Author: Johannes Surya

Oxidation is one of the chemical reactions that you need to understand and know about in chemistry. Where, this oxidation certainly can not be separated by reduction. Both form a reduction-oxidation reaction or commonly called redox. The redox reaction itself is a reaction of releasing and binding of oxygen.

Redox is the term used to describe changes in the oxidation number or oxidation state of atoms in a chemical reaction. This can include simple redox processes, for example the oxidation of carbon to produce carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to produce methane (CH4).

Redox reactions themselves can also include complex processes, for example the oxidation of sugar in the human body through a series of complicated electron transfers. Where, oxidation and reduction precisely refer to changes in oxidation number because the actual transfer of electrons will not always occur. So oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation number and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number.

So, so that you understand and understand more clearly about oxidation and redox you need to pay attention to the full explanation. The following is an explanation regarding oxidation and redox, starting from the definition of oxidation to examples of redox.

Definition of Oxidation

Oxidation is a term that you need to understand, especially in studying chemistry based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), which states that oxidation is the combination of a substance with oxygen. Where oxidation itself is the release of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion, this is different from reduction, which is the addition of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.

In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. The oxidation state includes an integer consisting of a positive, negative or zero value. Where for pure compound elements themselves the oxidation state is zero.

These oxidations and reductions of course refer to changes in oxidation number because the actual transfer of electrons will not always occur. So oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation number and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number. Such reactions involve the transfer of electrons.

So if it is based on the transfer or transfer of electrons, the reduction reaction is a point electron capture reaction. Meanwhile, the oxidation reaction is a reaction of releasing electrons. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always change oxidation number, but there are many reactions that need to be classified as redox even though there is no transfer of electrons in the reaction, such as something involving covalent bonds. Non-redox reactions that do not involve a change in formal charge are known as metathesis reactions.

Get to know the concept of Redox

So, in order to know more clearly about redox, in the following a discussion on the concept of redox has been presented. Where, chemical reactions involving redox or oxidation-reduction reactions are often used in titrimetric analysis rather than acid-base reactions, complex formation or precipitation. The ions of various elements exist in different oxidation states, which is why there are so many possible redox or oxidation-reduction reactions.

The development of the redox reaction concept resulted in 3 (three) concepts, namely classical theory, modern theory, and the concept of numbers. Then, what are the differences between the two? Let’s pay attention to the full discussion below.

Classical Theory

The classical theory says that oxidation is a process of capturing oxygen and losing hydrogen. However, on the other hand reduction is a process of losing oxygen and capturing hydrogen.

Modern Theory

The concept of redox has developed through various experiments, giving rise to the modern theory. Where, this modern theory says that oxidation is a process that results in the loss of one or more electrons from a substance. Substances that undergo oxidation will turn out to be more positive.

Meanwhile, reduction itself is a process that results in the acquisition of one or more electrons by a substance. Where, substances that undergo this reduction process will become more negative. From these two theories and reduction which is not only seen from the capture of oxygen and hydrogen but as a process of transferring electrons from one substance to another.

The concept of Oxidation Numbers

The concept of a redox reaction involving the transfer of electrons can only occur in ionic compounds. Meanwhile, in covalent compounds it is not. For this reason, a third redox concept emerged, which is based on changes in oxidation numbers or also called oxidation states.

Oxidation number is the positive and negative charges on an atom. The positive oxidation number element itself is generally an atom of a metal element, for example Na, Fe, Mg, Ca, and other metal elements. Meanwhile, elements with negative oxidation numbers are generally atoms of non-metallic elements, for example O, Cl, F, and other non-metallic elements.

According to the concept of change in oxidation number, states that a reduction reaction is a reaction in which the oxidation number decreases. Meanwhile, the oxidation reaction itself is a reaction that experiences an increase in oxidation number.

Where, there are 8 (eight) rules in determining the oxidation number of an atom that you must know, including the following:

1. The concept of the oxidation number of free elements in the form of atoms and molecules, namely O

Atomic free samples.
C, Ca, Cu, Na, Fe, Al, Ne = 0
Free examples are molecules.
For example H2, O2, CI2, P4, S8, = 0.

2. The concept of the oxidation number of monoatomic and polyatomic ions according to the type of ionic charge

For example:
The oxidation numbers of monoatomic ions Na+, Mg2+, and AI3+ are +1, +2, and +3, respectively.
The oxidation numbers of polyatomic ions NH4+, SO42-, and PO43- are +1, -2, and -3, respectively.

3. The concept of the oxidation number of elements in metal groups IA, IIA, and IIIA according to group

An example of the oxidation number of Na in a NaCl compound is +1
Such as: IA = H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr = +1.
An example of the oxidation number of Mg in the compound MgSO2 is +2.
Such as: IIA = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra = +2.
An example of the oxidation number of Al in the AI203 compound is +3.
Like IIIA = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl = +3.

4. The concept of oxidation numbers for more than one transition group or group B elements

Example:
Oxidation numbers of Cu = +1 and +2.
Au oxidation number = +1 and +3.
Sn oxidation numbers = +3 and +4.

5. The concept of the total oxidation number of the elements that form ions = the total charge

For example: NH4+ = +1

6. The concept of the sum of the oxidation numbers of the elements that form compounds = 0

For example: H2O = 0

7. The concept of Hydrogen Oxidation Number (H) When Associated with Metals = -1 But when H is related to non-metals = +1

For example: The oxidation number of H in AIH3 = -1

8. Concept of Oxygen Number (O) in Peroxide Compounds = -1 and Oxidation Number of O in Non Peroxide Compounds = -2

For example: The oxidation number of O in the compound BaO2 = -1.

How to Determine Reduction and Oxidation (Redox) Reactions Based on the Concept of Increasing and Decreasing Oxidation Numbers

In reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions, there are several elements that act as reducing agents and oxidizing agents. Where, the substance that is being oxidized is called a reducing agent, while the substance that is being reduced is called an oxidizing agent.

Try to look at the following example:
Reaction Mg(s) + 2HCl —–> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Because Mg is a free element, so the oxidation number of Mg = 0. Then, the oxidation number of H in the 2HCl compound is +1 because H elements are related to other elements and H is a group of IA. Furthermore, because H = +1, it means that Cl = -1 so that the total oxidation number of 2HCl = 0.

On the right-hand side, the oxidation number of Mg in the compound MgCl is +2 because Mg is bonded and is a group IIA element. This is because Cl has an index of 2, so the oxidation number of Cl = -1 so that the total oxidation number of MgCl2 = 0. In addition, because H2 is a free element, the oxidation number has a value of 0. Where, the element Mg experiences an increase in oxidation number from 0 to +2 So it will undergo an oxidation reaction.

So that the element Mg can be said to be a reducing agent. Meanwhile, element H will experience a decrease in its oxidation number from +1 to 0, so it will undergo a reduction reaction. Therefore, HCl is called an oxidizing agent.

Definition of Oxidizing and Reducing

An oxidizing agent is a compound that has the ability to oxidize other compounds or is commonly known as a compound that accepts electrons. Where, the oxidizer itself is a compound that has elements with high oxidation numbers, for example H2O2, MnO4-, CrO3, Cr2O72-, OsO4, and other very electronegative compounds.

