Author: Johannes Surya

Why Sea Water Tastes Salty – If there is a joke question about why sea water tastes salty, the answer must be original but also true, because there is salt in it. There is even a study which suggests that the salt content in seawater is an average of 3.5 percent.

This means that every 1000 ml of seawater will contain 35 grams of salt. Therefore, many people who live on the coast rely on salt from sea water.

Then, why does sea water taste salty? How is the use of salty sea water for humans? If sea water is polluted, is the salt content also polluted?

So, so that Sinaumed’s isn’t curious about this, let’s look at the following review!

Explanation Why Sea Water Tastes Salty

Actually, the water doesn’t have to taste salty, but it can also taste fresh. Even though it turns out that fresh water also contains salt levels but not too high, namely below 0.5 ppt.

The main reason why seawater has a salty taste is because its salt content or salinity is very high, around 3.5 percent. The salt content includes chloride (55%), sulfate (8%), sodium (31%), magnesium (4%), potassium (1%), and the rest is bicarbonate, bromide, boric acid, fluoride, strontium approx. 1%.

However, not all seawater has the same salt content in every place. Then where does the salt content in seawater come from? Is it suddenly salty? Of course not, there are two sources for the salt content to reach the seawater, namely by the phenomenon of rain and hydrothermal fluids.

Through the Phenomenon of Rain

Sinaumed’s must be no stranger to the origins of rain, right? Yep, this material has always been discussed since elementary school because the presence of rain is very familiar to everyday human life.

When sea water is exposed to the sun’s heat, the sea water will evaporate “up” and form clouds. The clouds are blown by the wind towards the mainland. After the water droplets in the cloud form grow larger, the droplets will fall to the surface of the earth. That is what is called the rain process, in simple terms.

So, when the falling water mixes with carbon dioxide from the surrounding air, it makes it slightly acidic and can even erode rocks. Apart from eroding rocks, it turns out that rainwater can also break down minerals and ions in rocks.

The mineral and ion content will later be carried away by the river flow and eventually towards the sea. Please note, if these minerals and ions accumulate, they can cause a salty taste, so that’s what makes seawater taste salty.

This process occurs for a long time and continues repeatedly until without us knowing it, the minerals and ions will be “recycled” making seawater taste very salty.

Through Hydrothermal Fluids

The next source of the salty taste in seawater is the presence of hydrothermal fluids originating from vents on the seabed. Please note that on the seabed, there is a kind of crack that is shaped like a vent.

The existence of a vent on the seabed causes seawater to seep down to the seabed, then it is heated by magma that comes from the earth’s core. When you get volcanic heating (because of the size of the earth’s core), a chemical reaction will occur.

The chemical reaction in the form of water will release oxygen, sulfate, magnesium, and other minerals, then add ions or salt content to seawater. Therefore, the salt content in seawater will increase, causing seawater to taste very salty.

Factors Influencing Seawater Salinity

Seawater salinity is the amount of salt content contained in seawater, which of course each region has a different salinity. Many factors affect the salinity of seawater in the waters of the entire planet, namely:

1. Evaporation

As previously explained, the salty taste of seawater comes from the rain phenomenon. In the phenomenon of rain, there is a process of evaporation or evaporation. The greater the evaporation rate of seawater, the higher the salinity level will be. Conversely, if the evaporation rate of seawater is low, then the salinity level will also be lower.

2. At least many rivers that flow

The more rivers that empty into the sea, the lower the salinity of sea water. Conversely, if there are a few rivers that empty into the sea, the salinity level of seawater will also be higher.

3. Rainfall

The greater the rainfall in an area, the higher the salinity of seawater will be. Conversely, if the rainfall in the ocean is low, then the level of salinity will also be lower.

4. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Carbon dioxide is the main element in the process of photosynthesis, especially needed by phytoplankton and aquatic plants. Carbon dioxide can also be formed in water by the process of decomposition (decomposition) of organic matter by microorganisms. This usually occurs in polluted water.

5.Magnesium (Mg)

The magnesium content in seawater is around 1,300 ppm, in addition to sodium. Even sea algae and oysters also contain Magnesium which is 6000-20,000 ppm and 1,200 ppm respectively.

6. DO (Dissolved Oxygen)

DO (Dissolved Oxygen) is dissolved oxygen, also known as Oxygen Demand. This is one of the elements to analyze water quality.

The greater the DO value in water, the better the water quality will be. Conversely, if the DO value is low, it can be seen that the water has been polluted.

7. Calcium (Ca)

The presence of Ca content in water with a certain level, is very useful for the growth of bones and teeth. However, if excessive, it can cause corrosive effects.

8. Aluminum

The maximum limit for aluminum content in water is about 0.2 mg/l. If it is more than that, the taste of the water will be unpleasant for consumption.

9. Sulfates

Excessive sulfate content in water can cause scale to form in the water boiling pot. In addition, it can also cause odors that even cause corrosion in pipes.

10. Organic Substances

Actually, the organic matter in the water comes from food nutrients and other energy sources for the flora and fauna that live in the waters. However, if you overdo it, it can also cause an unpleasant odor that can make your stomach ache when consumed.

11. Nitrates and Nitrites

The large amount of nitrate in the water will hinder the passage of oxygen in the human body that consumes it.

Utilization of Sea Water for Life

The existence of sea water certainly provides many benefits for everyday human life. Not even for human life, but also for this planet earth. What are the benefits of sea water besides being used as a land to earn rupiah coffers?

Come on, see the following reviews!

Benefits of Sea Water for Planet Earth

• Acts as a climate controller on Earth, namely by transferring heat from the equator towards the poles.
• The source of the rain, both on land and in the ocean itself.
• Hot ocean currents can improve climate, especially in the areas passed by these currents.
• Shallow seas make climate temperatures and droughts not just happen.
• Cold currents cause climate, especially in desert areas.

Benefits of the Sea for Humans

1. As a Food Source

In the sea there are lots of marine animals and plants which of course can be consumed by humans, and even have a high nutritional content. Call it fish and seaweed. Even health experts also recommend consuming fish frequently because it is proven to make the body healthy.

2. As a Place of Recreation

Recreational activities can not only be done on land, but also in the ocean. The view of sea water which is dominated by blue color is the people’s favorite choice to relieve fatigue from daily activities. Moreover, coupled with a breezy wind.

3. As a Transportation Field

Continents, countries, to provinces throughout the planet are actually separated by oceans. Especially in countries that have ocean territory, to go from one place to another must use means of transportation.

Therefore, the ocean was chosen as the field for this means of transportation. Many are aware that sea transportation has a major impact on human life.

4. As a Defense and Security Tool 

Especially for Indonesia, which is an archipelagic country, will definitely rely on sea waters to maintain the integrity of this nation and state. Other countries that want to come to this country must use sea transportation in the form of ships.

Well, the existence of fishermen will also play an important role in maintaining the sovereignty and integrity of the state, namely by participating in supervising water areas.

5. As a Sports Facility

Apart from being a means of recreation, sea water is also useful as a means of sports, one of which is surfing or surfing. This sport takes advantage of large ocean waves.

6. Source of Energy

Large oceans can actually be a source of energy for human survival. Especially the waves and powerful currents can be used as energy to turn turbines to generate electricity.

7. As a means of education and research

It should be noted that to date, only 5 percent of the oceans have been successfully explored and researched by humans. The rest, still leaves many unsolved questions and mysteries of nature.

Therefore, the oceans and their contents will be useful as a means of human education and research in order to take advantage of the natural wealth of the sea.

8. As a Source of Minerals and Mining

Not only as a source of food, it turns out that the ocean can also act as a source of minerals and mining, for example oil and other natural minerals. However, even in obtaining it should not be arbitrary, so that the ocean ecosystem is still maintained.

9. As a Source of Drugs

The existence of marine biota and plants turns out to contain many substances that are useful for healing several diseases, you know…

For example, seaweed, which is often known as a healthy food, also has benefits for health and beauty.

Sea Water Pollution

Unfortunately, increasingly here, sea water has actually been polluted by various substances and other components causing the quality of the water to decline. Based on Government Regulation No. 20 Article 1 paragraph 2 of 1990 concerning Water Pollution Control, it explains that water pollution is the process of entering or inserting living things, substances, energy, and other components into water, through human activities, causing the water quality to decrease to to a certain level, causing water to no longer function according to its designation. 

Previously, the benefits of sea water have been explained for human life and the planet earth. Then, if the water becomes polluted, of course, these benefits cannot be recovered because the condition of sea water becomes unfit.

Usually this water pollution comes from the remains of sewage obtained by household activities and industrial activities. The remains of the sewage disposal contain toxic substances such as acids, bases, to agricultural chemicals. These toxic substances are of course very dangerous when consumed by humans.

Impact of Sea Water Pollution

According to Hartanto (2008), sea water pollution has many negative impacts on human survival, namely:

1. Damage to Beach Aesthetics

Not only is the sea water polluted, but also the rocks and sand. Beach sand that has been exposed to pollution tends to turn black in color.

2. Decreasing Algae and Protozoa Populations

This is caused by contact with slick poison or layers of oil on the surface of sea water. Slicks generally make the sea surface calmer and attract birds to land on it.

When there is contact between the slick and a living creature, the oil will seep into the living creature’s body and damage the organ system, then it dies.

3. Inhibited Growth of Marine Phytoplankton

If the amount of phytoplankton decreases, the population of fish, shrimp and shellfish will also decrease. If that’s the case, then the human need for high protein foods will be difficult to obtain.

4. Biological Damage

In this case, the effects can be lethal and sublethal. Lethal effects are reactions that occur when physical and chemical substances interfere with cell processes in living things to the point of causing death.

Then, sublethal effects affect the physiological and behavioral damage of living things, but do not result in direct death. For example, coral reefs that have experienced lethal and sublethal effects, the healing process will take a long time due to the complexity of the community.

Well, that’s an explanation of why sea water can taste salty and the impact that humans feel when sea water is polluted. As future generations, it is appropriate for us to maintain the preservation and cleanliness of sea water from pollution, especially from toxic substances which of course have a bad effect on the health of living things that consume them.

Why We Need to Save Energy – In this digital and modern era, we all know that there are more and more needs. The number of new technologies created is of course also accompanied by an increase in the need for energy.

So energy conservation or policies to save energy continue to be echoed. This action is also a policy to reduce energy needs in everyday life.

Especially in the use of fossil fuels. Because fossil fuels are non-renewable fuels, which means they have limited supplies.

The use of non-renewable energy must not be arbitrary. Because if it is used continuously, then this energy will eventually run out and no longer exist.

Then why do we need to save energy? And since when should we start? Check out the following article reviews.

Reasons Why We Need to Save Energy

The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources or ESDM has actually initiated a program to save energy, namely the 10% cut. The program involves various parties, including the government, business people, community organizations, and especially the general public to reduce energy use by 10%.

The goal is to save energy, which is still the main need for electricity in Indonesia, where now the reserves of fossil energy are starting to decline.

Energy is indeed the main need of today’s society. People’s daily demand makes the demand for energy supply also increase. Though most of it is intended for the supply of fossil fuels.

Community needs are high enough to make reserves decrease every day. In addition, its use also affects global warming. Then more broadly can cause climate change.

When this fossil fuel is burned, the carbon dioxide will rise into the sky and be captured by the atmosphere. This then starts global warming.

According to the Global Carbon Project (GCP), in 2021 the world is predicted to emit as much as 36.4 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide. The high carbon dioxide has an impact on increasing the earth’s temperature.

In November 2021, the earth’s temperature on land and sea surface is 0.91 degrees Celsius. The temperature was the fourth highest for November for the fourth time since 1880.

Global warming is also caused by the greenhouse effect. The increase in greenhouse gases on earth makes the temperature unbalanced. The average temperature on earth increases, and the gases trap heat, so it is known as the greenhouse effect.

The main factor of climate change according to the European Commission is the greenhouse effect.

The increase in the earth’s temperature due to the greenhouse effect causes heat waves to occur more frequently with a longer duration. Earth’s high temperature also causes a series of natural reactions, ranging from weather patterns, oceans, ice and snow including animals and plants.

If the temperature gets even higher, it is possible that it will also cause floods, storms, heat waves, and also droughts in various parts of the world. In addition, it also has a negative impact on human health, such as causing cramps, heat stroke, and can even cause death.

That is the reason why we need to save energy. The bad impact is clearly a warning, so that we can use energy more wisely, including by conserving energy. Don’t let our ignorance and indifference towards energy actually backfire on the life of our beloved earth.

How To Save Energy

The explanation above is sufficient to answer the reasons why we need to save energy. Therefore, let’s implement energy conservation as well as possible. So that we can anticipate what we are afraid of the bad effects of damage to nature.

Well, then how to save energy in everyday life? Here are some ways.

1. Turn off the light

When you want to leave the house, make sure all the lights are turned off. Especially if you are traveling for a long time. Then while sleeping, you can replace the lamp with a low power one, and turn off the lights that are not used.

2. Turning off the television if not watched

Currently everything can be accessed via mobile phones. Even watching television can already be accessed via HP. Even so, television is still widely used by every home. However, some young people nowadays actually turn on the television more often even though they are actually engrossed in playing with their cell phones.

Therefore, avoid turning on the television when not being watched. It’s best if you turn off the television when you’re engrossed in playing your cellphone, as an effort to save energy.

3. Turn off the air conditioner when the room is not in use

The third way to save energy is to turn off the air conditioner when not in use. Many offices now use air conditioning.

If you work in an office with air conditioning, then first turn off the air conditioning when you get home or when you want to leave. If you also use air conditioning at home, save money by turning it off before traveling.

4. Print paper back and forth

Fourth, you can save energy by printing on double-sided paper. This means you can use both sides of the paper, so you don’t need more paper when printing.

5. Turn off electronic devices when not in use

Fifth, you can use electronic devices to taste. When finished using, immediately turned off. Like when watching television, charging cellphones, using fans, turning on room lights, using washing machines, refrigerators, and so on. Use these tools as necessary, so as not to cause waste.

6. Use energy-saving lamps

You can use electricity with a low voltage, so it doesn’t use up more energy. Some lamps are also available that are energy efficient, so when buying, you can choose one. Not only lamps, of course, various other electronic devices that are more energy efficient should also be used more.

Benefits of Saving Energy

Energy that is used every day of course will run out. Therefore, it is necessary to control its use. One of them is by saving energy. The following will explain some of the benefits of saving energy:

1. Prevent Global Warming

The first benefit is of course preventing global warming. As previously explained, when global warming occurs, there will be a lot of damage to the earth. The balance of human life will be disrupted due to the greenhouse effect.

Therefore, by saving energy, it means that we have also helped reduce fuel use, and save it for the future.

2. Improve health

The more global warming occurs, the more people will be affected. The health hazards lurking in society are becoming more and more. Therefore, by saving energy, we can prevent the negative effects of global warming on health.

For example, choosing to walk or cycle instead of using a motorized vehicle can reduce air pollution. So that the air you breathe becomes healthier. In addition, by choosing such a lifestyle, the body can also avoid obesity, cholesterol and other diseases.

3. Save costs

By saving energy, we automatically save costs. Because the use of energy also requires comparable costs. The more energy spent, the more money is needed.

For example, we prefer to use air conditioning over fans, of course the costs will be cheaper. Moreover, if you prefer to take advantage of the wind by increasing the ventilation of the house and increasing the shady trees around the house, of course the costs incurred will also be much less.

4. Maintain the Health of Electronic Devices

Every electronic device has a useful life, including the electrical devices around us. The more often it is used, of course the tool will be damaged more quickly. So by saving energy, it means we can save on the use of these tools.

So that the performance can last longer. An example is a lamp. Every day of course we need a lamp as lighting. Well, if the lights are used all the time, of course the performance will continue to decline.

It’s different if we use lights more sparingly, the performance will certainly decrease, but the lights will last much longer.

Likewise with other items. If we use a motorcycle for example. The longer and more used, of course the machines will also be easily damaged.

But if we want to save money, of course the machines will be more durable and long lasting. Like by walking or cycling when you want to reach a close place. Motorcycles are only used when we are going to travel far.

In essence, by saving energy, every electronic item will be much more durable and last longer. We also don’t need to buy it often.

5. Can help save fossil fuel reserves

When all energy is used up, it is possible that the earth we live in will run out of fossil fuels. Because at this time, every level of society has used electricity and energy.

In fact, not infrequently they use it excessively. Today’s young people, for example, when they turn on the television, they actually play with their cellphones and don’t watch television shows. Or excessive use of lights at night.

This example is only in the household realm, not yet touching the industrial realm. We can see the industries that use electric powered machines and the energy needs they use every day. Just multiply it by the number of existing industries.

Therefore, the earth’s energy will eventually run out quickly. Then this is the reason why we need to save energy. By saving, let alone being able to invite other people to save money, we have contributed to saving reserves from fossil fuels.

Another way to contribute is to read sinaumedia’s book entitled Politics of Natural Resources, or get it via the link below.

Some Alternative Energy to Prevent Waste

In addition to making savings, we can also use alternative energy to prevent wasting natural resources. So what alternative energy can we use to support energy saving? Here’s the review:

1. Utilizing the Sun as a power plant

First, we can use solar energy as unlimited energy for electricity generation. Through the sun’s heat, we can turn it into electricity through the help of solar panels. The use of solar panels uses semiconductor materials, which produce electricity when given heat energy.

Quoted from Interesting Engineering, if a photon of sunlight hits the surface of the material, the electrons will be free and become an electric current.

Indeed, solar panels are still very rarely used, because they are expensive. However, this method will be very effective in preventing energy wastage. In Indonesia alone, this solar panel has been implemented through the 4 MW Badak Solar Power Plant located in Bontang, East Kalimantan.

This solar panel is very effective to use because the sun’s heat has an unlimited amount, and of course it will not run out. Apart from generating electricity, it has also been applied in solar powered cars and smart phones that use solar energy.

2. Wind Utilizers

Gusts of wind that are also not limited can be used as a power plant. The trick is to rotate the windmill which can later produce electricity. The electrical energy from this windmill is very clean, because it does not produce pollution and emissions, in contrast to solar panels.

However, both are equally an alternative to save energy. The use of wind is also very environmentally friendly, and will not disturb the ecosystem of the surrounding plant animals.

3. Utilization of Nuclear Energy

Next is nuclear energy, which can be used to generate electricity. These nuclei generate electricity from a series of physical reactions of substances that produce energy. Even so, this nuclear is quite dangerous, because it produces radioactive substances.

However, this energy is in fact an alternative source that produces the most electricity compared to other energies. Based on a study, it is known that nuclear energy produces electricity 1.5 times more efficiently than natural gas.

4. Utilization of Water as Electric Power

Next is alternative energy that can be obtained from water. The water used to drive the turbine or turbine generator can produce electricity. Its utilization has been applied in hydroelectric power plants or hydropower.

To generate electricity, this hydropower plant uses potential and kinetic energy obtained from water. Water moves from high to low places, so it is used to generate electricity.

An example is river water, which is dammed with a large volume. If it is then released, the discharge can generate electricity. Even so, the use of this water also has risks. For example, if you build dams and turbines, it can threaten animal habitats.

Therefore, making a dam must pay attention to two sides, animals and humans. That way, both of them benefit.

5. Utilization of Geothermal

Then there is still an alternative to geothermal as an eternal source of energy for electricity generation. The heat in the bowels of the earth will produce steam. From this steam, the management of the Geothermal Power Plant or PLTPB can later be carried out. Geothermal power is also commonly called hydro metal power. This energy comes out through the gap like a crater.

So, those are the reasons why we need to save energy. Saving energy also has many benefits. Then to prevent waste, we can use alternative energy that comes from nature.

To learn about various energies, you can read a book called Natural Resource Law or get it via the link below.

Thus a review of why we need to save energy. Sinaumed’s can get related books at sinaumedia.com . As #Friends Without Limits, sinaumedia always provides the best products so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Why do we have To Behave Tolerance? – In everyday social life, there is a behavior or attitude that may be familiar to Sinaumed’s. Sinaumed’s always applies this attitude or behavior and even Sinaumed’s upholds it to preserve this behavior. The attitude or behavior that we meant earlier is the attitude or behavior of tolerance. How important tolerance is for survival in a country is very important. Sinaumed’s must remember that our country, Indonesia is a country that has a lot of diversity. Diversity in an aspect must be balanced with an attitude or behavior of tolerance.

As Sinaumed’s knows, the simple notion of self-tolerance is a form of attitude or behavior that reflects mutual respect for others. It should be remembered and underlined that tolerance itself is known as hardline anti-discrimination. In the attitude and behavior of tolerance, all things are considered equal and equal. Tolerance is naturally created for diversity which functions as a neutralizer for that diversity.

So, maybe there are some Sinaumed’s who are not aware of or even curious about the reasons why we have to behave and be tolerant in our lives, especially in everyday life for Sinaumed’s. As we have said above, this attitude and behavior of tolerance serves as a counterweight to diversity, especially the diversity that exists in our beloved country, Indonesia. Without further ado and maybe Sinaumed’s is starting to get impatient to find out the reasons behind the importance of behaving and being tolerant.

A. Why We Must Behave Tolerance

1. General Definition of Tolerance

Before knowing the reasons why we have to behave and behave that reflects an attitude of tolerance, it’s better if Sinaumed’s knows more deeply about the definition or understanding of tolerance. The definition or understanding of tolerance itself has various meanings originating from various aspects, such as religious aspects, especially in Islam, from literal or general understanding aspects, and several meanings put forward by scientists or experts.

The general definition or definition of the attitude and behavior of tolerance is a basic word “tolerare” which comes from Latin. This Latin word means patience. For the understanding or definition of tolerance according to the Big Indonesian Dictionary, it has a definition or understanding, namely behaving or being always accepting or tolerant or can also be tolerant of other opinions or views given by others. In other words, tolerance can also be said to be a partner for diversity.

2. Definition of Tolerance According to Experts

In addition to several understandings of tolerance from a religious and general perspective, we also have another flour of tolerance, namely the tolerance of other people outside of us, namely from Max. Michael, Friedrich, Djohan, and Purwadar Minta.

a. According to Michael Walzer

According to the first expert or scientist, namely Michael Walzer, the notion or definition of tolerance is a condition or situation that must exist within an individual or group to be able to fulfill its goals and functions. The purpose contained in it is the goal to be able to live a calm and peaceful life amidst the differences that exist in that situation.

b. According to Friedrich Heiler

According to the second expert or scientist, namely Friedrich Heiler, the notion or definition of tolerance is an idea or scope that has a focal point in one area, namely only the field of religion. in detail, Friedrich Heiler considers tolerant behavior only carried out by a Muslim who admits that there are many religions spread in the community where he lives.

c. According to Max Isaac Dimont

According to the third expert or scientist, namely Max Isaac Dimont, the meaning or definition of tolerance is the behavior or form of mutual respect for one another that is different. If there is an attitude and behavior of respect, it will be directly proportional to peace and it is impossible for any actions to be judged out of bounds.

d. According to Djohan Effendi

According to the fourth expert or scientist, namely Djohan Effendi, the meaning or definition of tolerance is a human behavior or trait where humans can control and accept differences very openly. The definition of tolerance put forward by Djohan Effendi is considered very broad.

Why is that? Because if you study it, Djohan’s words are very easy to apply because his words have a very broad meaning. Someone is considered not racist, just by ignoring all the differences, both physical and psychological, has become a form of tolerance.

e. According to Purwadarmin

According to the fifth expert or scientist, namely Poerwadar Minta understanding or definition of tolerance is one of the behaviors and attitudes that must be owned by a person to be able to give permission for a difference between himself and other people. The differences in question are very broad, such as differences in viewpoints, beliefs, and opinions.

3. Characteristics of People Who Behave Tolerance

Attitudes and behaviors of tolerance can actually grow by themselves in every human person, these attitudes and behaviors grow because of an awareness that cultural diversity, such as religion, ethnicity, and language exists due to history or history in the past accompanied by several factors that influence the existence of this diversity. Because of this diversity, it is obligatory for every member of society to have an attitude and behave in tolerance towards other members of society.

Even though it is obligatory to have tolerant attitudes and behaviors individually, there are still one or two individuals who choose to be indifferent and do not want to behave that reflects an attitude of tolerance. For this reason, we found several characteristics where citizens or community members do not uphold behavior that reflects an attitude of tolerance and which citizens or members of the public obey to always be tolerant.

People or community members who already have the awareness to always apply and behave in tolerance usually have several characteristics, such as:

• Tolerant people always respect the opinions, views and thoughts of others.
• Tolerant people always give all freedom to others, because freedom is everyone’s right.
• People who behave tolerantly always appreciate and value the opinions and choices of others even though they differ from their thoughts.
• People who behave in tolerance always like and do not underestimate the differences both psychologically and physically in other people when they are socializing together.

4. Types of Tolerance

In life there are different aspects as well as for tolerant behavior, of course tolerance is also differentiated depending on the situation and conditions required. For this reason, tolerance also has several different types in each situation in its application. In the following, we will describe several types of tolerance that are common in aspects of everyday life.

a. Tolerance in religion

b. Tolerance in diverse cultures

c. Tolerance in politics

d. Tolerance in association with peers

e. Tolerance in the school environment

f. Family tolerance

g. Tolerance in playing social media

5. Reasons for having a tolerant attitude and behavior?

As we all know that by frequently acting and behaving that show points of tolerance will make life more secure, harmonious and peaceful, of course. These three points are certainly one of the desires that must be realized in every member or group of people. So, in order for everyone’s dream environment to come true, of course we must be able to uphold and preserve the attitude and behavior of tolerance in our own living environment.

