Not only
discussing the biography of the companions of the prophet Muhammad SAW, but further discussing the exemplary
stories of those who deserve to be used as examples.

Getting to know the figure of a friend of the prophet Muhammad SAW gives us an idea that there is a human figure
who was so kind after the departure of the prophet Muhammad SAW who gave us the opportunity to become part of
these good people and teach good life lessons for the next generation.

Thus a review of the figure of the companions of the prophet Muhammad SAW. For Sinaumed’s who
want to get to know more about the figure of a friend of the prophet Muhammad SAW and knowledge related to
other Islamic history, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest
information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and
original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Pandu Akram

Related article:

Get to know the figure of Uthman Bin Affan as a caliph and friend of the Prophet

Exemplifying the Wisdom of the Story and Example of Prophet Sulaiman AS

The story and example of the Prophet Ishaq AS which should be used as a lesson!

10 Good Models of the Prophet Muhammad SAW to Be Followed!

The story of Abu Bakar As Siddiq with Rasulullah SAW in spreading Islam

Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the highest position in the management of a company, both large and medium-sized companies. Behind the success of a company, of course there is the contribution of an extraordinary leader who has talent and of course is able to develop good responsibility for running a company.

The CEO has his own responsibilities, duties. Usually, the CEO has a higher salary than other positions, of course because the CEO position is the highest position in a company. The position of a CEO can be obtained by ownership of shares, competence, social ties or by direct official appointment.

The CEO will act as a decision maker in the top management of the company. What roles should the CEO have? And how much is the salary of a CEO? Check out the following explanation!

Definition of Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

Chief Executive Officer or CEO is the highest position of a company and has responsibility for the success of the business being run. In general, the CEO is selected by the board of directors as well as the shareholders.

In business activities, a CEO is entrusted with managing the entire company, making important decisions and acting as the main point of communication with the board of directors as well as shareholders.

In addition, the CEO has a role that varies from one company to another and depends on the size of the company, culture and structure of the company.

Generally in large companies, the CEO only has business with high-level strategic decisions and all matters related to the overall growth of the company.

For example, the CEO will plan the business strategy and determine the operational decisions of top management. Meanwhile in smaller companies, the CEO often has a more active role and is involved with the day-to-day functioning of the company. For example, the CEO will be involved in recruiting staff and helping with relatively small business projects.

However, basically, the CEO is more involved in strategic matters such as meetings with the board of directors or other important meetings. According to a study from Harvard Business School, as much as 72% of CEO work time is spent on meetings.

Usually, these meetings will produce various plans and strategies to be able to develop the company’s business. Apart from carrying out tasks related to work and business, a CEO is also considered the face of the company he leads.

This makes most CEOs definitely have a large social circle and are recognized by many people. An example is Elon Musk, who is currently synonymous with Tesla.

If Sinaumed’s often sees in the media, Elon Musk often conducts interviews and appears on TV and radio shows and attends various events. This shows that a CEO does not only work within the scope of his company, but also must build a good image in the public about his company.

Difference between CEO and Director

In some companies, there are those who equate the position of CEO with managing director. However, there are also companies that have a CEO and also a managing director. In this case, the director has a role as executor of the running of the company and must report to the CEO.

So, a company may have several directors, but only one CEO. Then, what is the difference between a CEO and a director? Basically, a director is someone who heads up several departments headed by a manager.

The Director has an obligation to report back on these matters to the CEO and ensure that every plan has been implemented properly. The director also has the duty to manage different departments.

Meanwhile, the CEO is someone who has full responsibility for the running of a company that he leads. So it can be concluded, that the CEO is the owner of the plan for a business trip from the company, while the director is someone who implements the company’s strategy.

The role of the CEO in the Company

After knowing what a CEO is and who a CEO really is, did Sinaumed’s know that CEOs do not only have a big responsibility, but also have a big role in the development of the company. To be clearer, here are some of the roles of a Chief Executive Officer or CEO.

1. Designing business objectives

The first role of a CEO is to develop a company’s business plan and evaluate the profitability of the business plan. In addition, the CEO also has an important responsibility for monitoring the performance of the departments and divisions that report to him to ensure that his performance is in line with the company’s vision and mission.

2. The CEO acts as a company representative

Being a CEO means he becomes the main face of a company that is led. So, it can be said that the CEO is the main face of the company. Therefore, the presence of a CEO in the public eye has a considerable impact on the public’s perception of the products or brands and companies that the CEO leads.

3. Build a solid team

Even though the CEO has an important role to play in building and advancing companies and businesses, of course the CEO cannot do the job alone. For this reason, CEOs have directors or positions that are below.

The people who are under the CEO will then be formed as a team. In order to carry out the task properly, the team must also be solid. However, a solid team does not just appear.

Therefore, the CEO has a role to bridge employees with company directors. The CEO must also be able to build a comfortable work environment, so that solidarity will be formed in the team.

4. Allocating a spending plan budget

A company certainly requires a certain amount of funds and capital to keep the business running well. These funds need to be planned in the spending plan budget.

The CEO and other executives have a role in preparing the budget. Budget spending plans cannot be planned haphazardly, but require a long process of analysis and evaluation.

The goal is to make the budget allocation more focused. Furthermore, the risk of profit or loss from a company will be the responsibility of a CEO.

CEO Duties and Responsibilities

In addition to these four roles, the CEO also has duties and responsibilities. However, the duties and responsibilities of a CEO do not have standard boundaries. But in general, here are some of the duties and responsibilities of a CEO:

1. Communicate on behalf of the company with the government, shareholders and the public.
2. Lead the development of short and long term strategies for the company.
3. Creating and implementing the vision and mission of the company and organization.
4. Evaluate the work of other executive leaders in the company, including the president, vice president and directors.
5. Maintain company performance in competitive market situations, industry developments, expansion opportunities and others.
6. Ensuring that the company can maintain high social responsibility.
7. Assess the risks in the company’s planning and ensure the company is properly monitored.
8. Establish long-term strategic business goals for the company.

Skills a CEO Must Have

Does Sinaumed’s have aspirations to become a CEO? Anyone can become a CEO, as long as they have the competence and ability to lead a company. In order for a company to run well and continue to grow, the CEO must have the following abilities.

1. Leadership

Leadership is a basic ability that must be owned by every CEO, even for the manager class though. There is also this leadership ability that is very closely related to the CEO’s position as a company leader.

With leadership traits, a CEO will look convincing when making a decision that is important for the continuity of the company. In addition, the CEO must also have the ability to handle conflict management well, as a form of representation of the leadership spirit of a CEO. so, this will certainly affect the trust of employees and also stakeholders.

2. Be assertive and able to make decisions quickly

According to the Harvard Business Review, a high-performing CEO usually doesn’t always stand out, because they have to make big decisions all the time.

Conversely, if there is a CEO who stands out, the CEO usually has a firm attitude. A CEO also has to do it consistently, even in the midst of ambiguity with complete information and even in an unfamiliar environment.

A CEO must also be prepared to accept the risks of the decisions he makes. So, people with a firm decision-making attitude are generally more likely to become a good performing CEO.

3. Good communication skills

A CEO must have good communication skills. This is of course inseparable from the activities of a CEO who will often meet with many people.

The communication that exists between a CEO and these people is not solely to convey a good message, but the communication that is established must also have context with the interlocutor.

For example, when a CEO talks to employees, he must be able to use language that is concise and easy to understand. With this, employees will easily understand the reasons for the CEO when making certain decisions.

4. Creativity and innovation

As Sinaumed’s knows, it will be difficult for a business to survive long if the company cannot innovate. Therefore, as the first person and the most important position holder in the company, a CEO must have creativity and be able to innovate.

The goal is for companies to adapt to the latest trends. A CEO must have the ability to think creatively and welcome new, innovative ideas.

That way, he can keep the business relevant as well as progressive. A CEO who values ​​change with an open mind, then he will easily determine the business direction for his company.

5. Ethics

A CEO is not only responsible for the internal affairs of his company, but also has responsibility for the public’s view of him.

The more successful the business he runs, the higher the public attention he gets. This shows that it is important for company leaders to have good ethics, to be responsible when something goes wrong involving their company.

The inculcation of this honest and responsible culture will also affect the performance of the company he leads. If a CEO is known for his good ethics, then the public will also put their trust in the company he leads.

6. Collaborate

A CEO of course will not be separated from the name of interaction. To manage a company, a CEO can work with various parties. This collaboration can be established between the CEO and the board of directors, heads of departments, managers and colleagues.

For this reason, a CEO must have a variety of good plans and ideas in order to advance his company. By working with employees and colleagues, of course a CEO will get various creative ideas and solutions.

According to Stacey Hanke of Forbes, if a CEO allows his employees to be involved in various decisions by collaborating, then various kinds of ids can emerge and an employee will feel that he owns the company.

This of course will encourage employees to be involved in the success of companies whose ideas come from themselves.

7. Transparency

According to Forbes, one of the factors that can affect the trust of employees and executives is transparency or openness. When employees believe that a CEO is not hiding any information or failing to act openly, then employees will begin to question the decisions made by the CEO.

A successful CEO will realize that transparency is very important for employees to see performance and understand the motives for every decision they make.

8. Have good interpersonal skills

A CEO must have good interpersonal skills. These interpersonal skills include the ability to communicate with the public, listen to opinions, have high empathy for other people and others.

This is of course inseparable from the activities of a CEO who will often meet with many and establish relationships so that the company can progress and develop.

9. Have managerial skills

This managerial ability is related to the management of all resources and work systems that exist in the company. With good and effective management, the business can run smoothly and increase sales.

In addition, a CEO must be able to coordinate and mobilize his subordinates. So, employees and themselves are able to achieve the goals set by the company.

10. Have the ability to analyze

To be able to make decisions, a CEO must have the skills to be able to analyze a problem. A CEO must be able to see the whole problem, diagnose, analyze and find creative solutions.

This one skill will help the CEO to predict the obstacles that he might face and be faced by his company.

CEO salary

Curious about how much a CEO is paid? The base salary of the CEO and CTO depends on the funding stage of the startup. A CEO’s income will increase in accordance with the funding successfully obtained.

In Indonesia alone, the average salary per month for a CEO is at the funding stage of around US 0 to US$ 5 billion or around IDR 29 million. The data was released by venture capital firm Monk’s Hill Ventures and employment startup Glints in their report entitled The Southeast Asia Tech Talent Compensation Report.

Thus the explanation about the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), is Sinaumed’s interested in business and wants to become a Chief Executive Officer (CEO)? If so, then Sinaumed’s can get skills to become a businessman by reading books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia.com provides various kinds of business books for Sinaumed’s. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Khansa

Characteristics of Clean Water – We all know that water is one of the most important needs in human life throughout the world. Not only humans, water also determines the life of various creatures on earth, such as animals, plants, and so on.

As a human being, of course you need water to meet various existing needs. As time goes by and the development of the times, the need for water is also increasing. One category of water that is very important to humans is clean water.

However, a lot of waste is generated from various human activities in modern times like this, causing the quality of water to decline, so that not all water can be included in the category of clean water. Well, this article will explain the characteristics of clean water that is safe for human consumption.

A. Definition of Clean Water

In general, clean water can be understood as a type of natural resource in the form of water that has good quality and can be used by humans in everyday life, for example, for drinking, eating, and sanitation.

Meanwhile, the World Health Organization or WHO as an international health organization states that clean water is water that can be used by humans to meet domestic needs, starting from consumption, drinking water and of course food preparation.

Based on these two opinions, clean water can be defined as water that can and is suitable for use by humans to support various daily activities, such as drinking water, consumption, to sanitation. This ultimately results in an opinion that not all types can be used in everyday human life.

Water that has been contaminated by pollution or a hazardous substance may not be consumed or used by humans. The reason is, water that contains harmful substances can provide losses and will be very harmful to the human body. Moreover, research says that humans who do not consume water for more than 3 days can result in death threats.

Apart from consumption, humans also need clean water for cooking, washing clothes, bathing, and so on. Therefore, as creatures that need water, humans should maintain the quality of water so that it remains clean and suitable for use. One of the efforts that you can do to participate in maintaining water quality is to conserve nature and maintain a healthy environment.

B. Characteristics of Clean Water

As explained in the definition of clean water, clean water is water that meets health requirements. In this section, we will learn about the characteristics of clean water suitable for human consumption and use.

So, here are seven characteristics of clean water that you need to pay attention to when identifying water, including:

1. Colorless

The first characteristic of clean water is that it has no color. one of the signs of proper and safe water for consumption and daily needs is that it looks clear. If water has a cloudy color, such as yellow, orange, or even brown, then it can be ascertained that the water contains harmful substances so that it does not qualify to be included in the category of clean water.

One of the characteristics that need to be known from clean water, of course, is that it has a stable level of clarity. You can try pouring some water into a container. Furthermore, to see the clarity of the water you can wait for the changes that occur in the water. If the water still has a clear color, then the water can be said to be clean water. However, if sediment is visible or there is color attached to the bottom of the container, then the water is said to be unclean.

2. It has no taste

The second characteristic of clean water is that it has no taste. If the water in your house has a salty or metallic taste when you drink it. So we can be sure that the water is not worthy to be called clean water. The taste contained in the water could be due to the impact of rust on the pipes or iron in the waterways. These waterways can release several types of metals such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper, and also lead.

However, in several types of water that have been studied, water that has a fairly strong metallic taste can also be caused by low pH or acidity levels in the water. Therefore, before consuming or using clean water, you can first identify the water, so that it does not interfere with the health of the body.

3. Has no odor

The third characteristic of a water that can be said to be clean is when the water has no odor. Almost the same as the taste, smell or aroma that emerges from a water is a sign of the presence of bacteria or decaying organic matter. In the end, this makes the water indicator to meet sanitation needs relatively low.

If you find water that has an abnormal odor, it’s a good idea to give it special treatment before using it. One example of water that has an odor is water in a swimming pool. Swimming pools usually have a high chlorine content in the water, which can cause kidney problems or even increase the risk of cancer.