Meanwhile, a reducing agent is a compound that has the ability to reduce other compounds or is commonly known as an electron donating compound. Compounds in the form of reducing agents are found in metal elements. For example Lu, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Al. Another type of reducing agent is a hybrid transfer reagent, such as NaBH4 and LiALH4.

Examples of Redox Reactions

One example of a redox reaction is between hydrogen and fluorine:
H2 + F2 a 2 HF

You can write all these reactions as 2 (two) half reactions:
Oxidation reaction: H2 a 2H+ + 2e-
Reduction reaction: F2 + 2e- a 2F-

Analyzing each half reaction will make the whole chemical process appear more clearly. That is because there is no change in total charge during a redox reaction, the total excess electrons in an oxidation reaction must equal the number consumed in a reduction reaction.

Elements even in this molecular form often have an oxidation number of zero. In the above reaction hydrogen is oxidized from 0 to +1, while fluorine is reduced from 0 to -1. When oxidation and reduction reactions are combined the electrons involved reduce each other:

H2 a 2H+ + 2e-
F2 + 2e- à 2F-
______________________
H2 + F2 a 2H+ + 2F-
And the ions will combine to form hydrogen fluoride:
H2 + F2 a 2H+ + 2F- a 2 HF
This is the discussion about oxidation. Hopefully the information about oxidation above can be helpful and useful for readers.

What is ospek – For students who have just graduated from high school or vocational school and are prospective new students, of course they are already familiar with the term ospek. It can be said that this ospect activity is one of the things that is quite anticipated or even a scourge among prospective new students.

These ospect activities usually consist of various kinds of activities that can make prospective new students or new students understand how life is on campus.

But unfortunately, there are still some prospective students who don’t understand what the ospek is like on campus. Therefore, it would be better if you first understood the information about prospective exams so that you can prepare yourself well when you enter college.

In this article, we will discuss what prospecting is, its benefits, and also the sequences that are usually carried out during exams.

What is an Ospect?

The question that often arises from prospective new students is what is ospek? So, ospect itself is Study Orientation and Campus Introduction, which is an activity that aims to introduce new students to college life.

The campus world has many differences from the education we take at school, starting from learning methods, clothes, class schedules, to the culture. That is what new students will be introduced to when attending ospek.

The hope is that, after attending ospects, new students can understand the lecture system and can adapt to campus life which is very fast and dynamic. There are lots of benefits that can be obtained by participating in ospek activities.

Starting from being able to know the lecture system, getting to know the culture around campus, making new friends, and also getting to know seniors. This series of ospect activities must be carried out by new students or better known as freshmen with a schedule that has been prepared by the committee. This ospect activity is also very synonymous with various kinds of special events that will become memories for students.

Ospect History

Did you know that Ospek is a colonial heritage? In Indonesia, the Ospek system existed from 1898 to 1927 at an educational institution called STOVIA. At that time, hazing had already been carried out, where the status of senior as well as junior was highly respected.

These juniors will be used as subordinates by the seniors to do various things. This system continued until 1927 to 1942 at the GHS Educational Institution, Ospek was implemented more formally and student participation was voluntary.

Along with the development of the times, Ospek continues to be enforced and is required by the institution. Several modifications to the implementation of this Ospek continue to be implemented, starting from the use of strange costumes and carrying items that are difficult to find, which is one of the modifications of the implementation of the Ospek itself.

Hazing is part of the Opek tradition. This tradition has even been carried out from generation to generation. Many people criticize this hazing system. Because, there are so many cases of hazing that have fatal consequences. Ranging from violence to cause death.

Many people ultimately criticized this activity. The government itself finally made an appeal to the tertiary institutions to change the Ospek system. The use of strange attributes has begun to be abolished, hazing and seniority have also begun to be eliminated. Ospek has begun to be changed towards its main purpose and main function.

A series of activities that are usually carried out during Ospek

During the orientation period, usually the activities that will be carried out are in line with the aim of implementing the Ospek itself, namely to introduce the campus world. The following are some of the series of activities that are usually carried out during Ospek, including:

1. Teaching and Learning Orientation

One of the activities during Ospek is teaching and learning orientation. In this activity, new students will take part in a series of teaching and learning processes as if they were attending a lecture.

This one activity is a provision to prepare new students to take part in actual lectures. There will be lecturers who teach material like in lecture classes. Generally, the material that will be taught is in the form of information about the academic system and also personality development.

New students will generally also be asked to make assignments and present them so they are familiar with the assignments in lectures. When teaching and learning orientation, never hesitate to ask about the lecture system so you don’t get confused when facing the actual lecture.

2. Campus Life Orientation

In addition to teaching and learning orientation, new students will also be introduced to campus life. These orientation activities are generally organized by seniors on campus with the aim of informing new students about activities outside of academic or lecture activities.

These new students will be given assignments to do and also be collected during the Ospek. The assignments are in the form of personal or group assignments such as making videos or interviewing seniors.

When the orientation takes place, new students will also be asked to bring a number of attributes. Activities during this orientation were also quite diverse, ranging from talk shows, seminars, games, to singing yells.

3. UKM Exhibition or Student Activity Unit

During the Ospek period, new students will also be introduced to UKM on campus, such as organizations to extracurriculars. There are various kinds of organizations that exist at the university, faculty, and study program levels.

In addition, there are also extracurricular activities in various fields such as sports and arts. Each organization and also this extracurricular will present the activities they usually do in front of new students.

At this time, you should look for organizations or activities that match your interests and talents. Look for activities that can support lectures and also develop your abilities outside of academia.

Several extracurricular activities have opened registration for new students during the exhibition. That way, you can register immediately if you have made a choice which activity you will take part in.

4. Faculty and Department Outlook

After carrying out Ospek at the university level, new students will also take part in Ospek activities at the faculty and department levels. Generally, the time for Ospek at the department and faculty level will be longer than the orientation at the university level.

If the university level only lasts for a few weeks, then at the faculty and department level it can take up to 2 months or even one semester, depending on the applicable policies.

The purpose of this Ospek which is held at the faculty and department level is so that every new student can get to know each other with friends from the same class. In this Ospek activity, students will be divided into groups to work on several assignments given by seniors.

Aspect’s attributes, from the name tag to the dress code, will also be determined. New students are expected to be compact with their peers.

In this orientation session, you often find seniors who are fierce. However, you don’t need to be afraid, because after this orientation activity is over, it is possible that you and your seniors can become friends. This Ospek activity is indeed the right time to get to know new friends and also seniors on campus.

Benefits of Ospek for Students

The Ospek activity itself actually has many benefits, especially for new students who are entering the world of lectures for the first time. The following are some of the benefits that you can get from participating in Ospek activities, including:

1. Make New Friends

The ospect activities which are quite intense require new students to always communicate with other people from different backgrounds. Making good friends and also being selective will make new students have relationships in the world of lectures. Be it at the study program or study program level and also at the campus level. They will help each other in terms of information on lectures, ukm, organizations, and also scholarships.

2. Get to know the Campus Environment and Conditions

A fairly large campus environment with various facilities and uses can help us support lectures. Through this Ospek activity, the environment and campus conditions will be introduced to new students.

3. Understand the Lecture System

The lecture system is very different from the existing education system in secondary schools. Therefore, in this Ospek activity, new students will be given direction and also an understanding of the academic system and administration in lectures.