In the following, we will convey some of the goals and benefits of behaving and behaving that reflect an attitude of tolerance in everyday life. These goals and benefits can be the reason why Sinaumed’s must behave and behave that reflects an attitude of tolerance. In the following, we will convey some of the main benefits and goals of tolerant behavior in everyday life.

a. Can always maintain harmony between communities

By preserving and upholding the attitude and behavior of tolerance in everyday life, it will automatically be able to maintain patterns of relations between communities so that they are always in a state of harmony and harmony in the midst of the diversity that occurs. The habit of always behaving and being tolerant will really help strengthen, increase comfort, peace, harmony and harmony in social relations without having to experience differences that can become conflicts within a group.

b. Naturally can prevent any conflict

The main goal of preserving and upholding tolerant behavior is to prevent conflicts and divisions both within and outside the community members caused by the diversity or differences that exist. If there is a division that has already occurred, it will automatically cause damage and losses to each of the parties concerned, both individually and in groups.

c. Unite the diversity and differences that exist

The main purpose of creating tolerance is to make differences complement each other, not compete. This can happen when two different camps have an open mind to unite and combine forces instead of fighting each other. If neither side has such a mindset, it will have the potential to create a split which can certainly be detrimental to both parties.

d. Increase the level of harmony and peace

The most important goal which is the foundation of why it is so necessary for every citizen to have and behave in tolerance is so that every citizen can help to reduce and even narrow down opportunities for problems to occur. On the other hand, citizens should be able to increase harmony and maintain peace that has occurred in certain areas within society and the state.

After knowing some of the goals and benefits resulting from tolerant behavior, of course Sinaumed’s already knows very well the reasons behind why we always have to behave in ways that reflect tolerance, right? Attitudes that reflect tolerance can be applied in various types of behavior too. In the following, we will describe several manifestations of tolerant behavior in everyday life in society.

• Always give appreciation for the achievements of others even though it is different from our way, without having to use it.
• Always put forward to behave respectfully and respect the rights of others.
• Stay away from discriminatory attitudes or attitudes that always discriminate against people on the basis of differences in race, religion, ethnicity, culture, gender, and so on.
• Do not seize and interfere with the freedom of others.
• Always offer assistance and helping other brothers and sisters without having to look at backgrounds and discriminate.
• Always respect all opinions issued by other people even if they are different opinions from yours.
• Always respect the beliefs and worship of others.

So that’s some knowledge about the reasons why we must always behave tolerantly in our daily lives . Not only that, we also provide some other information regarding tolerance which might be very useful for Sinaumed’s in the future. It should be remembered that in Indonesia itself an attitude of tolerance has been instilled from an early age because our country, Indonesia, is rich in diversity. This habit will continue to be carried out so that the course of life in the state and society always goes on a different, peaceful, harmonious, harmonious and safe path.

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Why Norms are Necessary in Society – Humans as social beings will of course need to interact with other creatures, for example, such as interacting with friends, family and more broadly, namely interacting with other communities such as neighbors.

However, each individual has different character, personality and traits and behavior. Because of this, norms will be needed in society. Thus, each individual can place himself properly in accordance with agreed norms and not cause conflict. However, is it only because of this that norms are needed? Check out the explanation further!

Definition of Norm

Before discussing the reasons why norms are needed in society, Sinaumed’s needs to know the meaning of norms first.

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), norms are defined as rules and regulations that bind citizens as groups in society . Where these norms apply as an order, guide as well as controllers of behavior that is appropriate and acceptable in society.

Understanding according to the 2015 Encyclopedia Britannica, norms or also known as social norms are standard rules regarding behavior that are shared by members of social groups.

John J. Macionis , a professor in the field of Sociology, defines norms as all kinds of regulations and expectations that exist in society and will guide all forms of behavior that will be carried out by members of society.

Craig Calhoun , a sociologist from America also expressed the opinion that a norm is a guideline or rule that states how a person should act in a situation in the midst of society.

Norms are defined by E Utrecht as all sets or collections of life instructions that can be used to regulate various kinds of rules that exist in society and the nation. Where these norms must be obeyed by every individual and if they are violated, there will be consequences from the authorities in society.

A sociologist from Germany named Bellebaum defines norms as a tool that can be used to regulate individuals in a social environment, so that each individual is able to act and behave in accordance with the beliefs and attitudes that apply to the environment in which he is located.

Soerjono Soekanto also defines norms as a device, where the norms are made with the aim that existing relationships in a community environment are able to run according to what has been expected and desired by community groups.

From this understanding of norms, it can be concluded that norms are rules that have been formed in such a way because there is a need from society for order that they both want to achieve in everyday life, if an individual violates the norms that have been agreed upon and apply, then there will be penalties or consequences given by the authorities. 

Why are norms needed in society? 

Norms or regulations are things whose existence is considered to be very much needed in various layers of people’s lives. This is because, if these norms do not exist, then each individual can do as he pleases and does not consider other people around him. So, for this reason, norms are needed to exist in society. Norms can make each individual’s behavior more orderly and continue to carry out the rights and obligations that each individual has.

There are also several reasons why norms are needed to exist in society. Here’s an explanation.

1. Can create public order

Norms are present and created in society with the aim of creating order in society. For example, the act of stealing, the act of stealing is a disgraceful act and has no truth value in it.

So, when a member of the public is caught stealing, he will get sanctions and consequences for his actions. Whether it’s social sanctions such as being avoided by other members of the community, getting ridiculed or legal sanctions, such as being tried according to the rules that apply in society. The sanction is a manifestation of the implementation of the norms that have been built before.

If there are no norms that apply in society, then you can imagine how chaotic the community environment will be and the loss of a sense of peace and security in the environment.

2. Norms become social controllers

The second reason why norms must exist in society is because norms can become social controllers, this second reason is also related to the first reason. Where when there are members of the community who do arbitrary, wrong then he will get the consequences in the form of sanctions that have been mutually agreed upon.

Because of the pending sanctions, every individual will be more careful when acting. Because members of the public will be afraid, if the actions they commit are wrong they will receive sanctions. Both legal sanctions and social sanctions.

As social controllers, norms function like invisible watchdogs in society in an environment. Even though it is not visible that the consequences that will be received by the community are real, so that the community will be more careful when acting or making decisions.

3. Creating security in the community environment

When order has been running as it should, as well as the means of social control, namely the norms of running, security will then be created in society by itself.

Security that is present in society, will create a quiet life and minimal violations. This means that life in society will also be less conflicted, although it is a bit impossible for criminal acts to stop 100 percent. However, norms serve to reduce crime.

People who want to live in a safe environment also need to work hard together, to overcome situations that are not always predictable and the life of every member of society must go on as usual. Therefore, norms must also exist in society and be properly enforced by every level of society.

4. As a guide for society

Communities living in an environment will generally be confused if there are no clear and applicable rules or binding members of the community in that environment. Therefore, norms are considered very important in society which serve as a basis for socializing between one individual and another.

Even though the rules contained in these norms are not standard, if they are conveyed properly then the community will understand these norms by themselves.

An example is when there are no written regulations that apply to a drug addict. Drug addicts in society will generally be shunned. Regarding these social sanctions, of course the government or certain parties do not formally write down the social sanctions that a drug addict will receive.

However, every member of society understands the social sanctions that a drug addict will receive. In accordance with this explanation, norms can also be referred to as a handbook, a guidebook for members of the public if there is an act that is deviant, wrong or arbitrary, it will also result in appropriate consequences.

5. Norms in society facilitate the creation of balance

Norms or regulations that exist in the community environment, will balance the interests of each individual in the community environment. This is because every layer of society, community members have different interests. For example, students, housewives, or third-party workers are members of society who have different interests.

Even though they are different, with the existence of norms, every community that has their respective interests, must be able to create a balance between fulfilling their needs, their interests and maintaining security and peace in life in a social environment.

6. Motivating individuals to fulfill their rights and obligations

The norms that apply in society can make every individual motivated to fulfill his rights and obligations with full responsibility.

This is because, every member of society who does not fulfill their rights or obligations will get a sanction. These sanctions will make them feel afraid to commit crimes, so that in any way they will try to fulfill their rights and obligations.

7. Maintain and protect the rights of every member of society

The reason the seven norms must exist in society is related to the previous reasons. Because the norms encourage community members to exercise their respective rights and obligations, every right owned by community members will be protected and maintained.

8. As a barrier 

Norms serve as a barrier between what members of society may and may not do. Thus, the norm must be present in society because it becomes an invisible barrier.

Where, people will be more careful to decide what action they will take. Does the action have a negative impact that harms others? Or is it a positive impact, will the action have good or bad consequences.

Those are eight reasons why norms must exist in society.

Norm Function

After knowing the reasons why norms must exist in society, Sinaumed’s also needs to know what are the functions of norms?

Norms in society, of course, have several functions so that they are present and obeyed by every level of society. Here are some of its functions.

• As a regulator of behavior, people’s attitudes are in accordance with the values ​​that apply and are mutually agreed upon.
• Able to help achieve common goals that the community wants to achieve, such as having a safe, peaceful, peaceful environment and minimal conflict.
• Creating order and justice in the community environment, so that every member of the community who lives in that environment will feel comfortable and safe.
• Norms serve as a basis for imposing sanctions, consequences for members of society who violate the rules contained in norms.
• Norms exist as a deterrent, so that there are no conflicts of interest between members of society with each other.
• Norms serve as instructions, guidelines and guides that can be used by the community to lead a comfortable and safe life in the environment where they live.
• Norms can be an encouragement for community members to more easily adapt to the community environment, in accordance with the values ​​that have been in effect.

Norm Features

Does the norm have any recognizable features? Of course, here are some of the characteristics of social norms that exist in society.

• Norms apply in general and are not written.
• Norms are the result of the agreement of every member of society.
• The community becomes a supporter of the prevailing norms and is tasked with complying with these norms.
• Members of society who violate the norms, then he will receive appropriate sanctions and punishments. Both social and legal sanctions.
• The norms in society will adjust to the social changes that occur, so it can be said that the norms will experience some changes.
• Norms are made consciously by every member of society.

Levels in Norms

Based on its level, norms can be divided into five, namely as follows.

1. Method or Usage

The norm of manner is a form of certain actions carried out by individuals in a community group and these actions are not carried out continuously. An example is the polite way of eating according to the norm, namely when eating silently.

2. Habits or Folkways

The norm of habit is a form of action that is carried out repeatedly with the same form of action and is carried out by someone consciously and has a clear purpose and is considered good and right to do.

An example of a customary norm is giving gifts to people who have achievements in an activity or have a certain position. Or wear nice and polite clothes when attending a party.

3. Code of conduct or Mores

The third type of norm is mores. Norms of code of conduct are a set of actions which can be a reflection of the nature of life for a group of people which are carried out consciously, with the aim of exercising control over a group of people over the members within it. In the mores norm, there is an element that forces as well as an element that prohibits certain actions.

The function of the mores norm is as a tool that can adjust the actions of members of the community in accordance with the rules of conduct that have been regulated and determined by the applicable norms. An example of mores is prohibiting acts of rape, murder and marrying siblings.

4. Customs or Custom

Custom norms are a collection of behavior rules that have the highest position. This is because customary norms have an eternal nature and are very strongly integrated with the people who have these customs.

Koentjaraningrat even mentioned that customs are part of an abstract culture or part of a value system. Violations committed by individuals related to custom are considered more serious than violations of other norms.

5. Law or Laws

The last type of norm is a legal norm that can regulate the social life of the community and originates from the legal code of law in force in Indonesia. The purpose of legal norms is to create environmental conditions in a country to be safe, orderly, peaceful, prosperous, prosperous and others.

That is an explanation of the reasons why norms must exist in society, along with their definitions and types.

When is the Time for the Midnight Prayer? – For Muslims, prayer is included in the pillars of Islam that must be carried out. Whether it’s fardu prayers which amount to five times and some sunnah prayers. Salat is mentioned as worship that connects between heaven and earth, and between Allah and His servants. In Islam, prayer is stated as pillars and pillars of religion.

The midnight prayer is one of the sunnah prayers recommended by the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Most people already know that the time for the midnight prayer is one third of the night, but they do not understand exactly when it will be that third of the night.

So when is the actual time for the midnight prayer? When exactly is it a third of the night? What is the priority of the midnight prayer?

So, in the following, we will explain when the midnight prayer will be held along with the facts about the prayer service. Let’s look at the following reviews

When is the Time for the Midnight Prayer?

Most people when asked about when the midnight prayer will be held, surely some will answer “in the third of the night”. But actually, what time is it a third of the night?

According to the Al-Quran and Hadith regarding the best time to perform the midnight prayer, one third of the night is divided into three parts. Well, here is the explanation.

Time of the First Third of the Night

In the first third of the night, it has a time range after the Isya prayer until ten in the evening (22.00 WIB) . However, it doesn’t mean that after the Isya prayer we immediately perform the midnight prayer just like that, because the condition for the midnight prayer is that we must sleep first.

So, if Sinaumed’s wants to perform the midnight prayer in the first third of the night, after the Isha prayer it is recommended to sleep first. You can ask your friends or family to wake you up or even set an alarm for around ten at night. Then, only then can you perform the midnight prayer legally.

Time of the Second Third of the Night

The timing of the midnight prayer can also be carried out in the second third of the night, that is, from ten in the evening to one night ( 22.00 – 01.00 WIB ). In the second third of the night this is actually the best time to carry out the midnight prayer.

Allah SWT even appreciates and greatly appreciates His servants who perform the midnight prayer at this time because it is usually difficult for people to get up from their sleep for the midnight prayer.

Time of the Last Third of the Night

During the last third of the night it occurs around one night (01.00 WIB) until just before dawn . At around this time, Allah SWT will always listen to the prayers of His servants who perform the midnight prayer.

How Many Rakats Are in the Tahajud Prayer?

Based on the hadith of Ibn Umar, the number of cycles in the midnight prayer is at least 2 cycles and the maximum number is unlimited (as long as the number is even). According to Malik’s hadith from Said bin Abu Sa’id al Maqbari, Abu Salamah bin Abdurrahman which means: “Indeed he (Abu Salamah) told AbuSaid, he asked Aisyah ra how Rasulullah Saw. do the lail prayer?” Aisyah replied, “The Prophet never prayed more than eleven cycles of lail. Either in Ramadan or in other months. He prayed four cycles, don’t ask how good and how long his prayer was, then he prayed three cycles.” (HR Bukhari and Muslim).

However, the most important thing is to total 11 cycles or 13 with two cycles is the iftitah prayer.

That is, the 11 cycles have a formation of 4+4+3 or 2+2+2+2+2+1.

What are the Procedures for Performing the Midnight Prayer?

Actually, the implementation of the midnight prayer is almost the same as the fard prayer and other sunnah prayers. However, the thing that distinguishes the implementation of this midnight prayer is that before carrying it out, it is required to sleep first. Sleep time does not have to be hours, in a short time is still allowed.

It should be noted that if you perform the night prayer without sleeping beforehand, then it is not the midnight prayer, but the witr prayer and other sunnah prayers.

Tahajud prayer intention

Before carrying out the prayer, be it fardhu prayer or sunnah prayer, first read the intention. Here’s the reading:

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Ushallii sunnata-t-tahajjudi rak’ataini mustaqbilal qiblati lillahi ta’ala

Meaning :

“I intend to pray the sunnah tahajud prayer 2 cycles facing the Qibla because of Allah Ta’ala”

Midnight prayer movement

The same is true for fardhu prayers and other sunnah prayers, namely:

1. Read intention
2. The reading of takbiratul ihram (Allahu Akbar) is followed by an iftitah prayer
3. Read surah Al-Fatihah
4. Read short surahs in the Koran
5. bow
6. I’tidal
7. prostrate
8. Repeat the same movement as the first cycle
9. Read the final tahiyat prayer in the second cycle
10. Regards

How to make it easy to carry out the midnight prayer?

Many people who “fail” to carry out the midnight prayer are when they want to get up at night. For them, there are many temptations to be able to wake up at night, one of which is the constant feeling of drowsiness. Well, here are some ways that can be done so that it’s easy for us to wake up at night and carry out the midnight prayer.

1. Strengthen Intentions

This is the most important trick, because if we have intention from the heart, Allah SWT will surely “wake up” us from a good night’s sleep. Not only that, even if before going to sleep at night we intend to pray the midnight prayer but it turns out that we cannot wake up, this intention will still be recorded by Angel Raqib as a form of worship.

Based on the hadith of Abu Darda RA which says that Rasulullah SAW once said: “Whoever is going to sleep and intends to wake up for the night prayer, then he has already fallen asleep until morning, then his intention is recorded as a reward, while his sleep is considered a gift from Allah given to him ” (Reported by Nasa’i and Ibn Majah with authentic sanad)

2. Avoid Doing Immoral Things During the Day

During the day, you should not do any immoral things. This is because people who sin, will not be given help to wake up otherwise. But on the contrary, people who do good throughout the day, will undoubtedly always be given convenience, especially to get up at night and carry out the midnight prayer.

3. Before going to bed, it’s better to eat in small portions

If you want it to be easy to wake up at night and perform the midnight prayer, it’s best to reduce our food portions, especially at dinner. Eating too much can cause sleep to be too deep and difficult to wake up at night.

4. Avoid Excessive Talking and Watching Before Sleeping

Chatting with friends and watching television shows excessively actually makes our bedtime late. This will also make our bodies feel tired and difficult to wake up at night.

5. Avoid sleeping too late

This method is almost the same as the previous method, i.e. sleeping more and more at night will actually make our bodies feel tired and difficult to wake up at night. If indeed there is no urgent work to be completed, it is best to sleep after carrying out the Isya prayer.

Someone who goes to bed earlier will get enough sleep so that it will be easy to wake up at night and perform the midnight prayer, then start activities after dawn. If this is done regularly, then he will get many benefits both in world affairs and in the hereafter.

6. Beware of Satan’s Whispers

We all know that Satan is indeed in charge of tempting human faith. Even so, we should have strong faith so that we can resist Satan’s temptations. Satan will usually tempt people to forget their intention to pray their midnight prayer and fall asleep again.

What is the priority in carrying out the Tahajud Prayer?

Prophet Muhammad SAW strongly recommended his people to always perform the Tahajud prayer, because this sunnah prayer has various virtues, both in this world and in the hereafter. Narrated by Umar bin Khattab RA, that Rasulullah SAW once said: “Whoever prays at night and completes his prayer, Allah SWT will glorify him with nine gifts, five in this world and four in the hereafter.”

Well, here is the description.

The Excellence of Tahajud Prayers in the World

1. His prayer will be granted by Allah SWT

Someone who is always obedient and diligent to get up at night and perform the midnight prayer, surely his prayers will be answered by Allah SWT. This is because at one third of the night is the time when Allah SWT will hear and grant the prayers of His servants. Not only that, Allah SWT will also always forgive the sins of His servants who ask for forgiveness when carrying out the midnight prayer.

This is based on a hadith which reads:

“The hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah that the Prophet said: “Allah descends into the sky of the world every night in the last 1/3 of the night. Allah then said, Whoever prays to Me, I will surely grant it! Whoever asks Me, I will surely give! Whoever asks Me for forgiveness, I will certainly forgive him. This is how it is until dawn “(HR. Bukhari no. 145 and Muslim no. 758).

In addition, there is also a hadith narrated by Muslim which reads ” Rasulullah in his words: ” At night there is a time when Allah will answer prayers every night. (HR Muslim No. 757).

2. As a characteristic of pious / pious people and entering heaven

Muslims who are diligent in performing the midnight prayers, have been promised to enter heaven on the Day of Resurrection. This is because when other humans are sleeping soundly, he has a sincere intention from within his heart to wake up and worship Allah SWT.

According to the hadith narrated by Ibn Majah which reads:

“Rosululloh shollallohu ‘alaihi wa sallam said, “O people, spread greetings, give food, continue brotherhood and pray when humans fall asleep at night, you will enter heaven safely” (HR. Ibnu Majah, authenticated by Al Albani )

The people promised by Allah SWT to enter heaven are those who maintain their piety and continue to do good. This is supported by surah Adz-Dzariyat verses 15-18 which reads:

“Indeed, those who fear Allah are in Gardens of Paradise and in springs of water, taking what their Lord has given them. Verily, before that (in the world) were those who did good, (ie) they slept very little at night, and at the end of the night they asked forgiveness (to Allah).” (Adz-Dzariyat: 15-18).

3. Application granting facilities

Almost the same as the first priority, namely Allah SWT will undoubtedly grant any prayers and requests requested by His servants when carrying out the midnight prayer sincerely. Rasulullah SAW once said in a hadith narrated by Muslim which reads:

“From Jabir said, that the Prophet SAW said, “Indeed at night, there is one moment when a Muslim asks for the good of the world and the hereafter, surely Allah will give him, It takes place every night.” (HR. Muslim)

The Virtue of Tahajud Prayer in the Hereafter

1. On the Day of Judgment later, all human souls will be resurrected by Allah SWT. For people who diligently perform the midnight prayer, later their faces will be radiant and without any fear or worry about their deeds of worship.
2. On the day of reckoning, all good and bad deeds will be counted. For those who diligently perform the midnight prayer, later Allah SWT will provide relief in the reckoning.
3. When crossing the Shiratal Mustaqim bridge, Allah SWT will provide convenience and speed for those who diligently carry out the midnight prayers.
4. All his deeds in the world, will be given by Allah SWT from the right hand.

Facts About Salat Worship

Background of Compulsory Prayer Worship

According to a mufassir named Ismail Haqqi al-Burusywi, revealed that the obligation to pray for all Muslims was because at that time, the Prophet Muhammad SAW was doing Mi’raj (a journey up to the sky, which is better known as the Isra Mi’raj event).

On his way, he witnessed the angels and the inhabitants of the sky worshiping solemnly and earnestly. This made the Prophet Muhammad SAW happy and amazed, who then asked his people to do this worship in the world. Then, Allah SWT collects all the worship of the angels into five daily prayers.

Prayer Worship Can Reduce and Become a Cure for All Diseases

Praying regularly can actually reduce various diseases found in the human body, such as lower back pain, cervical misalignments, and others. Abdul Ahad and Mehdi Hassan in their article entitled “Some Medical Aspects of Prayer” revealed that the position of prostration in prayer can actually affect the intervertebral joints, cervix, and spine. Therefore, when a person is in a prostration position, the muscles of the body will be active in various degrees which can help the circulation of blood vessels.

Not only that, according to Abu Hurairah’s story, at that time the Prophet Muhammad SAW was walking around during the day and Abu Hurairah also accompanied him. On one occasion, Abu Hurairah performed the prayer and then sat down. Suddenly, She turned to him and said “Do you have a toothache?”.

Then Abu Hurairah replied, “Yes”. Prophet Muhammad SAW then said: “Get up and pray, then really in prayer there is medicine.”

The disease referred to in the hadith is heart disease, physical pain, sadness, distress, and others. Al-Manwi said, “Prayer has an astonishing effect on the heart, body, attitude, and actions, especially when the rights are fulfilled, that is, they are carried out perfectly.”

When is the Right Time to Read a Book? – Finding the right time to read can basically be done at any time. There is no specific provision that reading must be at such and such an hour, let alone reading a book. You can determine a suitable time to use reading.

For some people, reading books can actually be used as a means to relax or the cool term now is healing. Someone who often reads books will easily get additional knowledge and knowledge. This is of course very different from the habit of reading or finding information through social media.

When reading a book, everyone is known to have a different time to read a book. There are those who like to read books before their activities, in between activities, even the most that is after a routine or before going to bed. This is because there is no right time to read properly and correctly.

A. The Right Time to Read a Book

Books we know are one of the best sources for discovering a science. It’s just that, along with the rapid development of information technology or what we know as the digital era, the interest in reading for the younger generation is decreasing.

Well, for those of you who just want to start reading books, you can try reading books at the following times. By trying some of the right times to read the following books, it is hoped that you will be more consistent and more enthusiastic about reading books or seeking knowledge.

So, here are some times to read books that you need to know, including:

1. At Dawn or Morning

First, the right time to read a book is in the morning or more precisely at dawn. Reading in the morning will make someone more focused on understanding something. This is because the atmosphere of dawn or morning is very calm.

In addition, the sound of roosters crowing and fresh air can make reading more enjoyable. Coupled with the road atmosphere which is still quiet and there are no vehicles passing by, the brain will feel more focused and very suitable for gaining knowledge.

For some people, morning is the best time to read a book. Reading books can also be one of the best choice activities before starting activities. Not only that, morning time is the right time for the brain to receive and understand reading.

In the morning, the state of mind and feelings is still fresh and warm, so it is perfect to start with reading books. It’s just that this time is not suitable for some people who have a habit of getting up early and immediately starting their activities. What’s more, those who wake up must immediately get ready for school or work with a predetermined morning schedule.

2. When it Rains

Then, the right time to read a book is when it rains. Many people like the atmosphere when it rains because it can give a warm and more serene feeling for reading activities

Rain can be said as a medicine to calm the soul and mind. Rain can make the atmosphere cooler and calmer. This is certainly very suitable for people who like to create imagination and find inspiration on the sidelines of their daily activities. In addition, rain can also make a person more sensitive, for example, like remembering the past.

In addition, the brain’s thinking power that is created when it rains will experience a three-fold increase due to a comfortable atmosphere. Therefore, a suitable companion on a rainy day, of course, is a book and a cup of warm drink, which is a very serene combination.

3. After Bathing

Furthermore, the right time to read a book is after you take a shower. When you finish bathing, you will have a fresher body and mind than before. Of course, this time is perfect for reading books.

For example, when you wake up in the morning. If you still feel sleepy and it’s hard to do activities. Bathing can be an effective medicine to relieve drowsiness while making the mind fresher. It is common knowledge that one of the reasons why someone does not read a book is due to laziness. However, there are also some people who don’t read books because they are bored.

Most people who don’t really like the activity of reading books have the assumption that small and lots of writing will very quickly cause drowsiness. Therefore, bathing can be used as a medicine or solution to relieve drowsiness and boredom. Some people also claim to be able to overcome various obstacles so that they focus more on starting to read books.