Apart from water in swimming pools, some water that smells like rotten eggs or sewage is also not allowed to meet daily needs. Because water that smells like this indicates excessive hydrogen sulfide gas content. If this hydrogen sulfide gas has turned into sulfate, then if it is exposed to a bacteria it can cause the potential for dehydration to appear diarrhea.

Meanwhile, water that has a fishy odor could be due to its high barium content. Barium itself is a chemical substance that naturally appears in water as a result of the drilling process or manufacturing waste.

For consumption needs, clean water that is suitable for drinking is water that has a normal aroma and does not have an unpleasant odor. Water that already has an unusual and unpleasant odor can be due to mixing with bacteria or Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S). Hydrogen Sulfide itself is basically a colorless gas, but it contains poison and is very risky to burn.

4. It doesn’t feel sticky after use

The fourth feature of a water that can meet the clean water indicator is that it doesn’t feel sticky after use. Apart from knowing the indicators of clean water based on color, taste and smell, in this section you can identify water based on its texture.

The texture of water that is unfit for use is usually different from the texture of clean water. This texture can be caused by the influence of the content of certain substances, such as aluminum, magnesium, manganese, to lead. These marks of unclean water will leave marks that can be seen directly on the faucet, sink or glass.

When using water that contains some of these substances, your hands can feel sticky after using it to wash your hands with soap. You can also feel the difference when you use this type of water to wash clothes using detergent. Hands will feel sticky and uncomfortable.

5. It has a neutral ph

The fifth feature of clean water is that it has a water pH that is not far from the neutral limit. This characteristic is one of the chemical requirements commonly used to measure water. In mineral water itself, the level or pH content in water can be used as a benchmark for the properties of water, starting from alkaline, acidic or normal.

Chemically, the acid and base scales have a range of numbers between 1 and 14. A water that can be said to be clean and suitable for use is when the water has a neutral pH, which reaches the number 7. Meanwhile, some argue that water that has a pH level of around 6.5 to 8.5 is still safe to use.

One tool that you can use to find out the pH of a water is a pH meter. You can provide this tool, because it can be very helpful when it is found that there is an abnormality in the water at home.

6. Contains No Bacteria

The sixth characteristic of clean water is the absence of bacteria or microorganisms that can harm human health. One of the bacteria that needs to be avoided is the Escherichia Coli bacteria or E. Coli for short. E. Coli itself can live in the intestines of living things, one of which is humans.

If you drink water that still contains E. Coli bacteria, it might cause mild diarrhea. This is due to disturbances in the human digestive system, especially the intestines. Apart from E. Coli bacteria, there are many types of bacteria that can enter the body unknowingly.

Therefore, to avoid the entry of bacteria that harm the body, you can treat water for consumption by boiling it first. This method is believed to be one of the best ways to remove bacteria in water.

If cooking isn’t enough, you can manually check the water in your house. You can bring water samples at home to check the content of the water.

7. Does Not Contain Dust, Sand, Soil, or Other Sediments

The seventh feature of water that can be said to be clean is when the water does not contain dust, sand, soil or other types of sediment. As stated above, one of the physical requirements for clean water is that it is not cloudy and not dirty. The discovery of dust, sand, or soil content may result in a blockage in the canal or water source.

Water that has a blockage in the canal or water source can be said to be water that is unfit for consumption or use in everyday life. Well, to overcome this, you can clean the drains at home. Apart from that, you can also install a special filter or commonly called a filter to separate water from dust, sand, soil, and various other types of sediment.

C. Benefits of Clean Water

After knowing the various characteristics of clean water, in this section we will learn about the benefits of clean water. Some of the benefits of clean water that need attention are as follows:

 

 

1. Can Meet Fluids In The Body

Basically the human body has a water content of up to about 50% to 80%. This makes humans really need water. When the water content in the human body becomes low or lacking, it can have several impacts on the activity of organs in humans, such as decreased concentration making them susceptible to disease. Therefore, when you are sick, the most effective medicine is to meet the needs of the body’s water content.

2. Helping Daily Activities

Furthermore, the benefits of clean water for humans are to assist daily activities or activities, such as washing, cooking, and sanitation. The need for clean water is very important considering that if the water used for daily activities is not clean, then there will be a very high risk of contracting a disease. In addition, unclean water does not provide maximum cleanliness.

3. Agricultural Irrigation

The next benefit of clean water for humans is for agricultural irrigation needs. Clean water can be said to be water that has good quality and quality. In the absence of metal or other sediment content, water will greatly support success in agriculture. Water that is dirty and full of harmful substances will certainly greatly interfere with soil fertility. Like humans, plants also cannot grow healthily if they are in infertile soil.

4. Maintaining the Environmental Ecosystem

The last benefit of clean water is protecting the environmental ecosystem. As stated above, that water is a source of life for all creatures on earth. By always supporting efforts to preserve nature and maintain environmental health, we can be sure that clean water will continue to meet the needs of humans, animals and plants.

D. Sources of Clean Water

After discussing various things about clean water, starting from the definition, characteristics, to its benefits, in this section we will learn about clean water sources. Sources of clean water are available in various places on earth. The following are some sources of clean water that you need to know, including:

 

 

1. Space Water

Space water itself is water that comes from the sublimation of clouds or water vapor. One example of space water is snow. Snow itself is basically water, so when the snow melts it can be a source of water. However, of course it needs to be processed first so that the water from the snow can become clean water.

2. Rainwater

Almost the same as space water, rainwater is also formed from natural natural processes. Rainwater can be used as drinking water. It’s just that rainwater doesn’t contain enough calcium like drinking water, so you need to add calcium to it first.

3. Surface Water

Surface water can be understood as any type of water that is on the surface of the earth. Some examples of surface water are river water, lake water and sea water. For those of you who want to use this water, you need to choose a clean water source. This is because there are several places that naturally or as a result of humans become contaminated and have a cloudy color.

4. Groundwater

Groundwater is water that comes from the ground. Groundwater itself is located in two layers of soil, namely deep groundwater and shallow groundwater. Deep groundwater is usually a layer of soil that is impermeable. Meanwhile, shallow groundwater is groundwater that is around the ground surface, so it is quite influenced by the rain cycle.

5. Spring

Meanwhile, groundwater that appears naturally is known as spring water. This water comes from water sources such as in the mountains. This water can be drunk directly, but to make it safer, it still has to be identified to ensure its safety.

Figure of Personification – Hello Sinaumed’s friends, have you ever studied figure of speech? Maybe you have heard the term figurative language. But, do you know, Sinaumed’s, without realizing it, in our daily lives we also use a lot of figures of speech to communicate with other people.

Figure of speech is often used in everyday life when communicating with people who are close to us. Even though we often use it on a daily basis, many of us are not aware of it. In addition, the Indonesian language does have a lot of figures of speech.

This figure of speech is included in the comparative figure of speech. Because anthropomorphic figures of speech or what we often call personification figures of speech often use figurative words to compare and enhance the impression of sentences. In spoken or written communication, personification and other rhetorical devices are often used to create an imaginative impression or produce a certain effect.

There are many figures of speech that can be used to write a literary work, one of which is personification. This figure of speech describes inanimate or non-human objects, being animate objects or having human characteristics.

Sinaumed’s, before we go any further, we must understand the meaning of the figure of speech itself. After that we also need to understand the meaning of personification figure of speech, its characteristics, and examples. Come on, see the explanation below!

Definition of Majas

Figure of speech or figurative language is a form of figurative language to make the atmosphere in a sentence livelier. We can easily understand that figures of speech can be expressions that can bring a sentence to life. Numbers deviate from the general meaning of the word.

One example of “right hand”. In a real sense, the right hand is a member of the human body. However, in the expression “he belongs to Mr. Buddy’s right hand”, the meaning of these limbs is lost. “Right hand” means confidant.

Figure of speech which is usually used in writing a literary work, is usually applied in poetry and prose. However, poetry usually uses more figures of speech than prose. Because, figure of speech is a figurative language that is able to animate a literary work and can give rise to certain connotations.

The use of figures of speech or figures of speech is intended to convey imaginary or figurative information, both written and verbal, to represent the thoughts and feelings of the author. The role of allegory in general is to make a literary work more beautiful in terms of words.

Definition of Figure of Speech According to Experts

1. Professor Ph. DHG Tarigan

According to the professor. PhDs. HG Tarigan, The concept of figure of speech is a way of expressing ideas through a unique style of language that evokes the soul and personality of a writer.

2. Goris Clough

According to Gorys Keraf, the concept of figure of speech is a style of language that is conveyed honestly, politely and attractively in literary works.

3. Aminuddin

According to Aminuddin, the concept of figure of speech is a style of language used by a writer to describe his ideas in relation to certain goals and effects to be achieved.

4. Luxembourg, etc.

According to Luxemburg et al., the concept of figure of speech is a figurative language that characterizes a text. That is, at a certain point, a text can be likened to an individual who is different from other individuals.

5. Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI)

According to KBBI, figure of speech is defined as a way of describing something by equating it with something else; or in figurative form.

Definition of Personification Majas

A personification figure of speech is a figurative language that creates a metaphor for inanimate objects with human characteristics. An example of personification that is often heard is “Wind, send my greetings to him”. Digging into a figure of speech from a sentence can be started by exploring what anthropomorphic figure of speech is, starting from its meaning, examples of anthropomorphic figures of speech, to the characteristics of the personification figure of speech itself.

To explore figure of speech in a sentence, you can start by exploring what personification is, starting from its meaning, examples of personification, to the characteristics of the personification style itself.

According to Harimurti Kridalaksana in his Language Dictionary, there are three functions of speech form or style of language. First, Personification Figure of speech is the use of the richness of language, both spoken and written.

Secondly, by using variety, visual speech creates an effect. Finally, the third alias, Figure of Personification, can reveal the linguistic characteristics of the author of a literary work. However, verbal figures cannot be used only in written form, they can also be applied orally.

Using personification figure of speech means using verbal and nonverbal communication simultaneously, because you have to be able to create an imaginative impression. In general, figure of speech is divided into several categories, namely:

1. Comparison Majas
2. Majas Satire
3. Affirmation Majas
4. Controversy Majas

In addition to the above understanding, personification is a figure of speech or figure of speech that makes inanimate objects appear alive and have human-like characteristics. For example, dancing, walking, breathing and going beyond. The following is the meaning of personification figure of speech according to some experts.

Definition of Personification Majas According to Experts

1. Tarigan (2013)

Language style that associates people and human nature with objects that have no real abstract ideas in reality. Personification Figures make inanimate objects appear as if they have human traits.

Personification figurative language will describe inanimate objects as if they have human nature. Objects are often used to give people inanimate objects such as emotions, actions and even human behavior.

2. Goys Keraf (2013)

Personification is figurative language that is always used to define inanimate objects or non-human beings as if they have human-like characteristics and characteristics.

3. Nurgiantoro (2017)

According to Nurgiantoro (2017), personification is a type of figure of speech that gives humanity to inanimate objects. Human characteristics that are transferred to non-human objects or creatures include traits, behaviors, personality, physical characteristics, feelings, thoughts, speech, nonverbals. , etc.

In personification, there are similarities between inanimate objects and people. However, this attribute also has a very contrasting comparison. Therefore, this figure can be considered as speech based on the nature of comparison and similarities.

4. Pitwanto

In his book Want to be a Best Seller Writer, according to Pitwanto, personification is a speech style used to humanize inanimate objects, or as if they were turned on.

Characteristics of Personification Figures

There is a tendency to use personification now because there are barriers or boundaries between people and things that are not. Personification Figure works by removing these boundaries so that people can respect or appreciate them better.

Human nature is imitative. So the first thing people will do is appreciate the other people around them. Humans are much easier to judge the beauty of nature for humans who are less sensitive to its beauty if we compare nature with humans.

The whisper of the wind, the waving of hands, the sharp gaze of the camera, give a stronger nuance to our perception as humans to feel and appreciate the existence of things outside of humans.

The result is a style of language that is able to open our eyes and immerse us in a different beauty that is hidden by our limitations as humans who tend to pay more attention to others.

The feeling of familiarity will also be felt more when using this personification figure of speech. Everyday objects from which we perceive only benefit appear more clearly than usual.

Radio seems to make us aware of things that smell nostalgic, once again admiring the sophistication of computers, appreciating the beauty of nature and arousing the desire to continue to protect it.

Besides that, the characteristics of figure of speech personification This type of speech is one of the most common types of figurative language found in literary works because it is relatively easy to apply, especially for those who are new to writing. To help you understand what personification is, here are its general characteristics:

people love plants and animals. Using a personification style will provide an explanation of a situation based on a real and more specific picture or illustration to literary readers. Personification style compares inanimate objects and non-human beings as if they can behave and think like humans.

More Value If Using Personification Figures

Actually, literary writers can use formal language style without any clues in their writing. However, the application of personification style is considered more beneficial to literary works than the use of ordinary figurative language.

1. Gives us a greater sense of ownership of inanimate objects or when we see living things other than humans around us. Inanimate or non-human objects will feel more real and not only provide benefits, but provide more functions.

2. Using personified language can open readers’ eyes and immerse them in the things being presented. In a literary work, its beauty will be seen if it uses personification. The beauty that people may never realize will be increasingly real existence

3. For those who may be less sensitive to their surroundings, using personified language makes it easier for them to appreciate the objects around them because these objects are equated with people.

For example, words like whispering wind, red rose will present a stronger timbre for us as humans to appreciate and understand things other than humans.

Characteristics of Personification

The characteristics of personification figure of speech are representing human nature as inanimate objects. In addition, it should be noted that sometimes personification figure of speech is very similar to a fable, both of which are figures of personification figure of speech.

The first feature of personification is the expression of human nature in inanimate objects. This more or less overlaps with anthropometry as it deals with human psychology. Linguistically, anthropomorphism is the imposition of human characteristics on animals, plants or inanimate objects. That is, inanimate objects or non-human beings are endowed with human characteristics. However, the figure that personifies the story is different from the fable.