Of course, new students don’t know what a chancellor, dean, head of study program, technician, GPA, short semester, compre, and so on are. In this Ospek, especially the Ospek majors, new students will be introduced to it all.

4. Mental training

As a new student, you will be faced with many new things. From that, you will be mentally trained to dare to communicate, move, be responsible, adapt, and others according to the existing situation and conditions.

5. Practicing Cooperation and Communication

A lot of ospect activities are filled with assignments, either individually or in groups. Group assignments will be done in groups. From this assignment, student cooperation is trained.

6. Practicing Discipline and Confidence

Discipline of new students will be trained by applying the entry schedule, collection of assignments, and also various rules that are applied during the Ospek which have been determined by the committee. In addition to discipline, new students must also practice being confident with the assignments given and having the courage to voice their opinions in public places.

7. Add Experience

There are lots of experiences and also various impressive things that you can get from Ospek activities. For example, getting to know people with different regional languages, meeting campus idols, meeting great speakers, and of course it can be a reference for becoming a dream in the future.

Things New Students Usually Do During Ospek

The following are several things that are synonymous with the implementation of Ospek. Maybe there is an Ospek tradition that is still positive and still worth maintaining today.

1. Using clothes with unusual knick-knacks

Prior to the day of the Ospek, new students will be gathered by the seniors to be given various directions, one of which is regarding the rules of clothing that they must wear while undergoing the Ospek.

Not only are the colors and models of the uniforms regulated, but also the knick-knacks that adorn their clothes will usually be determined by the seniors. Starting from hats, necklaces, bracelets, nameplates, and so on.

While in the campus environment, these various attributes cannot be removed by new students until the Ospek period is over. The time period itself is quite varied, some are three to seven days, some can hold Opek up to one month.

2. Uniform Hairstyle

Not enough with various unusual knick-knacks, seniors also usually assign new students to uniform their haircuts. Usually, men are told to make their hair uniform and women are told to tie their hair in small pieces. Meanwhile for female students who wear headscarves, the Ospek committee will ask them to decorate their hijabs with various kinds of colorful ribbons.

3. Eating Together Full of Rules

This inspection will usually take place from the morning until the afternoon. When lunch time arrives, it is not uncommon for seniors to order new students to have lunch together with the excuse of strengthening intimacy. However, this lunch moment was not free from various rules made by the seniors. For example, eating time is limited, sitting cross-legged and upright when putting food into the mouth, no sound is allowed, and no food is allowed to be left.

4. Play Various Kinds of Games

Even though the rules regarding uniforms until mealtime are synonymous with the impression of hazing, it turns out that Opek’s activities are not all annoying. On the sidelines of Ospek activities, the committee will usually invite new students to play various creative and exciting games. There are games that aim to train concentration and also teamwork, there are also games that are played to simply get rid of sleepiness.

5. Get acquainted with Lecturers and Various SMEs

It is not uncommon for people to think that Ospek activities are a waste of time, energy and materials. This impression is not entirely correct. During Ospek activities, new students will also be given the opportunity to get acquainted with several lecturers who will teach them in lectures.

By knowing the character of the lecturers and a glimpse of the lectures, of course this is very useful to minimize the anxiety that new students feel before the first day of class.

Apart from getting to know the lecturers, new students will also be introduced to various UKM or Student Activity Units at university, faculty, department, or study program levels. These various UKM are very useful in helping students to develop their interests and talents.

6. Familiarity Night

The last day of Ospek is usually the time most students look forward to. In addition to feeling relieved, the closing of this Ospek is usually accompanied by various fun celebrations or ceremonies, such as an evening of intimacy.

In this event, usually there is no uniform or hairstyle that is required. All new students can be free to express themselves. The impression of seniority that was attached during Ospek also began to fade and disappear in the evening of intimacy.

This is an explanation of what Ospek is, a series of activities, benefits, and also some things that are synonymous with Ospek activities. For Sinaumed’s who want to know more deeply about life on campus, you can read related books by visiting sinaumedia.com .

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Umm

reference:

• https://danacita.co.id/blog/ospek-Jadi-info-terlengkap-untuk-mahasiswa-baru/
• https://deepublishstore.com/ospek-kuliah/

Organizational Theory – In studying and getting to know knowledge about organizations or even those of you who are currently affiliated and active in various forms of organizations. You can read this article to understand more about the organization itself.

In full, this article will discuss what an organization is, the meaning of organizational theory, various forms of organizational theory, and much more that can help Sinaumed’s in enriching information about organizations. Check out the following information.

Definition of Organization

Organization is a social unit that is formed from the existence of a group of individuals who interact with each other which forms a pattern that is structured in a certain way so that each member in it has the duties and functions of each, becomes a unit that has a specific purpose and have clear boundaries so that the organization can be strictly separated from its environment.

According to Burky and Perry, the notion of an organization is a unit consisting of several individuals who act together to achieve common goals.

Based on the book Organizational Theory, an organization is formed because of encouragement from within a group of people to achieve certain goals. This book also discusses how to work together in an organization and how the organization can run well.

Definition of Organizational Theory

Organizational theory itself is a theory used to study the process of cooperation between individuals. The nature of the group that exists within the individual in achieving goals and the various ways that are taken by using theories that can explain the form of behavior, such as the motivation of an individual in carrying out the process of collaboration in an organization.

The definition of organizational theory according to Lubis and Husaini in 1987 itself is a collection of knowledge that talks about the mechanism of cooperation between two or more people which is carried out systematically in achieving common goals that have been determined beforehand.

Meanwhile, Stephen P. Robbins (1994) put forward the notion of organizational theory as a scientific discipline that studies organizational structure and design. Organizational theory refers to various descriptive aspects and perspectives of the discipline. Organizational theory is also often used in explaining how organizations are actually made or structured and offers about how an existing organization can be constructed in order to increase organizational effectiveness.

Based on the above understanding, it can be concluded that organizational theory has a function to explain the activities and dynamics of cooperation in an organization as well as to provide guidance and guidance in the decision-making process based on predictions made as a result of the decision making.

To better understand what organizational theory is, a book entitled Organizational + Organizing Theory can be used by Sinaumed’s as a reference because it was compiled by experts on organizational theory topics which will definitely be useful for you!

Organizational Theory Based on Analysis Level

The types of organizational theory themselves vary based on literature and library sources. Based on Scott in Legard (2010), organizational theory is divided into three levels of analysis, which consist of a socio-psychological level, a structural level, and a macro level which will be explained as follows.

1. Socio-psychological level

The first organizational theory, namely the socio-psychological level, is an organizational theory that focuses more on individual and interpersonal relationships within an organization.

In this group of theories, organizational experts make efforts to explain how people in an organization relate to each other in achieving their respective goals.

2. Structural Level

The second organizational theory, namely the structural level, is an organizational theory that focuses more on an organization in general and subdivisions of an organization such as departments, teams, and so on.

In this group of theories, organizational experts also explain how the units within the organization such as departments, sections, sections, and the like are related to each other in achieving the goals of each of these units.

3. Macro Level

The third organizational theory, namely the macro level, is an organizational theory that focuses more on the role of an organization in establishing relationships with other organizational groups and communities.

At this level, organizational experts make efforts to explain the relationships between organizations in achieving their respective goals.

With so many different organizational theories, it becomes very difficult to study them without references. One of the reference books entitled Organization Theory, 4th Edition which is below discusses Scientific Management, Motivation Theory, Structural Contingency Theory, and many more.