4. Early in the Day

The right time to read the next book is in the early morning or just before going to bed at night. For example, if you are going to sleep but your eyes are still awake, you can try reading a book to find peace at night. It is also believed to be more effective in improving sleep quality.

In today’s era, many people are suffering from insomnia or difficulty sleeping because of thoughts that are raging in the early hours of the morning. When studied literally, early morning can mean a silence and sleep time for the world. Silence and silence without your own voice can really be used to create a good atmosphere for sleep.

Therefore, if you often wake up and have trouble sleeping, reading books can be a medicine to improve the quality of your sleep. However, it could be that by reading a book, it will be more difficult for you to sleep because your mind is increasingly raging. You can choose a light book like a novel or about mindfulness.

5. Wake Up

Finally, different from in the morning. The best time to read this book is when you wake up from sleep. When you wake up, your brain will be more motivated to find various activities to do next.

Therefore, the first thing you need to avoid when you wake up is not recommended to hold. Operating a cell phone when waking up from sleep is known to further increase the feeling of being lazy to get up or go to bed.

Waking up is basically the most productive time for a person, whether waking up in the morning, afternoon, evening or night. The feeling of waking up will make it easier for you to focus. No wonder, this time is perfect for reading books.

B. How to Take Time to Read Books

After knowing the importance of reading books and the right time to read books. In this section, we’ll talk about the most effective ways to spend time reading books. Of course, planning reading time can be very easy, it’s just that without strong motivation, the plan can be in vain.

Well, here are some ways to spend time reading books. By applying this method, you are guaranteed to have more strong motivation to be able to spend a little time reading books. Some of these ways include the following:

1. Always Carry Books

The first way to take the time to read books is to always carry books or other reading resources with you. When you want to travel anywhere, you can deliberately read the book you are reading. By getting used to being near books, it will be easier for you to be interested in reading a book.

Also, there are many situations where you should be able to read books. For example, when you are on your way to somewhere, or when you are in a queue waiting for a call. This silent time will certainly be more useful if you use it to read certain books or reading sources, even if it’s only for a moment.

2. Read books digitally

The second way that you can take the time to read books is to have an electronic book or commonly called an ebook on a smartphone. If carrying books wherever you go is quite a hassle, you can maximize your smartphone to store various types of books digitally or electronically.

In the current era of advances in information technology, reading books digitally is more in demand. Besides being practical and not taking up space, digital books are also somewhat cheaper than the price set for printed books. Digital books will be perfect for those of you who have a fairly tight time, but still want to take the time to read books. Some people also prefer digital books because they can reduce the excessive use of paper.

3. Reading at night or in the morning

The third way that can make you have free time to read books is at night or in the morning. Apart from being able to do it on the sidelines of your daily activities, you can try reading books at night after your activities or in the morning before your activities.

At these two times, a person usually doesn’t do too much activity. Therefore, one of the good things that can be used to fill free time is to read books. The activity of reading books basically doesn’t need to take long, you just need to spend half an hour or fifteen minutes. The most important thing is to read books consistently.

4. Get Rid of Distracting Things

Fourth, the way to take the time to read books is to get rid of various things that can be distracting. Several things are known to cause distractions when reading books, namely social media, cellphones, or games. These three things are considered to be able to change your focus from reading books to enjoying time with a smartphone.

Therefore, for those of you who want to seriously read books, you can get rid of all electronic devices that can interfere with focus in advance. This distraction itself is better known as a distraction, distraction from smartphones has the potential to take up your free time which should be used for useful activities, such as reading a few pages of a book.

5. Setting Targets

The way to take the time to read the next book is to set a target in reading the book. You can do this by setting a clear target regarding the time to complete the reading.

For example, like when you want to spend two books in one month. So, you can make a book reading agenda every day for at least 30 minutes. In this way, both unconsciously and consciously, you will be more motivated to consistently spend time meeting your goals in reading books.

6. Join a Reading Community

Then, the way you can take time to read books is to join a book reading community. The book reading community itself is now more widely known as literacy activists. There are a lot of literacy activists in Indonesia, it’s just that this community still doesn’t really attract the interest of people in various regions.

By having friends with the same hobby, namely reading books. Then it will be easier for you to interact regarding your reading activities. If you are fit to join a book reading community, you will become more interested and more enthusiastic about spending time reading books.

In addition to increasing the enthusiasm for reading books, you will also have new experiences that you can get from reading stories of your friends. Fellow members of the book reading community will encourage one another. This is of course effective for increasing the desire to read books consistently.

7. Read your favorite type of book

The final way to take the time to read books is to read the types of books you like. Before you read, one of the most powerful factors to make someone interested in reading a book is curiosity or liking for something.

Books are things that can provide clear and in-depth answers to something you want to know. Well, for those of you who want to start reading books, you can start based on a topic or theme that you like. This method is believed to be very effective so that you can have a reading habit that doesn’t feel burdensome, instead it’s fun.

You can find various interesting books on Sinaumedia.com. Sinaumedia.com provides various types of books according to your wishes. Come on, collect your favorite books so that when you have free time, you can read them right away.

Thus is the discussion about the right time to read books as well as several ways to spend time reading books. You can apply this series of explanations in your daily life so you can spend more time with quality activities.

What is the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia? Maybe that is the right question to delve into the history of the arrival of the invaders to our country. Indonesia has always been known as a country blessed with natural resources. Not only that, this country is rich in biodiversity, and one of the natural resources it produces is spices. Spices are some plants that can be used as seasonings for cooking.

There is no doubt that Indonesia is rich in spices and was once visited by Europeans to colonize it. Then what is the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia? To answer this question, let’s examine the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia through the discussion of the following article, starting from the history of spice hunting in Indonesia, to the reasons Europeans came to Indonesia:

History of Spice Hunt in Indonesia

The discovery and development of spice plants discovered by ancient people is unstoppable. After trying to study the various types of plants and natural resources available, it turns out that herbal ingredients that can cure illnesses and reduce physical conditions (a type of doping, but made from natural ingredients) can be consumed if mixed with several types of food.

Since 3500 BC the Ancient Egyptians have been using various spices to flavor food and cosmetics and treat the dead. The use of spices extends from the Middle East to the eastern Mediterranean and Europe. Spices from China, Indonesia, India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were originally transported overland by donkey and camel caravans.

Arab middlemen managed the spice trade for nearly 5,000 years before European explorers discovered routes to India and other spice-producing countries in the east. Before learning the seasoning technique, ancient people ate their food simply by burning it, without going through any additional processing stages.

Of course, the resulting taste is the simple and pure taste of the ingredients they burn, often the trigger for disease caused by the food they consume. Not only that, the food they hunt is also very easy to prepare and you have to go looking for food every day, so you can’t store it for too long. From hunting to the day after returning, they wrapped the game in spice leaves.

This inadvertently changes the taste and smell of the prey. Since the discovery of this technology, ancient people have researched new plants that would help enhance the delicious taste of their food. In addition, they are looking for ways to increase food resistance and resistance to pathogens by using certain spices. Today, spices are still an important addition to the delicious taste of food.

Finding cheaper ways to get spices from the East ushered in a glorious New World era of exploration and discovery. European explorers such as Ferdinand Magellan, Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias have traveled long distances to find routes to the sources of spices. Christopher Columbus traveled west from Europe in 1492, finding the route to the spice lands, but discovered the United States of America.

In 1497, the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama found a route around the southern tip of Africa and arrived in Calicut on the southwestern coast of India in 1498. Dagama returned from the journey with lots of nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, ginger and pepper. It started thousands of years before Christ. The world’s greatest spice hunt didn’t occur until the 15th century. The trip was initiated by Europeans such as Spain, Portugal, Great Britain and the Netherlands who fought for spice production centers.

Competition is fierce to spend years fighting for spices more valuable than gold. Its efficacy is sought not only as a perfume, but also for preservatives, drugs, and air freshener. European spice exploration was first pioneered by Christopher Columbus, but only the Portuguese Vasco da Gama, who became a successful sailor, recorded gold ink in the 15th century.

This spice route passes through various parts of the world and ports, especially Asia, Africa and Europe. Indonesia is also known as a paradise for various kinds of spices because of its strategic location. Like cloves which grow in Ternate and Tidore, nutmeg which grows naturally in Banda and Sumatra is known as a producer of frankincense, cinnamon and pepper. It used to be a pioneer in the spice trade, and various tribes were involved in forming the archipelago.

Spices have long been a valuable ingredient. Not all regions can produce the spices that meet their needs, so that groups of people and even countries that can explore remote areas often travel to conserve the natural resources they need. Historically, it is not uncommon for wars to arise from power struggles over an area to preserve natural resources wherever someone wants to control them. The reason for the war here is how they want to take control of this spice trading market.

The Relationship of Spices and Colonization in Indonesia

Based on the history of the spice hunt above, it shows how valuable spices were to the world at that time, even today. Based on the history of its development, this hunt can provide answers to the question of what is the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia, which occurred in the following eras:

Pre-colonial Age

Jack Turner stated in his book “History of Temptation” that Indonesian spices which were traded in ancient times in the Mediterranean region were originally moored in Malabar (India). The results of the spice trade were then distributed by Indian traders to the cities of Rome and Venice as well as other parts of Europe. Not only that, the Arab merchants who were able to obtain these spices also brought them to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.

Until the 14th century, Europeans had never seen or imagined herbs firsthand. The European spice imagination is in full swing. Imagine, for example, that peppers are harvested like vines and grown on trees rather than real vines. After all, Europe was bewildered in the 15th century, when it was hard to find spices as the Ottoman Turks occupied the fall of Constantinople, the gateway to trade between Asia and Europe.

Europe needed spices from the whims of royal rulers, traders and adventurers. They also decided to carry out a spice expedition in the archipelago. The era of colonialism After Constantinople fell, the Europeans finally started their expedition to the archipelago. Before, rumors were widespread about the archipelago (Indonesia), which was known as a paradise for spices.

This edition is included in Marco Polo’s book. And that explains how abundant spices are in this country. According to Fadly Rahman Negeri Spices magazine, expeditions to the archipelago began in the 15th century. Until 1511, the leader of the Portuguese expedition, Alfonso de Albuquerque, finally succeeded in conquering Malacca (North Maluku). Initially, the Portuguese only wanted to trade spices. However, because Indonesia had many high-quality spices such as cloves, sandalwood and nutmeg, the Portuguese wanted to rule over Indonesia.

Later, the Portuguese succeeded in confiscating the archipelago’s spices and managed to monopolize the spice trade in Europe. Disliked by the Portuguese, who controlled European trade through a monopoly, the Dutch took steps to circumvent the Portuguese monopoly. The Dutch introduced the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (Association of the East India Company) (VOC), which was founded on 20 March 1602.

VOC is a Dutch company that monopolizes trading activities. Here, Dutch origin colonized Indonesia for centuries. From the explanation above, we can conclude that spices are related to colonialism, because Indonesia is rich in spices which became a magnet that attracted Europeans and controlled Indonesia.

Reasons for Europeans Coming to Indonesia

By 1390 cloves reaching Europe would be around 6 tonnes annually, and nutmeg would be around 1.5 tonnes. The first Europeans to enter the archipelago, the Portuguese. Then the Spanish and Dutch came to Indonesia as traders. Later, even the Netherlands established the Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC) or the Dutch Trade Alliance. After that, the VOC dominated Indonesia for a long time. It started when the Portuguese headed for the spice production center of the Maluku Islands under the guidance of Francisco Serrau after the conquest of the city of Malacca in 1511.

The arrival of the Portuguese seems to have attracted the attention of Abu Beras, sultan of the Kingdom of Ternate. He then offered to build a fort on Ternate Island in exchange for selling all the carnation products to the Portuguese. With this offer, the Portuguese cooperated. This was the beginning of the Indonesian colonial era. Based on the ambition to dominate the archipelago’s rich spice trade through European countries. The kingdoms of Ternate and Tidore, quoted from the official website of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud), developed rapidly thanks to spices, especially cloves.

Initially, Ternate and Tidore lived peacefully side by side. Their arrival had the ambition to hunt and control spices by colonizing the archipelago. Indonesia is rich in spices so it has different regions. At times, it even becomes an item that has high selling value or is expensive. Spices also have medicinal and health benefits. Around 1390, cloves reached Europe reaching about 6 tons annually, and nutmeg up to about 1.5 tons.

The first Europeans to enter the archipelago, the Portuguese. Then the Spanish and Dutch came to Indonesia as traders. The Netherlands also later established the Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC) or Dutch trade association. After that, the VOC dominated Indonesia for a long time. The initial entry of the mainland into Indonesia Quoting from the website www.indonesia.go.id, it began after the city of Malacca was conquered in 1511. Under the guidance of Francisco Serau, the Portuguese headed for the spice-producing center of the Marc archipelago.

The arrival of the Portuguese seems to have attracted the attention of Abu Beras, sultan of the Kingdom of Ternate. He then offered to build a fort on the island of Ternate in exchange for selling all the carnation products to the Portuguese. With this offer, the Portuguese agreed to cooperate. This was the beginning of the Indonesian colonial era. Then, after the defeat of the Portuguese in 1641, Dutch merchants came and founded the VOC. During this time, a monopoly on nutmeg was established in 1621, and clove was also monopolized in 1650.

Based on the ambition to dominate the archipelago’s rich spice trade by European countries. The kingdoms of Ternate and Tidore, quoted from the official website of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud), thrived thanks to spices, especially cloves. Initially, Ternate and Tidore lived peacefully side by side. But peace did not last long, especially after the arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish. They started playing against each other, and as a result, the two empires disbanded and competed against each other.

The Portuguese came to Marc by making Ternate an ally. Meanwhile the Spanish came to Marc in 1521 by making Tidore their ally. Their arrival not only imposed a trade monopoly, but also disrupted domestic governance. The competition between Portugal and Spain for control of the Maluku Islands ultimately led the two countries to resolve the conflict. Then in 1529 they signed the Treaty of Zaragoza.

As a result of the Agreement, Spain had to leave the Maluku Islands and finally control the Philippines. Meanwhile, the Portuguese continued to trade in the Maluku Islands. In implementing monopoly policies, the VOC has become the richest private company in history. Even forced planting that changed the color of world trade.

Types of Spices in Indonesia

There are seven types of spices that make Indonesia rich: pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, vanilla, cloves, turmeric and ginger.

1. Pepper

In Indonesia, pepper plants are spread in Aceh, Jambi, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Lamphun, West Nusa Tenggara and South Sulawesi. Furthermore, Southeast Sulawesi, South Sumatra, North Sumatra, Yogyakarta Special Region. In 2016, pepper became Indonesia’s most important spice.

2. Cloves

Carnation cloves originate from the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Cloves were a popular and expensive spice in the early days of Portugal’s expansion. At the time, people corresponded to the price of gold bars. In Indonesia, cloves are found in areas such as Jambi, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and Marc. Furthermore, NTT, Papua, Riau, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, South Sumatra and DIY.

3. Cinnamon 

Cinnamon is a spice with a musty aroma and unique taste. Therefore, cinnamon is often used as an additive in cakes and drinks. Cinnamon is found in many areas, including Jambi, West Sumatra and Yogyakarta. As of 2016, cinnamon is the second most important ingredient after pepper.

4. Nutmeg 

Nutmeg is a typical plant of Banda and Marc. However, its distribution can be found in various regions such as Bengkulu, Marc, Papua, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and North Sulawesi. Nutmeg is not only a spice, but also a raw material for producing essential oils. In 2016 it became the third largest raw material.

5. Vanilla

Vanilla is actually a Mexican spice, not Indonesian. However, in Indonesia it is widely cultivated in various regions such as East Java, Lampung, NTT, Central Java, Central Java and DIY.

6. Ginger

Ginger is one of Indonesia’s main seasoning ingredients. Ginger has health benefits, especially as an ingredient in Chinese herbs.

7. Turmeric 

Turmeric is a plant that is used for treatment. In Southeast Asia, turmeric is not only used as the main spice, but also as part of religious ceremonies.

So, that’s an explanation of the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia.

The purpose of ASEAN – ASEAN is a forum for realizing world peace, as was the real goal when the agency was formed. This peace starts from the Southeast Asia region, to other countries that can collaborate or establish good relations together. However, do you know what are the complete goals that underlie the establishment of ASEAN?

Main Pillars Underlying ASEAN Goals

The beginning of the formation of ASEAN was started by a conflict, where in the 1960s, the struggle for ideological influence had to be resolved immediately. Because of this, ASEAN was successfully formed on August 8, 1967 and its goals were contained in the Bangkok declaration.

There are three main pillars that underlie the purpose of establishing ASEAN, namely the ASEAN Economic Community or ASEAN Economic Community , the ASEAN security community or the ASEAN Political Community , and the ASEAN cultural community which is referred to as the ASEAN Socio Cultural Community . The formation of a series of ASEAN communities requires the community to implement a regional mechanism, which means that each country must have a will.

The ASEAN goals were successfully signed during the Bangkok declaration which was attended by representatives from each country such as Tun Abdul Razak from Malaysia, Adam Malik from Indonesia, Narsisco Ramos from the Philippines, S. Rajaratnam from Singapore, and Thanat Khoman from Thailand.

ASEAN Goals Based on the Bangkok Declaration

There are ten countries that are still actively contributing to this organization, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. The following are objectives that have been approved according to the declaration.

1. The purpose of forming the organization is to support economic growth, cultural development, and social progress in areas that can be approached. Thus, every party will come together and unite to make it happen through effort and enthusiasm that all women are equal. Friendship is in fact needed to strengthen the foundation of a society in a more prosperous and peaceful Southeast Asian nations.
2. Regional peace and stability can be enhanced through the agency. The way to achieve this is by respecting justice and law and order in relations between countries in the designated area. The principles of the United Nations or UN are the main guidelines.
3. Increasing cooperation between countries so that they become more active and can help each other on issues that are classified as a common interest such as in the economic, technical, social, scientific, and administrative fields.
4. Cooperation will become more effective by increasing the utilization of industry and agriculture, trade which goes through a process of studying problems in international era commodities. Means of transportation and communication can go through a process of improvement, so that people’s living standards will increase and people’s lives will develop.

Countries can often provide assistance in the form of suggestions on training and research activities for education. Fields that run in engineering, administrative, and professional positions will further develop if they obtain cooperation based on other principles.

1. Another objective of this body is to promote studies in the region of Southeast Asia that are as broad and comprehensive as the opportunity allows.
2. Close and well-maintained cooperation became one of the ideals when the agency was formed for a long time. Various organizations in international and regional scope have similar goals. All possibilities can be properly received and heard if they hold each other tightly.
3. Responses that are more effective, meaningful, and can be positive or negative to prove that users must be even more careful about transnational crimes, cross-border challenges, and all forms of threats.
4. Sustainable development must advance to ensure environmental protection in the region. Long-lasting resources, preservation of cultural heritage, and people’s lives can be developed to achieve high quality.
5. Human resource development is carried out through closer cooperation, both in the fields of education and lifelong learning, science and technology, empowering people and strengthening the ASEAN community.
6. Increasing the welfare of a decent life for all people throughout the ASEAN region. The trick is to create equitable access to opportunities for human development, justice, and social well-being.
7. ASEAN was formed to build a safer environment, so that its people are guaranteed to be free from all kinds of illegal drugs and narcotics.
8. ASEAN is promoted to be people-oriented, so that within it a layer of society will be formed from positive encouragement and motivation, benefiting from all opportunities, integration processes, and community building for ASEAN.
9. ASEAN identity can be recognized by all people with a higher awareness of cultural diversity and regional heritage. For example, Indonesia, which is rich in its own culture and customs, is better recognized by residents.
10. Defense of centrality and a proactive role as the main driving force in relations and cooperation through external partners for a regional architecture that is transparent, inclusive and open.

Benefit from the ASEAN Goals

Through a number of cooperation carried out by countries in ASEAN, there are a number of benefits to be obtained properly. These benefits include the following points.

1. Stability, peace and order in the ASEAN region to continue development in all fields. From these benefits, Indonesia has the urge to be more advanced and compete with other countries.
2. The creation of broad cooperation in the economic field, expansion of trade, investment, tourism, technology, education, and science. Development and acceleration in these fields can develop.
3. ASEAN is a forum for Indonesia to fight for the country’s interests in the Southeast Asian region and the interests of all parties in the international region.

ASEAN now has its own charter, dubbed the ASEAN Charter. This matter is stated on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or KEMLU, so that the body in question can transform its form as a political association with flexibility, becoming a strong legal basis or legal personality.

The regulations that are brought in become stronger because of the existence of legal personality, so that the purpose is clear. In essence, ASEAN was formed to create an atmosphere of peace, friendship and prosperity. More importantly in the world of politics, ASEAN declares itself as an organization that highly respects and upholds human rights (Human Rights).

This turned out to be in accordance with the Bangkok declaration which said that the formation of an Association for Regional Cooperation between regions in Asia was known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

1. Economic growth will accelerate and social progress and cultural development will be affected. This success comes from joint efforts in the spirit of equality and partnership. The point is that the foundation of society becomes stronger, so that prosperity and peace can be felt by them.
2. The promotion of regional peace and stability is carried out to respect the rule of law and justice in relations between countries in the region in question and adherence to the principles of the UN charter.
3. Its aim is to promote active cooperation and mutual assistance in the economic, cultural, technical, scientific, social and cultural worlds. Administrative and sectional are also characteristics that make associations easy to distinguish.
4. Assistance to one another is channeled or provided in the form of training or research facilities, be it in the fields of professional, administrative, and technical education.
5. Collaboration is actively carried out to meet the great needs in agriculture and industry. The expansion of their trade involves the study of trade issues on an international scope, improvement of transportation and communication facilities to increase the standard of living of the people living in the area.
6. Promote Southeast Asia, attach great importance to the close cooperation and benefit of international organizations. Exploring all avenues leading to closer cooperation with one another.

Activities That Must Be Implemented To Realize Asean’s Goals

If you want to carry out the aims and objectives that have been written, the members of the ASEAN group must implement a number of the following activities.

First, the annual meeting is held by the Minister of Foreign Affairs although it has to be on a rotation basis. The meeting will be held at the ASEAN ministerial level, the meetings that can be held will be adjusted according to needs.

Such a meeting can be explained in the description of the AMM or Asean Ministerial Meeting, which is a meeting between foreign ministers of countries and ASEAN members that discuss developments in community development.

The establishment of a committee under the foreign leadership of the host country and its representatives to serve as members. The detected data will be used to create association works between meetings organized by the foreign minister.

An ad-hoc committee or specialist standing committee will be tasked with working on existing responsibilities. They serve in each particular field, according to their ability to work.

Furthermore, participation in all regions in Southeast Asia to carry out the principles and goals of the organization. This association is tasked with representing the various collective wills of the region in Southeast Asia to bind themselves together in sacrifice and cooperation.

This goal is safe for the people, children and grandchildren thanks to peace, and freedom and prosperity that makes all parts of the region or areas in the country integrated. Acting as an umbrella for cooperation between countries in Southeast Asia, ASEAN is given great responsibility for the development and life of diplomatic relations between peoples.

In its development, conflicts and disputes can occur in members in ASEAN. It is hoped that this world peace organization can become a bridge for these countries to resolve existing disputes.

If there is an inharmonious relationship between its members, the goals of ASEAN can also be hampered. Well, for examples of problems and cases themselves, you can see them through the details below.

Problems That Can Hamper the Realization of ASEAN Goals

In fact, there are indeed a lot of problems that occur between ASEAN members or countries. One of the issues that often creates controversy, which has not even been resolved until now, is the issue between Indonesia and Malaysia related to the Ambalat block claim.

What is the Ambalat block? The basic block that exists on the sea or continental shelf with an area of ​​15,235 square km, is precisely located 80 miles off the sea of ​​East Kalimantan, a depth of 2.5 Sulawesi waters. This block is actually still located in Indonesia’s EEZ or area, to be precise if there are Indonesia’s sovereign rights to manage natural resources.

According to The United Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, the maritime zone is divided into several areas according to different rules and rights. As we already know, the territorial zone is a maritime zone that is drawn 12 miles from the base line or baseline.

In the case of Indonesia, the line used is usually the straight archipelagic baseline as the right over our archipelagic state. The zone also enforces a limited number of laws that extend beyond the coastline, such as health, immigration, customs, and fiscal.

However, you should also know that outside the Territorial Zone there is also a separate regulation called sovereign rights , whereby the coastal state can manage natural resources in the region. Land and sea transportation are still allowed to pass over the EEZ, in contrast to the underwater area which has its own regulations.

From this decision, Malaysia made a claim that the area belonged to it based on the 1979 marine area map. The map was issued unilaterally by the Malaysian state, so it can no longer be called illegal. However, the regulation still has political implications.

This claim naturally invites many objections, including from Indonesia itself. It doesn’t stop there because Malaysia also claims itself as an archipelagic country after winning a dispute with Indonesia, regarding Ligitan and Sipadan Islands from the International Court of Justice.

According to Malaysia, the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan must also have a territorial sea, which, when measured by the baselines of the islands, their territorial waters will enter Malaysian territory. This action provoked a reaction from Indonesia and many other neighboring countries.

Some of the reasons that can provoke conflict between countries are divided into several points, namely as follows.

1. Ambalat is a Natural Continuation of the Kalimantan Region

From a geographical perspective, Indonesia does have a stronger position because the western and eastern Ambalat blocks are a form of natural continuity in the Kalimantan region. Regulations regarding the continental margin are governed by the natural continuation of the landmass of the coastal states that comprise the seabed area.

2. Decision of the Constitutional Court

A decision coming from a constitutional court could win Malaysia over the issue of island ownership, even if only for the mainland. Meanwhile, Indonesia has always guarded the Ambalat area to remain part of our Sovereignty State.

The judges themselves said that the decisions they made had no effect on the delimitation of the continental shelf. Simply put, Malaysia cannot take the waters or continental shelf around Ligitan Island with the Ambatan Sea.

