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What is the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia? Maybe that is the right question to delve into the history of the arrival of the invaders to our country. Indonesia has always been known as a country blessed with natural resources. Not only that, this country is rich in biodiversity, and one of the natural resources it produces is spices. Spices are some plants that can be used as seasonings for cooking.

There is no doubt that Indonesia is rich in spices and was once visited by Europeans to colonize it. Then what is the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia? To answer this question, let’s examine the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia through the discussion of the following article, starting from the history of spice hunting in Indonesia, to the reasons Europeans came to Indonesia:

History of Spice Hunt in Indonesia

The discovery and development of spice plants discovered by ancient people is unstoppable. After trying to study the various types of plants and natural resources available, it turns out that herbal ingredients that can cure illnesses and reduce physical conditions (a type of doping, but made from natural ingredients) can be consumed if mixed with several types of food.

Since 3500 BC the Ancient Egyptians have been using various spices to flavor food and cosmetics and treat the dead. The use of spices extends from the Middle East to the eastern Mediterranean and Europe. Spices from China, Indonesia, India and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were originally transported overland by donkey and camel caravans.

Arab middlemen managed the spice trade for nearly 5,000 years before European explorers discovered routes to India and other spice-producing countries in the east. Before learning the seasoning technique, ancient people ate their food simply by burning it, without going through any additional processing stages.

Of course, the resulting taste is the simple and pure taste of the ingredients they burn, often the trigger for disease caused by the food they consume. Not only that, the food they hunt is also very easy to prepare and you have to go looking for food every day, so you can’t store it for too long. From hunting to the day after returning, they wrapped the game in spice leaves.

This inadvertently changes the taste and smell of the prey. Since the discovery of this technology, ancient people have researched new plants that would help enhance the delicious taste of their food. In addition, they are looking for ways to increase food resistance and resistance to pathogens by using certain spices. Today, spices are still an important addition to the delicious taste of food.

Finding cheaper ways to get spices from the East ushered in a glorious New World era of exploration and discovery. European explorers such as Ferdinand Magellan, Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias have traveled long distances to find routes to the sources of spices. Christopher Columbus traveled west from Europe in 1492, finding the route to the spice lands, but discovered the United States of America.

In 1497, the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama found a route around the southern tip of Africa and arrived in Calicut on the southwestern coast of India in 1498. Dagama returned from the journey with lots of nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon, ginger and pepper. It started thousands of years before Christ. The world’s greatest spice hunt didn’t occur until the 15th century. The trip was initiated by Europeans such as Spain, Portugal, Great Britain and the Netherlands who fought for spice production centers.

Competition is fierce to spend years fighting for spices more valuable than gold. Its efficacy is sought not only as a perfume, but also for preservatives, drugs, and air freshener. European spice exploration was first pioneered by Christopher Columbus, but only the Portuguese Vasco da Gama, who became a successful sailor, recorded gold ink in the 15th century.

This spice route passes through various parts of the world and ports, especially Asia, Africa and Europe. Indonesia is also known as a paradise for various kinds of spices because of its strategic location. Like cloves which grow in Ternate and Tidore, nutmeg which grows naturally in Banda and Sumatra is known as a producer of frankincense, cinnamon and pepper. It used to be a pioneer in the spice trade, and various tribes were involved in forming the archipelago.

Spices have long been a valuable ingredient. Not all regions can produce the spices that meet their needs, so that groups of people and even countries that can explore remote areas often travel to conserve the natural resources they need. Historically, it is not uncommon for wars to arise from power struggles over an area to preserve natural resources wherever someone wants to control them. The reason for the war here is how they want to take control of this spice trading market.

The Relationship of Spices and Colonization in Indonesia

Based on the history of the spice hunt above, it shows how valuable spices were to the world at that time, even today. Based on the history of its development, this hunt can provide answers to the question of what is the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia, which occurred in the following eras:

Pre-colonial Age

Jack Turner stated in his book “History of Temptation” that Indonesian spices which were traded in ancient times in the Mediterranean region were originally moored in Malabar (India). The results of the spice trade were then distributed by Indian traders to the cities of Rome and Venice as well as other parts of Europe. Not only that, the Arab merchants who were able to obtain these spices also brought them to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.

Until the 14th century, Europeans had never seen or imagined herbs firsthand. The European spice imagination is in full swing. Imagine, for example, that peppers are harvested like vines and grown on trees rather than real vines. After all, Europe was bewildered in the 15th century, when it was hard to find spices as the Ottoman Turks occupied the fall of Constantinople, the gateway to trade between Asia and Europe.

Europe needed spices from the whims of royal rulers, traders and adventurers. They also decided to carry out a spice expedition in the archipelago. The era of colonialism After Constantinople fell, the Europeans finally started their expedition to the archipelago. Before, rumors were widespread about the archipelago (Indonesia), which was known as a paradise for spices.

This edition is included in Marco Polo’s book. And that explains how abundant spices are in this country. According to Fadly Rahman Negeri Spices magazine, expeditions to the archipelago began in the 15th century. Until 1511, the leader of the Portuguese expedition, Alfonso de Albuquerque, finally succeeded in conquering Malacca (North Maluku). Initially, the Portuguese only wanted to trade spices. However, because Indonesia had many high-quality spices such as cloves, sandalwood and nutmeg, the Portuguese wanted to rule over Indonesia.

Later, the Portuguese succeeded in confiscating the archipelago’s spices and managed to monopolize the spice trade in Europe. Disliked by the Portuguese, who controlled European trade through a monopoly, the Dutch took steps to circumvent the Portuguese monopoly. The Dutch introduced the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (Association of the East India Company) (VOC), which was founded on 20 March 1602.

VOC is a Dutch company that monopolizes trading activities. Here, Dutch origin colonized Indonesia for centuries. From the explanation above, we can conclude that spices are related to colonialism, because Indonesia is rich in spices which became a magnet that attracted Europeans and controlled Indonesia.

Reasons for Europeans Coming to Indonesia

By 1390 cloves reaching Europe would be around 6 tonnes annually, and nutmeg would be around 1.5 tonnes. The first Europeans to enter the archipelago, the Portuguese. Then the Spanish and Dutch came to Indonesia as traders. Later, even the Netherlands established the Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC) or the Dutch Trade Alliance. After that, the VOC dominated Indonesia for a long time. It started when the Portuguese headed for the spice production center of the Maluku Islands under the guidance of Francisco Serrau after the conquest of the city of Malacca in 1511.

The arrival of the Portuguese seems to have attracted the attention of Abu Beras, sultan of the Kingdom of Ternate. He then offered to build a fort on Ternate Island in exchange for selling all the carnation products to the Portuguese. With this offer, the Portuguese cooperated. This was the beginning of the Indonesian colonial era. Based on the ambition to dominate the archipelago’s rich spice trade through European countries. The kingdoms of Ternate and Tidore, quoted from the official website of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud), developed rapidly thanks to spices, especially cloves.

Initially, Ternate and Tidore lived peacefully side by side. Their arrival had the ambition to hunt and control spices by colonizing the archipelago. Indonesia is rich in spices so it has different regions. At times, it even becomes an item that has high selling value or is expensive. Spices also have medicinal and health benefits. Around 1390, cloves reached Europe reaching about 6 tons annually, and nutmeg up to about 1.5 tons.

The first Europeans to enter the archipelago, the Portuguese. Then the Spanish and Dutch came to Indonesia as traders. The Netherlands also later established the Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC) or Dutch trade association. After that, the VOC dominated Indonesia for a long time. The initial entry of the mainland into Indonesia Quoting from the website www.indonesia.go.id, it began after the city of Malacca was conquered in 1511. Under the guidance of Francisco Serau, the Portuguese headed for the spice-producing center of the Marc archipelago.

The arrival of the Portuguese seems to have attracted the attention of Abu Beras, sultan of the Kingdom of Ternate. He then offered to build a fort on the island of Ternate in exchange for selling all the carnation products to the Portuguese. With this offer, the Portuguese agreed to cooperate. This was the beginning of the Indonesian colonial era. Then, after the defeat of the Portuguese in 1641, Dutch merchants came and founded the VOC. During this time, a monopoly on nutmeg was established in 1621, and clove was also monopolized in 1650.

Based on the ambition to dominate the archipelago’s rich spice trade by European countries. The kingdoms of Ternate and Tidore, quoted from the official website of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud), thrived thanks to spices, especially cloves. Initially, Ternate and Tidore lived peacefully side by side. But peace did not last long, especially after the arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish. They started playing against each other, and as a result, the two empires disbanded and competed against each other.

The Portuguese came to Marc by making Ternate an ally. Meanwhile the Spanish came to Marc in 1521 by making Tidore their ally. Their arrival not only imposed a trade monopoly, but also disrupted domestic governance. The competition between Portugal and Spain for control of the Maluku Islands ultimately led the two countries to resolve the conflict. Then in 1529 they signed the Treaty of Zaragoza.