Organization Theory

In its development, organizational theory itself has undergone various changes that have occurred from time to time which can be seen through the various variables that are the focus of its attention, which are classified into three, namely scientific management theory, human relations theory, and quantitative flow theory.

Consider about organizational theory which is classified into three, as follows.

1. Scientific or Classical Theory of Management

In this scientific or classical management theory there are variables that are considered, namely:

• The importance of the role of the manager
• Utilization and appointment of labor
• Responsibility and employee welfare
• Favorable climate

There are also various principles in the division of labor in scientific management or scientific management that relate to the experts, which consist of:

1. Robert Owen in 1771 to 1858, in principle emphasized the role of human resources or HR which was the key to success for a company.

There are also assumptions regarding Robert Owen’s theory which is motivated by inadequate or inadequate working conditions and requirements, where the previous working conditions and the life of the workers at that time were very bad.

2. Charles Babbage in 1792 to 1871, in principle advocated for holding a division of labor that had something to do with the division of work, so that each existing worker could be taught or educated to have a special skill.

Every existing worker is only required to carry out special responsibilities according to the expertise or specialization they have.

3. Frederick W. Taylor, in principle, states the starting point for the application of management which is carried out scientifically as a result of research on time and motion studies.

With the emphasis on time, the completion of existing work can be correlated with the wages or payments received. The existing method is referred to as the differential wage system.

4. Henry L. Gantt in 1861 to 1919, in principle he issued ideas that had similarities with Taylor’s ideas, namely: Mutually beneficial cooperation that occurs between managers and employees, recognizes proper selection methods and bonus systems as well as instructions.

Henry L. Gantt also rejected the differential wage system, where he considered it had little impact on existing work motivation.

5. Frank B. Gilberth and Lillian M. Gilberth in 1868 to 1924 and 1878 to 1972, which in principle based on the idea of ​​research results regarding the relationship between movement and fatigue at work.

According to Frank, movement and fatigue are related to one another. Where every movement that is eliminated also causes fatigue. Meanwhile, according to Lilian, in the setting to achieve effective movements can reduce fatigue levels.

6. Herrington Emerson in 1853 to 1931, who in principle said that the disease that interferes with existing management systems in industry is waste and efficiency.

Therefore, he also recommends that an organization has clear objectives, logical activities, sufficient staff, has work discipline, fair remuneration, credible or reliable reports, sequences of instructions, standardization of activities, standard conditions, standard operations. , standard instructions as well as incentive rewards.

2. Human Relations Theory

In the theory of human relations, the approach taken is in the form of a psychological approach to subordinates, whereby knowing the behavior of a subordinate as a group of human relations aims to support the level of productivity of that person at work.

This is what makes a recommendation for managers in an organization, where the organization is a social system that must pay attention to the social and psychological needs of the employees in it so that productivity can be higher.

The following are the originators or theorists of human relations. Check out the following information.

• Abraham Maslow as the first human relations theorist said about developing a hierarchy of needs for his explanation of human behavior and the dynamics of motivational processes.
• Douglas McGregor as the second human relations theorist describes it with theory X and theory Y.
• Frederick Herzberg as the third human relations theorist elaborates on the hygienic theory of motivation or what is known as the two-factor theory.
• Robert Black and Jane Mouton as the fourth human relations theorists discuss the five leadership styles in a managerial condition.
• Rensis Likert as the fifth human relations theorist identified and conducted intensive research on the four existing management systems.
• Fred Fiedler as the sixth human relations theorist suggests a contingency approach in the study of leadership.
• Chris Argyris as the seventh human relations theorist views an organization as a social system as well as a system that exists between cultural relations.
• Edgar H. Schein as the eighth human relations theorist who examines group dynamics that occur within organizations.

3. Quantitative Flow Theory

In the theory of quantitative flow, management decisions are more focused on calculations that can be accounted for by their scientific level. This approach is also known as the management science approach which generally has the following steps.

• Formulate the problem
• Constructing an arithmetic model
• Get the solution from the existing model
• Reviewing models and model results
• Establish results-based oversight
• Conduct implementation

There are also tools that are generally used in this method, namely statistical and computerized methods to see possibilities and opportunities as information needed by management.

4. Bureaucratic Theory

The theory of bureaucracy was first put forward by Max Weber in his book entitled The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism.

The word bureaucracy itself originally came from the word legal-rational. Where an existing organization is legal, because it has authority that comes from a set of procedural rules and roles that have been formulated clearly and in detail. Organizations are also called rational in setting goals and organizational design in achieving these goals.

According to Max Weber, bureaucracy also has the following six characteristics.

• The bureaucracy has a clear division of labor
• The bureaucracy has a well-defined hierarchy of authority
• Bureaucracy has a rational program to achieve organizational goals
• The bureaucracy has a system of procedures for handling work situations
• The bureaucracy has a system of rules that includes various rights and position obligations for office holders within it
• Bureaucracy has interpersonal relationships that have an impersonal nature

5. Administration Theory

This administrative theory was largely developed on the basis of contributions from Henri Fayol and Lyndall Urwick who came from Europe and also Mooney and Reiley who came from America.

As an industrialist from France, Henri Fayol lived from 1841 to 1925 and proposed and discussed fourteen principles of management which until now have become the basis for the development of administrative theory. The fourteen management principles consist of:

• The division of labor or what can be called the division of work
• Authority and responsibility or what can be called authority and responsibility
• Discipline or what can be called discipline
• Unity of command or what can be called the unity of command
• Unity of direction or what can be called the unity of direction
• Prioritizing public interests over personal interests or what can be called the subordination of individual interests to general interests
• Remuneration or what can be called the remuneration of personnel
• Centralization or what can be called centralization
• Scalar chain or what can be called a scalar chain
• Rules or what can be called an order
• Justice or what can be called equity
• Perpetuation of personnel or what can be called the stability of tenure of personnel
• Initiative or what can be called the initiative
• The spirit of the corps or what can be called the esprit de corps

Henri Fayol also details the various functions of administrative activities which are used as various elements of management and is also known as Fayol’s Functionalism or Fayol’s theory of functionalism which consists of: planning, organizing, giving orders, coordinating, and supervising.

Organization Theory According to Stephen P. Robbins

An organization expert named Stephen P. Robbins (1995) suggests the division of organizational theory which is divided into four categories consisting of the following.

1. Type 1 theorist

• The group of type 1 theorists is known as the classical school
• The efforts made by this group of theorists are to develop a universal organizational model
• Seeing an organization as a closed system in achieving goals efficiently
• Experts such as Frederick W. Taylor who made scientific management, Henry Fayol who made organizational principles, Max Weber who made bureaucratic theory, and Ralph Davis who made rational planning theory

2. Type 2 theorists

• In the efforts made by this group of theorists, they made adjustments that were socially organizational in nature, as well as forming a flow of human relations that could be called a human relations school.
• Theorists also view the organization as consisting of various tasks as well as people
• Experts such as Elton Mayo who created the Hawthorne theory or study, Chester Barnard who created the theory of cooperative systems, McGregor who created the X and Y theory, and Warren Bennis who created the anti-bureaucratic theory.