3. Indonesia as an archipelagic country

The characteristics of Indonesia as an archipelago or Archipelagic State have made it claim the Ambalat region since the Dutch colonial era. Malaysia is not an archipelagic country, but only a country that has normal beaches to use regular or straight baselines.

With various reasons and opinions, the approval of this case is even more heated. The two countries also began to guarantee relations and cooperation with international companies that carry out oil or resource concessions in the region.

To solve this problem, all ASEAN members submitted their opinions or opinions in a forum. The main goal is that the dialogue that occurs will be more constructive, so that a series of problems, from security and politics, make them able to carry out tasks immediately.

Contributions are made to be more significant, regarding developments with public confidence regarding the residence of members. The application of preventive diplomacy for stops in the Asia Pacific area can also help.

Those are some of ASEAN’s goals and various applications that you can understand. ASEAN in fact has good goals to develop, so that we as a community in the Southeast Asian region can always support and always work together.

What is the Major Diatonic Scale – In every musical instrument, of course, there will be a basic tone that makes it sound more harmonious. The scale itself is one of the most important elements in a piece of music that is useful for producing beautiful and pleasant tones to listen to. In a sense, scales are the result of a combination of tones that have certain intervals.

One of the scales most often used in a song is the major diatonic scale. As a music lover, of course you have to understand what a major diatonic scale is and its characteristics, as well as examples of songs that use these scales. In this article, we will discuss it in more detail.

What is the Major Diatonic Scale?

According to a book entitled Tone and Rhythm by M. Noor Said (2020), the meaning of the major diatonic scale is a scale that is arranged with pitch spacing or intervals in the form of 1-1-½-2-2-2-2/2. In music, pitch or interval is the distance between one note and another. An example of a major scale is C major which consists of do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, and do.

Difference between Major and Minor Diatonic Scales

To be able to distinguish between the two types of diatonic scales, you must first understand the meaning of each of these terms. If explained using the genre of the song, then usually the major diatonic scale will be used for songs that are cheerful and fun. This is certainly different from the minor diatonic scale which usually gives a more melancholic impression to songs or music that uses this type of scale. Not only that, the distance between the notes of the two types of scales is also different.

Where the major diatonic scales have intervals between notes, namely 1-1-½-1-1-1-½, while minor diatonic scales have intervals between notes, namely 1-½-1-1-½-1-1. . Actually, we can see the difference from the impression and the interval directly. So, you will not feel confused and have difficulty in distinguishing which songs or music use major scale types and which songs or music use minor scale types. Here, you only need to know and pay attention to the impressions and intervals to be able to recognize them.

Characteristics of the Major Diatonic Scale

Actually, from the explanation regarding the meaning of the major diatonic scale above, of course you already know some of the characteristics that exist in this scale, namely the properties it has and also the interval it applies. However, only by knowing the characteristics above, you will certainly feel less able to understand this type of scale clearly. Therefore, let’s take a good look at some of the characteristics possessed by the major diatonic scales below.

1. Cheerful and Fun

Every type of scale that exists in the world of music will certainly have an impression or characteristic that is different from one another. As for the major scale itself, it will show a more cheerful and pleasant nature. So when you listen to a song or music that uses this scale, it is very likely that the song will have a cheerful and fun impression. With its pleasant impression, this song will make you feel more excited after listening to songs that use major diatonic scales.

2. Make a Valuable Impression

Besides being able to give a cheerful and fun impression, songs or music that use major diatonic scales can usually also give a valuable impression. Therefore, the major diatonic scale is a scale that is often used in songs with the theme of struggle. There are several patriotic songs or national songs that use major diatonic scales, because these scales are full of enthusiasm. Surely this will fit perfectly with the criteria for a struggle song that really requires an impression like that.

3. Prefix and Suffix of the Major Diatonic Scale

Basically, this major diatonic scale will start with the root note “do” in the first note. Then, this type of scale will end with the do key which is an octave higher than the previous do key. So, even though the prefix and suffix of the basic tone of this type of major diatonic scale have the same name, the octaves themselves will be different from one another. This further indicates that this type of scale will be different from other types of scales.

For more details, the order of the notes in this type of major diatonic scale is do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, and do. The order of these tones is among the most common. So that we can conclude that this type of scale is included in the type of scale that is most often used in a particular song or music.

4. Interval Patterns on the Major Diatonic Scale

The interval pattern in the major diatonic scale is 1-1-½-1-1-1-½. Where this interval pattern will also be a differentiator between the types of major diatonic scales and other types of scales. Every type of scale in the world of music will certainly have its own interval pattern. Which will later become its own characteristic for this type of scale. Therefore, to understand the characteristics of the major diatonic scale, you must first know what kind of interval pattern is used.

Features of the Minor Diatonic Scale

Almost the same as the major diatonic scale which has its own characteristics. The minor diatonic scale is the same way. This type of scale has its own characteristics, which you must understand clearly. Following are some of the characteristics possessed by minor diatonic scales, including:

1. Is Melancholic and Gentle

Songs that use this type of ladder will produce a soft and melancholy impression. Generally, songs that are in the ballad genre will use a minor diatonic scale type, so that the song can give a melancholy impression. Songs or music that have a melancholy and gentle impression are quite liked by many young people to adults. When you’re listening to a song or music that has a melancholy impression, it’s likely that the song uses a minor diatonic scale.

2. Prefix and End of Minor Diatonic Scale

These next characteristics are also one of the differences between the major and minor diatonic scales. If the sequence on the major diatonic scale is do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, then the sequence for the minor diatonic scale is la, si, do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, which in that case would equal A minor. When the tone sequence is understood more deeply, then you will know more and more about the reasons why this type of scale will produce a song or music that has a soft and melancholy nature.

3. Interval Patterns on the Minor Diatonic Scale

Not only are the properties and impressions different from the major diatonic scales, the interval patterns in the minor diatonic scales are also different from other types of scales. For the interval pattern in the minor diatonic scale, namely 1-½-1-1-½-1-1. With the difference between the interval patterns in it, it is not surprising that the nuances produced from the two types of scales are different. So, it can be said that the characteristics of the two types of diatonic ladders include the basic knowledge that exists in the world of music.

To further clarify information about the two types of diatonic scales, you need to know some examples of songs that use diatonic scales. By paying attention to the tone in the example, you will understand more about the definition of this type of scale. Therefore, let’s take a good look at some examples of the songs below.

Examples of Songs Using Major Diatonic Scales

As we discussed earlier, for songs that use the major diatonic scale type, it will produce a cheerful and fun impression and be more enthusiastic. With such a character, this makes many patriotic songs or national songs use this type of scale. The following are some examples of children’s songs as well as national songs that use major diatonic scales, including:

– Delman ride
– My balloon
– From Sabang to Merauke
– See my garden
– Halo-Halo Bandung
– Garuda Pancasila
– Manuk Dadali
– Ampar-Ampar Bananas
– Wake Up Youth Youth
– Forward Undaunted

Examples of Songs Using the Minor Scale

In contrast to songs or music that use major diatonic scales, songs or music that use minor diatonic scales will produce a sadder, gentler, and melancholic impression. This is a very basic difference between songs or music that use major diatonic scales, and songs that use minor diatonic scales. Below are some examples of songs that use the minor diatonic scale type, including:

– A moment of silence
– Gratitude
– Indonesian Heritage
– Take the Moon
– Morning Star

By understanding some examples of songs in these two types of diatonic scales, you can judge for yourself the differences between these types of songs.

Why Scales Are Included in Basic Knowledge in the World of Music?

Scales are often referred to as one of the basic knowledge in the world of music that must be learned and understood if you want to work in the world of music. This statement appears not without reason, because the scale is very important in the world of music, so it should not be missed. Not only that, learning and also understanding scales can also help you to do various things in the world of music. So that it will also benefit you. The following are the benefits that you will get when you learn scales well.

1. Makes It Easy To Play Musical Instruments

When playing a musical instrument, of course we are required to be able to read notes which are usually in a songbook. The notes are closely related to the scales discussed earlier. So, by learning and understanding scales well, it will be easier for you to play the instrument you like. Thus, you can also create beautiful harmony in the same music.

2. Increase Concentration

For the next benefit, this is actually included in the benefits of learning the art of music. But because basically scales are part of the art of music, the benefits of this one can also be referred to as the benefits of learning the scales in music. When you want to play a musical instrument, of course you have to understand the notes. Where usually this will happen for beginners who want to learn certain musical instruments. By learning about these scales, you will be better able to concentrate on playing your favorite musical instrument.

3. Add Knowledge About the World of Music

Music is also one of the interesting things to learn. In addition, music can also include a song, musical instruments, and various other musical arts that many people often don’t understand. When you want to enter the world of music, especially for musical instruments such as the violin, piano, and also the guitar, then you must know about the scales in them.’

Because, each tone can give a different impression from one another. So that it will become one of the basic sciences that must be understood. For example, between the major diatonic and minor diatonic tones. If a song or music using a major diatonic scale will give a cheerful impression, then it is different from a song using a minor diatonic scale which gives a more melancholy impression.

4. Can Create Various Kinds of Songs

Not a few people think that someone who can create a song with various genres is a genius. Therefore, if you want to get this title, then you can start by understanding the various scales first. As previously discussed, that each scale will give a different impression. Therefore, we can conclude that when you can recognize the scales in the world of music, then this will make you have great abilities in creating various types of songs with different genres.

For someone who has been involved in the world of music for a long time, information about the characteristics and also the interval pattern in the major diatonic scale may include basic knowledge that has been memorized by rote. However, this is different from some people or beginners who have just entered the world of music. Of course, they still have questions about this knowledge. So, with this article, we hope that the various explanations discussed above can be a learning reference for those of you who want to get involved in the world of music.

This is an explanation of what the major diatonic scale is and how it differs from the minor diatonic scale. How, are you interested in learning more about music?

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What is the Main Thought? – Do you know if in a reading there is a main idea. This has also been taught when you were in elementary school. But so that it is easier for you to remember and understand related to the explanation of the main idea. This article can help you remember information about the main idea.

Understanding Main Thoughts

When we are all learning Indonesian, of course, material for finding the main ideas in articles or in one paragraph is often found. It turns out that if we flash back the main ideas in a paragraph it is true and this can become a core or main topic which will later be explained in several supporting paragraphs in an article.

The main idea is a core of a reading or a topic which will be discussed more deeply through supporting explanations. A paragraph will usually consist of two main elements.

The first element is the topic to be discussed or it could also be the main idea. Then for the second element is a supporting sentence. Where later this supporting sentence can be an explanation or reinforcement of the main idea.

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The Functions Of The Main Idea

If you already understand the meaning of the main idea through the previous point. Next you can understand about the function of the main idea at this point. Simply put, the function of the subject matter itself is for readers to more quickly identify what the creator of the article or paragraph really wants to convey.

However, as previously explained, if the main idea is stronger and easier to understand, the meaning requires several supporting sentences.

Main Thoughts Based on Paragraphs

After knowing the function of the main ideas in the previous explanation, it turns out that the main ideas are also divided into several types based on the paragraphs you know. Among them are deductive paragraphs, inductive paragraphs, descriptive paragraphs, and mixed paragraphs.

Of course, the four paragraphs have their own characteristics. So that you better understand the four paragraphs. Come on, see the full explanation below.

1. Deductive Paragraph

The first type of paragraph is deductive, where in this paragraph the main idea will be placed at the front. You could say this type of paragraph has a pattern from general to specific.

The structure of a deductive paragraph starts with the main idea and is supported by several supporting sentences behind it. Because it has an easy structure and is so detailed. So do not be surprised if paragraphs are used more often.

2. Inductive Paragraph

In contrast to deductive paragraphs where the main idea or sentence is at the beginning of the paragraph. This type of inductive paragraph uses the placement of the main idea at the end of the paragraph.

The structure of this type of paragraph is usually from general to specific. Starting from a general explanation that will refer to the main ideas at the end of the paragraph.

Not only that, it turns out that inductive paragraphs are also divided into three types, namely generalization, analogy, and the last is causality.

3. Descriptive Paragraph

This descriptive paragraph is slightly different from the previous two types. Where the main idea of ​​the descriptive paragraph is spread out. This means that each explanatory or supporting sentence has an implied main idea.

4. Mixed Paragraphs

Finally there is a mixed paragraph. Just as the name suggests, mixed paragraphs have the main ideas placed at the beginning and end of the paragraph. If you look at the pattern, from the general special then it is strengthened to the special again.

Of all the types of paragraphs described above, of course, they can be found in every article. Of course, understanding the explanation of the main ideas based on the type of paragraph can make it easier for you to understand what the author of the article will convey.

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Characteristics of Thoughts

In a paragraph the existence of the main idea also has several characteristics. The characteristics of this main idea will of course also make it easier for you to determine whether a sentence is a main idea or just an explanatory sentence.

Quoted from a journal entitled “The Ability to Determine Main Ideas by Using an Inquiry Learning Model for Class VIII Students of SMP Negeri 1 Bone-Bone, North Luwu Regency” by Marchella Praserda Katika with the year of manufacture in 2018.

It turns out that there are several characteristics that exist in a main idea or main idea. So what are these characteristics? The following is a full explanation.

1. The Main Idea Is Not Too Complicated

A main idea should not be convoluted or too wordy. This means that each content of the main idea should not be narrowed or too broadened. The purpose of this is to make it easier for the reader to find the main idea or more easily understand what the author really wants to convey in a paragraph.

2. Main Thoughts Must Be Clearly Conveyed

In addition to not being too convoluted in making a main idea, it must also be conveyed clearly. Even the placement of the main idea must also be clearly seen, whether at the beginning of the paragraph, at the end, or at the beginning and end, or in all sentences there will be an implied main idea.

3. Is General

A main idea must have a general nature. This means that the main idea can be translated back in the next few sentences. This explanatory sentence can also be called a supporting sentence.

4. There are Supporting Sentences

Finally, a main idea must have several supporting sentences. This means that a main idea can not stand. Must have several supporting sentences so that the main idea is stronger and easier for the reader to understand.

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How to Determine Main Thoughts

Some of the characteristics described earlier can indeed be used as an alternative way when you are looking for a topic. However, not everything can go easily, sometimes it has been read over and over again, there is often a feeling of confusion about what exactly you want to say or what is the main idea of ​​a paragraph.

Of course, we need a tip or a way that can be done to make it easier to determine the main ideas in a paragraph. You can read an explanation of how to find a main idea in a paragraph below.

1. Read Entire Content In Paragraphs

The first thing you can do in looking for a main idea can be by reading the entire contents of the paragraph. But in reading the entire contents of the paragraph must be done with full concentration and thoroughness.

Understand each content in the paragraph, then distinguish which is the main idea and which is an explanatory sentence. That way you can more easily determine a main idea.

2. Read Every Sentence

Next, you can look for a main idea by reading each sentence in the paragraph. Understand each sentence in the paragraph. Because a main idea can have the possibility of being in the beginning, ending, or mixture.

Of course, by reading every sentence in a paragraph it looks very effective to do. Find out which is the main idea or supporting sentence.

3. Separating Main Sentences With Explanatory Sentences

Third, you can try to separate the main sentence from the explanatory sentence. Of course, you also have to understand what is meant by the main sentence and the explanatory sentence.

Most main sentences will be followed by explanatory sentences. But if you are still too difficult to distinguish between the two sentences. Then observing the main sentence and the explanatory sentence can be seen by looking at their characteristics.

The character of the explanatory sentence will usually have a proof. An example is a sentence that describes a plan. When you can understand between the two sentences. Of course, to determine a subject matter is not so difficult anymore.

4. Mark Important Information

Of course, in every paragraph there is always information that is considered so important. Therefore, one way to make it easier to find main ideas is to mark some information that is considered important and interesting.

However, accuracy and precision are needed in finding this important information. If you find an important piece of information in a few sentences in a paragraph.

So the next step is to try to select the important information. Look for what really matters. That way the process of finding the main idea will be easier.

5. Recognize Explanatory Sentences

Next is to recognize the explanatory sentence as a support for a main idea in one paragraph. Even though it sounds so simple, some people still find it difficult to determine a supporting sentence.

One way to recognize a supporting sentence is to pay attention to its characteristics. Usually supporting sentences will always be repeated.

This means if there are several words that are repeated in several sentences. It could be that some of these sentences are supporting sentences that have the aim of strengthening the main idea.

6. Provide a Paragraph Conclusion

The sixth step can be by making a conclusion from a paragraph. When you have read the entire contents in a paragraph. Do the next method by trying to make a conclusion from the contents of the paragraph.

This can also make it easier to find the main idea in a paragraph.

7. Mark Each Found Idea

The last method you can use is to mark every time you find a main idea. This may make it easier for you to find mixed paragraphs.

Where mixed paragraphs have the main idea placed at the beginning and also at the end of the paragraph. Of course, you also have to read the contents of the paragraph so you can find a sentence that you feel is a main idea.

Examples of Main Thoughts in Paragraphs

When you understand what the main idea is, function, and easy ways to determine the main idea in a paragraph. Quoted from the official website www.sinaumedia.com, the following are some examples of questions related to the subject matter.

1. First Example

The mud flood disaster caused by the collapse of the Situ Gintung embankment, located in South Tangerang, has caused various kinds of diseases to the people around there. Some of the diseases caused by the mud flood disaster are diarrhea, dengue fever, typhus, and leptospirosis.

Discussion:

The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is the flood disaster that can cause various kinds of diseases. If seen from the paragraph above, it can be concluded if the main sentence or main idea is at the beginning. Meanwhile, other sentences have the task of explaining and reinforcing the main idea.

2. Second Example

When someone thinks too much about the problem, it will make that person sadder. In addition, rather than dragging on in sadness, it’s better to focus on solving the problem. There is no need to think about and exaggerate the problem, but keep your spirits up and ask for help from people you can trust. That’s how to overcome sadness if you are experiencing problems.

Discussion:

The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is a way to overcome justice. Then the main idea in the paragraph is at the end. The pattern used in the paragraph is from general to specific. This can be seen from the beginning to a few sentences before the end becomes explanatory and ends with the main idea.

3. Third Example

Trees provide various benefits for humans and other living things. Trees are useful as a source of food, medicine and industrial materials. One of the most important roles of trees for humans and all living things is that trees are a producer of fresh air in the world.

Discussion:

The main idea in the paragraph is the benefits of trees that are useful for the health of living things. Judging from the paragraph above, the main idea is at the beginning of the paragraph. The pattern that is owned by the sentence is from specific to general.

Where if you look back at the first sentence served to show the topic to be discussed. Then the second sentence to the end is in charge of explaining the main part of the sentence.

4. Fourth Example

Insomnia can be caused by various factors. Insomnia or what is meant by sleep disturbances is generally caused by anxiety or a burden on one’s mind, other things that cause insomnia are working late into the night, uncomfortable bed conditions, and other habits.

Discussion:

The main idea in the paragraph in the paragraph above is about the causes of the condition of insomnia. Then the main idea is placed at the beginning of the paragraph and followed by explanatory sentences. The pattern that is owned by the paragraph above is from specific to general.

5. Fifth Example

Addiction to pornography can damage the brain. The brain of pornography addicts will be continuously stimulated which causes excessive production of dopamine and endorphins. Under normal conditions, these substances can be useful for people on the move. However, it is different from the case of pornography addicts. Where the brain will experience excessive stimulation, which in the long term can make the brain smaller and eventually damaged.

Discussion:

The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is that pornography addiction can damage the state of the human brain. Then to put the main idea of ​​the paragraph above is at the beginning. The first sentence already explains a topic to be discussed and is followed by various explanatory sentences as reinforcement for the first sentence.

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Conclusion

The main idea is a topic that will be discussed in a paragraph or article. The placement of the main idea can be found at the beginning, end, or the beginning and end of one paragraph.

The placement of the main points can also be distinguished based on the type of paragraph, such as inductive, deductive, descriptive or mixed. In addition, there are several features that you can use to find the main idea in a paragraph.

If it is seen from several characteristics, it has not been able to find a main idea in a paragraph. So using several methods of searching for main ideas as explained above can more easily help you.

If Sinaumed’s wants to make it easier and more understandable about the subject matter in a paragraph. So there’s nothing wrong with using a variety of readings. Starting from books, essays, novels, and others that can be found at www.sinaumedia.com.

Authors: Djoko Saryono and Soedjito

Book title: Indonesian Writing Skilled Series: Paragraph

You can use the book entitled “Indonesian Writing Skills Series: Paragraphs” published by Bumi Aksara as a training medium so you can master a paragraph. Contains 220 pages in easy-to-understand language that will make learning easier for you.

What is the Main Idea in a Paragraph – Reading in the form of books, novels, articles, and news always has the main idea of ​​a paragraph. When reading a book or analyzing a book, readers can see the important content of each paragraph.

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), extensive reading is needed to reach reading. Extensive reading is a person’s ability to be able to capture the contents of each paragraph. This reading process helps improve the skills of reading aspects.

These readings contain the main idea of ​​each paragraph, a summary of the contents of the reading, to finding facts and opinions. This reading process is necessary so that the reader can understand the essence and intent of a piece of writing.

What is Main Idea? Definition of Main Idea

The main idea of ​​a paragraph is the core of the conversation or the main problem in a reading. The main idea is a general sentence, then it can be explained through a more specific explanatory sentence, so that the reading is more coherent.

The main idea is the main sentence that contains the basic thoughts and ideas explained in other sentences. The main idea is also called the main idea, topic sentence, theme, subject matter, and main idea. In one paragraph, there is at least one main sentence which is the main idea. The main idea becomes the main core of a reading, then the next sentence provides information development.

Nurhaena (2010: 123) in Introduction to Indonesian argues that the main idea is the idea that underlies the preparation of a paragraph in the reading. The main idea is then developed again with more detailed sentences which are called supporting ideas or explanatory ideas. With the main ideas and explanatory ideas, the paragraphs in the reading can be arranged as a whole.

Furthermore, he clarifies that the main idea of ​​a paragraph is the soul of each paragraph or the core of friends discussed in a reading paragraph. Another term used to refer to the main idea is the main idea or main idea that underlies a reading paragraph.

In a paragraph there will only be one main idea, which is in the main sentence in the paragraph. The main idea is usually located at the beginning or end of the paragraph, but some are located in the middle of the paragraph.

Learning Indonesian recognizes terms, such as main thoughts, main ideas, and main sentences. The term contains the same meaning, which refers to the topic sentence. Hayon (2003: 64) in Main Reading Material I states that the main idea is in the main sentence, sometimes the main idea is clearly visible or explicit, but it is also implied, either in whole or in part.

The main idea of ​​a paragraph according to Nurhadi (2004:73) in Contextual Learning and Its Application in Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) is the main idea that forms the basis of essay development. Characteristics of sentences that contain the main idea can be seen from the keywords that accompany it.

Nurhadi (2004: 144) also stated that the main idea (main idea) is a statement made by the author as a general expression (formulation) of the topic. This element plays a significant role in a paragraph. Every other sentence in the paragraph must refer, either directly or indirectly, to the statement. This is because this statement formulates a topic, sometimes this element is also known as a topic sentence .

Djago (2008:14) further states that the topic sentence is the embodiment of the main idea sentence of the paragraph in a general or abstract form. Opinions about the main idea can be concluded that the main idea can be interpreted or defined as a main idea or thought that forms the basis or foundation in the development of a reading paragraph.

How to Determine the Main Idea of ​​a Paragraph

How to determine the main idea in a paragraph is determined from the supporting ideas of a passage. If someone reads carefully, there are ways to determine the main idea, namely:

• Read the title and the entire reading paragraph quickly and thoroughly. Pay attention to the title and reading, then formulate the main ideas;
• Pay close attention to the first sentence to the end;
• Read sentence by sentence, until you finally find the main idea of ​​the paragraph;
• After finding the main idea, then quickly read the next paragraph. Read the subtitles section, then connect with the main idea;
• Make a formula according to the main idea;
• Attention to the main idea in the form of a general statement that covers a wide range. The supporting ideas are narrower in scope, namely in the form of special statements;
• Make notes for the main idea of ​​each paragraph. These notes will make it easier to understand paragraphs coherently and logically. Usually, the main idea of ​​the statement is general-specific (deductive) and specific-general (inductive).

The difference between Main Sentences and Explanatory Sentences

The main sentence contains the main idea, main thought, or topic sentence. This sentence has characteristics that can be distinguished from the explanatory sentence.

Main Sentence Features

• Complete sentences that can stand alone;
• Contains potential problems that can be detailed and described;
• Has a meaning that is quite clear without being connected with other sentences;
• Can be formed without conjunctions;
• The main sentence contains the main idea of ​​a topic or event.

Characteristics of Explanatory Sentences

• Explanatory sentences of more than one sentence;
• Fill in the explanatory ideas in the form of brief descriptions, examples, illustrations, and quotations;
• The explanatory sentence is a special statement and narrow in scope;
• This sentence clarifies the main idea of ​​the paragraph.

Marchella Praserda Katika in her research entitled The Ability to Determine Main Ideas Using Inquiry Learning Models for Class VIII Students of SMP Negeri 1 Bone-Bone, North Luwu Regency explained that the main idea has several characteristics.

The following are the characteristics of the main idea:

1. The existence of main ideas is not complicated

The existence of the main idea in a paragraph should not be convoluted. That is, the meaning of the main idea should not be narrow, but also not too broad. This is so that the reader can easily catch the main idea. In addition, this main idea will also help readers to easily understand it.

2. Main Idea Stated Clearly

Apart from being simple, a main idea must also be clearly written or described by the author. This is related to the location. In addition, the theme to be conveyed or the essence of the idea must also be stated clearly.

3. Is General

A main idea must contain something that is general in nature. This will later be pursed again. That is, a main idea can then be explained and elaborated again. The description will be more specific in the following sentences.

4. Have Supporting Sentences

A main idea does not necessarily stand alone in a paragraph. The main idea must have a supporting sentence or a clear idea. These supporting sentences are useful for providing further explanation regarding the previous main idea, so that the paragraph will be coherent and easy to understand.