Most anthropomorphic drawings can refer to inanimate objects such as rain, wind or even perfume. Fables only show human traits or traits that are only found in animals.

The purpose of adding human traits here is to give traits such as speaking, thinking, and behaving like humans. Let’s take the example of a personification proverb that says “Or nature is starting to be reluctant to be friends with us, ask the swaying grass.” Lyrics of the song Ebiet G ade.

The example of the personification figure of speech above is a snippet from the lyrics of the song Berita Untuk Kawan, sung by Ebiet G. Ade. In this personification figure of speech, grass is depicted as a human figure, which can be asked.

The next personification figure of speech is involving the five senses. The five senses are the five sensory organs that are or are found in humans. The five senses are sight, inspiration or smell, taste, feeling or touch, and hearing. The involvement of the five senses can create an element of closeness or intimacy, even though the personification of speech is completely imaginary.

Concerning the second feature, the next personification figure of speech is the interpretation of situations or conditions with shadows or imagination. In the speech imagery that personifies the work, the reader will be invited into the shadow or imagination of the author. The personification figure of speech in the song also has the same goal, which is to explain or describe a situation with the image of a lyrical character.

Consider an example of the personification of the song from the following lyrics, “The wind tells him that I love him. The wind told him I needed him.” An example of the personification of this character is in the lyrics of the Dewa 19 song entitled “Angin”. In this sentence, the listener is invited to imagine that the wind can carry messages.

The Function of Personification Majas

1. The use of personification in a literary work serves to beautify the arrangement of sentences in the literary work

2. Gives a certain meaning and atmosphere based on the arrangement of beautiful words according to what the literary writer wants for the readers and connoisseurs of his work.

3. Creating or making an imaginative impression on the reader

4. To make it easier for readers to understand the atmosphere and also the emotions that the characters in the story might be feeling, it is usually used in short stories and novels.

5. The use of this personification figure of speech can strengthen the sense of connectedness or connection of readers as humans with inanimate objects or living things outside of humans.

Examples of Personification Majas

As previously explained, the use of personified language tends to be very easy and straightforward, so literally anyone can do it. It is enough to give “distinctive” characteristics to non-human objects or creatures. Here’s an example:

 

 

Examples of Personification Majas Sentences with Objects

1. “The sun is shyly rising on the eastern horizon.”

The meaning of the personification figure of speech: The sun is shy which means it is about to rise, which means that someone is shy about showing their talent. he just harbored his talent.

2. “The old car crawled slowly over a sharp incline.”

The meaning of an example of a personification figure of speech: An old car that runs very slowly when it is moving on the road

3. The new Honda beat pink is so pretty.

The meaning of the personification of this saying is as follows: The newly produced Honda Beat motorcycle has a feminine design and color.

4. Since you left, every night I sit alone on this terrace and only the moon smiles at me.

The meaning of personification images, for example: the moon smiles as if accompanied by someone even though it’s just a lonely image.

5. “The wedding dress you finished wearing yesterday afternoon was very elegant and beautiful.”

The meaning of personification images, for example, graceful and beautiful is a person’s physical characteristics, but pinned on a dress to describe her beauty.

6. “A flash flood in mid-2017 hit the village where I was born.”

The meaning of personification figure of speech, for example: banjir bandang here describes the result of an event when people clean up, that is, clean up what they encounter. The meaning of this sentence is that there was a flood that destroyed almost the entire village)

7. “The food that was brought to the table was delicious.”

The meaning of the picture symbolizes the speech: the word “try” is a human action. The word is attached to food with the intention that the food when enjoyed will look very beautiful.

8. The scream of thunder that afternoon was deafening.

The meaning of the personification image of the speech example: the word “scream” must be a human action. However, in this sentence it is used to describe thunder. The meaning of the word picture is very loud thunder.

9. This motorcycle from the 2000s has been with me for ten years.

The meaning of figure of speech personification example of speech: accompaniment words can only be made by humans. The meaning of this outboard motor is that it has been used for ten years.

10. Santi was amazed to see beautiful clouds racing in the blue sky.

The meaning of the personification of the image is: clouds leaving here means movement. The word walking in the clouds means to decorate a sentence.

Examples of Personification Figures with Living Objects

Examples of personification figure of speech and their meaning can not only be used on objects, but also on animals and humans. The following is an example of a personification figure of speech for animals or plants that can be used as a reference.

1. “The swaying palm trees enhance the seaside view.”

The meaning of personification figure of speech, for example: the swaying of palm trees means the movement of palm leaves due to the wind.

2. “A teak tree stands proudly beside my road.”

The meaning of personification figure of speech, for example: acacia trees that are large and straight up.

3. “I hate every middle of the night having to hear the bamboo trees behind the house making noise.”

Examples of personification figure of speech and their meaning: noise is one of human actions. Basically, bamboo cannot speak, so the meaning contained in this sentence is a bamboo tree being blown by the wind, causing a sound of friction.

4. “If you have never been there, surely you do not know that behind the neatly arranged banana trees there is a mass grave.”

The meaning of the image is personification, for example: a banana tree in a straight line means that it is planted at the right distance, so that it looks like a human army marching.

5. “The wild mosquitoes in this place will sing every night.”

The meaning of the personified image: singing is the activity of transmitting sound with the laws of beautiful tones. Only humans can sing, not mosquitoes. This expression means the sound of many mosquitoes as if they were singing.

6. I like to live under a banyan tree like an umbrella now.

Examples of personifications and their meanings: A banyan tree cannot really give an umbrella. The meaning of this sentence is that the dense leaves of a banyan tree seem to be an umbrella for whoever is under it.

If Sinaumed’s doesn’t understand the meaning of personification and examples of personification , Sinaumed’s can dig deeper by reading the books available at sinaumedia.com

Getting to Know the Benefits of Collagen for the Human Body – For those of you who like beauty products, of course you are no stranger to the term collagen, right? Today, more and more beauty supplement products mention the presence of collagen in these products. Collagen is usually found in beauty products, such as mask products, moisturizers, and so on.

In addition, collagen has also begun to penetrate into soap products such as shampoos and conditioners. Lots right? Even so, do you already know what collagen is? What are the benefits so that collagen is added to various types of beauty products?

For this reason, we will invite you to understand everything about collagen so that you can add to your insight about collagen. This article will contain the meaning of collagen, the benefits of collagen, the benefits of collagen itself, examples of foods that contain collagen, and much more. Therefore, all of you, stay tuned!

A. Definition of Collagen

Before knowing more about the benefits of collagen, we will explain the definition of collagen itself.
Collagen is a type of protein formed from amino acids. Collagen has a hard nature and is difficult to dissolve in water. Collagen is a third of the protein in the human body. not only that, it turns out that collagen is spread throughout the human body and is a protein that forms or forms several parts of the body.

 

 

 

Some of the main substances of collagen present in parts of the human body, such as the main substance used to build bones, the main substance that builds tendons, and the main substance that builds ligaments. Apart from that, collagen is also found in other parts of the human body such as the corneas of the eyes, teeth, and blood vessels in the body.

Collagen can be considered as an adhesive that has a role and function as a link between two objects. The word collagen itself comes from the Greek “kólla” with the meaning of glue and the word “collagen” in English.

Naturally the body can produce its own collagen, but that doesn’t mean you don’t even need to consume synthetic collagen. The fact is that you are highly recommended to consume synthetic collagen, you can consume synthetic collagen either in the form of injections or supplements according to your wishes.

B. The process of forming collagen in the body

Inside your body, especially the skin, there is a layer of skin. In this skin layer, there are special cells that can produce pro-collagen with a mini molecular shape. This mini or pro-collagen molecule is formed from protein and vitamin C which your body successfully absorbs its nutrients.

As long as the body carries out the collagen production process, each of the pro-collagen will automatically stick together from one pro-collagen to another. Pro-collagen that manages to unite will form thin fibers known as fibrils.

In general, a fibril is a thin fiber consisting of an arrangement of vitamins and minerals that come together and form like fiber threads. The fibrils will grow and develop and will turn into fibers that can attach to your skin cells.

Fibril itself has a function like an anchor in the skin. After that, the fibers will collect and then form and attach perfectly, so the fibrils will serve as guardians of the structure of the skin and make your skin more flexible.

Please note that your body can produce and produce collagen automatically and regularly. However, this ability will not be the same forever, as you get older the ability to produce collagen in your body will decrease in performance.

Apart from being due to age, the ability to produce collagen can also be reduced due to lifestyle, such as smoking. Exposure to light or sunlight directly and continuously accompanied by pollution can also reduce the ability to produce collagen and slow down collagen production.

It is very easy to recognize people who have a lack of collagen, one of the most visible and common examples is from a person’s lacking appearance that looks relaxed or not tight. Besides that, it can also be seen from the fine lines on the skin or what is commonly called wrinkles.

The depletion of the amount of collagen in a person’s body can also cause various types of health problems. That is the reason why the stability of the amount of collagen in a person’s body really needs to be considered considering the many benefits that collagen produces.

There is one way that is considered easy to increase collagen levels in your body. This method is considered easy and very pocket-friendly, you only need to do regular exercise, this will increase the smooth flow of blood in your body. Smooth blood flow can help speed up the production of collagen in your body, of course balanced by eating foods that are nutritious and rich in amino acids.

It is undeniable that the body really needs collagen, besides due to the various benefits of collagen. If a person experiences a decrease in the amount of collagen, it will immediately have a serious impact on that person. therefore, we strongly recommend that you start a healthy lifestyle, a healthy lifestyle is also done for yourself.

C. Types and Role of Collagen

There are 16 types of collagen called the main collagen. All types of collagen are divided into four types, namely type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4. As we explained earlier that collagen is a very important protein for the body.

In the following, we will explain some of the roles of the four main types of collagen along with the roles per type.

1. Type 1

Type 1 is a type or type of collagen that plays an important role in forming at least 90% of natural collagen, this type of collagen or type 1 is made of fibers that have a dense texture. Collagen type 1 has a role to provide collagen to the structure of bones, tendons, cartilage, skin, connective tissue in the body and teeth.

2. Type 2

Type 2 is collagen that is formed or made of fibers that have a looser intensity. Type 2 is always found in the elastic part of the cartilage, which functions as a cushion for the joints.

3. Type 3

Type 3 is collagen whose role is to support the fixed structure of muscles, various organs in the body, and parts of blood vessels.

4.Type 4

Type 4 is the collagen that is normally found in the layers of the skin and which usually helps the kidneys in the process of filtering toxins.

D. Benefits of Collagen for the Human Body

As you know before, that there are many uses and benefits of collagen which are very useful for the human body. Collagen plays an important role in the process of perfecting the structure of human skin, strengthens and hardens human bone muscles, and helps speed up the blood clotting process when an injury occurs in the human body. well now is the time for us to present the various benefits and other functions of collagen which are very useful for the human body.

 

1. Helps Maintain Skin Health

The first benefit of collagen that you will get if you can maintain the health of collagen in your body is that the health of your skin will last and be maintained. As we said earlier that collagen can be produced automatically and regularly by the body, this collagen can make your skin healthier and always maintain its flexibility. In addition, collagen can also smooth out all the lines or wrinkles found on your skin. .

Balanced collagen levels in the body can also help moisturize the skin, tighten the skin, and can help improve blood circulation to the skin in your body. If you already feel that the levels of collagen in your body are not optimal, you can get collagen from soaps that contain collagen, collagen supplements, or foods that contain collagen.

2. Helping the Healing Process of Injuries and Wounds

The second benefit that you can get from balanced collagen levels in other bodies is that collagen can help speed up the process of recovery and healing from wounds and injuries that you experience. When you experience an injury or have a wound, the body will automatically respond by carrying out recovery or recovery as an effort to heal the injured or injured body. If you want a fast recovery or healing process, you can use and take advantage of the function of collagen.

3. Helps Slow Aging and Promotes Skin Rejuvenation

Collagen types 1 and 3 have benefits that are closely related to slowing the aging process and are considered to be able to help improve the skin’s rejuvenation process. Collagen can help accelerate skin regeneration and replace dead skin cells with new skin cells. That is the reason why many people and experts say that collagen is very good for facial skin.

4. Helps Reduce Cellulite on the Skin

Do you know what cellulite is? Cellulite is a condition in which the skin experiences swelling and forms small dimples that have an orange peel-like texture that usually appear on the skin of the abdomen, thighs, waist, hips and buttocks. This annoying condition often and frequently occurs among women. Compared to women, men very, very rarely experience skin conditions like this.

A big cause of skin cellulite is caused by a person’s weight gain or loss. Skin cellulite can be removed by consuming sufficient levels of collagen for the body, sufficient collagen content to even meet the needs can help reduce the presence of cellulite in the body.

5. Helps Lose Weight and Burn Fat

Collagen contains concentrated glycine accompanied by amino acids which have uses as fuel to help strengthen muscles in the body. This fuel can also help eliminate and reduce body fat which is the main cause of obesity.

If fat has been successfully burned by collagen, then it will not be an obstacle to lowering the scales of your body. Weight will automatically go down on its own if you can meet the needs of collagen in sufficient and appropriate portions.

5. Increases and Builds Muscle Density

To be able to shape and build muscle density, you can take advantage of type 3 collagen. This type of collagen has benefits and functions in supporting muscle structure, helping to strengthen the structure of the body’s organs, and the last is the part of the blood vessels.

Besides being able to help solve skin problems, collagen can also increase muscle mass to help someone who may experience muscle wasting caused by disease. Collagen can also help strengthen and increase the strength of blood vessels, help improve circulation, and reduce the risk of heart attack.

6. Helps Relieve Joint Pain

Collagen has many benefits, one of the other benefits of collagen is that it can help improve the health quality of human bones, muscles and joints. Someone who diligently consumes foods that contain lots of collagen and supplements that contain high collagen will be able to easily overcome various problems related to arthritis and so on.