3. Type 3 theorists

• This theorist has a contingency approach which means choosing between mechanistic and humanistic
• Experts such as Katz and Kahn who made the theory of environmental perspectives, the case of technology, and the Aston group who made the theory of organizational scales.

4. Type 4 theorists

• These theorists focus on the political nature of an organization.
• Experts such as March and Simon who made cognitive limits on rationality and Jeffrey Pfeffer who made political arena theory

Well, that’s an explanation of organizational theory and the various forms in it . Based on the information above, it can be concluded that organizational theory is a number of thoughts and concepts that can explain and predict how an organization behaves, which can be formed from various types of structures and certain conditions in achieving its goals.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

What is Online – The term online has been used a lot lately. Many activities are carried out online. But what is online?

Sinaumed’s, maybe you are already doing something online without realizing it. But do not know the meaning of the word online. This article will discuss things about online, from understanding to benefits.

What is Online? Definition of Online

Types of Online Communication

1. Synchronous Chat Communication

For those of you who use applications such as whatsapp, line, sms, telegram, and the like. That means you have done synchronous chat communication. Synchronous chat communication is communication made via the internet but only in the form of text messages or other chats which are only in the form of text messages.

2. Chat Asynchronous Communication

Chat asynchronous communication with chat synchronous communication has the same function, namely sending text messages to someone you want to communicate with.

However, the difference between the two is that chat asynchronous communication is delayed online communication. Chat or text messages sent are not immediately replied to by the recipient.

An example of asynchronous chat communication is like a question session during a webinar or discussion. Questions will be accommodated and answered at the appropriate session or time.

3. Synchronous Call Communication

This type of online communication is communication where someone can communicate via a telephone line that must use the internet. This communication is not limited by time and distance. The applications used vary, of course there must be a telephone feature.

4. Video Call Synchronous Communication

This type of online communication is not much different from synchronous call communication, because you can communicate with someone via voice.

But what distinguishes this synchronous video call communication is that there is a video feature that can show the face of the person you are communicating with. There are also various supporting applications for synchronous video communication.

5. Video Asynchronous Communication

Video asynchronous communication is online communication that is the same as video synchronous communication. But the difference from asynchronous video communication is that someone only sends a form of communication in the form of video.

Two-way communication does not occur in asynchronous video communication. So that the person who sent the video cannot know how the response from the recipient of the video is.

This video asynchronous communication is usually used for teachers who make learning materials in video form. The teacher will send the video to his students.

In addition, there is online communication based on how to communicate, namely formal online communication, informal communication, non-formal online communication, group communication, and communication for work. Here’s the explanation:

6. Formal Online Communication

Formal online communication is communication that takes place in formal situations. Usually this communication is carried out when there is an interest or an obligation to carry out formal online communication. Examples of formal online communication such as conducting webinars, lessons, or meetings.

7. Informal Online Communication

Informal online communication is the exact opposite of formal communication. This communication is done to carry out interactions that do not always have a purpose or purpose. Usually this communication also does not have a definite topic or is not planned. For example, like a mother who contacts her child because she wants to ask how her child is or is.

8. Non-Formal Online Communication

Non-formal online communication is communication that takes place outside of formal or official events. If non-formal communication is carried out in an official situation, usually the person being invited to communicate is a relative or someone who has a close relationship.

9. Group Online Communication

The next type of online communication is group online communication. As the name implies, this communication is done in groups. This communication is usually done within a group of groups on an application or platform.

10. Online Communication for Work

Online communication for work is personal and important. This communication is done for work purposes. This communication can use a personal application or platform, or it can also use a private platform provided by the company. Such as an application, website, or email on behalf of the company.

Components to Support Online Communication

Before online communication can run, components are needed to support it, including the following:

1. Software components ( software )

This component is useful for running the system for online communication purposes. This component serves to bridge the other components. Programs used for this software component such as google, sky, webconferencia, and so on.

2. Hardware components (hardware)

Hardware components are components that are visible and usable by humans. Examples of hardware components for online communication are laptops or computers, cellphones, microphones, headsets, and other supporting devices.

3 . Components of reasoning or reasoning devices (brainware)

The component of the device of reason or reason is a human being. Humans are the ones who run the other components, so the presence of this component is really needed for online communication.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Communication

1. Advantages of Online Communication

There are several advantages of online communication that can be found, including:

a. Saving time

Online communication certainly requires the internet to work. The advantage of online communication is that it saves time, it doesn’t take long to send messages or videos to someone when using online communication. In addition, online communication knows no time, you can use it at any time.

b. Can be done anywhere

Online communication is communication that can be done anywhere, as long as the internet is connected. This is one of the advantages of online communication. So there is no need to meet to communicate.

c. Save costs

To communicate online, you don’t need to pay a lot of money. Compared to communicating in person, especially if the distance is great, online communication is very helpful. Because it can reduce costs, only internet costs are needed.

2. Disadvantages of Online Communication

Besides the advantages, online communication also has disadvantages. Are as follows:

a. Requires a specific device or application

If you want to communicate online, certain applications are needed to support this communication. This can be said to be a drawback of online communication, because not all applications can be installed or used in general.

b. Difficulty expressing emotions

The disadvantages of online communication in this case are clearly visible when using online communication of the text message type. Misunderstandings often occur between the sender and the recipient of the message, because it is difficult to guess the expression received by the recipient of the message from the sender of the message.

c. Widespread data privacy threats

When you want to communicate online using certain platforms or applications, personal data is required. This is actually dangerous, because if private personal data is spread, it can be misused by irresponsible people.

Online Benefits

Following are some of the many benefits of going online:

• To communicate
• As a trading medium
• Can be used for business
• Facilitate learning
• As a means of e-banking
• Entertainment media
• Can access information from anywhere and anytime

That’s information about online, from understanding to benefits. For Sinaumed’s who want to know more, there’s no need to worry, because sinaumedia as #SahabatUnlimits will always help by providing books on sinaumedia.com .

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What is Ohm’s Law? – Basically, in a closed circuit there will be a flow of electric current. Where the electric current flows because of a potential difference between two points in an introduction, for example on a flashlight, television, radio, and others. The equipment can turn on or function if there is electricity that comes from the voltage connected to the equipment itself. So it will produce a potential difference.

Ohm’s law is one of the basic sciences of electronics. This one science is very useful to help us in calculating the current, voltage, or resistance of an electric circuit. Where ohm’s law states the relationship between mathematical and current, voltage, and also network resistance. The name of the law is taken from a German physicist and mathematician named Georg Simon Ohm. Ohm was the first to examine the relationship between electric current strength and potential difference in a conductor. In that research, Ohm found a mathematical relationship between electric current strength and potential difference, which eventually became known as Ohm’s Law.

It is known that the greater the potential difference that appears, the greater the current flowing. The magnitude of the ratio between the potential difference and the electric current strength is always the same or constant. So that the potential difference is equivalent to the current strength (V ~ I). When viewed mathematically, it can be written that V = mxl, m is a constant ratio between the potential difference and the current strength.

One of the formulas that describes Ohm’s Law is that it reads, “the current flowing in a conductor is proportional to the potential difference that exists between the ends of the conductor provided that the temperature is constant or constant.