5. Main Idea function

The existence of a main idea in a paragraph also has a function, for example to make it easier for the reader to find out the main idea or subject matter in a paragraph that is read. This is useful so that the essence of something conveyed in the paragraph can be conveyed. Through identifying the main idea, the reader can find out the main idea of ​​a paragraph that is read.

Example of the main idea of ​​a paragraph

Quoted from a book entitled Definitely Top Success in the 2016 SD/MI Exams , the following is an example of questions about the main ideas of paragraphs.

Turning Used Goods into Works

Recycling is the activity of reprocessing unused items into new works. Used items that can be recycled include drink bottles, newspapers, and rags. Recycling is done to prevent many items from being wasted.

There are many benefits of recycling used goods, one of which can increase income. We can sell recycled handicrafts. In addition, recycling used goods can be a useful activity for children. Used items that children can recycle, such as old newspapers. The way to recycle used newspapers is quite easy, namely by soaking the torn newsprint in a bucket filled with water for a day and a night. Then, the newspaper is blended and mixed with glue. The results of recycled newspapers can be formed into various creations.

Leftover fabrics or patchwork can be made into dolls in a multi-purpose storage area. Various ways of making dolls from patchwork can be found on the internet. You won’t have any trouble making items out of the patchwork.

Sentence Analysis

• The main sentence in the first paragraph: Recycling is the activity of reprocessing unused items into new works;
• The main sentence in the second paragraph: There are many benefits from recycling used goods, one of which can increase income;
• Main sentence in third paragraph: Leftover fabrics or rags can be made into dolls or multipurpose storage containers.

After you can understand an example of analyzing the main idea in a paragraph, in the following, another example of questions regarding the main idea that you can use to practice will be given.

Problem 1

The focus of the driver in a moving vehicle is to look ahead through the windshield, not the rearview mirror. Focusing on the rearview mirror will affect the vehicle’s speed and it is not impossible to result in an accident. The use of the rearview mirror is only occasional and each time it is only used for an instant, not for a long time.

Source: Kompas, 9 July 2007

The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is…..

A. The driver’s main task is to look at the windshield
B. The use of rearview mirrors is sufficient from time to time
C. The effect of mirrors on vehicle speed and accidents
D. The driver must look ahead

Answer key: A

Problem 2

The Jakarta – Merak Toll Road Section is Uncomfortable

As a user of the Jakarta – Merak, Banten toll road, especially the Cikupa-Cilegon section, I really feel uncomfortable. Every day there are sections of the road that are repaired, then half of the roads are closed. As a result, traffic jams and long lines. For those who go with high punctuality, don’t expect to be on time.

For the Cilegon-Cikupa direction, there are currently seven location points where the road sections are being repaired. The repair length varies between 1 and 2 kilometers, namely at Kilometer 74, Kilometer 65, Kilometer 56, Kilometer 51, Kilometer 49, Kilometer 44 and Kilometer 31.

Toll roads really need to be repaired so that toll users can be comfortable, safe, without obstacles. However, the problem seems to be that the repair never ends. In the last two years there have been toll roads that have been repaired. Sometimes those that were repaired were about 100 meters, but roads that were closed were more than 0.5 kilometers. The funny thing is, the road that had been repaired a few months later cracked again.

Is it possible for toll road repairs to be arranged in such a way so that traffic jams do not occur at multiple points at the same time? As a toll road user who has paid a high price, of course we hope that by using the toll road, the trip will be smooth.

Source: Definitely Top Success in 2014 SD/MI Exams

The main idea of ​​the second paragraph in the text is…..

A. Number of damaged roads
B. Direction of repaired roads
C. Location of damaged roads
D. Length of roads repaired

Answer key: C

Problem 4

Fuel oil has a variety of uses. Motorcycles use pertalite fuel. Diesel-engined vehicles use diesel fuel. Airplanes use avtur as fuel. Housewives use kerosene as fuel for oil stoves.

The main idea of ​​the paragraph is…..

A. Use of fuel oil
B. Various types of vehicles
C. Household fuel
D. Benefits of pertalite and kerosene

Answer key: A

Problem 5

Traffic accidents on the highway are caused by various things. Many road users do not obey traffic rules. For example speeding, violating traffic signs, and wanting to win alone. In addition, many vehicles are not equipped with mirrors. If all road users obey the rules, traffic accidents can be reduced.

The main idea of ​​the paragraph is…..

A. Road traffic compliance
B. Road traffic awareness
C. Causes of road accidents
D. Reducing road accidents

Answer key: C

That is a brief explanation of the meaning and how to determine the main idea in a paragraph. Sinaumed’s can also visit sinaumedia’s book collection at www.sinaumedia.com to obtain additional references on Indonesian writing skills. The following are recommendations for sinaumedia books that Sinaumed’s can read to study them in full. Happy reading.

Find other interesting things in www.sinaumedia.com. sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always present interesting articles and recommendations for the best books for Sinaumed’s.

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• What is the Main Thought? Functions, characteristics, and how to determine them
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• Understanding Main Thoughts: Functions, Types, and Examples

Definition of Business Development – Business or commerce is the activity of trading goods or services with the aim of making a profit. In economics, a business is an organization that sells goods or services to consumers or other businesses, for a profit. Historically the word business came from English business, from the word busy which means “busy” in the context of individuals, communities or society. In a sense, busy doing activities and work that brings profit.

In a capitalist economy, where most businesses are privately owned, businesses are formed to earn profits and increase the wealth of their owners. The owners and operators of a business are rewarded according to the time, effort or capital they provide. However, not all businesses pursue profits like this, for example cooperative businesses that aim to improve the welfare of all its members or government institutions that aim to improve people’s welfare. This business model contrasts with socialistic systems, where large businesses are mostly owned by the government, the general public, or unions.

Etymologically, business means a situation where a person or group of people are busy doing work that generates profits. The word “business” itself has three usages, depending on the scope — the singular use of the word business can refer to a business entity, namely a juridical (legal), technical, and economic entity that aims to make a profit or profit. Broader usage could refer to a specific market sector, for example the “television business”. The broadest use refers to all the activities carried out by the community providing goods and services. But the exact definition of “business” is still a matter of debate today.

Basic Forms of Business Ownership

While the forms of business ownership vary from country to country, there are several forms that are considered common:

1. Sole Proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. Owners of sole proprietorships have unlimited liability for company assets. This company is managed individually and has full responsibility for the continuity of the company and its capital comes from its own. Usually individual companies have advantages and disadvantages.

2. Fellowship

A partnership is a form of business in which two or more people work together to operate a company for profit. Just like a sole proprietorship, each partner (partnership member) has unlimited responsibility for the company’s assets. Guild can be grouped into a limited partnership and the firm.

3. Company

A corporation is a business whose ownership is held by several people and is supervised by a board of directors. Each owner has limited liability for company property.

4. Cooperative

Cooperatives are businesses whose members are cooperative people or legal entities with the basis of their activities based on cooperative principles as well as a people’s economic movement based on the principle of kinship. Cooperative aims to improve the life of its members. The main characteristic of cooperatives that differentiates them from other business entities is that cooperative members have multiple identities. Dual identity means that cooperative members are owners and users of cooperative services.

Do you have good communication skills? Interested in the world of business? Like interacting with new people? Maybe business development (BD) is the right job for you.

What, really, is the job of a business development? Come on, see the explanation below.

What is Business Development?

Some people still think that BD is the job of a salesperson. In fact, the reality is not so. According to Forbes, BD is a process of creating long-term value for a company through customers, markets and business relationships.

I mean this, BD is the person responsible for finding ways so that the interaction of the three channels (customers, markets, and business relations) can create opportunities for the company to continue to grow.

Long-term value or what is commonly called long-term value itself is simply money, profit, image, or whatever is the main goal of a developing company. However, the person in charge of business development is not just trying to make as much profit as possible in a short time.

They also have to think about strategies and tactics in the long term for the development of the company. In other words, a BD must rotate money continuously so that the company is always profitable.

The Role of Business Development in the Company

The position of business development is very important for the company’s long-term business continuity. A company must be able to adapt to market demands by conducting business development.

Business development includes market research, improving and maintaining relationships with new potential customers, identifying and creating potential business opportunities. Therefore, a BD must be able to make a business strategy.

Business Development Factors in Making Strategy

1. Customers

Without customers, there will be no growing business. A BD must be able to read what problems are being experienced by customers, what they need, what value they are looking for.

It could be that customers really consider packaging when buying, or are more concerned with the quality of goods. This must be identified by a BD to then be able to respond to changing customer needs.

2. Market

A product definitely has its own target market, but this target is dynamic. A BD has a duty to find new target markets and adapt their products to be accepted in that market.

Consumer behavior can be formed based on geographical location, demographics and psychographics. For example, the Javanese people, especially Yogyakarta and Solo, like sweet-tasting food because of the large supply of sugar in Java during the colonial era. BD can see this as an opportunity to develop sweet-tasting food products to target customers in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java.

3. Relationships

Companies must be able to build good relationships between customers, clients, business partners, and investors. Without a relationship a business will not be able to develop and tend not to last long. BD is here to help build trust, image and mutually beneficial relationships. The goal is that the company’s relationship can run in the long term and sustainably.

Tasks Performed A Business Development

How? Are you familiar with Business Development? Now it’s time to discuss the tasks that a BD performs within a company.

1. Monitoring Market Developments

A BD is in charge of monitoring developments and existing market competition. So that he can see prospects for making product development strategies, new customers and partnerships.

2. Research to Determine the Target Market

BD is also responsible for clearly defining new target markets before adapting them to the product you want to develop. It is intended that the products made can be right on target and become a solution to customer problems.

3. Understand the Company’s Products

BD is also required to understand all of the company’s products/product knowledge complete with its advantages, features, raw materials to the processes carried out.

4. Coordinate with other divisions to develop products

Of course a BD also needs other divisions to support its performance. Starting from Sales, Marketing to Account Manager.

5. Developing and Presenting Business Development Strategies

BD is also in charge of designing various strategies related to business development. Such as strategies to increase customer loyalty, find new customers, partnership strategies, sales to monitor performance indicators. Because of that BD must have the ability in presentation, sales, and making agreements related to the strategy that has been prepared.

The difference between Business Development and Sales

Many consider BD’s work the same as sales. In fact these two jobs are different. People in business development are tasked with advancing a company with its business development strategy. For example by developing new markets, selling subsidiaries to other companies, and the like.

The job of a sales development also aims to increase profits for the company. However, sales development is more responsible for cooperation or purchasing contracts, handling prospects, and providing demonstrations of the products being sold.

Sales development is more focused on the products being sold and profit from these sales. Even though these jobs are different, the two are related, you know! Sales could have entered into the business development section.

With the same goal of making a profit, they can work together to exchange strategies in order to achieve the targets expected by the company. Imagine if the BD task was done alone without sales, maybe the development achieved by the company would not be maximized.

Business Development Responsibilities

Have you got a little enlightenment about the work of BD? Well, now is the time to find out what BD’s work and responsibilities are:

• Do market research.
• Look for new customer opportunities and maintain relationships between customers or clients.
• Collaborate with other divisions to meet market or client needs.
• Develop and present the company’s business development plan.
• Conduct research on the company’s business development on a regular basis.
• Understand the company’s products, competitors, and business position in the market.
• Work closely with the sales department to get promising new prospective clients or customers.

Skills Required A Business Development

Interested in becoming a BD or even want to swerve to become a BD? Check out the skills needed by a BD below:

1. High Motivation

Becoming a BD requires high motivation and discipline at work. A BD should not give up easily and be able to meet targets within limitations and deadlines.

2. Management

With a very diverse task focus, the ability to manage time and priorities must also be owned by a BD. A BD must also be smart in managing the resources available to the team and the company so that they can support business growth.

3. Communication

Not only working behind the scenes, a BD must also have good communication skills. The reason is, they have to communicate with potential customers, clients, teams, and also present in front of colleagues or clients.

4. Marketing

Not only with sales, BD also works a lot with the marketing division to promote the brand. Therefore, a BD should also have basic skills in marketing.

5. Negotiation

In his work, a BD will be faced with negotiating with existing clients or potential clients who have the potential to work with the company. Well, in this case a BD must hone skills in negotiating so that all projects are successful.

6. Data Analysis

There will be a lot of data that must be analyzed by a BD. From monthly sales growth data, investor data, client data, to also data from competitors that need to be analyzed and studied. This is where accuracy and data analysis skills are needed. Data is not just writing, you know! A lot of data contains image patterns, numbers, number patterns, and even mathematical operations.

A BD must also be able to compile data and present it to superiors in language that is easy to understand. If you are confident in your data analysis skills, you may be a great fit to work in business development.

7. Project Management

Working to develop a business is indeed a complex and high-risk thing. Becoming a BD requires high responsibility because the company depends on your fate.

In becoming a BD, you must be prepared to face all the best and worst possibilities. You have to handle not only projects, but teamwork, team support, and problem solving. In this case, leadership needs to be instilled in your mind so that all the projects you lead can run smoothly and be in harmony with the team.

How to Become a Business Development Associate

If you are interested in becoming a bizdev, here’s how to become a business development:

1. Look for Internship Experience

In order to make it easier to get a job as a business development person, internship experience is needed. With an internship, you can learn earlier from previous companies about their business models and learn from seniors.

Nowadays, many companies are opening internship vacancies for business development. You can search on job vacancy sites with the keyword business development internship. One of the job vacancy sites that you can use is LinkedIn.

2. Keep Up-to-Date with New Developments

To become a reliable business developer, extensive knowledge of all aspects of the business industry is required. Always update your knowledge by reading economic news, technological developments and also industry. Develop knowledge of marketing, accounting, or management so that it can help you in your future work.

3. Prepare CV

To get the first job, of course, you need a Curriculum Vitae (CV) to apply for a job. A good business development CV should be written in a way that highlights your abilities and accomplishments. If this is the first time you have made a CV to apply for a business development job, you can see an example CV below for reference.

Business Development Manager Career Path

The senior level of the Business Development Manager position is to become VP Business Development or Director of Business Development – EKRUT. However, the career journey to become a Business Development Manager is not easy to achieve. To get to this point you can start a career as Customer Service, Sales or Marketing. Only after having a lot of experience, you can become a Business Development Representative. From Business Development Representative then the next career path is Business Development Manager.

At the senior level, there are several positions that you can get, including being the Vice President of Business Development or becoming the Director of Business Development. By knowing some of the qualifications above, now you have a clear picture of the role and duties of a Business Development Manager, right?

Business Development Manager Career Projection 2022

Quoted from Forbes, currently, many businesses are looking for ways to recover from financial losses suffered in the past year and successfully transition to “The Next Normal” – a term that refers to the emerging post-pandemic era created by McKinsey.

This begs the question: How can organizations strategize for growth and prepare their Business Development teams to better understand and align with their goals.

Therefore, career projections for 2022 for Business Development Managers are still a crucial point to maintain the company. The most sought-after candidates are candidates with the ability to innovate and adapt in the new normal era.

The position of Business Development Manager must understand the changing situation, so that the company will be better prepared in articulating issues for future plans and preparing business plans while still thinking ahead.

Koda – Do you like reading fiction books or novels with beautiful stories, deep moral messages, and unexpected endings ? It turns out that there are indeed many novels and fictional stories that have all of these criteria. For example, stories written by top writers such as Tere Liye, Dee Lestari, Andrea Hirata, which have so many moral messages contained in each of their works.

Or other works by foreign writers such as Matt Haig, Stephanie Meyer, Cho Nam Joo, and Keigo Higashino who write a lot of dramatic to dystopia stories that always make the reader feel a roller coaster. Of all types and genres of writing, all of them have a moral message and stories that end beautifully.

So that makes us realize that there are so many interesting elements contained in it. In fact, if we pay attention to these talented writers, they really need a number of intrinsic elements that should be in a story. So that it can give birth to a beautiful story and leave an impression on the hearts of its readers.

Know the Code and Its Functions

When we are reading a story, whether it is a short story or a novel, we are aware that there are a number of intrinsic elements contained in it. Of the many elements that exist in a story, such as plot, characters, background and setting, there are also elements that we often forget.

Coda is an important part of the intrinsic elements of a story, which not many people are aware of its presence. The role of the coda itself is almost always present and can help us conclude a story.

You may have heard the term coda, but you still don’t understand what the definition of coda is and its application in a story. Let’s check out the following reviews!

Definition of the Code

Coda is an element contained in the story, which contains the message or message to be conveyed by the story. The coda is generally placed at the end of a story or novel.

The existence of this coda is also able to help the reader have a clear conclusion from the whole story. However, not all stories automatically have a coda with a clear ending. Some stories often deliberately end with plots that hang or still leave new questions. Where the reader must conclude for himself how the conclusion and the end.

But that doesn’t mean that this type of story doesn’t have a coda at the end, usually the coda remains to be the conclusion of the story as a whole, regardless of how it ends . Therefore, the role of this coda is important to give more value to the story, so that it can attract more readers.

Writers will also usually give a mandate or message about an issue that they raise in a story that is spread throughout the story. However, the essence and final conclusion of the message is contained in the coda.

The coda is also usually the answer to all of the readers’ questions that arise throughout the story. Especially in stories with the horror or detective genre that have a lot of suspense throughout the story, the answer will be given at the end of the story as well as the moral message that the writer wants to convey.

Code function

As with the definition of the coda itself, the function of the coda is to convey the moral message or message of the whole story. So that when reading the story, the reader is able to understand what the author wants to convey through his work.

The message contained in this coda is also the hope of the author who is expected to make the reader understand, so that he can take the positive side. So, it’s not surprising that many writers don’t hesitate to raise social issues, problems that have recently occurred, to satirize the political system, just to voice their ideas through writing.

It is this idea that the author brings up later that is expected to reach every reader so that other people understand it better.

We can take a simple example of the coda function from the fable that we used to read when we were little. As in the story of Si Kancil who likes to steal cucumbers belonging to the farmer, but in the end he gets rewarded for his actions.

We can understand one thing from the author of this deer story, namely about the meaning that stealing is not a commendable act. So what we do always has its own consequences, including when we steal.

From this simple story, the moral message about not stealing something that doesn’t belong to us has succeeded in getting into our minds until we grow up. So it means that the function of the coda as conveying morals and morals through the story of the deer is very successful.

So that this coda is also commonly found in short stories for children as a form of teaching morals and educating children from an early age. This has proven to be effective in shaping our mindset and character in the future.

Instead of having to dictate a child to act positively, telling stories with coda full of moral messages like this can actually be a more effective medium for shaping their character.

Position of Koda in Story Structure

The role of the coda is actually quite large considering that the coda is able to bind the reader’s feelings to a story or novel after reading it. Because, coda is able to leave a final impression that holds the hearts of its readers. Making these readers will always remember the story in that story because it is so deep and beautiful as a work.

However, in a story, the coda does not stand alone. There’s a lot of structure that needs to be in place in a story for coda to work well when applied to stories. Here are some important structures in the story that we need to know in order to understand the position of the coda in the story.

1. Abstraction

Abstraction or abstract in general is a brief description of a theme, event or idea in a story. This becomes the main structure that influences the course of the plot of a story.

Abstract can also be said as a premise that is taken to become the main idea of ​​the story. For example, in a romantic comedy novel, the writer wants to raise the premise of a poor girl who is independent meets a rich man who is arrogant.

This is a brief abstract, which can then be developed more broadly, for example by the situation that brought the two together, the character’s background and so on.

2. Orientation

The next very important structure is orientation, which is the introduction of situations, characters in the story. Generally, every story written in fiction will have various types of orientation.

This introduction includes the introduction of characters, setting of place and time, situations, issues raised to the relationship between the characters in the story. The way of introduction also varies according to the theme of the story taken.

Usually the introduction of characters and their characterization will be described slowly and little by little. As the story progresses, several new characters will appear that have not been mentioned, or have been mentioned but have not appeared.

In contrast to the introduction of the background which is most often introduced from the start, because for setting the time and place there is always the possibility of changing according to the flow. Generally for certain genres such as detective, criminal, thriller there will be an introduction of characterizations that are scattered throughout the story.

So it is very likely that there is another side of the characters in the story that is only known after heading to the end of the story. This is often done in order to support the storyline and process the emotions of the readers.

3. Complications

The next structure is complication, where the conflict arises when entering the middle of the story to the climax. This conflict is important to exist and be made maturely so that it can bring a story to life.

A story that has no complications will feel very flat and boring. Therefore, the existence of various conflicts is able to present varied and complex colors, so that the story will always be interesting to follow.

The type of conflict that is embedded in a story is also very diverse and it all depends on the main idea or ideas that the author wants to raise. Conflicts can be in the form of conflict either between fellow characters or with oneself, a number of problems that seem to be starting to make it difficult for the main character in the story.

For example, in the famous novel Little Women, the four main characters begin to experience various internal and external conflicts. Where they have to struggle to become women who follow the wishes of society or against the stereotypes that are given to them as women.

So seeing the possibility of complications arising is what triggers character development, which in the end there will be a change in attitude. For example, from evil to a good person.

4. Rising action

The rising action or conflict achievement is all the piles of problems, events, and emotional turmoil that pile up into one. It is at this point that achieving conflict will feel so heavy and tiring for the main character.

This ultimately triggers the main character to bring the storyline to the highest level. Usually a story that has reached the conflict milestone will feel as if there is no way out.

Taking the example of the film Avengers: Endgame, the point of reaching the conflict is in the scene where all the Avengers and other superheroes have been repeatedly resisted by Thanos’ minions. The scenes that were shown many times also showed that they were all too tired, and almost wanted to give up.

This is what then prompted Captain America to take Thor’s hammer and not long after the storyline headed for the climax of the conflict or climax.

5. Climax

This section becomes the climax of the conflict or often referred to as the climax, which is the culmination of a story. After the story develops from what was originally only character introduction and conflicts begin to emerge, then a story will have its peak.

The climax of this story is the culmination of various problems that continue to arise, the inner conflicts of the main characters to all the circumstances and plots that support it. A story that has a climax like this makes readers increasingly unable to escape from the story they are reading.

A good conflict setting and choosing a climax in the right situation will be able to make the story in the story so memorable . Like when you watch the movie Avengers: Endgame, the climax in that story is when the Avengers ensemble scene.

At that point the audience is able to feel the power of a sentence that becomes so strong and meaningful, coupled with the continuous attacks that satisfy the audience’s thirst. This feels so right because of the correct choice of climax, and the well-plotted and successive conflict arrangements.

So that when the peak of the conflict comes, everyone who follows the story will feel that all the previous feelings and emotions have paid off well. This climax is also referred to as a turning point, which in some stories can change the entire plot.

6. Evaluation

In this evaluation section, the story has reached its final part which is the bright point of every conflict and problem experienced by the characters in the story. So that it can be said in this evaluation section, the main character in the story has found a solution or a way to solve their problem.

For example the part Thanos is finally able to defeat, with Iron Man again snapping his fingers to bring back the people who were hit by the blip .

7. Resolution

This resolution section can be said to be the end point of a storyline. In this last section is a number of explanations about the problem that has been completed. If it tells about a detective or criminal story, this part shows who the perpetrator is and the reasons why he committed the crime.

Therefore, this resolution becomes an explanation and explanation that clarifies and straightens out every question that has ever occurred to readers before. This section also explains what happened to the characters and what situations changed after the events happened.

8. Code

As previously explained, the coda is at the very end which contains conclusions and moral messages from the journey of the main characters after experiencing a number of events.

How does the writer want to convey a message so that we can take the best lessons from the experiences of the characters.

Application of the Coda in Stories

Actually the application of the coda in each type of story is fairly simple, but not all of the coda written in written stories are real. But there are several coda which are implicitly included at the end of the story.

For example, in a novel like Harry Potter, you may not find a message of moral mandate written firmly at the end of the novel. But by following the whole storyline, and reading it to the end, you can be sure that the story contains a very clear coda about the sincerity of parents’ love for their children.

Where in the story, true love is described as being able to defeat any evil power of magic because love itself is the most natural, magical, and powerful magic.

But if we look at some short stories such as in legends, fables, and others, we can easily find the coda of the story in question at the end of the story. Most coda are found prominently in fables because of their purpose for children’s learning.

For example, in the story of the mouse deer stealing the cucumber, it will be written at the end of the story that stealing is not a commendable act, so we should not be like the mouse deer who likes to steal things that don’t belong to him.

Conclusion about the Code

If reading a story with a plot full of tension is able to make us cry and laugh, plus a moral message that is so deep, it is indeed an interesting experience.

This is because the coda is a place for writers to convey the message they want to convey to readers. So reading the story is not a waste.

Through interesting media such as stories, it is hoped that the ideas and messages that the author wants to convey can be more easily understood by all readers from various different backgrounds.

So, do you have a favorite story with the best coda? If not, then find epic fictional stories and the best moral messages at sinaumedia, okay!

Has Sinaumed’s ever asked about how this world was formed or about how humans can be born? If so, then surely you will find varied answers. If you’ve ever heard of the Big Bang theory as the beginning of the formation of the Earth, in Biology there is also a theory called the theory of abiogenesis as the theory of the beginning of the formation of living things on Earth.

Science is always developing every day. It is not surprising that at any time there will be the possibility of discovering theories or even theories that can disprove pre-existing theories. This is due to the development of technology which also affects the development of science.

As we understand that humans are living beings who have high curiosity. Long before there was a theory that discussed the origin of the universe, namely based on the big bang theory, humans themselves had thought about how living things appeared on this Earth. No wonder there are many opinions about the origin of living things. One of them is the theory of abiogenesis. But, what exactly is the theory of abiogenesis? Let’s discuss in full below.

What is the Abiogenesis Theory?

The theory of abiogenesis or biopoiesis is a study that discusses how biological life can arise from organic matter through natural processes. Specifically, this one term refers to the process by which life on Earth arose. Abiogenesis is thought to have occurred in the early Archean period or about 3 to 4 billion years ago.