For this, the role of type 2 collagen can be utilized. Why is that? Because collagen with type 2 has benefits and uses that are very useful for dealing with inflammation in both bones, muscles and joints

7. Maintaining Self Health, Connective Tissue, and Tendons

Do you know the part of the body called the tendon? Tendons are one part of the body that has a function or function to connect between bones and muscles. If the tendon is healthy then movement will be free without any obstacles. In this case, type 1 collagen is used with the person providing structure to the tendons and type 2 collagen which provides loose intensity fibers that will serve as cushions for the joints.

Having a good combination of the roles of type 1 collagen and type 2 collagen will be very good and perfect for maximizing movement and minimizing injury or inflammation caused by unexpected things. A good combination will also produce strong connective tissue and will speed up the healing process if an injury occurs.

8. Maintain Bone Health

Collagen can really help problems that occur in the bones. Bone density will decrease with age. Because that’s what makes collagen play an important role in helping to maintain bone health and density so that bones always have density and can function properly.

Collagen can also easily help prevent bone loss. You must know the fact that when the bones experience loss due to age. For women themselves, if they have experienced menopause, women will be more susceptible to the risk of osteoporosis. But there is no need to worry because collagen can help overcome these problems.
People can increase the mineral density in their bones by increasing their collagen levels.

9. Streamlining the Health of the Digestive System

Collagen which is in the connective tissue in the intestinal organs can help support and provide a layer of strength that is useful for protecting the digestive tract. Gut health will be maintained if the need for collagen in the intestine is guaranteed because collagen in the intestine has other functions that can help absorb water in the intestinal organs.

10. Strengthens Hair Roots

Did you know that collagen can also help and provide benefits for health and strength for hair roots. Not only for skin health, collagen is actually able to provide benefits for the hair on the human body. With its various ingredients, collagen is able to prevent the possibility of hair loss and baldness.

The amino acid content in collagen is what has the greatest influence on maintaining the strength of your hair roots. Amino acids are also very good for helping hair growth and preventing the possibility of hair thinning.

E. Examples of Foods Containing Collagen

Indeed, the human body produces its own natural collagen, but isn’t it wrong if we take the initiative to add collagen content to our bodies? You can increase the content or levels of collagen in your body by consuming various foods that contain collagen.

So, here are some foods that are known to contain high levels of collagen so they are perfect for you, including:

1. Chicken cartilage

2. Bone broth

3. Egg white

4. Citrus fruit

5. Nuts

6. Green vegetables

So that’s some information about collagen and its various benefits for the human body. As you have read, it turns out that there are many benefits and functions produced by collagen. Don’t forget to always meet your collagen needs!

Baduy tribe – Indonesia is a special country. Unlike most countries which
only consist of one race or tribe, Indonesia consists of various tribes and races that inhabit Sabang to
Merauke.

The majority of tribes in Indonesia are living modern lives in urban areas. However, not a few
also prefer to maintain the culture of their ancestors and live simply without touching technological
sophistication. Some tribes in Indonesia even choose to live in the wilderness or a place far
from the hustle and bustle of the city, and the Baduy tribe is one of them.

The Baduy tribe does not live in the forest like other tribes in Indonesia. Instead of
forests, they live in villages far from the hustle and bustle of the city. The difference is,
you don’t have to visit where they live just to meet people from Baduy.

The reason is, unlike most other tribes who refuse to leave the area where they live and refuse migrants,
the Baduy people often leave the area where they live and walk in urban areas. It’s not
uncommon for those of us who live in the Greater Jakarta area to see them on the streets dressed in black,
walking barefoot, carrying simple cloth bags and selling honey or visiting relatives.

Even so, not everyone in Indonesia knows the Baduy Tribe. Many people who live outside the
Greater Jakarta area or Java Island may be unfamiliar with this tribe. If you are one of them,
let’s get acquainted with this Indonesian tribe.

The Origins of the Baduy Tribe

Those of you who live outside the Jabodetabek area may be curious about the Baduy Tribe.
Considering that you don’t live in the Banten area or around Jabodetabek, you don’t have the
opportunity to meet them. The Baduy tribe is a Sundanese ethnic group that inhabits the Kendeng
Mountains area, Kanekes Village, Leuwidamar District, Lebak Regency, Banten.

Just like most other tribes in Indonesia, the Baduy live side by side with the natural surroundings.
Even though they don’t live in the forest, the Baduy people really appreciate the forest that has
given life to them.

The origin of the name ‘Baduy’ itself is still confusing today, considering that there are many versions
circulating about the naming of the Baduy people. It is said that the name ‘Baduy’ was given by
the Dutch who once colonized Indonesia.

This story begins when the Dutch met the Baduy people in the Land of Sunda. Because the Baduy
people at that time lived sedentary lives, the Dutch equated them with the Bedouins in the Arabian Peninsula
who also liked to move from one place to another.

Another story says, the name of the Baduy tribe comes from the name of a river north of Kanekes Village.
This river is named Cibaduy River, and because these people live around the river, outsiders start
calling them the Baduy Tribe.

Interestingly, these people never refer to themselves as the Baduy Tribe, but Urang Kanekes alias Orang
Kanekes. The Baduy people believe that they are descendants of Batara Cikal, one of the gods
sent to Earth to maintain harmony in the world.

Another story says that the Baduy people are citizens of the Padjadjaran Kingdom who chose to exile
themselves to the Kendeng Mountains. It all started when the son of Sunan Gunung Jati named
Maulana Hasanuddin founded the Sultanate of Banten in the 16th century. In 1570, the second king of the
Sultanate of Banten named Maulana Yusuf succeeded in defeating the Padjajaran Kingdom based in Bogor, West
Java.

Unfortunately, when the majority of the people of Padjadjaran decided to convert to Islam, some others chose to
maintain the religion of their ancestors and fled to the Kendeng Mountains and live there to this day.

The Baduy Tribe

Unlike most Indonesian tribes, which consist of one group living in the same area, the people of the Baduy
tribe are different. Even though they are both Baduy people and live in the Kendeng Mountains
area, the Baduy people are divided into two groups, namely the Inner Baduy and the Outer Baduy.

Differences between the Inner Baduy and Outer
Baduy Tribes

1. Clothing color

For outsiders who are not familiar with them, there might not be a big difference between the two.
In fact, these two groups have some differences. The first, most striking difference
can be seen from the color of their clothes.

Outer Baduy people usually wear black or dark blue clothes. Meanwhile, the Baduy Dalam choose
white clothes.

2. The meaning of the color of the shirt

The difference in the color of these clothes actually also has its own meaning. The clothes of
the Outer Baduy are often worn in black or blue which means simplicity.

The white clothing of the Baduy Dalam people symbolizes purity as well as a sign that they still adhere to
the customs of their ancestors and reject the presence of technology in everyday life. The
Baduy Dalam people are very closed and depend on nature for their lives.

3. Openness To Foreign Cultures

Compared to the Inner Baduy people, the Outer Baduy people are more open to outside cultures.
They began to wash with soap, use electronics, and even gladly welcome foreign tourists who come to
visit, and allow these tourists to stay at their homes.

4. Location

The Outer Baduy people live in fifty villages scattered in various areas at the foot of Mount Kendeng.
Meanwhile, the Baduy Dalam live in three villages and are led by a traditional leader known as
Pu’un. These villages are Cikeusik, Cikertawana, and Cibeo villages which are separated from
the Outer Baduy villages.

Religion Adopted by the Baduy Tribe Society

Regarding beliefs, you might think that the Baduy people are Muslim. But in reality, they do
not adhere to any religion that is recognized by the government.

Just like most other tribes, the Baduy or Kanekes adhere to a religion of ancestral beliefs.
They worship the forces of nature and also their ancient ancestors, known as the Sunda Wiwitan
teachings.

In the teachings of Sunda Wiwitan, there are three realms, two of which are inhabited by humans.
The first realm is called Buana Nyungcung, namely the realm where Sang Hyang Kersa resides.
The second realm is Buana Panca Tengah, a realm inhabited by living humans. Finally,
Buana Larang, aka hell, is a place where bad people are tortured after they die.

Just like other religions, the Baduy people also have books, places of worship and also chanted prayers.
To worship, people from the Baduy tribe will go to Pamunjungan which is in a hilly area.
There, they will sing songs or songs complete with some dance moves.

The prayers of the Sundanese Wiwitan religion can be found in the book which is their guide in life.
This book is known as the Book of Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian. The Book of
Sanghyang Siksa Kandang contains religious teachings adhered to by their ancestors during the Sunda Kingdom
hundreds of years ago.

A Closer Look at the Life of the Baduy Tribe

The majority of Baduy people work as farmers. However, in contrast to most farmers who plow
their fields using buffaloes and even tractors, the Baduy people, especially the Baduy Dalam, prohibit
four-legged animals from entering their territory.

Apart from rice, the Baduy tribe also grows coffee and tubers. Some of the harvest is usually
used to meet daily needs, some are sold to other people. Apart from farming, the Baduy people
also enter the forest to look for honey.

Women usually weave cloth to make clothes, headbands, belts, and also typical Baduy bags known as Koja.
Besides being used for long trips, Koja is also sold to tourists who come to visit.

In contrast to the majority of people who live in urban areas, who don’t care and even dare to destroy
nature, the Baduy people actually really appreciate and protect the nature around them where they live.
Their respect for nature is clearly reflected in how they live their lives, even when they build
houses.

The Baduy people do not carelessly build houses. They took everything into account, including
the direction of the sun’s rays. Therefore, the houses of the Baduy tribe always face north or
south. In addition to the direction of the house, they also use natural materials, namely
bamboo and wood that they get from the forest.

For the foundation, they used river stones, woven bamboo as floors and walls, and dry coconut tree leaves
as roofs. A typical Baduy house usually consists of three rooms.

The first room is used as a living room or a weaving place for women. The living room is used
as a bedroom. Finally, the back room serves as a kitchen for cooking and storing crops from the
fields.

Abstinence of the Baduy Tribe

In contrast to most people who live in cities, and choose to live freely without being bound by too many rules,
the Baduy people still adhere to the rules passed down by their ancestors.

It doesn’t matter if the rules are very old, they are still carried out to this day. Indeed,
not all Baduy people are this strict in terms of rules. The Outer Baduy people tend to be more
open, but the story is different from the Inner Baduy people.

As previously explained, the Baduy Dalam adhere to the customs inherited from their ancestors.
They also have a set of prohibitions that they are not allowed to do in life. Here are
some taboos of the Baduy Tribe.

1. Not using modern transportation

As modern humans, we are used to using various modes of transportation to go anywhere.
Starting from public transportation such as buses, trains and public transportation and even buying
motorbikes and cars for our personal vehicles.

It is different with the Inner Baduy or Outer Baduy people who are anti-vehicles. In their
village, no Baduy people have vehicles and no vehicles are allowed to enter. Instead, they
relied on their two legs to get everywhere.

This also applies when the Baduy people travel outside their territory. If you ever meet Baduy
people, they are always seen walking somewhere.

2. Do not use footwear

Besides being prohibited from using vehicles, Baduy people are also prohibited from using footwear, be it
sandals or shoes. Again, this rule still applies even if they go out of the area where they
live.

Imagine, walking everywhere is tiring, especially without shoes. If you do what the Baduy
people do, your feet will get blisters because it will be difficult to withstand the heat from the
streets.

3. The door of the house must face north or
south

As previously discussed, the Baduy people are very careful in carrying out various activities, especially if
those activities are related to nature.

Apart from using all materials from nature, the Baduy people also always build their houses facing north or
south. This is done so that their homes can be fully exposed to sunlight.

4. It is forbidden to use electronic goods

As modern humans, we obviously cannot live without electronics. It’s not just electronics like
televisions, or fans, we can’t even stay away from our smartphones .

A day without a smartphone will feel like a century. Feeling how important
a smartphone is , some people are even willing to turn around if they leave their
smartphone at home.

The Baduy people are just the opposite. Since childhood, they have never been acquainted with
electronic goods. Instead of having fans or televisions at home, the majority of Baduy people
also don’t use smartphones .

Nowadays, some outside Baduy people are already acquainted with electronic goods. But still,
the electronic goods used are also very limited.

5. You may only wear all black or white
clothes

One of the characteristics of the Baduy tribe is that they always wear black clothes. This
clothing makes them easier to spot on the streets.

Most people usually wear clothes in a certain color because they like that color. However, for
the Baduy people, the color of their clothes is part of their identity.

The all-black clothes show that they are from the Outer Baduy. Meanwhile, the Baduy Dalam
always wear white clothes. Compared to the Outer Baduy people who often travel, the Inner Baduy
people never use technology in their lives, and never leave their village.

6. It is forbidden to wear modern clothes

Clothing trends are one of the fastest changing trends. Every month, there are new clothing
trends that are interesting to try. People who live in cities are usually easily influenced by
the various types of clothes that are currently trendy.

However, no matter how cool clothing trends are currently popular, the Baduy people will never be
interested in wearing them. This is because since childhood, they are accustomed to wearing
black or white clothes that are sewn manually. So do all the people who live in their
village.

For those of us who are used to living in cities, wearing all black or all white clothes every day might
seem boring. However, for the Baduy people, wearing clothes that are currently in trend is what
they, especially the Baduy Dalam residents, will see as strange.

Conclusion

The life of the Baduy people is indeed much simpler than those of us who live in urban areas and are very
close to all the advanced technology that is around us. But on the one hand, they are also
worthy of being an example for those of us who live in cities. One of their good examples is
how much they care about nature and really like simplicity.

They realize that no matter how advanced life is, humans will always depend on nature. The
destruction of nature, will make humans threatened. We who live in cities, are we aware of
that? Instead of protecting it, most people deliberately destroy nature for their own sake.
Even if nature is damaged, humans will also lose.