As a result of the Agreement, Spain had to leave the Maluku Islands and finally control the Philippines. Meanwhile, the Portuguese continued to trade in the Maluku Islands. In implementing monopoly policies, the VOC has become the richest private company in history. Even forced planting that changed the color of world trade.

Types of Spices in Indonesia

There are seven types of spices that make Indonesia rich: pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, vanilla, cloves, turmeric and ginger.

1. Pepper

In Indonesia, pepper plants are spread in Aceh, Jambi, West Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Lamphun, West Nusa Tenggara and South Sulawesi. Furthermore, Southeast Sulawesi, South Sumatra, North Sumatra, Yogyakarta Special Region. In 2016, pepper became Indonesia’s most important spice.

2. Cloves

Carnation cloves originate from the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Cloves were a popular and expensive spice in the early days of Portugal’s expansion. At the time, people corresponded to the price of gold bars. In Indonesia, cloves are found in areas such as Jambi, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and Marc. Furthermore, NTT, Papua, Riau, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, South Sumatra and DIY.

3. Cinnamon 

Cinnamon is a spice with a musty aroma and unique taste. Therefore, cinnamon is often used as an additive in cakes and drinks. Cinnamon is found in many areas, including Jambi, West Sumatra and Yogyakarta. As of 2016, cinnamon is the second most important ingredient after pepper.

4. Nutmeg 

Nutmeg is a typical plant of Banda and Marc. However, its distribution can be found in various regions such as Bengkulu, Marc, Papua, South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and North Sulawesi. Nutmeg is not only a spice, but also a raw material for producing essential oils. In 2016 it became the third largest raw material.

5. Vanilla

Vanilla is actually a Mexican spice, not Indonesian. However, in Indonesia it is widely cultivated in various regions such as East Java, Lampung, NTT, Central Java, Central Java and DIY.

6. Ginger

Ginger is one of Indonesia’s main seasoning ingredients. Ginger has health benefits, especially as an ingredient in Chinese herbs.

7. Turmeric 

Turmeric is a plant that is used for treatment. In Southeast Asia, turmeric is not only used as the main spice, but also as part of religious ceremonies.

So, that’s an explanation of the relationship between spices and colonialism in Indonesia.

The purpose of ASEAN – ASEAN is a forum for realizing world peace, as was the real goal when the agency was formed. This peace starts from the Southeast Asia region, to other countries that can collaborate or establish good relations together. However, do you know what are the complete goals that underlie the establishment of ASEAN?

Main Pillars Underlying ASEAN Goals

The beginning of the formation of ASEAN was started by a conflict, where in the 1960s, the struggle for ideological influence had to be resolved immediately. Because of this, ASEAN was successfully formed on August 8, 1967 and its goals were contained in the Bangkok declaration.

There are three main pillars that underlie the purpose of establishing ASEAN, namely the ASEAN Economic Community or ASEAN Economic Community , the ASEAN security community or the ASEAN Political Community , and the ASEAN cultural community which is referred to as the ASEAN Socio Cultural Community . The formation of a series of ASEAN communities requires the community to implement a regional mechanism, which means that each country must have a will.

The ASEAN goals were successfully signed during the Bangkok declaration which was attended by representatives from each country such as Tun Abdul Razak from Malaysia, Adam Malik from Indonesia, Narsisco Ramos from the Philippines, S. Rajaratnam from Singapore, and Thanat Khoman from Thailand.

ASEAN Goals Based on the Bangkok Declaration

There are ten countries that are still actively contributing to this organization, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia. The following are objectives that have been approved according to the declaration.

1. The purpose of forming the organization is to support economic growth, cultural development, and social progress in areas that can be approached. Thus, every party will come together and unite to make it happen through effort and enthusiasm that all women are equal. Friendship is in fact needed to strengthen the foundation of a society in a more prosperous and peaceful Southeast Asian nations.
2. Regional peace and stability can be enhanced through the agency. The way to achieve this is by respecting justice and law and order in relations between countries in the designated area. The principles of the United Nations or UN are the main guidelines.
3. Increasing cooperation between countries so that they become more active and can help each other on issues that are classified as a common interest such as in the economic, technical, social, scientific, and administrative fields.
4. Cooperation will become more effective by increasing the utilization of industry and agriculture, trade which goes through a process of studying problems in international era commodities. Means of transportation and communication can go through a process of improvement, so that people’s living standards will increase and people’s lives will develop.

Countries can often provide assistance in the form of suggestions on training and research activities for education. Fields that run in engineering, administrative, and professional positions will further develop if they obtain cooperation based on other principles.

1. Another objective of this body is to promote studies in the region of Southeast Asia that are as broad and comprehensive as the opportunity allows.
2. Close and well-maintained cooperation became one of the ideals when the agency was formed for a long time. Various organizations in international and regional scope have similar goals. All possibilities can be properly received and heard if they hold each other tightly.
3. Responses that are more effective, meaningful, and can be positive or negative to prove that users must be even more careful about transnational crimes, cross-border challenges, and all forms of threats.
4. Sustainable development must advance to ensure environmental protection in the region. Long-lasting resources, preservation of cultural heritage, and people’s lives can be developed to achieve high quality.
5. Human resource development is carried out through closer cooperation, both in the fields of education and lifelong learning, science and technology, empowering people and strengthening the ASEAN community.
6. Increasing the welfare of a decent life for all people throughout the ASEAN region. The trick is to create equitable access to opportunities for human development, justice, and social well-being.
7. ASEAN was formed to build a safer environment, so that its people are guaranteed to be free from all kinds of illegal drugs and narcotics.
8. ASEAN is promoted to be people-oriented, so that within it a layer of society will be formed from positive encouragement and motivation, benefiting from all opportunities, integration processes, and community building for ASEAN.
9. ASEAN identity can be recognized by all people with a higher awareness of cultural diversity and regional heritage. For example, Indonesia, which is rich in its own culture and customs, is better recognized by residents.
10. Defense of centrality and a proactive role as the main driving force in relations and cooperation through external partners for a regional architecture that is transparent, inclusive and open.

Benefit from the ASEAN Goals

Through a number of cooperation carried out by countries in ASEAN, there are a number of benefits to be obtained properly. These benefits include the following points.

1. Stability, peace and order in the ASEAN region to continue development in all fields. From these benefits, Indonesia has the urge to be more advanced and compete with other countries.
2. The creation of broad cooperation in the economic field, expansion of trade, investment, tourism, technology, education, and science. Development and acceleration in these fields can develop.
3. ASEAN is a forum for Indonesia to fight for the country’s interests in the Southeast Asian region and the interests of all parties in the international region.

ASEAN now has its own charter, dubbed the ASEAN Charter. This matter is stated on the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or KEMLU, so that the body in question can transform its form as a political association with flexibility, becoming a strong legal basis or legal personality.

The regulations that are brought in become stronger because of the existence of legal personality, so that the purpose is clear. In essence, ASEAN was formed to create an atmosphere of peace, friendship and prosperity. More importantly in the world of politics, ASEAN declares itself as an organization that highly respects and upholds human rights (Human Rights).

This turned out to be in accordance with the Bangkok declaration which said that the formation of an Association for Regional Cooperation between regions in Asia was known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

1. Economic growth will accelerate and social progress and cultural development will be affected. This success comes from joint efforts in the spirit of equality and partnership. The point is that the foundation of society becomes stronger, so that prosperity and peace can be felt by them.
2. The promotion of regional peace and stability is carried out to respect the rule of law and justice in relations between countries in the region in question and adherence to the principles of the UN charter.
3. Its aim is to promote active cooperation and mutual assistance in the economic, cultural, technical, scientific, social and cultural worlds. Administrative and sectional are also characteristics that make associations easy to distinguish.
4. Assistance to one another is channeled or provided in the form of training or research facilities, be it in the fields of professional, administrative, and technical education.
5. Collaboration is actively carried out to meet the great needs in agriculture and industry. The expansion of their trade involves the study of trade issues on an international scope, improvement of transportation and communication facilities to increase the standard of living of the people living in the area.
6. Promote Southeast Asia, attach great importance to the close cooperation and benefit of international organizations. Exploring all avenues leading to closer cooperation with one another.

Activities That Must Be Implemented To Realize Asean’s Goals

If you want to carry out the aims and objectives that have been written, the members of the ASEAN group must implement a number of the following activities.

First, the annual meeting is held by the Minister of Foreign Affairs although it has to be on a rotation basis. The meeting will be held at the ASEAN ministerial level, the meetings that can be held will be adjusted according to needs.

Such a meeting can be explained in the description of the AMM or Asean Ministerial Meeting, which is a meeting between foreign ministers of countries and ASEAN members that discuss developments in community development.

The establishment of a committee under the foreign leadership of the host country and its representatives to serve as members. The detected data will be used to create association works between meetings organized by the foreign minister.