Most of the amino acids, which are often referred to as “the building blocks of life”, were successfully synthesized in the Miller-Urey experiment and in other experiments simulating the conditions of early Earth. As for other important biochemical materials such as nucleotides and also saccharides can appear in a similar way. In all organisms, these biochemicals are organized into even more complex molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, as well as polysaccharides. The three molecules are essential for the functioning of life and are also present in all organisms.

The formation of these macromolecules is mediated by nucleic acids as well as enzymes, which are synthesized through biochemical pathways catalyzed by proteins. Which organic molecules first appeared and how they might have helped the first organisms is still being debated.

The first life to appear on Earth is thought to have been a single-celled prokaryotic that may have evolved from protobionts or organic molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure. The oldest recorded micro fossils date from 3.5 billion years ago, the ratio of isotopes of carbon, iron, and sulfur shows the influence of life on minerals and inorganic sediments and also as a molecular marker indicates the occurrence of photosynthesis.

Modern abiogenesis, which was first coined by Oparin and Haldane in the 1920s, is different from classical abiogenesis or spontaneous generation. One of the most fundamental differences is that modern abiogenesis is an explanation of the origins of life phenomena while classical abiogenesis coined by Aristotle explains how certain animals or plants routinely appear without going through reproduction. For other differences, namely in terms of mechanism, where modern abiogenesis is based on modern biochemical knowledge, while classical abiogenesis is based on classical concepts such as material principles, movement principles, and also spirit principles. The absence of proof of classical abiogenesis is now even more controversial among professional biologists,

History of the Theory of Abiogenesis

The theory of abiogenesis is a science that studies how biological life arises from naturally occurring inorganic materials. Where this one theory refers to the process when the formation of Planet Earth. It is thought that this abiogenesis theory occurred early in the Eoarchean or 4 billion years long on a relative time scale. This theory is classified as the oldest theory that discusses the origin of living things. It can be said that the theory of abiogenesis is a theory that explains if living things come from inanimate matter. This opinion arose based on a simple thought when he saw frogs or worms emerging from the mud or soil.

The theory of abiogenesis was first coined by Aristotle in 384 to 322 BC which was a scientist from Greece. Abiogenesis or also known as spontaneous generation theory is made based on the observation made by Aristotle that the fish in the river come from mud. Not only that, he also conducted an experiment on soil that was soaked in water and the result was that worms emerged from the soil. Based on these experiments, the theory of abiogenesis became the basis, that living things came from non-living things. Generatio Spontanea or what is called the classical theory of abiogenesis has been recorded in Aristotle’s book entitled Historia Animalium.

This theory was still believed until the end of the 17th century and one of its supporters was a British scientist named Nedham. Nedham conducted an experiment by boiling the broth in a container for a few minutes. Then, He covered it with a cork. Within a few days, in the broth that was stored there were bacteria. So Nedham concluded that the bacteria that appeared in the broth came from the broth itself.

The proof of the abiogenesis theory does not end here. Another supporter also came from Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, when he found microorganisms in the straw soaking water using a microscope, this discovery strengthened the theory of abiogenesis and also his supporters said that microorganisms came from decomposed straw. However, Leeuwenhoek denied this and argued that these microorganisms came from the air.

The development of the theory of abiogenesis continued to grow until the emergence of the modern theory of abiogenesis which was coined by Oparin and also Haldani in the 1920s. There is a difference between spontaneous generation or classical abiogenesis. We can see this difference when modern abiogenesis explains the origin of life phenomena. While classical abiogenesis emphasizes more on how certain animals or plants can appear routinely without going through the process of reproduction. We can also see the difference between the two theories in terms of mechanism, where modern abiogenesis is based on modern biochemical knowledge, while classical abiogenesis is based on classical concepts in the form of material principles, movement principles, and also spirit principles, as we have discussed above.

Abiogenesis Theory Broken

Not a few who want to break and do not believe in the basis of this theory of abiogenesis since this theory was coined. Francesco Redi has started efforts to disprove the theory of abiogenesis by conducting experiments using meat. The meat was put into two jars, one of which was left open, while the other was closed. After a few days, larvae appeared in the meat that was in the open jar.

From this, Redi concluded that the larvae in the meat came from flies that entered the jar. Apart from that, he also did the same experiment, only modifying the lid of the jar by using gauze. This is so that air can get into the jar, while the other jars are closed tightly. The result is that the meat still rots but no larvae are found in the meat.

In 1768, Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated John Needham’s experiment. He heated the broth then placed it into 2 containers. One of the containers used is left open, while the other container is closed tightly. After a few days, the broth in the open vessel turned cloudy and gave off an unpleasant odor. Meanwhile, the broth in a closed container remains clear. This experiment proved that organisms did not come from inanimate objects but came from other living things.

Even so, the theory of abiogenesis persisted, until finally Louis Pasteur, a biochemist from France, attempted to perfect the experiments conducted by Spallanzani. Pasteur modified the container used by using a long-necked flask. He did this to find out other indicators related to the flask tube with the air outside. After waiting a few days, the result was that the broth remained clear, but at the end of the neck of the tube a lot of dust and dirt had gathered. Then in the open tube, the broth contains lots of microorganisms.

From the results of trials conducted by Louis Pasteur, this theory of abiogenesis was broken which resulted in a new theory, namely:

1. Omne vivum ex ovo which means all living things come from eggs.
2. Omne ovum ex vivo which means all eggs come from living things.
3. Omne vivum ex vivo which means that all living things come from other living things.

Advantages and Weaknesses of the Abiogenesis Theory

Each theory that emerges will certainly have its own advantages and disadvantages. Likewise with this theory of abiogenesis. Based on several experiments conducted by previous experts, many thought that this theory was too naive, even though it was supported by previous experiments. The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the abiogenesis theory, including:

1. Advantages of the Abiogenesis Theory

Based on the research that has been done, the theory of abiogenesis actually has several advantages, because it provides the basic idea for the emergence of the aparin theory or naturalistic theory. This theory states that the origin of life is biochemical, to be precise, living things emerged abiotically. Without this research, there would be no Oparin Theory developed.

2. Weaknesses of the Abiogenesis Theory

As with other theories in other fields of science, this theory also has weaknesses. These weaknesses, namely the examples mentioned and explained, then carried out research by previous experts were considered too naive. The examples given are considered unable to support the theoretical propositions given. In addition, researchers at that time also did not see any small material such as bacteria or worm eggs, which actually is the beginning of the emergence of this life.

That is the explanation of the theory of abiogenesis put forward by some experts regarding the beginning of life in this world. Even though this theory has not been proven correct, studying and understanding the various theories that might support the occurrence of life on Earth will provide more knowledge.

For Sinaumed’s who want to know more deeply about other theories, they can read related books by visiting sinaumedia.com. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

What is State Defense Initial Ability – Did you know that state defense initial ability is included in the basic values ​​of state defense. So, in this article, we will discuss in more detail what is the initial ability to defend the state and the form of defending the state for citizenship education. Both of these are quite important things for us to learn as Indonesians.

In addition, we are also obliged to practice it in everyday life. By practicing the basic values ​​of defending the country, we are like practicing the values ​​contained in Pancasila.

What is State Defense Initial Capability?

What is State Defense Initial Capability? The initial ability to defend the country can be interpreted as the potential and also the readiness of every citizen to defend the country according to their profession and abilities in their respective environment. Every citizen of this country basically has the initial ability to defend the country. This can be seen in physical, psychological, and spiritual abilities.

Psychic abilities such as for example willing to obey various existing regulations. While physical ability is like having physical health. As for spiritual abilities, for example, diligently carrying out worship according to their religion.

Having the initial ability to defend the country can be reflected in attitudes and behavior, including:

1. Have the ability, integrity, and also confidence in defending the nation and state.
2. Be able to understand and identify threats that exist in each environment and remain responsive to report them to the authorities.
3. Have high emotional and spiritual intelligence and intelligence.
4. Have knowledge of local wisdom in responding to every threat.

Form of State Defense

The form of defending the country has been stated in Law no. 3 of 2002, namely through civics education, compulsory basic military training, service as a soldier of the Indonesian National Armed Forces which is done voluntarily or compulsorily, and service according to profession.

The four forms of defending the country have been explained in more detail in Law no. 23 of 2019, regarding Management of National Resources for Defense.

Civic education

According to Article 7 Paragraph 1 of Law Number 23 of 2019, it states that citizenship education is carried out through fostering awareness of defending the country by instilling the basic values ​​of defending the country. Having knowledge of local wisdom in responding to every threat is a form of initial state defense capability that we must have.

In Article 7 paragraph 2 of Law Number 23 of 2019, it is stated that fostering awareness of defending the country is carried out in the scope of education, work and society. Regarding fostering awareness of state defense in the education sphere, Law Number 23 of 2019 also states that this development is carried out through the national education system. The national education system is also carried out in every track, level, and type of education by the government through the ministries in the education sector. Within this scope, the most important citizenship education is Pancasila Education and Citizenship Education or PPKn.

Basic Values ​​of Defending the Country in Everyday Life

What meaning is contained in article 27 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution and examples of its implementation in everyday life? Efforts to defend the country can be done by instilling basic values. The provisions contained in Article 27 Paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution explain that every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in efforts to defend the state. Simplified, then article 27 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution explains our obligation to make efforts to defend the country.

The purpose of defending the country is none other than to maintain the survival of the nation and state, preserve the existing culture, practice the values ​​of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, and maintain the identity and integrity of the state. In the past, this state defense contest was an attempt to carry out a struggle or physical effort to fight for and defend independence. Then, in this modern era, defending the country is no longer just taking up arms or fighting other nations, but includes many things, one of which is fighting the effects of globalization.

Then, what is the meaning of Article 28 Paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution and examples of its implementation in everyday life? Basically, the concept of defending the country can be interpreted broadly. However, if elaborated, defending the country is a matter of obligation, soul, and also honor. Then, in everyday life, efforts to defend the country can be done in various ways. One of them is by instilling six basic values ​​as follows:

1. Love the Motherland

Planting state defense that can be done is by growing a sense of love for the motherland. Then, to be able to foster a sense of love for this homeland, the Indonesian people must know the history of Indonesia’s independence, the potential of natural resources, the potential of human resources, and also its strategic geographical position. By understanding Indonesia’s condition like that, a sense of love for the motherland will grow as a sense of belonging, a sense of pride, and also a sense of responsibility to protect it.

2. Awareness of Nation and State

Love for the motherland alone is not enough. Therefore, this feeling of love must be supported by an awareness of a harmonious nation and also an awareness of the state that upholds the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and the 1945 Constitution. archipelago, national resilience, and free and active foreign policy.

3. Loyal to Pancasila as the State Ideology

Pancasila is a state ideology formed by paying attention to the national character. To be able to build loyalty to Pancasila, it is necessary to understand the basic values ​​of defending the country in the form of upholding discipline, developing political ethics, developing a democratic system, and also fostering a sense of obedience to the law.

4. Willing to Sacrifice for the Nation and Country

Indonesian independence did not come easily. The previous heroes had a sense of self-sacrifice, persistence, and also a high unyielding spirit, so that they could win independence from foreign nations. Instilling a sense of self-sacrifice is definitely very necessary. To be able to build awareness and also a sense of self-sacrifice, it is important to understand aspects such as the conception of the soul, spirit, and fighting values, ethical, moral and constitutional responsibilities, as well as the attitude of prioritizing national interests over personal or group interests.

5. State Defending Initial Capability

If interpreted, the initial ability to defend the country is the potential and also the readiness to carry out acts of defending the country in accordance with the abilities of a person and their profession anywhere. Basically, every citizen has the initial ability to defend the country based on aspects of their respective abilities, such as self-confidence, professional values, and so on.

6. Passion to Create a Sovereign, Just and Prosperous Country

The spirit to realize the ideals of the Indonesian nation is one of the national attitudes and determination based on the determination of national unity and integrity. With the spirit to realize a sovereign, just and prosperous country, one will be able to utilize the potential of national resources and local wisdom in facing threats and challenges according to the times.

This is an explanation of what is the initial ability to defend the country and how to cultivate an attitude of defending the country. For Sinaumed’s who want to learn all about the initial skills of defending the country and other knowledge related to love for the motherland, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books.

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Content writer is a common job in the digital era like now. There are many people who list their experiences as content writers on their LinkedIn profiles. Even though it is very common, becoming a content writer is not as easy as many people imagine.

Content writers are not only tasked with compiling words into sentences, then combining them into paragraphs and a coherent piece of writing. Content writers must also develop a strategy so that the content they create can be reached by many people, especially digital readers.

Therefore, in the world of copywriting , three important terms are known, namely SEO, SEM and SMM. The last two may not be so commonplace, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t important, you know.

SEO is a technique for maximizing content so that writing can appear in searches on the top line, by doing a few tricks on the content.

SEM and SMM are also the same, it’s just that they do it in a different way. SEM is done by advertising on search engine providers such as Google Ads, while SEM is by marketing through social media. Still confused? The following is a comprehensive explanation.

A. Know What is SEO?

1. Understanding SEO

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a technique for managing a website so that it can work optimally and get the top ranking in search results.

This top ranking will help boost the number of visits to the website so that it will generate profits. The application of SEO in managing a website is not only aimed at achieving high traffic, but also to help reach the intended audience.

When creating a site, the creator must have certain goals with a certain audience or readers, the existence of SEO will help so that the content on the website can be the right target audience.

SEO as a technique for getting high traffic and reaching the desired target audience cannot be done without paying attention to a number of indicators. Creators must be able to understand how SEO works, understand all the indicators that can help maximize content, including understanding how search engines or algorithms work on Google, Yahoo!, Bing or others.

Understanding SEO also means understanding how search engine algorithms work. Search engines like Google will place certain content as the top ranking based on its compatibility with the algorithm they apply.

For example, Google will display certain sites on the top page based on their match with certain keywords that are most searched for, the more the same keywords, the more relevant they will be and displayed on the top line.

Since 2011, at least Google, as the search engine most used by the world’s people, has made eight changes to its algorithm provisions. Therefore, a creator who wants to maximize SEO is required to always update regarding the latest algorithm indicators. In the case of a creator still following the old algorithm pattern, the content he creates will not be effective.

2. SEO indicators

The SEO indicator is the main criterion that determines whether the technique used will work optimally, this is by taking into account a number of components which also still have a close relationship with how Google’s algorithm determines. Therefore, every time Google changes the terms of the algorithm, the indicators or components of SEO will also change.

a. URL structure

The shorter and simpler the website URL structure, the greater the chance to appear on the top page. This is because URLs are used by search engines to identify sites and content that is relevant to the search keywords.

A short and simple URL structure can be just the site name and content title. For example, https://websitename//content . Conversely, the longer and more complicated the URL of the website you are creating, the more difficult it will be to display on the top page.

b. Use of SSL/TLS

Secure Sockets Layer (SSC) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) are components used by Google to mark which website is safe.

Meanwhile, sites that do not activate these two things are indicated as pages that are not secure , so they often do not recommend users to reach websites that do not enable SSC and TLS.

These two components are related to the transfer of visitor data, because sites that have activated SSC and TLS will encrypt all visit data on the website.

An easy way to find out if a website has SSC and TLS enabled is to cross-check its domain address. If the website address starts with HTTP then this has not activated SSC and TLS, while what has been installed is the one with the HTTPS address.

c. Search Intents

Google often directs users to shopping services when typing the keyword ‘ bag ‘. This is known as search trend, which means the majority of Google users type the word bag to search for bag shopping sites.

On the other hand, sites that contain information related to bag theory, such as understanding, types or materials of bags, often do not appear at the top if you type the same keywords.

This is because most internet users will type the keyword ‘ understanding of bag ‘ or ‘ types of bag ‘ when looking for an explanation about bags.

d. Content Topic

Google tends to place sites in the top rankings, if the content on the site is complete and interrelated. If you type the keyword ‘tips for making spicy macaroni’, a site that specifically discusses food recipes will be more likely to appear in the top rankings than a general site that discusses not only eating, but also automotive, lifestyle and so on. This is because sites that specifically provide food recipes tend to have more complete content about ‘ making spicy macaroni ‘.

Therefore, to maximize SEO you need to build a website that has a clear purpose. If you want to focus on the topic of traveling, manage the website to only focus on discussing food, travel, lodging. Combine several sub-topics to make website content more complete and comprehensive.

Also have the following book entitled “Good at Making Websites and SEO” to understand more about the world of SEO.

e. Content Structure

Google pays attention to the comfort aspect of its users or user experience . Websites that are usually on the top page have a structured content composition. The easier it is for readers to access content on the website, the more visitors the website will attract. Therefore, keep content as simple as possible so that it makes it easy for readers to find the answers they are looking for.

One of the tricks to make the content structure on a website interesting is to pay attention to the headings and sub-headings .

These two components will guide the reader to understand general to detailed or specific information. Another trick is to use bullet points so that visitors don’t get tired of reading text that is too long.

f. Meta Tags

A blog usually has a special section that requires the creator to include a special tag and will usually be displayed at the bottom or at the end of the post.

The tags in question are keywords that represent the contents of the entire content. Tags usually consist of one to three words, for example the content you create is about corruption cases, the tags that are included can use ‘ corruption ‘, ‘ corruption in Indonesia ‘, or ‘ corruption history ‘.

g. Off-Page SEO

Backlinks are links that refer to your website, or more commonly understood another website quotes information that comes from your content. The more people who cite or backlink to your website, the more credible and original your status is, or in other words, the more likely you are to appear at the top of Google’s rankings.

However, websites that link backlinks to your site must also come from sites that also have good quality or reputation.

h. Performance & Speed

An important indicator that many creators ignore is the loading speed of the website. Google for the last three years has included aspects of loading speed as a consideration to increase website rankings.

This is also still related to user experience satisfaction, a website that takes too long to load will be boring and make visitors bored. Meanwhile, Google is very concerned about aspects of user satisfaction and comfort.

3. SEO division

There are two types of SEO implementation in maximizing website performance. The two types are on-page SEO and off-page SEO.

a. On-Page SEO

This type tries to maximize website performance through the application of a number of techniques in the content. Simply put, on-page SEO is the application of SEO in content that is created so that the writing can reach a large audience. So generally the implementation of on page SEO is done by changing some parts of the content and adjusting to ideal conditions.

Some of the common ways of implementing on-page SEO are using simple permalinks that are the same age as the keywords, using attractive titles that contain several keywords as well, using headings and sub-headings, pasting images at the right size, putting keywords in 100 words. first on the content, and so on.

b. Off-Page SEO

This type tries to maximize website performance through the application of a number of provisions outside of content. Simply put, off page SEO is the implementation of SEO outside of content or external factors which of course can also support optimizing website traffic.

These external factors are generally in the form of using backlinks or the more links to your website, the better the assessment from Google. Apart from that, other factors include the use of Google Business, rating or reviewing visitors to maximizing social media as a place for promotion.

B. Know What is SEM?

1. Definition of SEM

Search Engine Marketing (SEM) is a technique for maximizing a website by way of advertising the website. This method is usually done by advertising to search engine companies such as Google Ads (adwords), ads on Bing, Yahoo! etc. The advertising methods used also vary, one that is widely used is pay-per-click (PPC). This method advertises a website, but the website owner will only be billed for advertising if the ad is clicked or a user accesses the website via an posted ad.

The easiest example, when you type the keyword ‘car rental’, the website that appears on the top page is the website of several car rental companies that offer their services. These pages can appear on the top page because they advertise to search engine providers such as Adwords.

SEM is almost similar to SEO, because both of them aim to optimize the performance of a website. However, the way the two work is very much different.

2. SEM characteristics

Here are a few things that can help differentiate SEO and SEM.

a. Effectiveness of reaching audiences

The SEM method is more effective at reaching audiences than SEO. This is because SEM utilizes advertising by search service providers, where when placing an ad they can set which target audience they want to reach, for example age, location, type of device, gender and so on.

On the other hand, SEO tends to be more vague because to be able to analyze audiences, a creator usually has to upload content first and then analyze its performance to find out which audience to target.

b. Speed ​​to hit the target

The SEM method is simply to maximize the website through the help of third parties who are usually search engine owners, so this method tends to be more instantaneous to reach the desired target than using the SEO method.

When implementing SEO, a creator must upload as much content as possible and then analyze and maximize it, on the other hand, thanks to the help of advertisements, websites can be filled with traffic more quickly.

c. Time period

The SEM method can indeed help maximize websites in a short time, but the consequence is that it only works for a limited period. This period is very dependent on the amount of paid advertising, the greater the advertising costs, the longer the chance for a website to appear on the top page.

Conversely, SEO tends to take a long time to be able to maximize the website, but the optimization can last a long time because it is done without advertising and is carried out with strategies that can support website sustainability, such as improving content quality, website quality and so on.

d. Click Potential

The SEM method guarantees that the website can appear on the top page of search engines, although this does not guarantee that visitors will click on the website page.

Psychologically, someone will not be interested in clicking on a website even though it appears on the top line, this is because there is an ‘advertisement’ sign on the page.

People are usually not interested in visiting websites that advertise because they tend to have content that doesn’t match what they are looking for. They will perceive that the website is not much different from ordinary advertisements that are worth ignoring.

e. Cost

SEM methods require costs that tend to be more expensive, this is reasonable because they incur costs to pay for advertising providers. On the other hand, SEO is usually free because there are no specific expenses. Even so, SEO may also require costs through developing content by recruiting competent creators or digital marketing consultant fees.

C. Know What is SMM?

1. Definition of QMS

Social Media Marketing (SMM) is a method for maximizing visits to a website by maximizing digital advertising functions through social media. Social media is now an important part of everyone’s life, and almost everyone must access social media.

This trend is used by creators to market their content through social media so that the potential for visits to their website will also be higher. The most common example, news websites such as detik.com, tribunnews, kompas and others have social media to advertise their content. People prefer to read news through social media, therefore these news media companies usually share their content on social media and then link their website links so they can be visited.

Even so, this SMM method does not only link website links on social media to reach a wider audience and then harvest traffic but also for other purposes.

Usually website owners use social media as well to build social networks through the follow feature on Instagram or add on Facebook. In addition, social media is also used as a medium to represent the company that owns the website in cyberspace. The more fans you have, the more credible the account tends to be.

Currently, there are many types of social media that are developed and used by the community. Starting from the type of social media to share messages, such as WhatsApp or Line. There are also types of social media sharing images, such as Pinterest and Instagram, sharing short videos such as TikTok and Snapchat or audio-visual sharing such as Youtube.

The success of advertising a website through social media is greatly influenced by many things, such as strategies in SEO. Even SMM can be categorized as part of off page SEO , because optimization is done outside of content. However, there are a number of aspects that differentiate SMM from SEO and SEM.

2. Characteristics of QMS

a. Effectiveness of reaching audiences

The SMM method is almost similar to SEO, it cannot specifically determine which audience you want to reach. This is because social media owners usually have to upload some content before they can analyze it. Conversely, the SEM method is more effective because they can immediately determine it the first time they are going to advertise.

b. Speed ​​to hit the target

The SMM method is slower than SEM but better than SEO. This is considering that social media is developing quickly, so reaching audiences will be even faster.

c. Time period

The SMM method takes quite a long time to build a follower base on social media, but several ways can also help to increase more instantly, for example by endorsing programs and so on.

However, basically the time needed to maximize promotion on social media is the same as building consistency in SEO methods.

d. Click Potential

The SMM method tends to have less click potential than the SEM method. This is because most social media users are teenagers who have a tendency to prefer audio-visual content over writing. Therefore, even if you link a website link on social media, the number of visits via this method will not be very effective.

No wonder many social media users often only read the title part of the news instead of reading the full news by clicking on the linked link.

e. Cost

The SMM method does not require a lot of money, this is because the advertising process on social media is carried out independently. However, in some cases website owners advertise to social media owners in order to reach more audiences, there will be additional costs.

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The Scout emblem is an identification of the national scouting organization. Where, this Scout symbol is permanent and official as the identity of the Indonesian National Scout Movement. The symbol of the Scout movement is a shadow or silhouette of a coconut shoot. The symbol was created by one of the Scoutmasters in 1961 named Soenardjo Atmodipoerwo.

Through this symbol, there are ideals and hopes for the scout movement and the members of the scout movement themselves. The word “Scout” is an abbreviation of the young praja Karana. The word means a young soul who likes to work. The term Scout was taken by Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX which comes from the word Poromuko. Where, the word “paramuko” has the meaning of the front troops in the war.

The organization first emerged from the Dutch branch of the Nederlandsche Padvinders Organisatie (NPO). This mpu branch was first formed in 1912 in Bandung. In 1916, the NPO changed its name to Nederlands Indische Padvinders Vereniging (NPV). Still in the same year, Mangkunegara VII helped form the first scouting organization in Indonesia.

The organization was given the name Javaansche Padvinders Organisatie (JPO). Where, the JPO organization formed by Mangkunegara gave rise to another national movement to form the same organization. The organizations that emerged inspired by the JPO consisted of scouting Hizbul Wathon (HW) in 1918, Jong Java Padvinderij (JJP) in 1923, National Padvinders (NP), Pandoe Pamoeda Sumatra (PPS), National Indonesische Padvinderij (NATIPIJ).

After the birth of many scouting movements, the merging of scouting organizations took place in 1926. This was preceded by the birth of the Indonesische Padvinderij Organisatie (INPO) which became a fusion of two scouting organizations, NPO and JPO. Because many Indonesian-owned organizations were born, the Dutch also banned organizations outside the Netherlands from using the name Padvinder. So after that, KH Agus Salim introduced the term “Scout” or “Scouting” as a characteristic of Indonesian scouting organizations.

After having its own name, the Indonesian Inter Scout Brotherhood (PAPI) emerged on May 23, 1928. The Indonesian Inter Scout Brotherhood (PAPI) had members divided into INPO, NATIPIJ, SIAP, and PPS. After independence, a national scouting emerged. Scouting is called the Indonesian people’s Scout who was born on December 28, 1945.