For Sinaumed’s who want to learn about the Baduy Tribe and other tribes in Indonesia, you can really visit
sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, we always try to provide the best
and newest information for you and #MoreWithReading with sinaumedia.

The Backflow Theory – The Backflow Theory as one of the theories that explains the process of
the entry of Hindu-Buddhism into Indonesia due to the back and forth flow of Indian and Indonesian people to
Indonesia.

Understanding Backflow Theory

Backflow Theory as one of the theories put forward to explain the process of the entry of Hindu-Buddhist
religions into Indonesia. This Backflow Theory was put forward by FDK Bosch as a form of
opposition to the Colonialization Theory which was then deemed inappropriate.

According to Bosch, the Indonesian people play an active role in spreading this religion.
According to the Backflow Theory itself, the spread of Hindu-Buddhist religion to Indonesia was
caused by an interest of the Indonesian people in a teaching brought by intellectuals from India who were
passionate about teaching Hindu-Buddhism by previously boarding merchant ships.

The Backflow Theory is also supported by historical evidence from the Nalanda Inscription. In
this inscription it is mentioned that Balaputradewa is the King of Sriwijaya and then made a request to the
king in India to build a monastery in Nalanda which was used by Sriwijaya figures in gaining
knowledge.

This request was then granted so that students and figures in Sriwijaya could study religion in India and then
return to Indonesia and spread Hindu-Buddhist religions.

This Backflow Theory then has its advantages and disadvantages. These advantages include the
Nalanda Inscription which supports this theory and explains the desire of Sriwijaya figures to study in
India.

However, this Backflow Theory also has weaknesses, one of which is the possibility that Indonesian people will
find it difficult to study religion in India because at that time Indonesian people were considered to be very
passive.

Backflow Theory and
Other Theories about the Entry of Hindu-Buddhism to Indonesia

The theory of Hindu-Buddhist entry into Indonesia with five theories that developed in the archipelago.
The development of this religion itself can be seen from its historical heritage, namely Borobudur
and Prambanan, as well as the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in Indonesia.

There are two opinions that explain how Hindu-Buddhist religion entered Indonesia. First,
Hindu-Buddhism entered Indonesia starting from the Brahmin theory, the Kshatriya theory, and the Vaishya
theory. In this theory, the Indians then spread Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture to the
people of the archipelago.

In the next theory, namely the theory of reverse flow, the people of the Archipelago then went to India and
studied Hindu-Buddhist teachings which were spread to Indonesia. To find out more about the
theory of the arrival of Hindu-Buddhism in Indonesia, see the full explanation below.

Brahmin theory

The “Brahmin” theory states that the entry of Hindu-Buddhism into Indonesia was pioneered by Brahmins who
came from India. Brahmins themselves are religious leaders in the caste system with the highest
position compared to other groups.

In the teachings of Hinduism, the group that is then allowed to spread Hinduism is the Brahmins.
Because this opinion about the background of Hindu-Buddhist entry into Indonesia was then supported
by these customs.

Concrete evidence or concrete evidence used as the basis for the Brahman theory includes inscriptions from the
relics of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that have been found in Indonesia.

Most of these inscriptions have writing consisting of Pallawa letters and Sanskrit, in India itself these
languages ​​and letters are only controlled by Brahmins. Then the Brahmins also spread this
religion by coming to the archipelago at the invitation of tribal chiefs and kings.

The reason for inviting the Brahmins by tribal chiefs and kings in the archipelago was due to their
interest in the religion adhered to by Indian traders who then arrived in the archipelago.
Previously, the religion adopted by the community and the kingdom was dynamism and animism.

Then who are the supporters of the Brahmin theory? The originator of this theory himself was
named JC Van Leur as a writer from Europe during the Dutch East Indies era or during the Colonial
era.

While living in Indonesia, he wrote Indonesian history using a sociological approach. His
thoughts were heavily influenced by Max Weber and German sociologists.

The strengths and weaknesses of the Brahmana Theory include the Brahmins as the group who know and understand the
teachings of Hinduism so that they are the ones who have the right and are able to spread them.

The weakness of the Brahmin Theory, namely according to the rules or teachings of Ancient Hinduism in India, is
that it emphasizes that a Brahmin is prohibited from crossing the ocean, if violated then he will lose his caste
status.

Knight Theory

Another theory of Hindu-Buddhist entry into Indonesia is the Vaisya theory. According to the
contents of the Kshatriya theory, the spread of Hindu-Buddhism in Indonesia was then carried out by a knight
or group of soldiers who at that time were holding power and government of India.

Kshatriya is the second caste in the teachings of Hinduism, its position is below the Brahmins.
According to historical records, in the second century AD there was an upheaval in the kingdoms in
India which eventually led to their collapse, which was also caused by a power struggle.

The defeated rulers, especially from the knight class, then fled to other areas, one of which was the
Archipelago. When they arrived in the archipelago, they then established kingdoms with a
Hindu-Buddhist style.

Starting from here, they spread the teachings of this religion to the people of the country, who at that
time still adhered to animism and dynamism. Besides religion, culture also developed and mixed
with the culture that existed at that time.

The figure supporting the Knight Theory is named Cornelis Christian Berg or abbreviated as CC Berg.
A writer of Dutch descent born in Bandung on February 7, 1934), Mookerji and Prof. Dr.
Ir. JL Moens.

They later became figures who argued that it was the warrior class that brought the Hindu-Buddhist religion
to the archipelago. The strengths and weaknesses of this theory include the spirit of adventure
to conquer other areas.

While the drawback of this theory is that there is no written evidence regarding the arrival of the knights from
India

Sudra theory

The fifth theory is the Sudra theory, the opinion of Van Faber. He stated that the spread of Hindu and Buddhist
religion and culture in the archipelago was carried out by the Sudras or slaves (the lowest strata in Hinduism).

Initially, these Sudras migrated to the archipelago, they then settled and spread religion to people who still
adhere to animism and dynamism.

The advantage of the Sudra Theory is that everyone who belongs to the Sudra caste definitely wants to improve
their life so that it is better, one way is by leaving or moving to other regions and areas.

Well, they then went to the archipelago. After arriving, they settled and began to spread
Hindu-Buddhist religion and culture. The weakness of this theory is that the Sudras do not
master Pallawa letters and Sanskrit and they generally do not have knowledge because they have not received
an education. The possibility of them spreading religion and culture is very small.

Vaisya theory

The Vaisya theory is a theory which states that the process of entry and development of Hindu-Buddhist religion
and culture is under the Vaisya group or traders.

As we previously knew, during the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms there were many traders from India who then came to the
archipelago, so that later there was an interaction of trading activities that developed into a closer
relationship, namely introducing what religion they professed.

This ancient trade itself was not as easy as it is now. The traders who came from India could not just come
and go, but had to wait for the right direction of the wind. Because the ships they use still
rely on the direction of the wind in their journey.

So we can analyze that their arrival will not last for a short time, but will take months.

Supporting figures for the Vaisya Theory named Prof. Dr. NJ Krom (Nicholas
Johannes Krom), born in the Netherlands on March 8, 1945. He is a prominent writer and researcher of early
history and Indonesian traditional culture.

The advantages of the Vaisya Theory are based on historical facts, many trade groups (Waisya) interact with
indigenous people to then carry out buying and selling transactions, they also take advantage of this situation
to spread Hinduism and Buddhism in Indonesia.

The weakness or weakness of the Vaisya theory is that the traders who came later mastered the Pallawa letters and
Sanskrit, because this ability alone was only owned by the Brahmins.

Backflow Theory

This reverse flow theory was put forward by FDK Bosch who later said that the spread of Hindu-Buddhist influence
in Indonesia occurred due to an active role of the Indonesian people themselves.

The introduction of this Hindu-Buddhist influence was also an initiative by Indians or priests, but it was the
Indonesians who were sent by the king to the archipelago who spread it to study the religion and culture of
Indian priests in their home country.

After this envoy has mastered religious teachings, they will then return to Indonesia and convey it to the
King. Furthermore, the king will ask the envoys to then disseminate and teach the knowledge
obtained to the residents or people of the kingdom.

This of course had an effect on the growing development of religious teachings in both Hindu and Buddhist
religions and the formation of kingdoms with both Hindu and Buddhist styles in the archipelago.

This reverse flow theory was also put forward by FDK Bosch who later stated that Indonesian people who
adhere to Hinduism are based on the initiative of their own people. There are also many
Indonesian people who deliberately come to India to study this religion.

In addition, they also make pilgrimages and travel by establishing an organization called the Sangha.
When he returned to Indonesia, these teachings were then disseminated to Indonesia.

According to Prof. Dr. Sutjipto Wirjosuparto, the kings in this inscription are
not Indians, but Indonesians.

Books Related to Hindu-Buddhist History in
Indonesia

1. From Javanese Shivaism to Balinese Hinduism

This book contains a collection of articles by Andrea Acri (lecturer and researcher at EPHE, PSL University,
Paris) that focus on Shivaism (Shiva religion), tantrism, and Yoga in ancient Java and Bali, and its
continuation (as the “Hindu religion” ) in Bali in modern times.

Acri underscores the interrelationships of religious practices in Java and Bali with the traditions of Shivaism,
Brahmanism and Hinduism in India, while also highlighting the transformation and indigenization of these
traditions in Java and Bali over time with high intellectual and spiritual originality and value.

It also emphasizes the continuity between ancient traditions and the new discourses that have developed in the
modern and contemporary periods, both in Java (after the arrival of Islam in the 15th century) and in Bali
(after the reform of Hinduism in the early 20th century).

It is hoped that this book will be useful for introducing the specialties of ancient Javanese religion and
culture to a wide audience in Indonesia, and helping to understand the problems of the nation and state of
Indonesia today through an understanding of the past.

2. The Rise and Fall of the
Hindu-Buddhist Empire and Its Rise

The first Islamic-style kingdom that emerged in the archipelago was not the Samudera Pasai Sultanate, but
the Perlak Kingdom. Through this book, you will reveal the historical side of the kingdoms in
the archipelago, especially regarding the causes of the collapse of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and the
birth of Islamic kingdoms.

This history book does not only present the factors that caused the collapse of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms
and the emergence of various Islamic empires. However, this book is also equipped with a
detailed and comprehensive historical presentation; starting from the history of Hindu-Buddhist
and Islamic entry into the archipelago, the history of the birth to the glory of each kingdom including the
list of kings who once ruled, and the remnants of these kingdoms.

You can also learn about the path of the collapse of the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and the birth of Islamic
empires in the archipelago. Moreover, every historical material presented in this book is
packaged coherently and based on reliable literature review.

3. Traces of Javanese Hindu Kingdom
Civilization 1042-1527 AD

The establishment of the Hindu Dynasty in East Java cannot be separated from the story of the collapse of
the Ancient Mataram Kingdom which was originally located in Central Java. Ancient Mataram had
developed rapidly and became the center of a large Hindu civilization, but suffered a setback because it was
triggered by feuds among family members.

Then, the Isyana dynasty marked the beginning of the rule of Hindu kingdoms in East Java. This
book discusses the traces of the civilization of the Hindu kingdoms in Java, from 1042 to 1527 AD, starting
from Medang, Kahuripan, Tumapel, Singasari to Majapahit. Presented the history of its founding,
the conflicts that colored it, important events that occurred, relics to the collapse of the Hindu dynasty
in Java.

Reading this book you will find historical facts about the civilization of the Hindu kingdom in Java.

4. Introducing Hinduism as a
Culture of Life Attitudes & Behaviors

Hindu conceptions were once perceived as wrong, manipulated both for internal and external interests which
were highly discredited. Because of that Hindu culture in the past was abandoned and even
abandoned by the majority of this nation’s children.

However, Hindu culture, which spanned more than 2000 years before AD to 2000 years after 1 AD (which was
designated as the beginning of a new human civilization), turned out to be that Hinduism still existed, even
in the most powerful external attacks. Even now there is a tendency for Hindus to
revive.

Hinduism is admired, accepted in almost all parts of the world. Hindu culture can even be offered as an
alternative culture, the advanced culture of the future world, even without having to go through a
missionary institution though. Why? This book introduces Hinduism as one culture,
one unit and the whole attitude of daily life behavior (a way of life).

As a culture that is based on the Vedas, on truth (natural/social reality as it really is), on science and on the
noble values ​​of life as well as on the five beliefs (panca sradha), namely belief in God Almighty, belief in
atman ( Spirit) that never dies, belief in the law of karma-reward, belief in reincarnation, and belief in
moksha.

Thus a review of the Backflow Theory. Sinaumed’s can get all books related to Hindu-Buddhist
history at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia
always provides the best products for Sinaumed’s.

Getting to know the Baby Boomers Generation, X, Y, Z and Alpha – Sinaumed’s, the older the age, the more cross-generations are created. Have you ever heard the term baby boomers, generations X, Y, Z to alpha? What exactly is the thing that distinguishes these generations so that they are grouped so much? Before discussing the differences, we need to first look at what is meant by the generations above.

As time goes by, with the birth rate increasing rapidly, new generations are being born rapidly as well. If you used to feel like you were the youngest generation when you were little, maybe now you are not.

We realize that this rapid development will form a new generation that lives with new environmental conditions, in the sense of a more advanced environment. This clearly affects the pattern of life, the process of growth and even the character of each generation.

Differences in Baby Boomers, X, Y, Z and Alpha Generations

These generation terms are used to group people born in close years and in the same environmental conditions. So that it will be much easier for us to understand what human development was like from the past until now.

1. Baby Boomers Generation (1946-1964)

This generation is also called baby boomers not without reason, most people born during this period were born after World War II. At that time the increase in the birth rate was so great that it was like a birth explosion. This term began to be used in America and beyond to designate cultural demographics.

Born after the war and during the reformation era of various countries, these baby boomers experienced many experiences as well as adaptation to unstable environmental conditions. Not infrequently these baby boomers also experience so many changes in education and politics.