An ad-hoc committee or specialist standing committee will be tasked with working on existing responsibilities. They serve in each particular field, according to their ability to work.

Furthermore, participation in all regions in Southeast Asia to carry out the principles and goals of the organization. This association is tasked with representing the various collective wills of the region in Southeast Asia to bind themselves together in sacrifice and cooperation.

This goal is safe for the people, children and grandchildren thanks to peace, and freedom and prosperity that makes all parts of the region or areas in the country integrated. Acting as an umbrella for cooperation between countries in Southeast Asia, ASEAN is given great responsibility for the development and life of diplomatic relations between peoples.

In its development, conflicts and disputes can occur in members in ASEAN. It is hoped that this world peace organization can become a bridge for these countries to resolve existing disputes.

If there is an inharmonious relationship between its members, the goals of ASEAN can also be hampered. Well, for examples of problems and cases themselves, you can see them through the details below.

Problems That Can Hamper the Realization of ASEAN Goals

In fact, there are indeed a lot of problems that occur between ASEAN members or countries. One of the issues that often creates controversy, which has not even been resolved until now, is the issue between Indonesia and Malaysia related to the Ambalat block claim.

What is the Ambalat block? The basic block that exists on the sea or continental shelf with an area of ​​15,235 square km, is precisely located 80 miles off the sea of ​​East Kalimantan, a depth of 2.5 Sulawesi waters. This block is actually still located in Indonesia’s EEZ or area, to be precise if there are Indonesia’s sovereign rights to manage natural resources.

According to The United Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, the maritime zone is divided into several areas according to different rules and rights. As we already know, the territorial zone is a maritime zone that is drawn 12 miles from the base line or baseline.

In the case of Indonesia, the line used is usually the straight archipelagic baseline as the right over our archipelagic state. The zone also enforces a limited number of laws that extend beyond the coastline, such as health, immigration, customs, and fiscal.

However, you should also know that outside the Territorial Zone there is also a separate regulation called sovereign rights , whereby the coastal state can manage natural resources in the region. Land and sea transportation are still allowed to pass over the EEZ, in contrast to the underwater area which has its own regulations.

From this decision, Malaysia made a claim that the area belonged to it based on the 1979 marine area map. The map was issued unilaterally by the Malaysian state, so it can no longer be called illegal. However, the regulation still has political implications.

This claim naturally invites many objections, including from Indonesia itself. It doesn’t stop there because Malaysia also claims itself as an archipelagic country after winning a dispute with Indonesia, regarding Ligitan and Sipadan Islands from the International Court of Justice.

According to Malaysia, the islands of Ligitan and Sipadan must also have a territorial sea, which, when measured by the baselines of the islands, their territorial waters will enter Malaysian territory. This action provoked a reaction from Indonesia and many other neighboring countries.

Some of the reasons that can provoke conflict between countries are divided into several points, namely as follows.

1. Ambalat is a Natural Continuation of the Kalimantan Region

From a geographical perspective, Indonesia does have a stronger position because the western and eastern Ambalat blocks are a form of natural continuity in the Kalimantan region. Regulations regarding the continental margin are governed by the natural continuation of the landmass of the coastal states that comprise the seabed area.

2. Decision of the Constitutional Court

A decision coming from a constitutional court could win Malaysia over the issue of island ownership, even if only for the mainland. Meanwhile, Indonesia has always guarded the Ambalat area to remain part of our Sovereignty State.

The judges themselves said that the decisions they made had no effect on the delimitation of the continental shelf. Simply put, Malaysia cannot take the waters or continental shelf around Ligitan Island with the Ambatan Sea.

3. Indonesia as an archipelagic country

The characteristics of Indonesia as an archipelago or Archipelagic State have made it claim the Ambalat region since the Dutch colonial era. Malaysia is not an archipelagic country, but only a country that has normal beaches to use regular or straight baselines.

With various reasons and opinions, the approval of this case is even more heated. The two countries also began to guarantee relations and cooperation with international companies that carry out oil or resource concessions in the region.

To solve this problem, all ASEAN members submitted their opinions or opinions in a forum. The main goal is that the dialogue that occurs will be more constructive, so that a series of problems, from security and politics, make them able to carry out tasks immediately.

Contributions are made to be more significant, regarding developments with public confidence regarding the residence of members. The application of preventive diplomacy for stops in the Asia Pacific area can also help.

Those are some of ASEAN’s goals and various applications that you can understand. ASEAN in fact has good goals to develop, so that we as a community in the Southeast Asian region can always support and always work together.

What is the Major Diatonic Scale – In every musical instrument, of course, there will be a basic tone that makes it sound more harmonious. The scale itself is one of the most important elements in a piece of music that is useful for producing beautiful and pleasant tones to listen to. In a sense, scales are the result of a combination of tones that have certain intervals.

One of the scales most often used in a song is the major diatonic scale. As a music lover, of course you have to understand what a major diatonic scale is and its characteristics, as well as examples of songs that use these scales. In this article, we will discuss it in more detail.

What is the Major Diatonic Scale?

According to a book entitled Tone and Rhythm by M. Noor Said (2020), the meaning of the major diatonic scale is a scale that is arranged with pitch spacing or intervals in the form of 1-1-½-2-2-2-2/2. In music, pitch or interval is the distance between one note and another. An example of a major scale is C major which consists of do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, and do.

Difference between Major and Minor Diatonic Scales

To be able to distinguish between the two types of diatonic scales, you must first understand the meaning of each of these terms. If explained using the genre of the song, then usually the major diatonic scale will be used for songs that are cheerful and fun. This is certainly different from the minor diatonic scale which usually gives a more melancholic impression to songs or music that uses this type of scale. Not only that, the distance between the notes of the two types of scales is also different.

Where the major diatonic scales have intervals between notes, namely 1-1-½-1-1-1-½, while minor diatonic scales have intervals between notes, namely 1-½-1-1-½-1-1. . Actually, we can see the difference from the impression and the interval directly. So, you will not feel confused and have difficulty in distinguishing which songs or music use major scale types and which songs or music use minor scale types. Here, you only need to know and pay attention to the impressions and intervals to be able to recognize them.

Characteristics of the Major Diatonic Scale

Actually, from the explanation regarding the meaning of the major diatonic scale above, of course you already know some of the characteristics that exist in this scale, namely the properties it has and also the interval it applies. However, only by knowing the characteristics above, you will certainly feel less able to understand this type of scale clearly. Therefore, let’s take a good look at some of the characteristics possessed by the major diatonic scales below.

1. Cheerful and Fun

Every type of scale that exists in the world of music will certainly have an impression or characteristic that is different from one another. As for the major scale itself, it will show a more cheerful and pleasant nature. So when you listen to a song or music that uses this scale, it is very likely that the song will have a cheerful and fun impression. With its pleasant impression, this song will make you feel more excited after listening to songs that use major diatonic scales.

2. Make a Valuable Impression

Besides being able to give a cheerful and fun impression, songs or music that use major diatonic scales can usually also give a valuable impression. Therefore, the major diatonic scale is a scale that is often used in songs with the theme of struggle. There are several patriotic songs or national songs that use major diatonic scales, because these scales are full of enthusiasm. Surely this will fit perfectly with the criteria for a struggle song that really requires an impression like that.

3. Prefix and Suffix of the Major Diatonic Scale

Basically, this major diatonic scale will start with the root note “do” in the first note. Then, this type of scale will end with the do key which is an octave higher than the previous do key. So, even though the prefix and suffix of the basic tone of this type of major diatonic scale have the same name, the octaves themselves will be different from one another. This further indicates that this type of scale will be different from other types of scales.

For more details, the order of the notes in this type of major diatonic scale is do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, and do. The order of these tones is among the most common. So that we can conclude that this type of scale is included in the type of scale that is most often used in a particular song or music.

4. Interval Patterns on the Major Diatonic Scale

The interval pattern in the major diatonic scale is 1-1-½-1-1-1-½. Where this interval pattern will also be a differentiator between the types of major diatonic scales and other types of scales. Every type of scale in the world of music will certainly have its own interval pattern. Which will later become its own characteristic for this type of scale. Therefore, to understand the characteristics of the major diatonic scale, you must first know what kind of interval pattern is used.

Features of the Minor Diatonic Scale

Almost the same as the major diatonic scale which has its own characteristics. The minor diatonic scale is the same way. This type of scale has its own characteristics, which you must understand clearly. Following are some of the characteristics possessed by minor diatonic scales, including:

1. Is Melancholic and Gentle

Songs that use this type of ladder will produce a soft and melancholy impression. Generally, songs that are in the ballad genre will use a minor diatonic scale type, so that the song can give a melancholy impression. Songs or music that have a melancholy and gentle impression are quite liked by many young people to adults. When you’re listening to a song or music that has a melancholy impression, it’s likely that the song uses a minor diatonic scale.