In the course of its journey, the Indonesian scouting organization, which numbered in the hundreds, was eventually divided into several federations. However, after realizing that this federation had weaknesses, the Indonesian Scout Association was formed or known as PERKINDO.

Then in 1960, in order to improve scouting organizations in Indonesia, the government and the MPRS gathered leaders from each of them until finally on March 9, 1961, a meeting for Indonesian scouting was held and chaired directly by President Soekarno.

At that time President Soekarno said that the existing scouting organizations in Indonesia had to be renewed. As well as educational activities must be replaced and all scouting organizations must be merged into one with the name Scout.

After the proposal was sparked, President Soekarno also formed a committee to form the Scout movement. The committee consisted of Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, Brigadier General DR. Aziz Salah, Prof. Prijono, and also A. Achmadi. Where, what happened then. He is known as the Scout Movement’s Budding Day because it is the basis for the formation of the Scout movement in Indonesia.

The results of the work of the committee also led to a decision called the attachment to Presidential Decree No. 238 of 1961 concerning Scouting. The incident that occurred in May 1961, eventually became known as the Day of the Beginning of the Work Year.

Several days later, on July 20, 1961, all Indonesian scout leaders began to gather at Istora Senayan. Then, they finally joined the national scouting organization, the Indonesian Scout movement. This historic event is also commemorated as the Scout Movement Pledge Day 3.

After the Scout Pledge was carried out, on August 14, 1961 it was carried out by the National Leadership Council (MAPINAS). Where, this activity was known directly by President Soekarno with Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX as deputy chairman 1 and Brigadier General Dr. A. Aziz Saleh as deputy chairman II.

The activity began and was marked by the handing over of the Scout Banner by President Soekarno to the Scout leaders. The event was also attended by leaders from thousands of Scout members who wanted to introduce the Scout movement to the community. Thus causing the event to be known as the Birthday of Scouts.

History of the Scout Emblem

The figure behind the Scout emblem is Soenardjo Atmodipuro. He is the inventor of the coconut shoot symbol in Scouting. Soenardjo Atmodipuro was one of the top officials in the Department as well as an Indonesian scout leader in 1961.

This symbol was used for the first time on August 14, 1961. At that time, President Soekarno appointed Kwarnari, MAPINAS, and Kwarnas members at the presidential palace.

Where, at that time President Soekarno also bestowed a token of appreciation and honor such as the banner of the Indonesian national scouting movement on the Scout movement through the Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 448 of 1961. This was then handed over to the chairman of the National Quarter named Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX.

Since then, every August 14th is celebrated as Scouting Day and coconut shoots and designated as a symbol of the Indonesian Scout movement. Where, through the Decree of the National Scout Movement Kwartir No. 06/KN/72 of 1971, the Scout symbol in the form of a coconut shoot was officially designated as the symbol of the Indonesian Scout movement.

The Decree regarding the Scout emblem was finally stipulated by Hamengkubuwono IX in 1971. Currently, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX acts as the National Scout Movement Kwartir.

The meaning of the Scout Emblem

The Scout Movement is a non-formal educational organization that organizes scouting movements. As identification, the Scout movement has a symbol as an identity so that it is always easy to recognize. Where, the symbol of the Scout movement is a coconut shoot that looks like a shadow or silhouette.

Knowledge related to the Scout emblem is also one of the mandatory materials in the General Proficiency Requirements, (SKU) of the Indonesian Scout movement. This has been stated in the Initial Alert SKU, the Assistance Alert SKU, the Tata Standby SKU, and also the Ramu Gatherer SKU.

In the Initial Alert, Assistance Alert and also Administration, knowledge regarding this symbol is found in condition number 8. Meanwhile, the Ramu fundraiser receives the knowledge material in condition number 14.

The Coconut Shoots symbol was chosen, of course, due to the consideration of its deep meaning. The meaning of the Scout emblem in the form of a coconut shoot is as follows.

1. Coconut Shoots Have Another Name, Cikal

Coconut fruit or also known as palm fruit. When the coconut fruit is sprouting, this fruit is known by another name forerunner. In Indonesian, cikal has the meaning of being the first native and passing down a new generation.

If you are in scouting this can be interpreted as a beginner or the first to continue the next generation. Therefore, the Scout movement chose coconut shoots as its symbol because the Scout movement has a new generation that will continue Scouting’s goals and ideals. This also illustrates that every scout member is the essence of the survival of the scout movement and the nation in Indonesia.

2. Coconut Has Strong Durability

Not only coconut shoots which mean beginner, this emblem was also chosen because it has a strong durability. Because in fact, coconuts can live longer and can live in any condition.

Therefore, this Scout emblem is used because it has the meaning that every Scout member is someone who is physically and mentally strong, resilient, and has great determination to face various challenges and tests. In addition, scout members are also expected to be able to use this ability to define themselves in their beloved homeland, namely the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

3. Coconut Can Grow Anywhere

Because the durability of coconuts is quite strong, coconuts can grow anywhere. Because of this power, they are ultimately expected to be able to continue their lives wherever they are.

That way, the Scout movement has the hope that every scout member can face the various problems that come. Not only that, scout members are also expected for Jesus to adapt themselves to their environment wherever they are. Therefore, the Scout movement also wants to prove that all scout members are reliable and able to mingle with other people.

4. Coconuts Can Grow Tall

The determination of the emblem for the identity of the organization certainly has a deep meaning. It is like the Scout movement which determines the coconut shoot as its official symbol.

The determination of coconut shoots to become Scout emblems must be taken according to the characteristics of the coconut tree itself. that the coconut tree has the characteristics of a tree that can grow tall and towering straight up. Because of that, through the coconut shoot symbol, the scout movement can give meaning if every scout member is obliged to have straight and high ideals. The Scout Movement also hopes that we will not be easily swayed from something and have an honest and noble attitude.

5. Coconut Roots Can Firmly Embed the Ground

In order to grow roots from coconut fruit or known as coconut fruit, it can stick firmly in the ground. This is one of the reasons why coconut shoots were chosen to become the symbol of the Scout movement.

Because from the roots of this coconut fruit can develop the strong desires and beliefs of every Scout member. The desires and beliefs possessed by these scout members are of course based on things that are good, true, strong, and real.

6. Coconut is a versatile plant

The essence of determining coconut shoots as a symbol of the Indonesian Scout movement is because the coconut tree is a versatile plant. This coconut tree also has the title of a thousand-purpose tree because it has many benefits.

From root to fruit, this coconut tree can be used by all humans on this earth. it means that every scout member is expected to be a useful and reliable human being. Scout members are also expected to be able to prove themselves to be ready to serve their homeland, nation, state, and all human beings. Therefore scout members are obliged to always be ready under any circumstances. The actions of scout members must also be based on humanity.

Use of the Scout Emblem

The scout emblem in the form of a coconut shoot is an organizational identity that has a permanent nature. This Scout emblem can also be used on flags, PANDI, unit or quarter nameplates, Scout uniforms, identification, as well as administrative tools for the Scout Movement and other matters relating to the identity of the Indonesian Scout Movement.

The use of the Scout Emblem is intended as an educational tool to improve and instill the characteristics and conditions as stated in the meaning of the coconut shoot symbol. This is certainly shown for every member of the Scout movement.

Every member of the scout movement is expected to be able to practice and practice the knowledge and technology they have in the surrounding community to help the development of civilization. Because the younger generation who joins the Scout movement are expected to be able to become cadres for the development of a country with the spirit of Pancasila.

History of Scouting in the World

Before Scouting in Indonesia was established, the Scout movement first appeared in 1907. Where, it was initiated by Robert Baden Powell or also called Baden Powell. This story begins when Baden Powel served as Lieutenant General of the British Army.

Baden Powell at that time held a Scout camp in Brownsea, England. He also wrote about his camping experience in a book called Scouting For Boys. The book spread to all corners of England and a number of other countries.

After that, the first Scout organization emerged. At first this organization was only followed by boys. However, in 1912, Baden Powell, assisted by her sister, Agnes Powell, founded a Scouting organization for women who were given the name Girl Guides. Then, the organization was continued by Baden Powell’s wife.

Baden Powell further developed the organization. Where, in 1961 he formed a Scouting organization for children or Siaga named CUB. The organization is also equipped with a guidebook entitled The Jungle Book.

After forming Scouts for children, Baden Powell also founded Scouting organizations for youth. In 1918, Rover Scout appeared which was a scouting organization for youth aged 17 years.

Two years later, from 30 July to 8 August 1920, Baden Powell held the world jamboree for the first time. This Jamboree is a large gathering activity for scout members around the world.

The Jamboree was first held at Olympia Hall, London with approximately 8,000 participants. participants who took part in the activity came from 34 countries around the world.

In the event, Baden Powell was finally crowned as the Chief Scout of The World or the Father of World Scouts. In that year also formed the International Scout Organization Council consisting of 9 people.

Currently, the world boy scouting bureau has secretarial offices in 5 (five) countries, namely the Philippines, Switzerland, Nigeria, Egypt and Costa Rica. Meanwhile, the world’s female scouting bureaus are headquartered in European, Asia Pacific, Arab, African and Latin American countries.

So, those are some explanations regarding the Scout emblem. Hopefully the above information can add to the knowledge and benefits for readers.

Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah – Sakinah mawaddah warahmah or commonly abbreviated as SAMAWA is a prayer expected by Muslims for those who have just entered into the sacred bond of marriage and building a family. All Muslims who are married certainly want a family that is sakinah, mawaddah, warahmah. That is the purpose of marriage, which is a blessing that Allah SWT gives to those who can build a family. The following is a further understanding of sakinah mawaddah warahmah.

Definition of Sakinah Mawadah

The sentence sakinah mawadah warahmah has actually been written in the Qur’an. This sentence is part of the function and purpose of marriage in Islam. This sentence is also often said when in wedding sermons or in wedding invitations. The following is an explanation from the Qur’an Surah Ar-Rum verse 21:

وَمِنۡ اٰيٰتِهٖۤ اَنۡ خَلَقَ لَكُمۡ مِّنۡ اَنۡفُسِكُمۡ اَزۡوَاجًا لِّتَسۡكُنُوۡۤا اِلَيۡهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيۡنَكُمۡ مَّوَدَّةً وَّرَحۡمَةً ؕ اِنَّ فِىۡ ذٰ لِكَ لَاٰيٰتٍ لِّقَوۡمٍ يَّتَفَكَّرُوۡنَ

Wa min Aayaatihiii an khalaqa akum min anfusikum azwaajal litaskunuuu ilaihaa wa ja’ala bainakum mawad datanw wa rahmah; inna fii dzaalika la Aayaatin liqaumin yatafakkaruun.

Meaning: “And among His signs (greatness) is that He created partners for you from your own kind, so that you are inclined and feel at ease to him and He made between you feelings of love and affection. Indeed, in that there are signs (of Allah’s greatness) for people who think . ” (QSAr-Rum: 21).

In this verse there is the word “litaskunu” or also sakinah, then mawaddah and rahmah. These three words are often combined into one sentence, namely sakinah mawadah warahmah. If translated into Indonesian, sakinah means calm or serene, mawaddah means love and warahmah means mercy. The sentence sakinah mawadah warahmah is in accordance with what is in verse 21 of Surah Ar-Rum. In this verse Allah SWT gives His word that humans are created to be in pairs, namely between wives and husbands to get calm, peace and also love.

1. Meaning of Sakinah

Sakinah comes from Arabic which can be translated into Indonesian with calm, serenity, safety and also peace . Meanwhile, the opposite of peace and serenity are unrest, destruction and shock. What is expected from marriage as in the meaning of sakinah is peace, calm, security and peace in family members. Whereas a family that does not have sakinah means a family full of unrest, destruction and turmoil, that is what must be avoided.

For example, a family that is not sakinah is a family that is full of debates, fights and suspicions. With so many conflicts that occur in the family, it can certainly trigger a divorce. Distrust in a partner is one of the triggers for family breakdown. If the spouses are suspicious of each other and have no trust in each other, and there are other people who deliberately shake up the household or the wife’s resistance to her husband, then it is classified as a family that is not sakinah.

By having calm, serenity, security and peace, conflicts in the family will not occur. With calm, family members will be able to think about how to solve problems calmly because they have a clear mind. Family conflicts will easily occur if there is no sakinah in the family.

2. Meaning of Mawaddah

Mawadah also comes from Arabic which means affection and burning love . The word mawadah has a special meaning for someone who has passionate feelings with their partner. This passionate feeling arises because of other aspects that are owned by the partner, including: beauty, good looks, morals, position, mindset and other things in the partner. In Islam, mawadah is also a nature possessed by humans. Having mawadah in the family will make the family full of love and affection. It’s impossible in a family not to have love, of course it will taste bland. The feeling of love gives a sense of belonging and caring between family members.

A family that has mawadah in it must have positive things in that family. If you don’t have mawadah, your family won’t support each other because you don’t have love. In fact, infidelity can occur because there is no feeling of affection between partners. Families that have mawadah are not formed instantly, but are developed through a process of being nurtured through the love of husband, wife and children. Every family definitely wants a family that is mawadah, because it is a nature of every creature.

3. Meaning of Warahmah

Rahmah means sustenance, forgiveness, grace and mercy . The greatest blessing of course comes from Allah SWT. The family that receives the greatest grace is of course the family that has love, affection and also trust. A family that has warahmah is also not an instant process but a long enough process because it requires understanding to cover each other’s shortcomings and provide understanding.

With patience and sacrifice from husband and wife, it will certainly make the family have warahmah or grace in it. From this process of patience, warahmah will be given by Allah SWT. as the highest form of love in a family. It should be noted that warahmah will not appear if in the family there is mutual disobedience between husband and wife. Families must be calm, peaceful, and have love so that warahmah can be realized.

Characteristics of Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah

Families who have sakinah mawadah warahmah certainly have visible characteristics or characteristics. Here are some characteristics of a family that has sakinah mawadah warahmah, namely:

• Have calm, serenity and peace in a family.
• Have love, affection and a sense of belonging that is always maintained among family members.
• Having love that leads to Allah SWT and also values ​​in religion, not just love of creatures or just lust.
• Far from suspicion, distrust and also feelings of misgivings with your partner.
• Can maintain association in Islam, no rules are violated in marriage including infidelity.
• Have their respective roles as family members with sincerity and sincerity. The role that belongs to both the husband as the head of the family, the wife as the mother who carries out the mandate of the husband and children as a mandate from Allah SWT to be educated properly.
• Can maintain aspects of faith and worship between each family member, not destroying or plunging each other.
• Supporting work or profession between partners to be able to create a family that is built as a mandate from Allah SWT.
• Can meet the needs of the family including sustenance, sexual needs and also a sense of belonging to one another.

Tips for Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah to Realize

According to Kiai Djamaluddin, there are five things that husbands and wives need to do to achieve a sakinah, mawaddah and rahmah household. Namely as follows:

1. Forgive each other so that marriage is sakinah mawaddah warahmah 

If a husband or wife makes a mistake, or there is a misunderstanding between the two of them, they must be willing to forgive each other and not hold grudges. So that the relationship that was strained due to quarrels can return to harmony.

2. Mutual respect 

Respect each other to achieve a sakinah mawadah warahmah household. In this case, the wife respects her husband’s busyness at work and the husband respects his wife’s busyness in managing the household. Even if what your partner doesn’t like, you still have to respect it. Mutual respect also includes respecting the privacy of partners, friends of partners and treating partners well as equal partners in life.

3. Protect and remind each other in kindness.

If the husband or wife makes a mistake, it is the partner’s duty to remind and invite them back to the path of goodness. Likewise in terms of protecting against evil, our duty as husbands or wives is to protect our partners from falling into immorality or evil. As wives, we are obliged to keep the living that our husbands provide clean and blessed. Do not let him give us a living from work that is not lawful. Reminding and protecting each other may be easy to say but hard to do.

4. Deliberation in finding solutions to problems

In solving problems or doing something that concerns the common interest, it should be discussed in advance with your partner so that there will be no bickering in the future. Because the essence of marriage is to share life with the partner we choose.

Benefits of Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah for Families

Family is the relationship between families, namely father, mother and children. But it’s not just that relationship in the family, there are relationships that are no less important too, namely the relationship in society and their duties. Allah SWT does not create anything unless there is a benefit. A family that is sakinah mawadah warahmah is of course a priority for realizing family goals in society. And of course also an Islamic family will be realized.

1. Carry out the Mission of the Human Caliphate

Humans were created by Allah SWT solely to worship Him. With a family that has sakinah mawadah warahmah, of course it can guide, condition and support the family to always worship Allah SWT. In a family like this, every member, both husband, wife and children, must guide each other in terms of religion and kindness. A family that is sakinah mawadah warahmah does not only love the world but also loves Allah SWT. This has been written in QS AZ Zariyat verse 56:

Amen

Wa maa khalaqtul jinna wal insa illaa liya’buduun.

Meaning: ” I did not create jinn and humans except that they worship Me.” (QS Az-Zariyat: 56).

Allah SWT also created humans as Khalifah fil ard. This means that humans were created to build and carry out several things that can provide benefits for prosperity on earth. Benefits can be given with the position you have now with the profession you have too.

The mission of the caliphate can be carried out with enthusiasm if you have a family that is sakinah mawadah warahmah. If there is a career between husband and wife, they will not bring each other down, let alone distance them from Allah SWT. Having a career is of course beneficial for yourself and for other people who are affected by it from us.

2. Lots of worship and pious charity

Allah SWT commands humans to protect themselves and their families from the fires of hell. This means that humans are commanded to stay away from the fire of hell and to multiply good deeds and good deeds. This is not going to be easy if you do it yourself. Therefore, the existence of a sakinah mawadah warahmah family or a good family is certainly in accordance with the expectations of Allah SWT so that it becomes a field of worship and good deeds for because there are many things that can be done with the family. This has been written in QS At-Tahrim verse 6:

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ​​ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ قُوٓا۟ أَنفُسَكُمْ وَأَهْلِيكُمْ نَارًا وَقُودُهَا ٱلنَّاسُ وَٱلْحِجَارَةُ عَلَيْهَا مَلَٰٓئِكَةٌ غِلَاظٌ شِدَادٌ لَّا يَعْصُونَ ٱللَّهَ مَآ أَمَرَهُمْ وَيَفْعَلُونَ مَا يُؤْمَرُونَ

Yā ayyuhallażīna āmanụ qū anfusakum wa ahlīkum nāraw wa qụduhan-nāsu wa-ḥijāratu ‘alaihā malā`ikatun gilāẓun syidādul lā ya’ṣụnallāha māarahum wa yaf’alụna mā yu`marụn.

Meaning: “ O you who believe, protect yourselves and your families from the fires of hell whose fuel is humans and stones; guardians of angels who are rough, hard, and do not disobey Allah in what He commands them and always do what is commanded. ” (QS At-Tahrim: 6).

Raising children in Islam is also part of the fields of worship and good deeds. Good deeds are only beneficial for families who are cared for with love, affection and sincerity in them. To do this, we need a family that has sakinah mawadah warahmah to be able to worship and do good deeds as much as possible.

A father who makes a living for his family by working will become his own field of merit. Likewise, a mother who takes care of her family and helps her husband support his family is a field of merit and good deeds. Likewise, the husband’s obligation to his wife is a separate reward for the husband’s family.

3. Place in Reaping Love and Compassion

Allah gives good sustenance, one of which is to please his family and descendants. This is of course something that is expensive in family ties, because not everyone can enjoy it. In fact, family, a sense of security and affection are the natural needs of all human beings. a pious woman and a pious man, is one form of family happiness. As in QS An-Nahl verse 72.

وَٱللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَٰجًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنْ أَزْوَٰجِكُم بَنِينَ وَحَفَدَةً وَرَزَقَكُم مِّنَ ٱلطَّيِّبَٰتِ ۚ أَفَبِٱلْبَٰطِلِ يُؤْمِنُونَ وَبِنِعْمَتِ ٱللَّهِ هُمْ يَكْفُرُونَ

Wallāhu ja’ala Lakum min anfusikum azwājaw wa ja’ala Lakum min azwājikum banīna wa ḥafadataw wa razaqakum minaṭ-ṭayyibāt, a fa bil-bāṭili yu`minụna wa bini’matillāhi hum yakfurụn.

Meaning: ” God made for you wives from your own kind and made for you from your wives, children and grandchildren, and gave you sustenance from the good. So why do they believe in falsehood and deny Allah’s favor?”

A family that is sakinah mawadah warahmah can meet the needs of its members. These needs start from a calm soul, peace, sustenance in the form of wealth, love, sexual relations with a partner, honor and of course other forms of worship that can be practiced in family charity.

The wife is the husband’s mission otherwise. Because marriage in Islam is based on the name of Allah SWT. So building a household is not only a husband’s or wife’s obligation, but an obligation to Allah SWT. The name of the household must have a test. Each household test is different. With religious values, the test can be overcome until the test disappears. Sakinah mawadah warahmah not only for the world but for the hereafter. Towards the happiness of Allah SWT, namely the happiness of the hereafter.

If you want to have a Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah family, then Sinaumed’s must have sufficient knowledge to start a household. Sinaumed’s can of course read the book as a reference and get the book which is available at www.sinaumedia.com. As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best!

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Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine

Respiration is one of the systems in the human body. The respiratory system is also known as the respiratory system which has a vital role for humans. However, did Sinaumed’s know that the term respiration does not only occur in humans, but also occurs in plants.

The term respiration can also be interpreted as a process to produce energy by breaking down complex molecules which can then be simple molecules, so that they can be used by cells. So what is the difference in respiration that occurs by humans and plants? What’s the explanation? Check out this article to find out more about respiration.

Respiration is Taking Oxygen from Free Air

Respiration can be interpreted as the process of taking oxygen or O2 from free air when someone inhales. The inhaled oxygen will then pass through the airways or bronchi to the walls of the air sacs or alveoli.

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), respiration is the binding of oxygen by the blood droplets to provide materials for the whole body through the respiratory surface (lungs, gills) in animals while simultaneously releasing carbon dioxide.

After arriving at the alveoli, oxygen will be sent to the blood vessels in which there is a flow of red blood cells to be carried to cells in other organs of the body as energy and also as a metabolic process.

The rest of this metabolic process, especially carbon dioxide or CO2, will be carried by the blood to be thrown back into the air. Air removal will be carried out through the lungs when exhaling.

Respiration is also defined as gas exchange between an individual and the environment or the whole process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood and between blood and body cells.

The respiratory system is an organ system that has the function of taking oxygen from the atmosphere into the body’s cells with the aim of transferring the carbon dioxide produced by the body’s cells back into the atmosphere.

In addition, the respiratory organs also function for speech production and play a role in acid-base balance, fighting foreign bodies, body defense and hormonal regulation of blood pressure.

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract

The respiratory system is divided into two channels, namely the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The upper airway consists of the nasal cavities, larynx and pharynx. Meanwhile, the lower airways consist of the bronchi, trachea, and lungs. To be clearer, the following is an explanation of the anatomy of the respiratory tract.

1. Upper Respiratory Tract

The following is an explanation of the organs in the upper respiratory tract.

a. Nose over naso

The nose or naso is the first respiratory tract. When the breathing process occurs, the inspired air from the nasal cavity will undergo three processes, namely filtration, warming, and humidification.

The nose consists of several parts, including the outer wall which is made up of skin, the middle layer which is made up of muscles and cartilage, and the inner layer which is made up of multiple mucous membranes or nasal corals (konka nasalis). There are three nasal turbinates, namely the middle, inferior and superior nasal turbinates.

Between the nasal conchae, there are 3 meatal indentations, namely the superior meatus, inferior meatus and middle meatus. These three meatus are passed by breathing air. Then, on the inside there is a hole associated with the pharynx and is known as the choana.

The base of the nasal cavity, formed by the maxilla to the top of the nasal cavity is connected with the paranasal sinus cavity and maxillary sinus in the maxilla, the frontal sinus in the forehead bone, the sphenoidal sinus in the wedge bone cavity and the ethmoidal sinus in the sieve bone cavity.

In the ethmoidal sinus, the olfactory nerve endings will exit which lead to the nasal concha. In the nasal concha there are olfactory cells located at the top. In the nasal mucosa there are nerve fibers or receptors from the olfactory nerve or it is called the olfactory nerve.

The left and right conchae as well as the top of the palate have a vascular opening that connects the pharynx with the middle auditory cavity. This channel is also known as the auditory eustachian tube which connects the middle ear to the pharynx and larynx. The nose is also connected to the tear ducts or is called the lacrimal tube.

The nasal cavity is lined with a mucous membrane which contains blood vessels and is referred to as the nasal mucosa. Mucus will be secreted continuously by goblet cells that line the surface of the nasal mucosa and move backwards to the nasopharynx by the movement of the cilia.

b. pharynx

The pharynx is a muscular tube that runs from the base of the skull to its junction with the esophagus at the level of the cricoid cartilage. The pharynx itself consists of several parts, namely the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

The nasopharynx is located immediately behind the nasal cavity, below the cranial base and in front of the first and second cervical vertebrae. The nasopharynx opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity and downwards into the oropharynx.

The oropharynx is where the oral cavity meets the pharynx. The oropharynx is a combination of the respiratory and digestive systems, food enters from the mouth and air enters from the nasopharynx and lungs.

The laryngopharynx is the part of the pharynx that is immediately behind the larynx and the upper end of the esophagus.

c. Larynx or throat

The larynx or throat is the airway that acts as a voice former. At the base it is closed by a throat cavity called the epiglottis which consists of cartilage which has a function when swallowing food by covering the larynx.

Located on the midline at the front of the neck, precisely under the skin of the thyroid gland and several small muscles that are in front of the laryngopharynx and the top of the esophagus.

The larynx has 4 cartilages or cartilages and consists of thyroid cartilage, epiglottis cartilage, cricoide cartilage, arytenoid cartilage.