In everyday life, sometimes we will find an electrical device that reads 220 V/2 A. This writing was not written without a purpose. Where the purpose of this article is to inform that the electric device will work optimally and for a long time if it is installed with a voltage of 220 V and a current of 2 A. Then, what if it is installed at a higher or lower voltage? For example, if there are two lamps that say 220 V/2 A, they are installed at 440 V and 55 V. So what will happen?

For lamps that are installed at a higher voltage, it will result in the lamp shining brighter but not lasting long. Meanwhile, for lights that are installed at a lower current voltage, it will cause the lights to become dim. Therefore, you should always pay attention to the instructions for using power tools.

Understanding Ohm’s Law

According to Wikipedia, Ohm’s Law is an electric current which is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Meanwhile, according to Collins Dictionary, Ohm’s Law is the principle of an electric current flowing through a conductor that is proportional to the potential difference. However, the temperature remains constant. The proportional constant is the resistance of the conductor.

Ohm’s Law equations and Ohm’s Law formulas describe how current flows through any material when a voltage is applied. One thing you need to remember is the difference between low resistance and high resistance. An electric cable or other conductor has low resistance, meaning that current will flow easily. Conversely, if the resistance is high, the current will be difficult to flow.

Understanding Ohm’s Law above will not help much if we don’t know what variables we use, what are the equations, and how to use them. If based on the American English Dictionary, Ohm’s Law has a ratio that is proportional to the current in the dc circuit given the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Not only dc, Ohm’s Law also applies to ac circuits.

Ohm’s law is usually described by graphing the linear relationship between voltage (V) and current (I) in an electric circuit. We can imagine how Ohm’s Law looks like with a pipe illustration.

a. The water pipe is the resistance (R) in the circuit, calculated in Ohms (Ω).
b. Water is an electric current (I) flowing in a circuit, calculated in amperes (A).
c. The difference in height between the water is the voltage (V) in the circuit, calculated in volts (V).

From the explanation above, the illustration goes like this:

a. If the water pipe is narrow or the resistance is high, this will limit the water or electric current flowing in the circuit.
b. If the water pipes are wide or have low resistance, this will increase the water or electric current flowing in the circuit.

Ohm’s Law sounds

At first, Ohm’s Law consisted of two parts. The first part is the definition of resistance, namely V = IR. This relationship is often called Ohm’s Law. However, Ohm also said that R is a constant that does not depend on V or I. The relationship V =IR can be applied in any resistor, where V is the potential difference between the two ends of the resistance and I is the current flowing through it. While R is the resistance or resistance of the resistor.

Ohm’s law itself reads, “The strength of the current flowing in a conductor or resistance is proportional to the potential difference or voltage between the ends of the conductor. The statement can be written as follows, namely I ∞ V.”

In everyday life, current strength is needed like electric current strength. For example, when connecting a wire to a 6 V battery, the current flow will be doubled compared to when connecting to a 3 V battery.

From here, let’s say we take an example of electric current with the flow of water in a pipe or river which is affected by gravity. If the pipe and river are almost flat, the water velocity will be relatively small. However, if one end is higher than the other, then the flow velocity or current will be greater. The greater the difference in height, the greater the current. That said, the amount of current flowing in the wire does not only depend on the voltage. But it also depends on the resistance provided by the wire to the flow of electrons. Pipe walls or river banks and also the rocks in the middle, can provide obstacles to the flow of currents. In the same way, electrons will be slowed down due to interactions with the atoms of the wire. The higher the resistance, the smaller the current in a voltage V.

Electrical resistance

According to Ohm’s Law equation, electrical resistance can be interpreted as the quotient of the potential difference between the ends of the conductor and the current flowing in the conductor itself. To commemorate the services of Georg Simon Ohm, his name is used as a unit of electrical resistance that we know as Ohm or (Ω) or the conductor is said to have a resistance of one ohm if an electric current of one ampere flows in the conductor. Where it is due to the potential difference between the ends of the conductor of one volt.

Types of Barriers

In everyday life, there are several types of resistance or resistors that are often used according to their needs. The types of obstacles are as follows:

a. Fixed Resistors

In fixed resistors which are generally made of carbon or thin nichrome wire, the value of the resistance is symbolized by various colors that circle on the outer shell. The color symbol has a meaning according to its location.

b. Variable Resistors

There are two types of variable resistors that we know on the market, namely rotating and shifting type variable resistors. Basically, the way the two resistors work is the same, namely by shifting or rotating the sliding contacts to increase or decrease the resistance value as needed. We can find these variable resistors in the volume system on radios, tape recorders, and other electronic equipment.

Measuring Barriers

From the explanation above, we already know how to measure the amount of current or potential difference in a conductor. Now, we will discuss how to measure the amount of electrical resistance. Where to measure electrical resistance there are two ways that we can use, namely directly and indirectly.

a. Measuring Barriers Directly

Most people must have known a multimeter, which is a tool that can be used to measure current strength, potential difference, and resistance. To measure resistance using a multimeter, we must first turn the switch inside the multimeter in the direction marked R. That way, the multimeter already functions as an ohm meter or resistance meter. Connect the ends of the multimeter terminals with the ends of the objects whose resistance will be measured. Then pay attention to the scale displayed on the multimeter.

b. Measuring Barriers Indirectly

Apart from using a multimeter, we can also combine voltmeters and ammeters together in the electrical circuit where the resistance will be measured. The voltmeter is connected in parallel, while the ammeter is connected in series with the object whose resistance is to be measured.

c. Barriers to the Conducting Wire

The conductor wire used in electric wire will certainly have resistance, even though the value is small. To determine the factors that affect the amount of resistance of a conductor.

Ohm’s Law formula

Mathematically, Ohm’s Law formula is V = I x R. Where I is the electric current flowing in a conductor in units of amperes. While V is the electric voltage at both ends of the conductor in units of volts. Then R is the value of the electrical resistance or resistance in a conductor in units of Ohms. The relationship between electric current, resistance, and voltage in a circuit is in Ohm’s Law.

When making experiments on electricity, Ohm found the following things:

a. If the resistance is constant, the current in each circuit is directly proportional to the voltage. But if the voltage increases, the current will also increase and if the voltage decreases, the current will also decrease.
b. If the voltage remains constant, then the current in the circuit becomes inversely proportional to the circuit. But if the resistance increases, the current will decrease and if the resistance decreases, the current will increase.

In a constant resistance, the current as well as the voltage will vary.

Ohm’s law itself can be expressed in the form of a formula. Where the basic formula is stated as follows.

R = the amount of electrical resistance
I = the amount of electric current flowing
E = the amount of electric voltage that is in a closed circuit

Ohm’s Law circuit

Below are several circuits in calculating Ohm’s Law, including:

a. How to Calculate Series Resistors

In a series of resistors arranged in series, the total resistor value can be obtained by adding up all the resistors arranged in series. This refers to the notion that the current strength at all points in a series circuit will always be the same.

b. How to Calculate Parallel Resistors

In a series of resistors arranged in parallel, the calculation of the total resistor value refers to the understanding that the magnitude of the current entering the branch is equal to the magnitude of the current coming out of the branch.

c. How to Calculate Series Capacitors

In a series of capacitors arranged in series, the total capacitor value is obtained by the calculation above.

d. How to Calculate Parallel Capacitors

In a series of several capacitors arranged in parallel, the total capacitor value is the sum of all the values ​​of the capacitors arranged in parallel.