2. Prefix and End of Minor Diatonic Scale

These next characteristics are also one of the differences between the major and minor diatonic scales. If the sequence on the major diatonic scale is do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, then the sequence for the minor diatonic scale is la, si, do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, which in that case would equal A minor. When the tone sequence is understood more deeply, then you will know more and more about the reasons why this type of scale will produce a song or music that has a soft and melancholy nature.

3. Interval Patterns on the Minor Diatonic Scale

Not only are the properties and impressions different from the major diatonic scales, the interval patterns in the minor diatonic scales are also different from other types of scales. For the interval pattern in the minor diatonic scale, namely 1-½-1-1-½-1-1. With the difference between the interval patterns in it, it is not surprising that the nuances produced from the two types of scales are different. So, it can be said that the characteristics of the two types of diatonic ladders include the basic knowledge that exists in the world of music.

To further clarify information about the two types of diatonic scales, you need to know some examples of songs that use diatonic scales. By paying attention to the tone in the example, you will understand more about the definition of this type of scale. Therefore, let’s take a good look at some examples of the songs below.

Examples of Songs Using Major Diatonic Scales

As we discussed earlier, for songs that use the major diatonic scale type, it will produce a cheerful and fun impression and be more enthusiastic. With such a character, this makes many patriotic songs or national songs use this type of scale. The following are some examples of children’s songs as well as national songs that use major diatonic scales, including:

– Delman ride
– My balloon
– From Sabang to Merauke
– See my garden
– Halo-Halo Bandung
– Garuda Pancasila
– Manuk Dadali
– Ampar-Ampar Bananas
– Wake Up Youth Youth
– Forward Undaunted

Examples of Songs Using the Minor Scale

In contrast to songs or music that use major diatonic scales, songs or music that use minor diatonic scales will produce a sadder, gentler, and melancholic impression. This is a very basic difference between songs or music that use major diatonic scales, and songs that use minor diatonic scales. Below are some examples of songs that use the minor diatonic scale type, including:

– A moment of silence
– Gratitude
– Indonesian Heritage
– Take the Moon
– Morning Star

By understanding some examples of songs in these two types of diatonic scales, you can judge for yourself the differences between these types of songs.

Why Scales Are Included in Basic Knowledge in the World of Music?

Scales are often referred to as one of the basic knowledge in the world of music that must be learned and understood if you want to work in the world of music. This statement appears not without reason, because the scale is very important in the world of music, so it should not be missed. Not only that, learning and also understanding scales can also help you to do various things in the world of music. So that it will also benefit you. The following are the benefits that you will get when you learn scales well.

1. Makes It Easy To Play Musical Instruments

When playing a musical instrument, of course we are required to be able to read notes which are usually in a songbook. The notes are closely related to the scales discussed earlier. So, by learning and understanding scales well, it will be easier for you to play the instrument you like. Thus, you can also create beautiful harmony in the same music.

2. Increase Concentration

For the next benefit, this is actually included in the benefits of learning the art of music. But because basically scales are part of the art of music, the benefits of this one can also be referred to as the benefits of learning the scales in music. When you want to play a musical instrument, of course you have to understand the notes. Where usually this will happen for beginners who want to learn certain musical instruments. By learning about these scales, you will be better able to concentrate on playing your favorite musical instrument.

3. Add Knowledge About the World of Music

Music is also one of the interesting things to learn. In addition, music can also include a song, musical instruments, and various other musical arts that many people often don’t understand. When you want to enter the world of music, especially for musical instruments such as the violin, piano, and also the guitar, then you must know about the scales in them.’

Because, each tone can give a different impression from one another. So that it will become one of the basic sciences that must be understood. For example, between the major diatonic and minor diatonic tones. If a song or music using a major diatonic scale will give a cheerful impression, then it is different from a song using a minor diatonic scale which gives a more melancholy impression.

4. Can Create Various Kinds of Songs

Not a few people think that someone who can create a song with various genres is a genius. Therefore, if you want to get this title, then you can start by understanding the various scales first. As previously discussed, that each scale will give a different impression. Therefore, we can conclude that when you can recognize the scales in the world of music, then this will make you have great abilities in creating various types of songs with different genres.

For someone who has been involved in the world of music for a long time, information about the characteristics and also the interval pattern in the major diatonic scale may include basic knowledge that has been memorized by rote. However, this is different from some people or beginners who have just entered the world of music. Of course, they still have questions about this knowledge. So, with this article, we hope that the various explanations discussed above can be a learning reference for those of you who want to get involved in the world of music.

This is an explanation of what the major diatonic scale is and how it differs from the minor diatonic scale. How, are you interested in learning more about music?

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What is the Main Thought? – Do you know if in a reading there is a main idea. This has also been taught when you were in elementary school. But so that it is easier for you to remember and understand related to the explanation of the main idea. This article can help you remember information about the main idea.

Understanding Main Thoughts

When we are all learning Indonesian, of course, material for finding the main ideas in articles or in one paragraph is often found. It turns out that if we flash back the main ideas in a paragraph it is true and this can become a core or main topic which will later be explained in several supporting paragraphs in an article.

The main idea is a core of a reading or a topic which will be discussed more deeply through supporting explanations. A paragraph will usually consist of two main elements.

The first element is the topic to be discussed or it could also be the main idea. Then for the second element is a supporting sentence. Where later this supporting sentence can be an explanation or reinforcement of the main idea.

 

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The Functions Of The Main Idea

If you already understand the meaning of the main idea through the previous point. Next you can understand about the function of the main idea at this point. Simply put, the function of the subject matter itself is for readers to more quickly identify what the creator of the article or paragraph really wants to convey.

However, as previously explained, if the main idea is stronger and easier to understand, the meaning requires several supporting sentences.

Main Thoughts Based on Paragraphs

After knowing the function of the main ideas in the previous explanation, it turns out that the main ideas are also divided into several types based on the paragraphs you know. Among them are deductive paragraphs, inductive paragraphs, descriptive paragraphs, and mixed paragraphs.

Of course, the four paragraphs have their own characteristics. So that you better understand the four paragraphs. Come on, see the full explanation below.

1. Deductive Paragraph

The first type of paragraph is deductive, where in this paragraph the main idea will be placed at the front. You could say this type of paragraph has a pattern from general to specific.

The structure of a deductive paragraph starts with the main idea and is supported by several supporting sentences behind it. Because it has an easy structure and is so detailed. So do not be surprised if paragraphs are used more often.

2. Inductive Paragraph

In contrast to deductive paragraphs where the main idea or sentence is at the beginning of the paragraph. This type of inductive paragraph uses the placement of the main idea at the end of the paragraph.

The structure of this type of paragraph is usually from general to specific. Starting from a general explanation that will refer to the main ideas at the end of the paragraph.

Not only that, it turns out that inductive paragraphs are also divided into three types, namely generalization, analogy, and the last is causality.

3. Descriptive Paragraph

This descriptive paragraph is slightly different from the previous two types. Where the main idea of ​​the descriptive paragraph is spread out. This means that each explanatory or supporting sentence has an implied main idea.

4. Mixed Paragraphs

Finally there is a mixed paragraph. Just as the name suggests, mixed paragraphs have the main ideas placed at the beginning and end of the paragraph. If you look at the pattern, from the general special then it is strengthened to the special again.

Of all the types of paragraphs described above, of course, they can be found in every article. Of course, understanding the explanation of the main ideas based on the type of paragraph can make it easier for you to understand what the author of the article will convey.

 

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Characteristics of Thoughts

In a paragraph the existence of the main idea also has several characteristics. The characteristics of this main idea will of course also make it easier for you to determine whether a sentence is a main idea or just an explanatory sentence.

Quoted from a journal entitled “The Ability to Determine Main Ideas by Using an Inquiry Learning Model for Class VIII Students of SMP Negeri 1 Bone-Bone, North Luwu Regency” by Marchella Praserda Katika with the year of manufacture in 2018.

It turns out that there are several characteristics that exist in a main idea or main idea. So what are these characteristics? The following is a full explanation.

1. The Main Idea Is Not Too Complicated

A main idea should not be convoluted or too wordy. This means that each content of the main idea should not be narrowed or too broadened. The purpose of this is to make it easier for the reader to find the main idea or more easily understand what the author really wants to convey in a paragraph.

2. Main Thoughts Must Be Clearly Conveyed

In addition to not being too convoluted in making a main idea, it must also be conveyed clearly. Even the placement of the main idea must also be clearly seen, whether at the beginning of the paragraph, at the end, or at the beginning and end, or in all sentences there will be an implied main idea.

3. Is General

A main idea must have a general nature. This means that the main idea can be translated back in the next few sentences. This explanatory sentence can also be called a supporting sentence.

4. There are Supporting Sentences

Finally, a main idea must have several supporting sentences. This means that a main idea can not stand. Must have several supporting sentences so that the main idea is stronger and easier for the reader to understand.