The larynx is covered by a mucous membrane except for the vocal cords and the epiglottis which are covered by stratified epithelial cells.

2. Lower Airway

The following is an explanation of the organs in the lower respiratory tract.

a. Trachea or windpipe

The trachea, or windpipe, is a flexible tube about 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The trachea runs from the cricoid cartilage down the front of the neck, then behind the manubrium sterni and ends at the level of the sternal angle or about the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra and here the trachea divides into two bronchi.

The trachea is composed of 16 to 20 incomplete rings which are cartilaginous rings held together by fibrous tissue and complete loops behind the trachea. Apart from that, the trachea also makes up some muscle tissue.

b. Bronchus

Bronchus is formed from halves of two trachea and has a similar structure to the trachea which is lined by the same type of cells. The bronchi run downward and sideways towards the lung flaps.

The right bronchus tends to be shorter and narrower and more vertical than the left, and is slightly higher than the pulmonary artery and gives off its main branches below the artery and is called the lower lobe bronchus.

c. Lungs

The lungs are an organ that consists mostly of small bubbles called alveoli. Alveoli is a place for gas exchange assinus which consists of bronchioles and respiratory which sometimes have small air sacs on their walls.

Respiratory System Physiology: Respiratory Process

Respiration is divided into two parts, namely the external respiration section, where the process of exchanging oxygen with carbon dioxide to and from the lungs into the oxygen enters the blood and CO2 + H20 enters the lungs towards the blood. Then excreted by the body.

The second part is internal respiration or cellular respiration where there is a process of exchanging O2 with CO2 events at the biochemical cell level for life processes.

Part of the Respiratory Process

The breathing process consists of two parts, as follows.

a. Pulmonary ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation is the entry and exit of airflow between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs that occurs through a breathing process, namely inspiration and expiration.

Therefore, there will be diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries as well as the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the blood to and from the tissue cells.

b. Breathing mechanic

Respiratory mechanics can be interpreted as the entry and exit of air from the atmosphere to the lungs which is made possible by mechanical respiratory events, namely inspiration and expiration.

Inspiration or inhalation is the entry of oxygen from the atmosphere and carbon dioxide into the airways. In abdominal breathing inspiration, the diaphragm muscle will experience contraction and the dome of the diaphragm drops or returns to a flat position.

Furthermore, the external intercostal muscle space will pull the chest wall slightly outward, so that the volume of the lungs will increase and the pressure in the lungs will decrease and be lower than the outside environment. That way, air from outside will enter into the lungs.

Expiration or exhalation is the release of carbon dioxide from the lungs into the atmosphere through the airways. If abdominal breathing occurs, the diaphragm muscle will rise back to its original position or bend.

Then, the internal intercostal muscles relax. As a result, pressure occurs and the space inside the chest shrinks, so that the chest wall enters the air, then exits through the lungs. This is because the pressure in the lungs increases.

Respiration Process in Humans and Plants

Respiration according to biology is a mobilization process carried out by living things through the breakdown of High Energy Compounds (SET) and is used to carry out living functions.

The term respiration can be equated with breathing, but the term respiration includes processes that are not only covered by the term breathing. Respiration occurs at all levels of living organisms, from the individual to the smallest unit, namely the cell.

If breathing is usually associated with using oxygen as a breakdown compound, then respiration need not involve oxygen. In general, respiration is an oxidation process experienced by SET as a chemical energy storage unit in living organisms.

SET is like a sugar or fatty acid molecule and is usually broken down with the help of enzymes and some simple molecules. Because this process is an exothermic reaction or releases energy, then the released energy will be captured by ADP or NADP and form ATP or NADPH.

Then, an endothermic biochemical reaction takes place which requires energy to be supplied to meet its energy needs from the last two groups of compounds. Most of the respiration that can be witnessed by humans requires oxygen as an oxidizing agent. This reaction is known as aerobic respiration.

However, many respiration processes do not involve oxygen and are usually known as the process of making alcohol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Various types of anaerobic bacteria use sulfur or compounds or some metals as oxidizing agents. Respiration is also carried out in unit cells. The process of respiration in eukaryotic organisms occurs in mitochondria, among others.

Respiration in Humans

Respiration in humans is a step in the process of taking in oxygen and removing the remains in the form of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Oxygen is needed by all body cells in biochemical reactions or biological oxidation to be able to produce energy in the form of Adenosine Tri Phosphate or ATP.

This reaction can produce residual substances in the form of carbon dioxide and water vapor which are then exhaled. So basically, the purpose of respiration is actually to form ATP which is needed for all activities in human life.

Based on the place, the exchange of oxygen gas with carbon dioxide can be divided into two, including external breathing or also known as external respiration, namely the exchange of oxygen in the alveoli with carbon dioxide in the blood.

Then the second is deep breathing or internal respiration, namely the exchange of oxygen gas with carbon dioxide from the bloodstream with body cells.

Respiration is related to the regulation of breathing and humans have two separate neural mechanisms that regulate breathing. One system is responsible for regulating voluntary breathing while the other system is responsible for controlling automatic breathing.

Control by the central nervous rhytminitis in the medulla oblongata directly regulates the respiratory muscles. Medullary activity is influenced by the apneustic center as well as pneumotax. A person’s awareness to breathe is controlled by the cerebral cortex.

The respiratory center is in the Medullary Rhythmicity Area, namely the area of ​​inspiration and expiration that regulates the basic rhythm of respiration, the pneumotaxic area which is located at the top of the pons and functions to help coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration, sending inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area of ​​the expanding lungs and apneustic The area whose function is to help coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration and to transmit exhibition impulses to the area of ​​inspiration.

Respiratory control chemically, influenced by PaO2, pH and PaCO2. The chemoreceptor center, medulla, responds to chemical changes in the CSF due to chemical changes in the blood.

Respiration in plants

As has been explained that respiration occurs in every living thing and does not occur only in humans, but also in plants. Respiration reaction is a catabolic reaction capable of breaking down sugar molecules into inorganic molecules in the form of CO2 and H2O.

Respiration is a process of taking in oxygen to break down organic compounds into carbon dioxide and H2O and energy. However, respiration is essentially a redox reaction, in which a substrate is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, oxygen absorbed as an oxidizing agent will experience reduction to H2O.

Respiration in plants can also be interpreted as a process of releasing energy stored in energy source substances through chemical processes using oxygen. From respiration, it will produce chemical energy in the form of ATP for life activities such as anabolism or synthesis, movement and growth.

That is the explanation of respiration is a respiration process carried out by living things through the breakdown of high-energy compounds or SET used by living things to carry out their life functions.

What is repost – Now social media is a place to connect with outsiders online, and is also used for various things, such as entertainment, seeking information, and looking for work. So, it’s not surprising that the use of terms in social media is already familiar, for example, the term ‘repost’ . So, does Sinaumed’s know what repost means?

Yes, maybe someone already knows, but there are also those who don’t understand what repost is. In social media platforms, repost has the same function. Social media users often use this repost for a specific purpose, the platform that is often used is usually Instagram , although several other social media are also actively used.

Repost itself has several functions for its users. Quoted from the Cambridge Dictionary , the word repost means an activity carried out by social media users, such as posting something on social media. For example, by reposting something belonging to a social media user.

Maybe almost everyone has memorized the workings of this repost feature , but there are also some people who don’t understand the use of repost on social media.

So, for those of you who are curious, what exactly is a repost? The following is a review of the meaning of repost in general and the use of repost in every social media. And how? Come on, let’s look at the following explanation!

Meaning of Repost

As many people already know, the repost function on various platforms is almost the same. The meaning of repost is an activity or activity carried out by social media users by selecting a particular post to be reloaded or redistributed.

Even though almost everyone already knows how the repost feature works , there are still many who don’t understand what repost means. To make it easier to remember, repost activities, for example, someone has posted writing or uploaded videos or photos in the past. Then, in the future, he wants to re-upload his post, so he needs to mark the post with a repost or re-upload at a different time.

However, in its method, the repost function is not exactly the same as the term used in general, because the use of each social media is different in how to post or how to repost it, but overall repost is done in almost the same way. So, you can see every function and understanding of repost on every social media that you will use.

Because, in this digital era, social media is already attached and widely used by many people for various activities and alternative media , such as entertainment, searching for information, and looking for job vacancies.

How to Repost on Several Social Media

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1. Repost on Instagram (IG) & How to Post it

After knowing the meaning of repost in general, then what is the meaning of repost in the world of social media? What function and meaning are the same?

Yes, like social media Instagram, repost means a feature provided by IG for its users, which later functions to re-upload other people’s or friends’ posts.

So, the repost function on Instagram doesn’t upload old posts, right, which might be the repost function on other applications in the form of reposting old posts. However, on Instagram media, reposting also means re-uploading posts belonging to friends or other people, whether in the form of video posts, photos, screenshots, writing, both old and new.

Here’s how to repost on Instagram media that you need to know.

A. Repost Instagram Feed to Story

1. Choose the video, photo or article that you will repost on the feed .
2. Then, click on the paper airplane icon below, this icon is next to the comments and likes.
3. Then, several options will appear for sending, so you click Add post your story.
4. After that, the page will be brought to the IG story view, where you can edit the content to be uploaded, such as adding text, stickers, gifts, and so on.
5. Then, select send to , the icon is in the lower right corner. Then select your story , and the content has been uploaded.

B. Repost Instagram Stories 

To create an IG story, first, you open your Direct Message or DM.

1. Look for messages that go into DMs, messages that mention you or you can also see them directly on the notification icon.
2. Select Add to your story which is under the Ig story of your account, then the page will appear in the story view, and you can add stickers, text, and so on.
3. Then, press send to and click your story

2. Repost on Twitter & How to Post it

Then, the use of social media such as Twitter also has the term repost . Not much different from IG or Instagram, a repost on Twitter is an activity of re-uploading or commonly called a retweet . This retweet allows you to be able to share it with your followers or other users. There is also a built-in retweet feature which can be used to share other people’s tweets with everyone.

Here’s how to repost via Twitter social media that you can do:

1. The first step, open the Twitter application or official access from Twitter.
2. Then, log in using your account.
3. choose the post that will be reposted or retweeted on your Twitter homepage.
4. Then, click the icon in the middle (retweet), on the post to be retweeted.
5. After that, click the icon in the middle, then automatically, the post has been reposted on the homepage of your Twitter account.

3. Repost on Facebook & How to Post it

Then, the last on Facebook media. The meaning of repost on social media is almost the same as Twitter. This repost feature is also available on the Facebook app. So, how it works, you only need to copy first then repost the content.

With this feature, of course it makes it easier for users to deploy it practically and quickly. You can repost a photo, video, or link. Here’s how to repost on Facebook that you can do:

1. First, open the Facebook application on your cellphone, or you can access it on the official Facebook website to log in .
2. Then, choose which posts you will copy and repost on your FB feed.
3. Then, click the ‘share’ button below the post.
4. Then, click ‘share this status’ , if you want the post to be in text form.
5. You can also manage who can see your repost, by clicking the ‘custom’ icon below the post menu. Then, select or click ‘share this status’.
6. Then, in the next step, you can set other users, namely setting other people to be able to see reposts, or hiding reposts from other users.
7. Then, click ‘ share status’ to repost, then the content will be uploaded again.

So, those are some of the meanings of repost that you need to know, both the meaning in general and the meaning in several social media applications, as well as how to use repost in social media applications such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook.

How to Share Posts on Instagram

IG media or Instagram has indeed become the most popular social media among the others, now many people use Instagram as a medium for various things, such as doing business, and doing promotions.

Now, Instagram is never empty of users, in fact it is increasing, every day, many people post on Instagram media. Not only on feeds, but uploading on Instagram stories is also very popular.

Through stories, you can share posts such as videos or photos within 24 hours, after that the posts will disappear. You can also share Instagram posts to Stories for many people to see.

So, how to share Instagram posts to Story can be used for a product or business promotion. From posts on Instagram stories, posts on the feed are also very easy to reach for all Instagram users. Because, the appearance of posts on the timeline usually changes frequently, and can sink faster due to piles of posts by other users.

Then, how do you share Instagram posts to Stories? Let’s look at the reviews below.

1. Sharing Instagram Post to Story

Now, various posts exist on Instagram, but the fact is, there are still many people who don’t really understand how to use it. When in fact, sharing Instagram posts to Stories is very easy and simple, with just a few steps.

This method can be used for both new and old posts. If you want to try it, you can follow the steps below:

1. Open Instagram social media on your smartphone , then make sure you have logged in with the correct account.
2. Then, you will be on the Instagram homepage, then the profile section, and select the post you want to share, you can also make it directly from videos or photos.
3. After determining the selected post, also pay attention to the image icon or options below the video or photo post.
4. Then, click the paper airplane icon at the bottom right.
5. Then, there will be a notification or notification, which provides several options to choose from, such as add to story or send to other users.
6. Select the add post to your story option or add to story.
7. Then, your smartphone screen display will access the story feature according to the post to be uploaded in the story, and its position is in the middle. In this step, you can add various edits, such as tagging other users, adding text, locations, gifts, and so on.
8. After the editing process is complete, you can immediately send the post like posting the usual IG Story. You can also set Instagram story posts for only a few people or all followers.

2. Sharing Instagram Posts From Other Accounts to Story

Generally, users post in their own feed, sharing Instagram story posts can also be done for other accounts. That is, you can share other people’s posts on your Instagram story.

Things like this can be used if you do business via Instagram. You can promote something on your business Instagram account. It can reach many followers and users.

How do you post other users’ content on our Instagram story?

The method is very easy, maybe some people already know a lot. For those of you who might want to try it, try to follow the steps below:

1. The first step, log in to Instagram on your smartphone, then make sure you are logged in with the correct account.
2. If the post is in the form of a timeline , you can immediately click on the paper airplane image, which is below the content.
3. However, if what you are going to post is not on the timeline , you can first visit the personal account of the post owner. To make the search easier, just type the account name in the search field. Then, click on the intended account to go to their profile page.
4. If you have entered the person’s profile page, select or search for the content you want to share on Instagram Story.
5. If you have found it, click again on the paper airplane image below the post.
6. Then, a notification will appear along with other options, such as add post to your story or add to story, or send another user.
7. Then, you select the add post to your story option or add to story.
8. That way, the display on your smartphone screen will open by accessing the story feature in the middle with the content to be uploaded. In this step, you can carry out the editing process such as adding stickers, gifts, locations, text, and so on.
9. After the editing process, you can immediately send the content like posting Instagram Stories in general.
10. You can also set the content to be shared only for close friends or for all followers.

However, it should also be noted, this method of sharing content from other people’s accounts may not be possible, if the account owner does not allow it to be shared, so it depends on the account owner’s settings. If the account owner restricts other users from sharing their content.

3. Posting Other People’s Instagram Stories on Your Own Account

Apart from the two methods above, you can also share other users’ stories by reposting . How to repost Instagram stories is also fairly easy, but reposting on Instagram media can only be done if the story maker’s account marks your account or tags it. Here’s how to repost other people’s IG stories to your own account:

1. The first step, open a story that mentions you or tags your account.
2. Automatically, the display on the story screen will have the option ‘Add This To Your Story’ or ‘Add to Your Story’ , so click that option.
3. Then, you will be in the IG story view of your own account. Then, as usual, you can do the editing process, add stickers, text, gifts, emojis, and so on.
4. When you’ve finished editing, you can immediately post the content like making a normal IG story.

Those are a few reviews and how to share content or posts on Instagram media practically and easily. Hopefully this information is useful.

Apart from being easy to use, now the Instagram application has indeed been used by many people for various purposes, one of which is to do business and carry out product promotions, and get profits through online media.

Closing

Yes, social media does have a myriad of benefits for our daily lives, it can even help you interact, get information, add insight, as entertainment, to do business to benefit from social media.

However, excessive use of social media also has a negative impact on its users. Therefore, we as users of social media must be wise and remember the time and interact directly with the environment, so that we are not overly influenced by social media.

If you want to find books about using social media as a whole, then you can get them at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Veronika Novi 

Reference:

• https://www.allstars.id/blog/2022/05/28/repost-artinya/
• https://plus.kapallagi.com/arti-repost-pengertian-generally-dan-caranya-di-every-media-social-bcbace.html
• https://www.gubukpintar.com/2020/12/arti-repost.html?m=1
• https://communication.binus.ac.id/2017/12/29/media-social-dalam-kehidupan-sehari-hari/

What is POV? – The term POV has recently become more and more used on any social media. Then what exactly does POV mean on social media? Let’s check out the following reviews!

Social media continues to grow with all its technology and also in terms of literacy. Social media does have its own language or terms that are popularly used by its users.

Of the many languages ​​used on social media, from Facebook, Twitter, Instagram to Tiktok, all of them can quickly become viral and are increasingly being used by everyone.

One of the terms that is often used on Tiktok is POV. At first glance, hearing POV, we can understand that POV is a term that is in a film or a story, so what does POV mean in Tiktok? Here’s the review!

What is POV? POV meaning

Ever heard of the term POV? If you still remember Indonesian language lessons or you often watch movies, then you must be familiar with the term point of view or point of view.

In language, point of view has the meaning of point of view, which is usually the point of view of a writer for his writing or work. This is done with the hope that the audience understands the intent and feeling of the writer or creator of the work.

POV in social media means the point of view from the creator’s side through the videos and photos uploaded. Judging from its use on social media, in general, content owners want to position the audience in the position of the content owner.

For example, a video post shows a concert situation with the owner of the video and his girlfriend. Then the creator of the video wrote the POV caption : When everything is fine .

From this situation, it can be concluded that the creator’s intention in writing the POV was so that the audience could feel the times before the pandemic and could still watch concerts freely. In addition, if it is known that the creator is no longer dating, then there is a possibility that the POV in question is when he has not broken up with his girlfriend.

The term that started going viral from Tiktok is now also often found in captions on any social media. Of course the term POV is not new anymore, even Ariana Grande, the famous singer from America, also made a song with the same title and tells about loving yourself from another person’s point of view.

In a literary work, POV itself has several different types depending on how it is depicted according to what the author wants.

POV Types In Fictional Stories

If you look at it in terms of literary works such as novels and other stories, POV is divided into 3 types. Determining the point of view in a work is entirely at the will of the author.

1. First Person Viewpoint (POV 1)

What is meant by POV 1? If you often read novels, both fiction and non-fiction, then you are certainly no stranger to seeing the use of the first person point of view. POV 1 is a story that tells itself or the story of the author. In the first person point of view use ‘I’ as the main role.

This first-person point of view usually builds a feeling as if the reader is experiencing something similar to the main character, because it uses ‘me’ as the center of the story.

The following is an example of a story fragment using the first person point of view.

I already feel calm and safe in Wonokromo. Robert was never seen. Mama and Annelies paid him no heed. Even so that does not mean I should feel I have replaced his position. I put all my power into impressing outsiders, I’m not a bandit, nor do I intend to bandit. And that I’m just a guest who has to go every time.

   And the night after studying this I deliberately did not write. There is a desire to continue studying after the break. I don’t know why I study hard now. Want to get ahead in school. Certainly not because of family pressure or Annelies.

   The encouragement was also not due to Mother’s letters which always asked if this self was hampered by difficulties. I replied to his fourth letter, to express my leeway, so that my monthly allowance should go to my younger siblings.

– Earth of Mankind, Pramoedya Ananta Toer

From the piece from Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Earth of Mankind story above, it can be concluded that the writer uses ‘I’ as the main character who succeeds in making the reader feel like Minke throughout the story.

2. Second Person Point of View (POV 2)

If in POV 1 the author is involved in the story a lot by using ‘I’, then on the other hand in POV 2. The second person point of view uses ‘you’ as the main role, so it is very rare for a story to use POV 2, but some works like in the article will often use POV 2 with you, you, or even you.

There are not many examples of stories from a second person point of view, especially in Indonesian novels. Several novels such as Lorrie Moore’s with his book How to Become a Writer and Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway still use POV 2. Another example of a story with POV 2 is as follows.

The sun was starting to rise, calling for hot air that was increasingly blowing. You look at your watch and it’s eleven in the afternoon and now you’re not even halfway to Central Park. There are still many more blocks that must be taken with your old vehicle that looks like it can’t run anymore. What a long and frustrating day! you say.

Some articles that discuss tutorials on how to do something will tend to use the second person point of view.

Living in a developed country like countries in Europe there does seem fun and even a desire for some people, both for careers and for education. Are you one of them? If you are interested in continuing your career, studying and even living abroad, then you might need tips on how to migrate to other countries with a minimal budget. Here are the tips for you!

From the example article above, it can be concluded that the use of the second person point of view, namely ‘you’, will feel much better in an article than in a story that feels stiff. The pronoun ‘you’ which is the reader itself will seem to make the writer communicate with the reader, so it will feel more real when applied to works such as articles, speeches and others.

3. Third Person Point of View (POV 3)

In the third person point of view, the author positions himself as if he knows everything that happens in the whole story. In POV 3, the author generally uses the name of the main character and several other characters.

POV 3 is also divided into two types, namely limited and all-knowing third-person perspectives.

Limited POV 3

In this point of view, the writer really knows everything that happens to the characters throughout the story, but the writer does not know the details and is only based on outside observations.

The following is an example of a story fragment with a limited third point of view.

When Natan entered the apartment where he had been living in New York for four days, Akbar was already there. Watching soccer news on TV while eating premium eel chips that he managed to find, even though as Natan recalls, he had hidden the jar of chips in his desk drawer in his room.

“Hey! Nathan Circumcised!”

Rehanda Harris appeared from behind Natan’s back, then looked inside.

“Wei Bar! Akbar Surakbar! Just arrived!” Rehan exclaimed again.

And indeed that was how Akbar called the two men of Sundanese ethnicity. He originally gave the formula for the name Dungung Tekudungdung to both of them. The problem is that the name Natan doesn’t feel good.

“Help me carry it, Nat! Come on in! Rehan said again, handing one of the plastic groceries he was carrying to Natan.

-The Case We Met, Flavia

POV 3 All Know

Almost the same as the limited third point of view, the author knows everything that happens to each character, but in a much more detailed context. In this POV, the writer can know the thoughts and hearts of all the characters in the story as if the writer were a god.

Gadis Parasayu, a public relations manager at a branch of Biocell Pharmacy Indonesia (BPI), got a new position that required her to move to their head office in Jakarta. As a public relations manager for BPI’s newest flagship product called Dhemoticyl, he is required to be able to work with the BPI celebrity who holds the title of The Most Eligible Bachelor in Indonesia.

   Troy Mardian, Dhemoticyl’s senior marketing manager, didn’t like the newcomer one bit. He was sure this Girl’s new career would end up like the previous PR managers who resigned in no time because they couldn’t work with her.

   The girl and Troy hate each other from the first sight. In the eyes of Troy’s white-headed style girl who is dandy and song aristocratic, making the man very artificial. Not to mention Troy’s infatuation with designer label items, as well as his habit of always speaking in English, making girls increasingly disgusted with the man’s behavior.

As for Troy, the girl’s infatuation with local fashion products, made his forehead furrow sharply at how untrendy her tastes were. Not to mention her love for Indonesian food, which managed to make her stomach churn when she had to witness eating Padang food on the side of the road using her hands, without spoons and forks. How unhygienic that is!

-Love, Hate and Hocus Pocus, Karla M. Nashar

The use of POV 1, POV 2 and POV 3 often confuses novice writers, because in some stories the author sometimes uses more than 1 point of view. For example, at the beginning of the story the writer uses POV 1 to tell the story of the main character, then to explain the other characters the writer uses POV 3.

Is it OK to use more than 1 point of view? Of course you can, as long as the story remains interesting and you can apply it accordingly. Some talented writers sometimes use several points of view to get a ‘feel’ in the stories they write.

This is also sometimes not realized by the readers, because the readers have entered into the story regardless of the point of view used. That means the story is successful in making the reader feel the same way as the author of the story.

How to Choose a Viewpoint?

Want to write your own story? then it’s time for you to start thinking about which point of view you will present in your story later. For beginners, maybe determining the point of view is a little complicated and confusing.

Therefore you can use the first person point of view (POV 1) to tell your story. This POV 1 is easy to apply and also effective for drawing readers into a story.

Because in his narrative you explain in detail what the main character feels, sees and thinks, and you don’t have to bother observing other people’s points of view because it’s enough to use your point of view.

If you feel that you are getting more adept at writing stories, then you can start trying to use POV 3 to provide a much more detailed description of the characters or other figures in the whole story.

However, compared to POV 1 which can easily invite the reader to dive into the story, POV 3 tends to require more effort to be able to make the reader really feel the story like a writer. Because, there are many characters that break the focus of the reader.

However, this does not rule out the possibility for novels with POV 3 to remain interesting and much-loved. Just mention a few examples of interesting novels by Tere Liye in the Earth, Moon, and other series using POV 3 but still being able to invite readers to fall into Tere Liye’s typical fantasy world.

POV Differences in Social Media and Fictional Stories

At first glance, you might already have a POV picture on these two different media. In social media, the point of view is usually written clearly ‘POV’ and then written together with the intention that the content creator wants.

Whereas in fiction, POV is written using the pronouns ‘I’, ‘you’ and also the names of the characters that are written throughout the storyline. Even though the two have different ways of writing, POV in general has the same goal, namely to invite the reader to feel the same way as the author or creator of the work.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

Do you know what POV is?

Now you know more about POV both in fictional stories and as social media expressions. To better understand the writing style of point of view in a story, the only way is to read a book or novel. From there you can feel the difference between novels that use the first person point of view and those that use the third person point of view. In English-language novels, POV 1 and POV 3 are often used to tell the story.

If you are interested in reading novels or books in English, or even interested in the language, you can get recommendations for novels and books for learning English at sinaumedia!

Or want to be a writer like Tere Liye, Dee Lestari, Ika Natassia. You can get a range of interesting novels with unique points of view! here are the recommendations for you!