Example of Ohm’s Law Problem

Three resistors are arranged in series, each value is 4 ohms, 3 ohms and 5 ohms. This resistance is then installed at 120 volts. Calculate the magnitude of the voltage across the 3 ohm resistance.

Answer:
R1 = 4 ohms
R2 =3 ohms
R3 = 5 ohms
V = 120 volts

Rtotal = 4 ohms + 3 ohms + 5 ohms = 12 ohms
V = I . R
I = V/Rtotal = 120 /12 = 10 A
V on R2 (rated 3 ohms) is
VR2 = IX R2
= 10 X 3
= 30 volts

Book & Article Recommendations

What is Observation – Observation is one way to get any information from an event by observing it directly. As is known, science is the basis of all events or activities that occur either in a small or a larger scope.

Basically, all of this knowledge is then obtained from learning about events that occur around us or obtained indirectly by reading or listening to explanations from other parties. To find out more about observation, then you can see this review, Sinaumed’s.

Definition of Observation

In general, the definition of observation is an activity of observing a particular object carefully directly at the research location. In addition, this observation also includes recording activities that are carried out systematically about all the symptoms of the object being studied.

There are also other opinions which say that the notion of observation is an act or process of observing something or someone carefully in order to obtain some information or simply to prove the truth of a study.

It can also be said that the observation process as a data collection technique is in accordance with the research objectives. This activity is also planned and recorded in a systematic way and can be controlled in terms of reliability and validity.

Definition of Observation According to Experts

In addition to the general understanding, experts also have their own opinions about what is meant by observation activities. Here are some of them:

1. Kartini Kartono

In Kartini Kartono’s opinion, observation is testing with a specific purpose to find out something, especially those aimed at collecting facts, data, scores, and the value of a verbalization. It can also be called the disclosure of words about everything that has been observed and further investigated.

2. Nurkancana

Meanwhile, the definition of observation according to Nurkancana is a way of making an assessment by means of direct and systematic observation. The data that has been obtained in these observations are then recorded in a special observation note. This recording activity is also part of the observation activity or an object.

3. Seville

Not much different from the two previous experts, Seville also argues that observation or observation in a simple sense is a process in which the researcher looks at the situation of a research being conducted. The method must also be in accordance with what is used and in the form of observing interactions or conditions of teaching and learning, behavior, and group interaction.

4. Gibson RI and Mitchell MH

Observation according to Gibson RI and Mitchell MH is a technique that can be used as degree selection. The goal is to determine a decision and conclusion on the observed object. So, it is clear that observations like this cannot be done alone, but must be assisted by using various other research methods.

5. Patton

Patton said that observation is an accurate and specific method. Data collection techniques must also have a purpose and be able to find all kinds of information about all ongoing activities to then be used as an object of study in a research.

6. Arifin

Furthermore, the definition of observation according to Arifin is a process of observing and recording systematically, logically, objectively, and rationally which talks about various phenomena. The phenomenon in question is something that occurs in an artificial situation to be able to achieve a certain goal or actually.

7. Nawawi and Martini

Finally, the definition of observation according to Nawawi and Martini. Both agree that observation is an observation and recording in sequence. This observation also consists of all the elements that appear in a phenomenon regarding the various objects of research. Then, the results of these observations will also be reported in a systematic manner and in accordance with applicable rules.

Observation Features

Basically, observation is an activity that aims to find information from objects. However, this observation activity has its own characteristics. In general, there are three characteristics of observation, including:

1. Objective

Objective, or carried out based on the state of a single real object that is directly observed.

2. Factual

Factual, or observations made in accordance with the facts derived from observations that are proven to be true without various unclear allegations.

3. Systematic

Systematic, this observation activity is carried out in accordance with a method that has been determined from the start and not haphazardly.

Observation Benefits

For those of you who are going to observe objects, it is mandatory to also make plans related to the most optimal observation method. The results of these observations can then be conveyed in the form of real data which will provide information and learning to the reader.

After knowing the function and purpose of the above, then what are the benefits of making observations? The various benefits of observation include:

• Record an event or event in a coherent and chronological manner
• Describes an incident or event with a high degree of accuracy
• The findings can then be interpreted easily.
• Observation results can also help interpret a situation in the real world.
• Can be combined using other techniques to generate reports.

Observational Purpose

Observers or researchers have the goal of observing objects or phenomena including:

1. Describing Objects and Everything Related to Observation of the Five Senses

The observers then have trained their five senses so that they can observe all events or objects carefully. Of course the ability of these trained five senses will be different from the ability of ordinary people. Everyone also has a different point of view. Observations with the five senses must also be supported by other observation techniques, namely extracting accurate data from the field directly.

2. Drawing a Conclusion

Objects that have been observed for a certain time will then provide conclusions about observations. This conclusion is then presented in the form of a report that can provide information or learning materials for readers.

3. Obtaining Data or Information

The purpose of making observations or observations is to obtain data or information from an object being observed. This data or information will then be shared with other parties in the form of scientific or non-scientific work. In addition, works that have been shown to the public will also receive praise and criticism.

So, this researcher also needs a lot of time to make a work. In the sense of observation, the observer has a general purpose and depends on the various objects being observed.

Observation Strengths and Weaknesses

Observers then make observations about various methods such as tests, questionnaires, recorded images, and sound. Complete the observation by using blanks regarding the events or behavior of the various objects observed.

Then, the observer only needs to give a check mark to the contents of the column according to the results of the observation. Conducting research on objects using the observation method also has advantages and disadvantages that you must understand. Below are the advantages and disadvantages of observation that you need to know:

1. Excess Observation

The following are the advantages of observation.

1. Noting growth behavior and things related to object phenomena when an event takes place.
2. Can obtain data from the subject directly either verbal communication or not.
3. Observation of young children is also easier than adults. The reason is, children can reveal honest behaviors or answers while adults can give invalid or pretend answers.

2. Lack of Observation

Not only advantages, observation or observation also has disadvantages that need attention, namely:

1. It takes a long time to make observations for certain events or events.
2. This observation then takes longer and cannot be done directly.
3. This observation activity can also be disturbed for incidents, incidents or things that are personal.

For example, in observing the behavior of children who experience problems with parental quarrels or certain conflicts. In addition, the personal domain is also a weakness of observation, so that this activity cannot be observed optimally.

Observation Example

One example of observation is conducting research in an elementary school. Then, observations were made in the form of observations of student behavior towards the way of teaching a teacher. You can observe every learning process in class for a certain period of time by applying several methods.

For example, by applying group methods for one week and individual methods at other times. Then, later you will draw conclusions about the behavior of students during the teaching and learning process.

Observation Type

In a book entitled Accurate in Indonesian (2019) by Sutarno, there are three types of observations that are often used in research. This is an explanation of the types of observation:

1. Participatory Observation

Participatory observation is a type of observation that is carried out by being actively involved in the things being observed. The observer must also go directly and carry out the process he directly observes. So then get a clear picture of what is observed.

2. Systematic Observation

Systematic observation is a type of observation that is also carried out with appropriate procedures or provisions that have been designed beforehand without violating these provisions. In order to be able to carry out systematic observations, observers must also determine in advance what factors underlie their observations.

3. Experimental Observations

Experimental observation is a type of observation that is carried out by holding an action to control the situation, and then making this observation of the phenomenon or phenomenon being studied.