Baby boomers who were raised by disciplined and strict parents generally have high discipline, are mentally strong as steel, have strong principles and hold on to great loyalty and dedication. In contrast, baby boomers, who are now getting older when technology begins to develop, often experience difficulties adapting to technological sophistication. They need to learn how to use technology.

You may often see grandparents who are diligent and always pursue one thing for a long time. They are also disciplined in getting through the day starting from getting up in the morning on time, and doing simple activities at home which are always the same. That’s because baby boomers are used to instilling discipline since they were small.

So don’t be surprised to see people who until their old age serve a job for decades in the same field. Because people from that generation also hold fast to a high level of loyalty and dedication.

At this time, people from this generation are still needed to maintain a stable and disciplined environment, both at home and at work. Ever seen a movie called The Intern? Then you will understand why this baby boomer generation can help stabilize a company, even when they are old.

2. Generation X (1965-1980)

In contrast to baby boomers who can have up to a dozen children, in Gen X the tradition of having not too many children has mushroomed. So that the birth rate in any country has also decreased drastically.

Educated by disciplined parents, generation X generally has the characteristics of being independent, disciplined, logical hard worker and also prioritizing career. This is because baby boomer parents who have experienced an environment with unstable conditions emphasize their children to gain as much knowledge as possible and achieve a career.

Especially when around the 80s, the world experienced various economic crises which greatly affected the lives of its people. So that the people at that time became more independent and were required to be smart in finding opportunities in order to survive well. These environmental conditions have made most of Generation X grow up with a mindset that is creative, tough, and also smart in finding solutions to every problem.

Generation X, who grew up in the 70s and 80s, also began to recognize various types of new technology, such as the telephone or TV, which did not exist before their parents. The children of that generation also began to develop various technologies that would later be used by the next generation, such as pagers .

People from this generation are already the parents of Generation Y, or some even have grandchildren. If you are currently around 25 years old and above, then most likely your parents are from generation X.

3. Generation Y (1981-1995)

Millennials can also be said to be the generation that has experienced so many significant changes in technology and the economy. Growing up during the transition from analog to digital technology, the advent of the internet and social media has made these millennial children so sophisticated, creative, free and willing to take risks.

Millennials are also known to be very expressive and open-minded compared to their predecessors, who were still stiff and firm. People in this generation tend to be braver in terms of expressing opinions, high self-confidence and out of the box .

So, it’s no wonder that people from baby boomers or generation X often feel that their children tend to break the rules more often, because millennials are so expressive and put themselves first. Compared to previous generations, millennials are much lazier and often change interests and jobs.

4. Generation Z (1996-2010)

Technology is increasingly advanced and the internet is so fast, making this generation Z already feel a lot of convenience in terms of facilities, access and also family financial stability. So do not be surprised if this generation is now growing up to be much smarter, more accomplished and healthier children.

At this time, the internet is so widespread and easily accessible that this makes children in generation Z more proficient and active in interacting in cyberspace. So sometimes this generation is also called igeneration, which is the internet generation. How to use social media? Unlike baby boomers and generation X, Gen Z is already adept at using social media and browsing without anyone teaching them.

The positive thing is, this generation Z grows to be children who are open-minded, like diversity, like new things, think critically and want to be different or bring about change. Having an environment that has been permeated with technology all the time, they tend to enjoy using technology and the internet.

In this generation, children have been facilitated with technology such as smartphones, laptops, tablets and others. they are also educated by parents who have an open mind, so it is not uncommon for Gen Z to be able to make decisions and make their choices since childhood.

On the other hand, there is also a negative side to this easy-going generation. Gen Z tends to be more consumptive and wasteful, this is also supported by the financial ability of their parents so that large facilities make some people so wasteful and like shopping for imported brands.

Some children in this generation are also more ‘eager’ than the previous generation, because they feel that they don’t need a big effort anymore to get the things they want because anything can be accessed through gadgets . Sometimes, all the conveniences they feel right now are also the mental reason why this generation is not as strong as baby boomers and generation X.

From the millennial generation to generation X, problems often arise around people’s mental health , because advanced environmental conditions sometimes cause a lot of pressure. For parents who have children in this generation, of course, they need to learn a lot and think broadly so they can monitor their children.

5. Generation Alpha (2011-present)

So it’s not a stranger if we see young children who are good at using cellphones or accessing the internet nowadays. The reason is that they were born side by side with technology that continues to advance and develop.

Today’s children are used to television, gadgets, and are even familiar with various electronic devices at home. They also tend to be more intelligent, quickly understand situations and can recognize things well.

The positive thing is that many children today are able to read and memorize the alphabet from an early age because they recognize the writing and icons on cellphones or tablets. Today’s children are also much more critical and understand the situation well, so that parents can no longer use lies as an excuse to get their children to eat or study.

However, today’s parents also need extra abilities to care for the children of this alpha generation, because these children can no longer be educated using the same methods as children of the previous generation. Parents must be more creative and also need to take many approaches to children.

Gadgets are also a big part of the problem when raising children of this alpha generation. This is because the alpha generation who depend on gadgets makes it difficult for them to let go and tend to be more reluctant to socialize with their friends. This also causes a high risk of mental illness in this generation in the future, because of the great pressure from the environment and also academic demands.

Today’s parents can overcome this by learning a lot from other people’s experiences and books.

Educating Generations Z and A

For young parents, who are having small children or teenagers, it may be difficult to understand children. This is because the large differences across generations do indeed form different traits. So this book will help parents understand their children who are in the Z and Alpha generations.

Baby boomers are those who grew up in a post-war environment so that they form people who are disciplined, highly dedicated and have a strong leadership spirit. They give birth to Gen X children who are independent, creative, focused on careers, because they did not have economic stability when they were young.

Gen X who are starting to pursue a career will devote all their efforts to the millennial generation in order to get a much more decent life. On the other hand, millennials also grow with technological changes that are starting to progress, thus forming free, courageous and creative souls. So it is most likely that most millennials have children between generations Z and alpha, which are far more critical and modern.

Which Generation Are You?

Are you part of the cross-generation of baby boomers, X, Y, or Z?

Whatever the generation, it is important for us to respect each other. The magnitude of the character differences across generations sometimes makes people in different generations have a bad view of other generations.

This often happens and cannot be denied, because everyone from each generation has different characteristics and experiences that are different too.

Just like in a big family where there are grandparents, fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters, of course, you often feel the difference in character, mindset and experience. But these differences can actually be a beautiful thing.

The diversity of this generation is always interesting to discuss, if you are one of those who like this review then you can read other books about cross-generations here. Let’s see the recommendations!

Generations X, Y & Zoomers At Work

What is the working pattern of generations X, Y, and Z like? are there differences across generations in the world of work? If you are interested in discussing generations, then this book seems to be an interesting read to find out what are the differences between people from generation to generation when working.

Children nowadays are lazy, they only work on their cellphones! Often hear this saying from parents? Maybe it seems that Generation Z is always playing with cellphones, but from there they are actually all the creativity that is trending in society. In this book you can get to know more about the positive impact that generation Z is able to have when they work.

Author of the Book of Algebra – One of the contributions of Islamic civilization in the field of mathematics is algebraic calculations or Algebra. Algebra is a designation for western nations which is then enshrined in a book. The author of the book of algebra is Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Musa Al Khawarizmi.

“Among the famous Islamic mathematicians is Al Khwarizmi. He is the author of the book Algebra Wal Muqabalah (the science of arithmetic) and the inventor of the number zero ,” reads the statement from the book Islamic Religious Education: Based on General Education by Enzus Trianus et al. In the book, Al Khwarizmi introduces starting from natural numbers to solving linear and quadratic equations.

Not only that, but also introduced simple mathematical calculation methods or algorithmic theories such as addition, subtraction, division and multiplication. Therefore, Al Khawarizmi named his work with the full title Hisab Algebra Wal Muqabalah (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing) .

The word Al Jabar refers to the meaning of Completion (completion) and Al Muqabala which means Balancing (balancing) as quoted from the book Locked Mouth: 50 The Haru Story of the Companions of the Prophet by Siti Nurlaela.

This book also introduced the science of algebra and the name itself on the European continent and also spread Arabic numerals in the western world. Therefore, the book of Algebra was later translated into Latin as well as becoming the standard textbook for mathematics at every leading European university until after the 14th century. In fact, until now, the algebraic theory of Al Khawarizmi is said to be the person who first taught algebra in its basic form and won the title ” Father of Al Jabar “.

Despite being nicknamed “Father of Al Jabar”, according to history, Al-Khwarizmi was not the only person who became the author of the book of algebra and developed algebra. Quoted from the book History of Islamic Civilization by Prof.Dr. HJ Suyuthi Pulungan, MA., Algebraic concepts have been previously introduced by Diophantus from Greece.

However. At that time, algebra was still limited to the concept of thinking, not even named algebra as it is known today. Until, the book Al Gebra from Al Khawarizmi covers the development of these thinking concepts and presents them in a new form with complex theorems.

In addition, Al-Khwarizmi is also known for successfully introducing the Hindu decimal system to Islam and Europe, discovering the quadrans vetus ( horary quadrant ), developing sundials, tables, trigonometry to perfecting Ptolemy’s astronomical and geographical theories.

It turned out that during his lifetime, Al-Khwarizmi had worked at a magnificent palace of his time, namely The house of Winston in Baghdad. Through this work, Al-Khwarizmi became acquainted with Greek scientific texts and studied and wrote about algebra, geometry and astronomy which supported him to become the author of the book Algebra.

Profile of Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi

Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi al-majusi al karbalai is a magi, namely an expert in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, and geography who comes from Kufa, Iraq. He was born around 780 in Khwarezmia which is today Khiva, Uzbekistan.

Khwarezmia which was in the Province of Khurasan during the rule of the Abbasids which is now Xorazm, a province of Uzbekistan. He died around 850 in Baghdad.

His title was ”Abu ‘Abdullah”. The historian al-Tabari named him Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwārizmī al-Majusi al-Karbalai. About al-Khawārizmī”s religion, Toomer writes: Another name for him was given by al-Tabari, “al-Majusi”, which indicates he was a follower of Zoroastrianism. This may happen to people who come from Iran. However, later in the book Al-Jabar he showed himself as a Muslim.

For most of his life, he worked as a lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad which was founded by the Abbasid Caliph Ma’mun Ar-Rashid. This place was where he studied natural sciences and mathematics, including studying translations of Sanskrit and Greek texts. In the Kitab al-Fihrist Ibn al-Nadim , a brief history is found, along with his writings. Al-Khwarizmi took up most of his work between 813-833.

After Islam entered Persia, Baghdad became a center of learning and commerce, and scientists from China and India traveled to this city, which he also did. He worked in Baghdad at the School of Honor founded by the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma’mun, where he studied natural sciences and mathematics, including studying translations of Sanskrit and Greek manuscripts.

His first book is Al-Kitab al-Mukhtashar fil Hisab al jabr w’al Muqabala . This book is the first book that discusses the systematic solution of linear equations and quadratic equations, so he is called the Father of Algebra. Al-Khwarizmi also played an important role in introducing Arabic numerals through the work Kitab al-Jam’u wa-l-tafrīq bi-ḥisāb al-Hind which was later adopted as standard numbers used in various languages ​​and later introduced as the Decimal Position Numbering System in the world. West in the 12th century. He revised and adapted Ptolemy’s Geography as well as working on writings on astronomy and astrology.

His contribution as the author of the book of algebra has not only had a major impact on mathematics, but also on language. The word “algebra” itself comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is listed in his book. The word algorithm is taken from the word algorithmi, the Latinization of its name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish, guarismo, and in Portuguese. Algarismo itself has the meaning of “digit”.

His major works in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, cartography, served as foundational and later innovations in algebra, trigonometry, and in other fields he studied. His logical and systematic approach to solving linear (Linear) and quadratic notation provides accuracy in algebraic disciplines, the name taken from the name of one of his books in 830 AD, al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala or: ” Summary Book for Calculations by Complementing and Balancing”.

This book is the first book which was later translated into Latin in the 12th century. His book, Calculations with Hindu numerals, written in 825, sets out the ability of the diffusion of Indian numerals into the Middle East and later Europe. His book translated into Latin, Algorithmi de numero Indorum, shows the word algorithm in Latin.

Some of his contributions are based on Persian and Babylonian Astronomy, Indian numerals, and Greek sources. His systematic and corrective of Ptolemy’s data on geography is a tribute to Africa and the Middle East. Another of his major books, Kitab al-ard “Views of the Earth”, which shows coordinates and basic locations known to the world, boldly evaluates the length values ​​of the Mediterranean Sea and the locations of cities in Asia and Africa previously given by Ptolemy.

Later, he chaired the construction of the world map for Caliph Al-Ma’mun and participated in the project of determining the layout on Earth, together with 70 other geographers to create a map that was later called “know the world”. When his work was copied and transferred to European and Latin languages, it had a tremendous impact on the advance of basic mathematics in Europe. He also wrote about the astrolabe and sundials.

Works of Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi

The works of Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi are not only in the field of mathematics, but also about astronomy. The following are works from him.

Book I: Algebra

Al-Kitab al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala or the Book that Summarizes Complementary and Balancing Calculations, is a mathematics book written in 830. This book summarizes algebraic definitions. When translated into Latin it is known as Liber algebrae et almucabala by Robert of Chester (Segovia, 1145) and also by Gerardus of Cremona.

In the book, solving linear and quadratic equations is given by simplifying the equation to one of the six standard forms (here b and c are positive integers) square equals root (ax2 = bx) square equals constant number (ax2 = c) root equals constants (bx = c)squares and roots equals constants (ax2 + bx = c) squares and constants equals roots (ax2 + c = bx) constants and roots equals squared (bx + c = ax2) by dividing the coefficients of the square and uses two operations: al-jabr or recovery or equipment and al-muqabala or balancing. Al-jabr is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares from notation by using the same values ​​on both sides.