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How to Determine Main Thoughts

Some of the characteristics described earlier can indeed be used as an alternative way when you are looking for a topic. However, not everything can go easily, sometimes it has been read over and over again, there is often a feeling of confusion about what exactly you want to say or what is the main idea of ​​a paragraph.

Of course, we need a tip or a way that can be done to make it easier to determine the main ideas in a paragraph. You can read an explanation of how to find a main idea in a paragraph below.

1. Read Entire Content In Paragraphs

The first thing you can do in looking for a main idea can be by reading the entire contents of the paragraph. But in reading the entire contents of the paragraph must be done with full concentration and thoroughness.

Understand each content in the paragraph, then distinguish which is the main idea and which is an explanatory sentence. That way you can more easily determine a main idea.

2. Read Every Sentence

Next, you can look for a main idea by reading each sentence in the paragraph. Understand each sentence in the paragraph. Because a main idea can have the possibility of being in the beginning, ending, or mixture.

Of course, by reading every sentence in a paragraph it looks very effective to do. Find out which is the main idea or supporting sentence.

3. Separating Main Sentences With Explanatory Sentences

Third, you can try to separate the main sentence from the explanatory sentence. Of course, you also have to understand what is meant by the main sentence and the explanatory sentence.

Most main sentences will be followed by explanatory sentences. But if you are still too difficult to distinguish between the two sentences. Then observing the main sentence and the explanatory sentence can be seen by looking at their characteristics.

The character of the explanatory sentence will usually have a proof. An example is a sentence that describes a plan. When you can understand between the two sentences. Of course, to determine a subject matter is not so difficult anymore.

4. Mark Important Information

Of course, in every paragraph there is always information that is considered so important. Therefore, one way to make it easier to find main ideas is to mark some information that is considered important and interesting.

However, accuracy and precision are needed in finding this important information. If you find an important piece of information in a few sentences in a paragraph.

So the next step is to try to select the important information. Look for what really matters. That way the process of finding the main idea will be easier.

5. Recognize Explanatory Sentences

Next is to recognize the explanatory sentence as a support for a main idea in one paragraph. Even though it sounds so simple, some people still find it difficult to determine a supporting sentence.

One way to recognize a supporting sentence is to pay attention to its characteristics. Usually supporting sentences will always be repeated.

This means if there are several words that are repeated in several sentences. It could be that some of these sentences are supporting sentences that have the aim of strengthening the main idea.

6. Provide a Paragraph Conclusion

The sixth step can be by making a conclusion from a paragraph. When you have read the entire contents in a paragraph. Do the next method by trying to make a conclusion from the contents of the paragraph.

This can also make it easier to find the main idea in a paragraph.

7. Mark Each Found Idea

The last method you can use is to mark every time you find a main idea. This may make it easier for you to find mixed paragraphs.

Where mixed paragraphs have the main idea placed at the beginning and also at the end of the paragraph. Of course, you also have to read the contents of the paragraph so you can find a sentence that you feel is a main idea.

Examples of Main Thoughts in Paragraphs

When you understand what the main idea is, function, and easy ways to determine the main idea in a paragraph. Quoted from the official website www.sinaumedia.com, the following are some examples of questions related to the subject matter.

1. First Example

The mud flood disaster caused by the collapse of the Situ Gintung embankment, located in South Tangerang, has caused various kinds of diseases to the people around there. Some of the diseases caused by the mud flood disaster are diarrhea, dengue fever, typhus, and leptospirosis.

Discussion:

The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is the flood disaster that can cause various kinds of diseases. If seen from the paragraph above, it can be concluded if the main sentence or main idea is at the beginning. Meanwhile, other sentences have the task of explaining and reinforcing the main idea.

2. Second Example

When someone thinks too much about the problem, it will make that person sadder. In addition, rather than dragging on in sadness, it’s better to focus on solving the problem. There is no need to think about and exaggerate the problem, but keep your spirits up and ask for help from people you can trust. That’s how to overcome sadness if you are experiencing problems.

Discussion:

The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is a way to overcome justice. Then the main idea in the paragraph is at the end. The pattern used in the paragraph is from general to specific. This can be seen from the beginning to a few sentences before the end becomes explanatory and ends with the main idea.

3. Third Example

Trees provide various benefits for humans and other living things. Trees are useful as a source of food, medicine and industrial materials. One of the most important roles of trees for humans and all living things is that trees are a producer of fresh air in the world.

Discussion:

The main idea in the paragraph is the benefits of trees that are useful for the health of living things. Judging from the paragraph above, the main idea is at the beginning of the paragraph. The pattern that is owned by the sentence is from specific to general.

Where if you look back at the first sentence served to show the topic to be discussed. Then the second sentence to the end is in charge of explaining the main part of the sentence.

4. Fourth Example

Insomnia can be caused by various factors. Insomnia or what is meant by sleep disturbances is generally caused by anxiety or a burden on one’s mind, other things that cause insomnia are working late into the night, uncomfortable bed conditions, and other habits.

Discussion:

The main idea in the paragraph in the paragraph above is about the causes of the condition of insomnia. Then the main idea is placed at the beginning of the paragraph and followed by explanatory sentences. The pattern that is owned by the paragraph above is from specific to general.

5. Fifth Example

Addiction to pornography can damage the brain. The brain of pornography addicts will be continuously stimulated which causes excessive production of dopamine and endorphins. Under normal conditions, these substances can be useful for people on the move. However, it is different from the case of pornography addicts. Where the brain will experience excessive stimulation, which in the long term can make the brain smaller and eventually damaged.

Discussion:

The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is that pornography addiction can damage the state of the human brain. Then to put the main idea of ​​the paragraph above is at the beginning. The first sentence already explains a topic to be discussed and is followed by various explanatory sentences as reinforcement for the first sentence.

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Conclusion

The main idea is a topic that will be discussed in a paragraph or article. The placement of the main idea can be found at the beginning, end, or the beginning and end of one paragraph.

The placement of the main points can also be distinguished based on the type of paragraph, such as inductive, deductive, descriptive or mixed. In addition, there are several features that you can use to find the main idea in a paragraph.

If it is seen from several characteristics, it has not been able to find a main idea in a paragraph. So using several methods of searching for main ideas as explained above can more easily help you.

If Sinaumed’s wants to make it easier and more understandable about the subject matter in a paragraph. So there’s nothing wrong with using a variety of readings. Starting from books, essays, novels, and others that can be found at www.sinaumedia.com.

Authors: Djoko Saryono and Soedjito

Book title: Indonesian Writing Skilled Series: Paragraph

You can use the book entitled “Indonesian Writing Skills Series: Paragraphs” published by Bumi Aksara as a training medium so you can master a paragraph. Contains 220 pages in easy-to-understand language that will make learning easier for you.

What is the Main Idea in a Paragraph – Reading in the form of books, novels, articles, and news always has the main idea of ​​a paragraph. When reading a book or analyzing a book, readers can see the important content of each paragraph.

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), extensive reading is needed to reach reading. Extensive reading is a person’s ability to be able to capture the contents of each paragraph. This reading process helps improve the skills of reading aspects.

These readings contain the main idea of ​​each paragraph, a summary of the contents of the reading, to finding facts and opinions. This reading process is necessary so that the reader can understand the essence and intent of a piece of writing.

 

What is Main Idea? Definition of Main Idea

The main idea of ​​a paragraph is the core of the conversation or the main problem in a reading. The main idea is a general sentence, then it can be explained through a more specific explanatory sentence, so that the reading is more coherent.

The main idea is the main sentence that contains the basic thoughts and ideas explained in other sentences. The main idea is also called the main idea, topic sentence, theme, subject matter, and main idea. In one paragraph, there is at least one main sentence which is the main idea. The main idea becomes the main core of a reading, then the next sentence provides information development.

Nurhaena (2010: 123) in Introduction to Indonesian argues that the main idea is the idea that underlies the preparation of a paragraph in the reading. The main idea is then developed again with more detailed sentences which are called supporting ideas or explanatory ideas. With the main ideas and explanatory ideas, the paragraphs in the reading can be arranged as a whole.

Furthermore, he clarifies that the main idea of ​​a paragraph is the soul of each paragraph or the core of friends discussed in a reading paragraph. Another term used to refer to the main idea is the main idea or main idea that underlies a reading paragraph.

In a paragraph there will only be one main idea, which is in the main sentence in the paragraph. The main idea is usually located at the beginning or end of the paragraph, but some are located in the middle of the paragraph.

Learning Indonesian recognizes terms, such as main thoughts, main ideas, and main sentences. The term contains the same meaning, which refers to the topic sentence. Hayon (2003: 64) in Main Reading Material I states that the main idea is in the main sentence, sometimes the main idea is clearly visible or explicit, but it is also implied, either in whole or in part.

The main idea of ​​a paragraph according to Nurhadi (2004:73) in Contextual Learning and Its Application in Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) is the main idea that forms the basis of essay development. Characteristics of sentences that contain the main idea can be seen from the keywords that accompany it.