After reading this article to the end, has the question of what observation is answered? If not, you can find further information in books about research that can be found at sinaumedia.com .

Hopefully all the discussion above is useful as well as adding insight to Sinaumed’s.

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

What is Ngabuburit – In this country, Indonesia, ngabuburit activities have become a tradition that is usually carried out when the month of Ramadan arrives. Both children, young people, adults, and even the elderly must have followed this special tradition of the month of Ramadan. In addition, not only Muslims who actually observe the fasting month of Ramadan follow this tradition, but also those who do not fast during Ramadan.

They ngabuburit together as a form of preserving traditions that have existed for generations. There are many activities that can be done during this ngabuburit, from evening walks, takjil hunting, to listening to cults at the mosque.

Then, what the heck is drowning? How is this ngabuburit tradition carried out in various parts of Indonesia? What activities can you do during this ngabuburit time?

Let’s look at the following reviews!

What is Ngabuburit?

Based on the Sundanese Language Dictionary which has been published by the Sunda Language and Literature Institute (LBSS), the word ‘ngabuburit’ comes from ‘burit’ which means ‘ afternoon ‘.

Meanwhile in Sundanese, ‘ngabuburit’ is ‘lakuran’ from the phrase ‘ ngalantung ngadagoan burit ‘, which means ‘ relaxing while waiting for the afternoon ‘.

In contrast to the Minang language, this ngabuburit is often called ‘ malengahsahasao ‘ which means ‘ to do activities to divert hunger and thirst during fasting ‘.

So, it can be concluded that ngabuburit is an activity carried out to wait for the Maghrib call to prayer before breaking the fast during the month of Ramadan.

Well, the term ‘ngabuburit’ gradually spread to all corners of Indonesia before the 1990s until it finally became a tradition today. Usually, this ngabuburit activity will be held at 15.30 to 17.30 (depending on when the Maghrib call to prayer will resound).

In the process of its implementation, ngabuburit is often filled with traveling, takjil hunting, participating in cults, playing kites, and some even playing football. Therefore, when the month of Ramadan arrives, there will be many sellers selling traditional food and snacks either on the side of the road or at the market just before breaking the fast.

This ngabuburit phenomenon has been carried out since ancient times, but of course the activities carried out can be different. In the past, especially in remote villages, people would hang out by plaiting pandan leaf mats, joking around with their families and neighbors, and reading the Koran in the surau (tadarusan).

As time progresses, the ngabuburit tradition also develops. Nowadays, young people usually do ngabuburit by hanging out in cafes, riding motorbikes together, walking around the town square, playing football, looking for takjil snacks, and cooking food for breaking the fast later.

Ngabuburit Tradition in Several Regions of Indonesia

1. Sailboat Racing

The ngabuburit tradition, which is filled with sailboat racing activities, can be found in the Surabaya area. The local community, to be precise those who live around Kenjeran Beach, will do a miniature sailboat race. Not only that, the mini sailboat will be decorated with a variety of colors to add to the beauty of the competition.

2. Kumbohan

Kumbohan is a ngabuburit tradition in Lamongan. The activity is in the form of hunting munggut fish around the Bengawan Solo River. There are many types of fish that are hunted, ranging from shrimp, lobster, bader, keting, to milkfish.

The way to catch it is to wait for the water in the river to become cloudy. The fish will be ‘drunk’ because of new water shipments or changes in water that was originally clear to cloudy. In addition, the water in the river will recede so fish will be easy to catch. Later, people will wait for the fish to rise to the surface and catch them.

3. Relax on the Beach

Ngabuburit activities by relaxing on the beach are usually carried out by people who live around the beach. For example, at Taman Pandan Beach in Sukabumi, West Java.

On these beaches there will also be sellers selling takjil food to breaking fast food so that relaxing time will be enjoyable.

4. Morning romance

Unlike its name, this ngabuburit activity has absolutely nothing to do with finding a mate. The ngabuburit activity which is usually carried out on the Ampera Bridge, Palembang, is in the form of setting off a number of firecrackers along the bridge while waiting for the Maghrib call to prayer to ring out.

5. Hunt for Takjil at the Surprised Market

Ngabuburit is not complete without takjil hunting. In various parts of Indonesia, there are many surprised markets that provide a variety of takjil snacks at various prices.

This surprised market is called ‘shocked’ because on average the sellers appear suddenly only at certain times, for example when the month of Ramadan is approaching breaking the fast.

6. Getting Around Using a Chart Boat

This ngabuburit activity is usually often carried out in Bangka Belitung. A number of young people will later go around the Bangka Belitung area using a charter boat while waiting for the time to break their fast.

7. Bleguran

The ngabuburit tradition, which is filled with bleguran activities, has been carried out since the 1970s around the Jakarta area.

In this bleguran activity, later the young people will make bamboo cannons and blow them up so that the sound of the boom sounds like a cannon. Even so, this traditional game does not use bullets and does not produce dangerous explosions.

Activities That Can Be Done To Fill Ngabuburit

In this month of Ramadan in 2022, like it or not, we will still have to coexist with the Covid-19 pandemic again, like last year. Even so, we can still do ngabuburit to wait for the time to break the fast.

There are many activities that can be done to fill the time spent hanging out, and can even be done at home to avoid the risk of contracting the Covid-19 virus. What are these activities? Let’s look at the following description!

1. Make Your Own Takjil Cuisine

If in previous years, we used to buy takjil food at the market during ngabuburit, this year will be different. That is, you can make your own takjil dishes in your style.

For example, you like banana kolak takjil. Of course, you can spend your ngabuburit time while waiting for the time to break your fast by making this banana compote, with your family, relatives, or boarding house friends if you are boarding a boarding house .

Besides being more economical, you also get a larger portion than buying at the market. Of course it will be hygienic as well.

2. Watching Movies

When you have finished helping your mother cook food for breaking the fast, then you can wait for the Maghrib call to prayer to resound by watching a movie. Try not to make films that contain indecent scenes, because they can interfere with fasting. It’s better to watch comedy or animation (cartoon) genre films.

Currently, there are many platforms that provide films from various countries and genres, namely Netflix, WeTV, iQiyi, and many more.

3. Participate in online cults

During Ramadan, there will be many cults held by well-known ustadz and ustadzah online. Even though it is done online, it does not prevent us from getting useful lectures and advice for the life of the world and the hereafter.

4. Afternoon Stroll

Most Indonesians usually do Ngabuburit with evening walks to fill their spare time waiting for the time to break their fast. These afternoon walks are usually in the town square while hunting for takjil food.

5. Playing Kites

Even though it looks like a simple children’s game, playing with kites can also be an option to fill your iftar time, you know…

If you want to fly a kite, try to do it in a wide field, not in an area full of electric cables because it can be dangerous. In addition, the kite strings that have been broken are immediately cut and thrown away, so as not to endanger other people passing by.

6. Exercise

You can exercise in the afternoon while waiting for the time to break your fast. For example doing an afternoon run, basketball, volleyball, soccer, or badminton. Apart from health reasons, the free time before the Maghrib call to prayer will also not be felt.

So, that’s a review of what ngabuburit is and how the ngabuburit tradition is carried out in various parts of Indonesia. The ngabuburit activity is absolutely no prohibition in its implementation because it has become a tradition. However, as good Muslims, don’t forget to pray the Asr prayer before leaving for ngabuburit….