For example, x2 = 40x – 4×2 simplifies to 5×2= 40x. Al-muqābala is the process of assigning a quantity of the same type to the side of the notation.

For example, x2 + 14 = x + 5 simplifies to x2 + 9 = x.

Several authors of algebra have published works under the name Kitāb al-ǧabr wa-l-muqābala , including Abū Ḥanīfa al-Dīnawarī, Abū Kāmil, Abū Muḥammad al-‘Adlī, Abū Yūsuf al-Miṣṣīṣī, Ibnu Turk, Sind bin ‘Alī, Sahl bin Bišr, and Šarafaddīn al-Ṭūsī.

Book 2: Dixit Algorizmi

Another book by al-Khawārizmī is on arithmetic, which survives in Latin, but is lost from the original Arabic. The translation was carried out in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who also translated the astronomical tables in 1126.

In Latin manuscripts, it is usually anonymous, but generally begins with the words: Dixit algorizmi ” As al-Khawarizmi said “, or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ” al-Khwarizmi on Hindu artistic figures “, a new name given to his work by Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The original book may have been named Kitāb al-Jam’a wal-tafriq bi-hisab al-Hind “ Book of Addition and Subtraction based on Hindu Calculations ”.

Book 3: Planetarium Reconstruction

15th century map based on Ptolemy for comparison. His third well-known book is the Kitab al-Ard “Book of Views of the World” or “Appearance of the Earth” translated by Geography, which was completed in 833 is the revision and refinement of Ptolemy’s Geography, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical places following developments general.

There is only one copy of the book Surat al-Ard, which is kept in the Strasbourg University Library. The Latin translation is housed in the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. The full title of the book is The Approach to the World, with Cities, Mountains, Seas, All Islands and Rivers, written by Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi based on the geographical studies written by Ptolemy and Claudius.

The book begins with a list of latitudes and longitudes, including “Weather Zones”, which lists the effects of latitudes and longitudes on the weather. Paul Gallez, said that it is very useful to determine our position in a bad condition to make a practical approach. In neither the Arabic nor the Latin copies, nothing has survived from this book. Therefore, Hubert Daunicht reconstructed the map from a list of coordinates. He tried to find an approach similar to the map.

Book 4: Astronomy

Zij al-Sindhind’s book “Astronomical Tables” is a work consisting of 37 symbols on astronomical calendar calculations and 116 tables with calendarical, astronomical and astrological data as well as currently recognized data. The original Arabic version was lost, but another version by the Spanish astronomer Maslama al-Majriti survived in Latin, translated by Adelard of Bath (26 January 1126). Four other manuscripts in Latin remain in the Bibliothèque publique (Chartres), the Bibliothèque Mazarin (Paris), the Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid) and the Bodleian Library (Oxford).

Book 5: The Jewish Calendar

Al-Khwarizmi also wrote about the Jewish Calendar ” Guidelines for the Jewish Calendar “. The calendar describes the 19-year cycle of intercalation, the laws governing what day of the week the month of Tishri begins; takes into account the interval between the Jewish Era (creation of Adam) and the Seleucid era; and gave laws about the longitude of the sun and moon using the Jewish Calendar. This book is the same as that found by al-Biruni and Maimonides.

 

 

Other Works of Muhammad Bin Al-Khwarizmi

Several Arabic manuscripts in Berlin, Istanbul, Tashkent, Cairo and Paris contain approaches to material that may have come from al-Khwarizmī. The Istanbul manuscript contains a sundial, which is mentioned in the Fihrist. Other works, such as the determination of the direction of Mecca is one of spherical astronomy.

Furthermore, two works contain morning ( Ma’rifat sa’at al-mashriq fī kull balad ) and azimuth determination of height ( Ma’rifat al-samt min qibalal-irtifā’ ).

He also wrote 2 books on using and assembling astrolabes. Ibn al-Nadim in the Kitab al-Fihrist (an index of the Arabic language) also mentions the Kitab art or sundial books and the Kitab al-Tarikh or history books. However, the last 2 mentioned are missing.

Mathematics

Mathematics from Ancient Greek means “knowledge, thought, study, study”. Previously it was also stated that arithmetic is a field of science, which includes the study of topics such as number arithmetic and number theory. Formulas and structures related to algebra, figures and spaces in which they are located or geometry and its magnitudes and changes or calculus and analysis. There is no general agreement on its exact scope or epistemological status.

Mathematics has always flourished, for example in China in 300 BC, in India in 100 AD and in Arabia in 800 AD, until the Renaissance, when new mathematical discoveries interacted with new scientific discoveries leading to a rapid increase in the rate of discovery. mathematics. Continuing today, mathematics is used around the world as an important tool in a variety of fields, including natural sciences, engineering, medicine/medical sciences, and social sciences such as economics, and psychology.

Applied mathematics, the branch of mathematics concerned with the application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries, and sometimes leads to the development of entirely new disciplines, such as statistics and game theory.

Mathematics is widely used in science for modeling phenomena. This allows the extraction of quantitative estimates from the experimental laws. For example, the motions of planets can be predicted with high accuracy using Newton’s laws of gravity combined with mathematical calculations. The independence of the mathematical truth of any experiment implies that the accuracy of such an estimate depends only on the adequacy of the model to describe reality.

So, when there are some imprecise estimates, it means that the model has to be corrected or changed, it doesn’t mean that the math is wrong. For example, Mercury’s apse or perihelium precession cannot be explained by Newton’s laws of gravity, but it is accurately described by Einstein’s general relativity. This experimental validation of Einstein’s theory shows that Newton’s law of gravity is only an approximation (which is still very accurate in everyday life).

Mathematics is important in many fields, including natural sciences, engineering, medicine, finance, computer science, and social sciences. Several areas of mathematics, such as statistics and game theory, were developed in direct correlation with their applications, and are often grouped under the name applied mathematics.

Other areas of mathematics were developed independently of any application, so they are called pure mathematics, but practical applications are often found later. A good example is the prime factorization problem, which refers to Euclid, but had no practical application prior to its use in the RSA crypto system, namely for computer network security.

That is the figure of the author of the Book of Algebra . To learn more about Mathematics, Astrology, and others, Sinaumed’s can read books available at sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia always tries to give its best so that you have #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine

Causes of Deserts in Australia – Australia is the smallest continent in the world. Australia is a country in the southern hemisphere consisting of the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and various small islands in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. This country has only one country, namely Australia. The territory of Australia is made up of diverse landscapes ranging from mountains to deserts. Australia is a developed and prosperous country. Australia is the 13th largest economy in the world.

In addition Australia ranks high in many comparisons of performance across nations such as development, quality of life, health care, life expectancy, general education, civil liberties, and political rights. Australia is a member of the United Nations, major G20 Economies, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, AUKUS, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Pacific Islands Forum, and the World Trade Organization.

 

As reported by Geoscience Australia, Australia is the driest continent in the world. About 35 percent of the continent’s total receives little rain. Australia’s deserts are scattered throughout the western highlands and lowlands. Based on sources from a book entitled “World Regional Geography” in 2020 written by Sulistinah and Kuspriyanto, the location of the Australian Continent is in the south of the Asian continent.

Astronomically this continent is located between approximately 11°S-44°S and approximately 115°E-153°E. Australia’s area reaches about 7,682,300 km² or only about 5.2% of the world’s land area. Australia has a coastline of 34,218 km (excluding islands off the coast of the continent), and a recognized extension of the Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 km². This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory. Excluding Macquarie Island, Australia is located between 9° S, and 44° S, and 112° E, and 154° E.

Australia’s climate is strongly influenced by ocean currents, including the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El-Niño Southern Oscillation which are correlated with periodic droughts and the seasonal tropical low pressure system that generates cyclones in northern Australia. The factors that affect rainfall vary from year to year. Most of the north of the country has a predominantly tropical, or monsoon, summer rainy climate.

Underneath three-quarters of Australia lies a desert or less fertile zone. Western Australia’s Southwest Corner has a Mediterranean climate. Much of the southeast (including Tasmania) has a temperate climate. Although most of Australia is not very fertile and even a desert. But Australia has a wide variety of habitats from alpine meadows to tropical rainforests, and is recognized as a megadiverse country.

Due to the continent’s ancient age, highly variable weather patterns and geographical remoteness, much of Australia’s biota is unique, and diverse. Approximately 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of nearshore, temperate zone fish are endemic. Australia has a large number of reptiles from other countries, as many as 755 species. The forests of Australia have mostly evergreen species, especially eucalyptus in fertile areas, acacia replaces them in drier areas, desert being the predominant species.

Among Australia’s fauna are the monotremes (platypus and echidna), a number of marsupials, kangaroos, koalas, wombats and birds (emu and kookaburra).

Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world. The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with native Australians around 3000 AD. Many species of plants and animals became extinct soon after the first human occupation, including the megafauna of Australia, others disappeared since European colonization, notably the Thylacine.

Many of Australia’s ecoregions, and species within those areas, are threatened by human activities, and animal or plant species introduced to Australia. The 1999 Federal Act on Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Reserves is a legal framework for the protection of endangered animals. Many protected areas have been created under the “National Strategy for the Protection of Australia’s Biodiversity” to protect, and conserve, a wide variety of unique ecosystems; 65 wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention, and 15 natural UNESCO World Heritage Sites have been established. Australia is ranked 51st out of 163 countries in the world on the 2010 Environmental Performance Index.

Aboriginal food is heavily influenced by the region in which they are located. Most tribal groups depended on a simple Paleolithic diet, hunting land animals or fish, and gathering endemic plants and fruits. The general term for the species of flora and fauna native to Australia and used as a source of food is bushfood . The first settlers from Europe introduced British food to the continent with many of what is now considered Australian fare, based on the Sunday roast, which has become a lasting tradition for many Australians. Since the early 20th century, food in Australia has become increasingly influenced by immigrants, particularly from Southern Europe, and Asian cultures.

Australian wine is produced in 60 different production areas, which total about 160 thousand hectares , mainly in the southern regions, the coldest parts of the country. The wine regions in each of these states produce different varieties and styles that take advantage of local climates and soil types. The dominant varieties are Syrah, Cabernet, Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Sémillon, Pinot noir, Riesling and Sauvignon blanc. In 1995, an Australian red wine, the Penfolds Grange , won the Wine Spectator award for “Wine of the Year”, being the first wine from outside France or California to achieve this award.

Australian Boundaries

Australia is bounded by the following territorial boundaries:

• To the north it is bordered by the Timor Sea (east Leste) and the Arafuru Sea (Indonesia).
• To the north it is bordered by the Pacific Ocean and the Tasman Sea.
• To the west and south it is bordered by the Indian Ocean.

Quoted from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australia is the driest continent in the world and has the largest desert area in the Southern Hemisphere. More than one third of the continent is effectively a desert and more than two thirds of the continent is classified as arid or semiarid. The desert is defined in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) as a barren desert or desert.

Australian Economy

Australia follows a market economy system with a high GDP per capita and a low poverty rate. The Australian dollar is the currency of this country, including the islands of Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific island nations of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu. After in 200y the merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchanges, now the Australian Stock Exchange is the 9th largest stock exchange in the world.

Ranked third in the 2010 Index of Economic Freedom, Australia is the 13th largest economy in the world, and also has the 9th largest per capita GDP in the world, higher than the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Japan and the United States. Union. Australia is also ranked second in the 2010 UN Human Development Index, and first in Legatum’s 2008 Prosperity Index.

All major cities in Australia are no longer subject to the world comparative livability survey, because they have exceeded the predetermined requirements; Melbourne reached the second place in The Economist’s 2008 criteria for the most liveable cities in the world, followed by Perth (4th), Adelaide (7th) and Sydney (9th). The total government debt in Australia is of $190 billion. Housing prices in Australia are among the highest, while some levels of household debt are among the highest in the world.

Strengthening commodity exports, over manufactured goods, has supported a significant increase in Australia’s trade ratio since the start of the century, due to rising commodity prices. Australia has a balance of payments greater than a negative 7% of GDP, and has had a current account deficit for more than 50 years. Australia’s average annual economic growth is 3.6% over 15 years, compared to the OECD’s annual average of 2.5%. Opinions differ as to whether or not Australia was one of the few OECD countries that avoided the slump in the 2008 economic crisis. Six of Australia’s major trading partners have experienced an economic downturn which has in turn affected Australia, and economic growth has constrained the country for several years.

In the 1980s, the Labor Party, led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating, began the process of modernizing the Australian economy by floating the dollar.

Australia in 1983, and regulate the financial system. Since 1996 the Howard government has continued a process of microeconomic reform, including deregulation of part of the labor market and the privatization of state-owned enterprises, especially the telecommunications industry. Substantial reform of the indirect tax system was achieved in July 2000 with the introduction of a 10% goods and services tax (GST) which reduced dependence somewhat on the personal and corporate income tax that still characterizes the Australian tax system.

The Australian economy has not experienced a recession since the early 1990s. In July 2005, unemployment was still around 5%. The service sector, including tourism, education and financial services makes up 69% of GDP. Agriculture, and natural resources make up only 3%, and 5% of GDP, but contribute a lot to Australia’s exports. Australia’s largest export markets include Japan, China, the US, South Korea and New Zealand. Things that concern economists include the budget deficit ( current account deficit ), as well as high levels of net foreign debt ( net foreign debt ).

In January 2007, the unemployment rate reached 10,033,480 people, at a rate of 5.1%. The youth unemployment rate (15-24) increased from 8.7% to 9.7% in 2008-2009. In the past decade, inflation was in the range of 2–3%, and base interest rates were 5–6%. The service sector economy, including tourism, education, and financial services, accounts for 70% of GDP. Although agriculture and natural resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP (respectively), they contribute to export performance. Australia’s biggest export markets are Japan, China, the United States, South Korea and New Zealand. Australia is the world’s 4th largest exporter of wine, in an industry that contributes $5.5 billion annually to the national economy.