Nurhadi (2004: 144) also stated that the main idea (main idea) is a statement made by the author as a general expression (formulation) of the topic. This element plays a significant role in a paragraph. Every other sentence in the paragraph must refer, either directly or indirectly, to the statement. This is because this statement formulates a topic, sometimes this element is also known as a topic sentence .

Djago (2008:14) further states that the topic sentence is the embodiment of the main idea sentence of the paragraph in a general or abstract form. Opinions about the main idea can be concluded that the main idea can be interpreted or defined as a main idea or thought that forms the basis or foundation in the development of a reading paragraph.

How to Determine the Main Idea of ​​a Paragraph

How to determine the main idea in a paragraph is determined from the supporting ideas of a passage. If someone reads carefully, there are ways to determine the main idea, namely:

• Read the title and the entire reading paragraph quickly and thoroughly. Pay attention to the title and reading, then formulate the main ideas;
• Pay close attention to the first sentence to the end;
• Read sentence by sentence, until you finally find the main idea of ​​the paragraph;
• After finding the main idea, then quickly read the next paragraph. Read the subtitles section, then connect with the main idea;
• Make a formula according to the main idea;
• Attention to the main idea in the form of a general statement that covers a wide range. The supporting ideas are narrower in scope, namely in the form of special statements;
• Make notes for the main idea of ​​each paragraph. These notes will make it easier to understand paragraphs coherently and logically. Usually, the main idea of ​​the statement is general-specific (deductive) and specific-general (inductive).

 

The difference between Main Sentences and Explanatory Sentences

The main sentence contains the main idea, main thought, or topic sentence. This sentence has characteristics that can be distinguished from the explanatory sentence.

Main Sentence Features

• Complete sentences that can stand alone;
• Contains potential problems that can be detailed and described;
• Has a meaning that is quite clear without being connected with other sentences;
• Can be formed without conjunctions;
• The main sentence contains the main idea of ​​a topic or event.

Characteristics of Explanatory Sentences

• Explanatory sentences of more than one sentence;
• Fill in the explanatory ideas in the form of brief descriptions, examples, illustrations, and quotations;
• The explanatory sentence is a special statement and narrow in scope;
• This sentence clarifies the main idea of ​​the paragraph.

Marchella Praserda Katika in her research entitled The Ability to Determine Main Ideas Using Inquiry Learning Models for Class VIII Students of SMP Negeri 1 Bone-Bone, North Luwu Regency explained that the main idea has several characteristics.

The following are the characteristics of the main idea:

1. The existence of main ideas is not complicated

The existence of the main idea in a paragraph should not be convoluted. That is, the meaning of the main idea should not be narrow, but also not too broad. This is so that the reader can easily catch the main idea. In addition, this main idea will also help readers to easily understand it.

2. Main Idea Stated Clearly

Apart from being simple, a main idea must also be clearly written or described by the author. This is related to the location. In addition, the theme to be conveyed or the essence of the idea must also be stated clearly.

3. Is General

A main idea must contain something that is general in nature. This will later be pursed again. That is, a main idea can then be explained and elaborated again. The description will be more specific in the following sentences.

4. Have Supporting Sentences

A main idea does not necessarily stand alone in a paragraph. The main idea must have a supporting sentence or a clear idea. These supporting sentences are useful for providing further explanation regarding the previous main idea, so that the paragraph will be coherent and easy to understand.

5. Main Idea function

The existence of a main idea in a paragraph also has a function, for example to make it easier for the reader to find out the main idea or subject matter in a paragraph that is read. This is useful so that the essence of something conveyed in the paragraph can be conveyed. Through identifying the main idea, the reader can find out the main idea of ​​a paragraph that is read.

 

Example of the main idea of ​​a paragraph

Quoted from a book entitled Definitely Top Success in the 2016 SD/MI Exams , the following is an example of questions about the main ideas of paragraphs.

Turning Used Goods into Works

Recycling is the activity of reprocessing unused items into new works. Used items that can be recycled include drink bottles, newspapers, and rags. Recycling is done to prevent many items from being wasted.

There are many benefits of recycling used goods, one of which can increase income. We can sell recycled handicrafts. In addition, recycling used goods can be a useful activity for children. Used items that children can recycle, such as old newspapers. The way to recycle used newspapers is quite easy, namely by soaking the torn newsprint in a bucket filled with water for a day and a night. Then, the newspaper is blended and mixed with glue. The results of recycled newspapers can be formed into various creations.

Leftover fabrics or patchwork can be made into dolls in a multi-purpose storage area. Various ways of making dolls from patchwork can be found on the internet. You won’t have any trouble making items out of the patchwork.

Sentence Analysis

• The main sentence in the first paragraph: Recycling is the activity of reprocessing unused items into new works;
• The main sentence in the second paragraph: There are many benefits from recycling used goods, one of which can increase income;
• Main sentence in third paragraph: Leftover fabrics or rags can be made into dolls or multipurpose storage containers.

After you can understand an example of analyzing the main idea in a paragraph, in the following, another example of questions regarding the main idea that you can use to practice will be given.

Problem 1

The focus of the driver in a moving vehicle is to look ahead through the windshield, not the rearview mirror. Focusing on the rearview mirror will affect the vehicle’s speed and it is not impossible to result in an accident. The use of the rearview mirror is only occasional and each time it is only used for an instant, not for a long time.

Source: Kompas, 9 July 2007

The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is…..

A. The driver’s main task is to look at the windshield
B. The use of rearview mirrors is sufficient from time to time
C. The effect of mirrors on vehicle speed and accidents
D. The driver must look ahead

Answer key: A

Problem 2

The Jakarta – Merak Toll Road Section is Uncomfortable

As a user of the Jakarta – Merak, Banten toll road, especially the Cikupa-Cilegon section, I really feel uncomfortable. Every day there are sections of the road that are repaired, then half of the roads are closed. As a result, traffic jams and long lines. For those who go with high punctuality, don’t expect to be on time.

For the Cilegon-Cikupa direction, there are currently seven location points where the road sections are being repaired. The repair length varies between 1 and 2 kilometers, namely at Kilometer 74, Kilometer 65, Kilometer 56, Kilometer 51, Kilometer 49, Kilometer 44 and Kilometer 31.

Toll roads really need to be repaired so that toll users can be comfortable, safe, without obstacles. However, the problem seems to be that the repair never ends. In the last two years there have been toll roads that have been repaired. Sometimes those that were repaired were about 100 meters, but roads that were closed were more than 0.5 kilometers. The funny thing is, the road that had been repaired a few months later cracked again.

Is it possible for toll road repairs to be arranged in such a way so that traffic jams do not occur at multiple points at the same time? As a toll road user who has paid a high price, of course we hope that by using the toll road, the trip will be smooth.

Source: Definitely Top Success in 2014 SD/MI Exams

The main idea of ​​the second paragraph in the text is…..

A. Number of damaged roads
B. Direction of repaired roads
C. Location of damaged roads
D. Length of roads repaired

Answer key: C

Problem 4

Fuel oil has a variety of uses. Motorcycles use pertalite fuel. Diesel-engined vehicles use diesel fuel. Airplanes use avtur as fuel. Housewives use kerosene as fuel for oil stoves.

The main idea of ​​the paragraph is…..

A. Use of fuel oil
B. Various types of vehicles
C. Household fuel
D. Benefits of pertalite and kerosene

Answer key: A

Problem 5

Traffic accidents on the highway are caused by various things. Many road users do not obey traffic rules. For example speeding, violating traffic signs, and wanting to win alone. In addition, many vehicles are not equipped with mirrors. If all road users obey the rules, traffic accidents can be reduced.

The main idea of ​​the paragraph is…..

A. Road traffic compliance
B. Road traffic awareness
C. Causes of road accidents
D. Reducing road accidents

Answer key: C

That is a brief explanation of the meaning and how to determine the main idea in a paragraph. Sinaumed’s can also visit sinaumedia’s book collection at www.sinaumedia.com to obtain additional references on Indonesian writing skills. The following are recommendations for sinaumedia books that Sinaumed’s can read to study them in full. Happy reading.

Find other interesting things in www.sinaumedia.com. sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always present interesting articles and recommendations for the best books for Sinaumed’s.

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• Understanding Main Thoughts: Functions, Types, and Examples

 

Definition of Business Development – Business or commerce is the activity of trading goods or services with the aim of making a profit. In economics, a business is an organization that sells goods or services to consumers or other businesses, for a profit. Historically the word business came from English business, from the word busy which means “busy” in the context of individuals, communities or society. In a sense, busy doing activities and work that brings profit.