 

 

Australian Politics

Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a federative division of powers. Australia’s government follows a parliamentary system with Queen Elizabeth II at its apex, namely as Queen Australia, a role distinct from her position as queen to the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Queen resides in the United Kingdom, and she is represented by delegates living in Australia, (the Governor-General at the federal level, and by the Governors at the state level), who by convention act on the advice of her ministers.

Supreme executive authority rests with the Australian Constitution, but the power to exercise it is vested under the constitution to the Governor-General. The exercise of the Governor-General’s reserve powers against the request of the Prime Minister was the dissolution of the Whitlam Government during the 1975 constitutional crisis. In Australia there are three branches of government.

The Legislature of the Australian Parliament consists of the Governor-General, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Executive; Federal Executive Council; in practice it is the Governor-General who is advised by the Prime Minister and Ministers of State. judicial; Australian Supreme Court, and other federal courts whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Council.

Australia has a bicameral parliament, each chamber being the Senate and the House of Representatives. In the Senate (upper house), there are 76 senators: namely from the six states each sent 12 representatives, while from the two territories each sent two representatives. The DPR (lower house of assembly) consists of 150 members who are elected from 150 electors, meaning that only one representative is sent from one electorate. Electorals (or seats as they are also called) are allocated to states on a population basis, provided that each original state is guaranteed a minimum of five seats.

Elections to each chamber are usually held synchronously every three years, senators have overlapping terms of six years, except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the cycle of elections for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 seats in the Senate run for election unless the election cycle is interrupted by a twin dissolving.

There are two main political groups that have traditionally formed government, at the federal and state levels: the Australian Labor Party, and the Coalition which is the official grouping of the Australian Liberal Party, and its minor counterpart, the Australian National Party. Independent members, and several minor parties, including the Australian Green Party, and the Australian Democratic Party, are represented in the Australian parliament, especially in the upper house.

Following the election for the leadership of the Australian Labor Party, in 2010, Julia Gillard became the first female Prime Minister in June 2010. Federal elections were held on 21 August 2010, and neither party has held an absolute majority in 50 years. Gillard was able to form a minority Labor government with the support of independents.

 

 

Desert in Australia

The National Climate Center, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, notes that worldwide, there is a belt of high pressure in the subtropics based on a latitude of about 30° (North and South), which results in dry conditions in areas near these latitudes. Australia’s dry conditions also occur in general eastward to North of this high pressure belt, except near the east coast of mainland Australia where it contains water vapor from the Pacific Ocean.

The continental interior is also remote, in all directions, from potential sources of moisture. For much of Australia, there is no clear demarcation between arid regions and areas with sufficient moisture. There is no water vapor in the Australian area, causing the area to become dry. Australia’s position is what makes Australia the main location of the desert. The following is a list of deserts in Australia.

The desert area that dominates the continent of Australia, is estimated to be around 1,492,000 km2 in area. In the middle of the lowland desert includes:

• Great Victoria Desert (Western Australia, South Australia).
• Tanami Desert (Western Australia, Northern Territory)
• Great Sandy Desert (Western Australia)
• Gibson Desert (Western Australia)
• Simpson Desert (Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia)
• Tirari Desert (South Australia)
• Strzelecki Desert (South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales)

The Australian desert is often described as the land of immortals. Over the last 30 years, archaeological research and environmental history of Australia’s Quaternary deserts have revealed, not only their uniqueness but also their rich history. Therefore, it is not surprising that there are many unique plants and animals that only exist in Australia and are not found in other parts of the world.

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Indonesia is a country that is rich in art and culture. Bali is one of the provinces that has a variety of cultures, even famous to foreign countries. It is this cultural diversity that ultimately makes many tourists visit Indonesia, especially Bali. Not only its cultural arts, Bali is also famous for its exotic and amazing natural attractions. This city is also increasingly famous for the presence of Balinese traditional houses that have been preserved to this day.

So, for those of you who want to explore Bali further, it is important to know what Balinese traditional houses are and what their philosophy is. For that, see this article to the end to get all the information about Balinese traditional houses.

Philosophy Attached to Balinese Traditional Houses

Besides being rich in various buildings and rooms, Balinese traditional houses also have a unique philosophy. So, in every house building there is a belief that accompanies every step. Whether it’s about the shape, size, location, and philosophy that accompanies it. Well, for the people of Bali, there is a philosophy that says that harmony will be created in life.

The condition is that there are three aspects that are fulfilled, namely Palahan, Pawongan, and Peahyangan. Therefore, when building a house or dwelling, all three must exist, which is commonly referred to as Tri Hita Karana. Pawongan means the occupants of the house, then Pawongan is interpreted as a good relationship between the people who are residents and the environment of the house they live in.

The traditional architecture of the Balinese house itself has various decorations and carvings, furniture, and coloring. All of them have their own meaning and are not applied haphazardly. There are terms and their own meaning. These decorations are used to express the beauty of symbols and as a means of communication. In addition, the variety of decorations used also uses animals that are applied in the form of statues. These statues will also have symbols in the ritual process.

So, when you travel to Bali, especially to the houses there, don’t be surprised if there are still many offerings here and there. These offerings will usually be placed in a container in the form of leaves and flowers with burning incense. Likewise with temples, whose buildings can be found anywhere. Even in offices or shops you can see a temple.

This Balinese traditional house was built according to the Asta Kosala Kosali rules, which have terms of meaning and philosophy, and are almost similar to Chinese culture. Hence, when building a traditional house, the Balinese will pay attention to angles and directions. Because in the beliefs of the Balinese people, direction has an important meaning in the life of the Balinese. As for what is considered the most holy or sacred is when building a house in the direction of a mountain.

Why? Because the mountain is considered something very sacred. So that the direction is also sacred, which is commonly referred to as Kaja. Well, conversely, things that are considered impure will be faced towards the sea, otherwise known as Kelod. This is also a benchmark when building village temples. Because it is considered sacred, the village temple will face the mountain or Kaja, while the dalem temple or shrine associated with death will face the sea or Kelod.

These things have indeed been regulated by the Balinese indigenous people. In every life, even in terms of building traditional houses, they will always adhere to their religious and customary life. So it is only natural that every activity they carry out is based on certain rules.

 

Various Kinds of Balinese Traditional Houses and Their Uniqueness

Balinese traditional house has a special architecture, where the building has a structure, function, and also ornaments that have been used for generations. In fact, according to the community, their house buildings have been listed in the Vedic scriptures. The dwellings there are also likened to miniatures of the universe. The traditional house there has two parts, namely the Bentar Temple Gate and the residential house.

The gate of Candi Bentar is a Balinese traditional house. There are specific rules regarding the construction of traditional Balinese traditional houses, which include the direction, location of the building, dimensions of the yard, building construction, and also the structure of the building.

All of that is adjusted to the provisions of the local religion. This gate is the main characteristic of Balinese traditional houses. This gate is the main entrance to the courtyard and is always present in every Balinese traditional house. Then after passing through the gate, there will be a temple (a place of worship for Hindus), which is located separately from other buildings.

In addition, there are several important elements that must be considered when building a Balinese traditional house. As there is a benchmark in the division of space. History has stated that land placement rules are governed by the Vedas (Asta Kosala Kosali).

Where the Balinese traditional house becomes a miniature of the universe, or Bhiana Agung. It means to be a place for human activity or Bhuana Alit. The construction also has angle guidelines, such as the east and north corners which are considered more sacred than the south and west corners.

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Balinese traditional houses also consist of several types of buildings, including the following:

1. Angkul-Angkul

These angkul are part of the Balinese traditional house which is the entrance to the main house. The function itself is almost the same as the Bentar Temple Gate. However, Angkul-angkul functions more as an entrance. The difference between the angkul-angkul and the Bentar Temple gate is the roof that connects the two parallel buildings.

2. Aling-Aling

The second building is the propeller. As the name implies, this building is a barrier between the angkul and the sacred courtyard. This Balinese traditional house building is believed to have a positive aura, so there is a dividing wall called penyengker. Inside the building will be provided space for the activities of its residents. Some people even use statues to act as a aling-aling, or a propeller.

3. Family Temple

The third building is the family temple. Generally, this building functioned as a place of prayer and worship. Every Balinese traditional house must have this building. Apart from being called the Family Temple, this building is also known as the Pamerajan building, or Sanggah. It is located in the northeast corner of the residential house.

Well, apart from these three buildings, this traditional house also has its own division of rooms. The following are some of the room structures and their functions that you need to know:

4. Bale Manten Traditional House

The room in this traditional house building is reserved for the head of the family or girls. It must be located to the north. The shape of the room is rectangular with bale-bale on the left and right. In Balinese families, this Bale Manten is intended for girls in the family as a form of attention.

5. Bale Dauh

Apart from Bale Manten, there is Bale Dauh which is used by the Balinese as a special place to receive guests. This room also functions as a bed for teenage boys.

Bale Dauh has the same shape as Bale Manten, which is a rectangle. However, it’s on the inside of the room, not in a corner. For its own position on the west side and the floor must be lower than Bale Manten. Then another characteristic, the number of pillars in Bale Dauh differs from one house to another.

6. Bale agreed

Third, there is Bale Sepat, which is more like a gazebo with four pillars. This place is usually used as a relaxing room for family members. With Bale Sekap it is hoped that every family member will be more familiar with one another. In addition, this place is also expected to make the relationship between family members more harmonious.

7. Bale Gede

Next is Bale Gede, which is also rectangular in shape with 12 pillars. This room has a function as a place for traditional ceremonies. So, because its function is quite sacred, its place must be higher than Bale Manten. This part of the traditional house must have a much larger size than other buildings. Because apart from traditional rituals, Bale Gede is also used to gather and serve Balinese specialties, including to burn offerings.

8. Jineng or Klumpu

Then there is Jineng or Klumpu, which has a medium size and uses wood as material. Its distinctive feature is in its higher position and is designed like a cave. Then the roof is made of dry straw.

However, Jineng is now quite rare in Balinese traditional houses with traditional materials. Jineng is currently mostly built using sand, cement and brick materials. The roof is no longer thatched, but tiled.

The building is made quite high, because it is used to store dry grain. With this room, the grain will also be protected from bird attacks and also the fungus that usually appears in damp places. Then for the bottom is usually used to store grain that has not had time to dry.

9. Pawaregen

Furthermore, there is pawaregen, which is the term for the kitchen in a Balinese traditional house. This kitchen or Pawaregen has a medium size, and is located to the northwest or south of the main house. There are two areas in this room, the first is for cooking, and the second is for storing kitchen tools. The cooking method is still traditional, using firewood.

10. Barns

Finally, there is a granary, which is a small building made as a place to store staple food. Staple foods that are usually stored for long periods of time are rice and corn.

Various Carvings and Decorations for Balinese Traditional Houses

In Hinduism, there is a caste system that accompanies every adherent. Therefore, according to the caste system, house construction cannot be generalized. Apart from caste, different economic factors between families are also taken into consideration.

For ordinary people, the traditional houses built are usually made of clay or caps. While the nobles will use a pile of bricks as the basic foundation of their house. Then on top of it will use tiles.

Apart from these rules, in Balinese traditional houses there are also various decorations and carvings. The architecture of the traditional house is indeed made in such a way by using carvings and sculptures as a complement.
The decorations for this house are usually taken from human life, plants or animals. So, here are the various decorations and carvings that are on every side of the Balinese traditional house:

grunt

The first motif is a plant with curved flowers and leaves that are large and wide. Usually keketutan will be placed in a large place, such as the yard or in front of traditional buildings. There are many types of ketusans that are commonly used, such as tuwung flowers, wangsa, bun-buns, and other ketusans.

rockiness

Next is the shell, which is a sculpture or decorative motif like a dense plant with leaves falling down like a clump of shrubs. This kind of decoration is usually placed in the corner of the upper boundary or commonly called simbar coral. Then there are also tugek joints called coral suring.

Pepatran

Then there is the pepatran, which is a traditional Balinese home decoration with floral motifs. An example is patra sari which is usually found in narrow areas such as pillars and blandar. Other types of patra such as pid-pid, pal patra, tendril patra, ganggong patra, and also samblung patra. All of these ornaments are made with elongated berets.

In Balinese traditional houses, the decorations used also use original colors, which use natural colors. In addition to using original colors from nature, there are also artificial original colors, such as red, blue and yellow. The overall variety of decoration used in each building is generally in the form of carvings, pepulasan, inlays, lelengisan, and pepalihan.

Apart from using decorative motifs in the form of flora, there are also decorations with fauna. Usually pictures of fauna will be engraved on the walls or other carving areas. For its kind, it generally uses folklore or legends circulating in Balinese society.

This fauna ornament can also be applied in the form of sculptures that have abstract, expressionist, or realist patterns. Fauna in buildings is also commonly used as a decoration on baseboard joints, such as using the form of an eagle, or a winged lion and other forms.

As for Balinese society, decoration in the form of fauna functions as a ritual symbol, which is displayed in the form of a pratima statue. Then for the various animal ornaments they also have their own names, such as flaws, which have the shape of elephants and also primitive imaginary animals.

The types of decoration include sae coral, goak coral, bentulu coral, boma coral, and tapel coral. There are also statues in the form of imaginary gods, or they can also be in the form of statues of garuda, turtles, oxen, monkeys, lions or dragons.

So, those were some things about Balinese traditional houses which are rich in art and culture. Apart from that, the traditional houses there also have a very deep philosophy. Every matter related to the construction of traditional houses has been regulated and adapted to the beliefs of the Balinese people, including religious beliefs. So that everything is completely orderly and meaningful. Even down to the variety of decorations in the traditional house also has its own meaning and rules.

This indicates that Bali has a very diverse cultural wealth. So it is very important for the next generation to continue to preserve it. Well, for those of you who want to learn more about Bali, you can read sinaumedia’s book entitled Mini Encyclopedia of Nusantara Traditional Houses and also Balian Dialogical Construction of Balinese Identity. Get both e-books via this link and this .