In a capitalist economy, where most businesses are privately owned, businesses are formed to earn profits and increase the wealth of their owners. The owners and operators of a business are rewarded according to the time, effort or capital they provide. However, not all businesses pursue profits like this, for example cooperative businesses that aim to improve the welfare of all its members or government institutions that aim to improve people’s welfare. This business model contrasts with socialistic systems, where large businesses are mostly owned by the government, the general public, or unions.

Etymologically, business means a situation where a person or group of people are busy doing work that generates profits. The word “business” itself has three usages, depending on the scope — the singular use of the word business can refer to a business entity, namely a juridical (legal), technical, and economic entity that aims to make a profit or profit. Broader usage could refer to a specific market sector, for example the “television business”. The broadest use refers to all the activities carried out by the community providing goods and services. But the exact definition of “business” is still a matter of debate today.

Basic Forms of Business Ownership

While the forms of business ownership vary from country to country, there are several forms that are considered common:

1. Sole Proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. Owners of sole proprietorships have unlimited liability for company assets. This company is managed individually and has full responsibility for the continuity of the company and its capital comes from its own. Usually individual companies have advantages and disadvantages.

2. Fellowship

A partnership is a form of business in which two or more people work together to operate a company for profit. Just like a sole proprietorship, each partner (partnership member) has unlimited responsibility for the company’s assets. Guild can be grouped into a limited partnership and the firm.

3. Company

A corporation is a business whose ownership is held by several people and is supervised by a board of directors. Each owner has limited liability for company property.

4. Cooperative

Cooperatives are businesses whose members are cooperative people or legal entities with the basis of their activities based on cooperative principles as well as a people’s economic movement based on the principle of kinship. Cooperative aims to improve the life of its members. The main characteristic of cooperatives that differentiates them from other business entities is that cooperative members have multiple identities. Dual identity means that cooperative members are owners and users of cooperative services.

Do you have good communication skills? Interested in the world of business? Like interacting with new people? Maybe business development (BD) is the right job for you.

What, really, is the job of a business development? Come on, see the explanation below.

What is Business Development?

Some people still think that BD is the job of a salesperson. In fact, the reality is not so. According to Forbes, BD is a process of creating long-term value for a company through customers, markets and business relationships.

I mean this, BD is the person responsible for finding ways so that the interaction of the three channels (customers, markets, and business relations) can create opportunities for the company to continue to grow.

Long-term value or what is commonly called long-term value itself is simply money, profit, image, or whatever is the main goal of a developing company. However, the person in charge of business development is not just trying to make as much profit as possible in a short time.

They also have to think about strategies and tactics in the long term for the development of the company. In other words, a BD must rotate money continuously so that the company is always profitable.

The Role of Business Development in the Company

The position of business development is very important for the company’s long-term business continuity. A company must be able to adapt to market demands by conducting business development.

Business development includes market research, improving and maintaining relationships with new potential customers, identifying and creating potential business opportunities. Therefore, a BD must be able to make a business strategy.

Business Development Factors in Making Strategy

1. Customers

Without customers, there will be no growing business. A BD must be able to read what problems are being experienced by customers, what they need, what value they are looking for.

It could be that customers really consider packaging when buying, or are more concerned with the quality of goods. This must be identified by a BD to then be able to respond to changing customer needs.

2. Market

A product definitely has its own target market, but this target is dynamic. A BD has a duty to find new target markets and adapt their products to be accepted in that market.

Consumer behavior can be formed based on geographical location, demographics and psychographics. For example, the Javanese people, especially Yogyakarta and Solo, like sweet-tasting food because of the large supply of sugar in Java during the colonial era. BD can see this as an opportunity to develop sweet-tasting food products to target customers in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java.

3. Relationships

Companies must be able to build good relationships between customers, clients, business partners, and investors. Without a relationship a business will not be able to develop and tend not to last long. BD is here to help build trust, image and mutually beneficial relationships. The goal is that the company’s relationship can run in the long term and sustainably.

Tasks Performed A Business Development

How? Are you familiar with Business Development? Now it’s time to discuss the tasks that a BD performs within a company.

1. Monitoring Market Developments

A BD is in charge of monitoring developments and existing market competition. So that he can see prospects for making product development strategies, new customers and partnerships.

2. Research to Determine the Target Market

BD is also responsible for clearly defining new target markets before adapting them to the product you want to develop. It is intended that the products made can be right on target and become a solution to customer problems.

3. Understand the Company’s Products

BD is also required to understand all of the company’s products/product knowledge complete with its advantages, features, raw materials to the processes carried out.

4. Coordinate with other divisions to develop products

Of course a BD also needs other divisions to support its performance. Starting from Sales, Marketing to Account Manager.

5. Developing and Presenting Business Development Strategies

BD is also in charge of designing various strategies related to business development. Such as strategies to increase customer loyalty, find new customers, partnership strategies, sales to monitor performance indicators. Because of that BD must have the ability in presentation, sales, and making agreements related to the strategy that has been prepared.

The difference between Business Development and Sales

Many consider BD’s work the same as sales. In fact these two jobs are different. People in business development are tasked with advancing a company with its business development strategy. For example by developing new markets, selling subsidiaries to other companies, and the like.

The job of a sales development also aims to increase profits for the company. However, sales development is more responsible for cooperation or purchasing contracts, handling prospects, and providing demonstrations of the products being sold.

Sales development is more focused on the products being sold and profit from these sales. Even though these jobs are different, the two are related, you know! Sales could have entered into the business development section.

With the same goal of making a profit, they can work together to exchange strategies in order to achieve the targets expected by the company. Imagine if the BD task was done alone without sales, maybe the development achieved by the company would not be maximized.

Business Development Responsibilities

Have you got a little enlightenment about the work of BD? Well, now is the time to find out what BD’s work and responsibilities are:

• Do market research.
• Look for new customer opportunities and maintain relationships between customers or clients.
• Collaborate with other divisions to meet market or client needs.
• Develop and present the company’s business development plan.
• Conduct research on the company’s business development on a regular basis.
• Understand the company’s products, competitors, and business position in the market.
• Work closely with the sales department to get promising new prospective clients or customers.

Skills Required A Business Development

Interested in becoming a BD or even want to swerve to become a BD? Check out the skills needed by a BD below:

1. High Motivation

Becoming a BD requires high motivation and discipline at work. A BD should not give up easily and be able to meet targets within limitations and deadlines.

2. Management

With a very diverse task focus, the ability to manage time and priorities must also be owned by a BD. A BD must also be smart in managing the resources available to the team and the company so that they can support business growth.

3. Communication

Not only working behind the scenes, a BD must also have good communication skills. The reason is, they have to communicate with potential customers, clients, teams, and also present in front of colleagues or clients.

4. Marketing

Not only with sales, BD also works a lot with the marketing division to promote the brand. Therefore, a BD should also have basic skills in marketing.

5. Negotiation

In his work, a BD will be faced with negotiating with existing clients or potential clients who have the potential to work with the company. Well, in this case a BD must hone skills in negotiating so that all projects are successful.

6. Data Analysis

There will be a lot of data that must be analyzed by a BD. From monthly sales growth data, investor data, client data, to also data from competitors that need to be analyzed and studied. This is where accuracy and data analysis skills are needed. Data is not just writing, you know! A lot of data contains image patterns, numbers, number patterns, and even mathematical operations.

A BD must also be able to compile data and present it to superiors in language that is easy to understand. If you are confident in your data analysis skills, you may be a great fit to work in business development.

7. Project Management

Working to develop a business is indeed a complex and high-risk thing. Becoming a BD requires high responsibility because the company depends on your fate.

In becoming a BD, you must be prepared to face all the best and worst possibilities. You have to handle not only projects, but teamwork, team support, and problem solving. In this case, leadership needs to be instilled in your mind so that all the projects you lead can run smoothly and be in harmony with the team.

How to Become a Business Development Associate

If you are interested in becoming a bizdev, here’s how to become a business development:

1. Look for Internship Experience

In order to make it easier to get a job as a business development person, internship experience is needed. With an internship, you can learn earlier from previous companies about their business models and learn from seniors.

Nowadays, many companies are opening internship vacancies for business development. You can search on job vacancy sites with the keyword business development internship. One of the job vacancy sites that you can use is LinkedIn.

2. Keep Up-to-Date with New Developments

To become a reliable business developer, extensive knowledge of all aspects of the business industry is required. Always update your knowledge by reading economic news, technological developments and also industry. Develop knowledge of marketing, accounting, or management so that it can help you in your future work.

3. Prepare CV

To get the first job, of course, you need a Curriculum Vitae (CV) to apply for a job. A good business development CV should be written in a way that highlights your abilities and accomplishments. If this is the first time you have made a CV to apply for a business development job, you can see an example CV below for reference.

Business Development Manager Career Path

The senior level of the Business Development Manager position is to become VP Business Development or Director of Business Development – EKRUT. However, the career journey to become a Business Development Manager is not easy to achieve. To get to this point you can start a career as Customer Service, Sales or Marketing. Only after having a lot of experience, you can become a Business Development Representative. From Business Development Representative then the next career path is Business Development Manager.

At the senior level, there are several positions that you can get, including being the Vice President of Business Development or becoming the Director of Business Development. By knowing some of the qualifications above, now you have a clear picture of the role and duties of a Business Development Manager, right?

Business Development Manager Career Projection 2022

Quoted from Forbes, currently, many businesses are looking for ways to recover from financial losses suffered in the past year and successfully transition to “The Next Normal” – a term that refers to the emerging post-pandemic era created by McKinsey.

This begs the question: How can organizations strategize for growth and prepare their Business Development teams to better understand and align with their goals.

Therefore, career projections for 2022 for Business Development Managers are still a crucial point to maintain the company. The most sought-after candidates are candidates with the ability to innovate and adapt in the new normal era.

The position of Business Development Manager must understand the changing situation, so that the company will be better prepared in articulating issues for future plans and preparing business plans while still thinking ahead.

Koda – Do you like reading fiction books or novels with beautiful stories, deep moral messages, and unexpected endings ? It turns out that there are indeed many novels and fictional stories that have all of these criteria. For example, stories written by top writers such as Tere Liye, Dee Lestari, Andrea Hirata, which have so many moral messages contained in each of their works.

Or other works by foreign writers such as Matt Haig, Stephanie Meyer, Cho Nam Joo, and Keigo Higashino who write a lot of dramatic to dystopia stories that always make the reader feel a roller coaster. Of all types and genres of writing, all of them have a moral message and stories that end beautifully.

So that makes us realize that there are so many interesting elements contained in it. In fact, if we pay attention to these talented writers, they really need a number of intrinsic elements that should be in a story. So that it can give birth to a beautiful story and leave an impression on the hearts of its readers.

Know the Code and Its Functions

When we are reading a story, whether it is a short story or a novel, we are aware that there are a number of intrinsic elements contained in it. Of the many elements that exist in a story, such as plot, characters, background and setting, there are also elements that we often forget.

Coda is an important part of the intrinsic elements of a story, which not many people are aware of its presence. The role of the coda itself is almost always present and can help us conclude a story.

You may have heard the term coda, but you still don’t understand what the definition of coda is and its application in a story. Let’s check out the following reviews!

Definition of the Code

Coda is an element contained in the story, which contains the message or message to be conveyed by the story. The coda is generally placed at the end of a story or novel.

The existence of this coda is also able to help the reader have a clear conclusion from the whole story. However, not all stories automatically have a coda with a clear ending. Some stories often deliberately end with plots that hang or still leave new questions. Where the reader must conclude for himself how the conclusion and the end.

But that doesn’t mean that this type of story doesn’t have a coda at the end, usually the coda remains to be the conclusion of the story as a whole, regardless of how it ends . Therefore, the role of this coda is important to give more value to the story, so that it can attract more readers.

Writers will also usually give a mandate or message about an issue that they raise in a story that is spread throughout the story. However, the essence and final conclusion of the message is contained in the coda.

The coda is also usually the answer to all of the readers’ questions that arise throughout the story. Especially in stories with the horror or detective genre that have a lot of suspense throughout the story, the answer will be given at the end of the story as well as the moral message that the writer wants to convey.

Code function

As with the definition of the coda itself, the function of the coda is to convey the moral message or message of the whole story. So that when reading the story, the reader is able to understand what the author wants to convey through his work.

The message contained in this coda is also the hope of the author who is expected to make the reader understand, so that he can take the positive side. So, it’s not surprising that many writers don’t hesitate to raise social issues, problems that have recently occurred, to satirize the political system, just to voice their ideas through writing.

It is this idea that the author brings up later that is expected to reach every reader so that other people understand it better.

We can take a simple example of the coda function from the fable that we used to read when we were little. As in the story of Si Kancil who likes to steal cucumbers belonging to the farmer, but in the end he gets rewarded for his actions.

We can understand one thing from the author of this deer story, namely about the meaning that stealing is not a commendable act. So what we do always has its own consequences, including when we steal.

From this simple story, the moral message about not stealing something that doesn’t belong to us has succeeded in getting into our minds until we grow up. So it means that the function of the coda as conveying morals and morals through the story of the deer is very successful.

So that this coda is also commonly found in short stories for children as a form of teaching morals and educating children from an early age. This has proven to be effective in shaping our mindset and character in the future.

Instead of having to dictate a child to act positively, telling stories with coda full of moral messages like this can actually be a more effective medium for shaping their character.

 

 

Position of Koda in Story Structure

The role of the coda is actually quite large considering that the coda is able to bind the reader’s feelings to a story or novel after reading it. Because, coda is able to leave a final impression that holds the hearts of its readers. Making these readers will always remember the story in that story because it is so deep and beautiful as a work.

However, in a story, the coda does not stand alone. There’s a lot of structure that needs to be in place in a story for coda to work well when applied to stories. Here are some important structures in the story that we need to know in order to understand the position of the coda in the story.

1. Abstraction

Abstraction or abstract in general is a brief description of a theme, event or idea in a story. This becomes the main structure that influences the course of the plot of a story.

Abstract can also be said as a premise that is taken to become the main idea of ​​the story. For example, in a romantic comedy novel, the writer wants to raise the premise of a poor girl who is independent meets a rich man who is arrogant.

This is a brief abstract, which can then be developed more broadly, for example by the situation that brought the two together, the character’s background and so on.

2. Orientation

The next very important structure is orientation, which is the introduction of situations, characters in the story. Generally, every story written in fiction will have various types of orientation.

This introduction includes the introduction of characters, setting of place and time, situations, issues raised to the relationship between the characters in the story. The way of introduction also varies according to the theme of the story taken.

Usually the introduction of characters and their characterization will be described slowly and little by little. As the story progresses, several new characters will appear that have not been mentioned, or have been mentioned but have not appeared.

In contrast to the introduction of the background which is most often introduced from the start, because for setting the time and place there is always the possibility of changing according to the flow. Generally for certain genres such as detective, criminal, thriller there will be an introduction of characterizations that are scattered throughout the story.

So it is very likely that there is another side of the characters in the story that is only known after heading to the end of the story. This is often done in order to support the storyline and process the emotions of the readers.

3. Complications

The next structure is complication, where the conflict arises when entering the middle of the story to the climax. This conflict is important to exist and be made maturely so that it can bring a story to life.

A story that has no complications will feel very flat and boring. Therefore, the existence of various conflicts is able to present varied and complex colors, so that the story will always be interesting to follow.

The type of conflict that is embedded in a story is also very diverse and it all depends on the main idea or ideas that the author wants to raise. Conflicts can be in the form of conflict either between fellow characters or with oneself, a number of problems that seem to be starting to make it difficult for the main character in the story.

For example, in the famous novel Little Women, the four main characters begin to experience various internal and external conflicts. Where they have to struggle to become women who follow the wishes of society or against the stereotypes that are given to them as women.

So seeing the possibility of complications arising is what triggers character development, which in the end there will be a change in attitude. For example, from evil to a good person.

4. Rising action

The rising action or conflict achievement is all the piles of problems, events, and emotional turmoil that pile up into one. It is at this point that achieving conflict will feel so heavy and tiring for the main character.

This ultimately triggers the main character to bring the storyline to the highest level. Usually a story that has reached the conflict milestone will feel as if there is no way out.

Taking the example of the film Avengers: Endgame, the point of reaching the conflict is in the scene where all the Avengers and other superheroes have been repeatedly resisted by Thanos’ minions. The scenes that were shown many times also showed that they were all too tired, and almost wanted to give up.

This is what then prompted Captain America to take Thor’s hammer and not long after the storyline headed for the climax of the conflict or climax.

5. Climax

This section becomes the climax of the conflict or often referred to as the climax, which is the culmination of a story. After the story develops from what was originally only character introduction and conflicts begin to emerge, then a story will have its peak.

The climax of this story is the culmination of various problems that continue to arise, the inner conflicts of the main characters to all the circumstances and plots that support it. A story that has a climax like this makes readers increasingly unable to escape from the story they are reading.

A good conflict setting and choosing a climax in the right situation will be able to make the story in the story so memorable . Like when you watch the movie Avengers: Endgame, the climax in that story is when the Avengers ensemble scene.

At that point the audience is able to feel the power of a sentence that becomes so strong and meaningful, coupled with the continuous attacks that satisfy the audience’s thirst. This feels so right because of the correct choice of climax, and the well-plotted and successive conflict arrangements.

So that when the peak of the conflict comes, everyone who follows the story will feel that all the previous feelings and emotions have paid off well. This climax is also referred to as a turning point, which in some stories can change the entire plot.

6. Evaluation

In this evaluation section, the story has reached its final part which is the bright point of every conflict and problem experienced by the characters in the story. So that it can be said in this evaluation section, the main character in the story has found a solution or a way to solve their problem.

For example the part Thanos is finally able to defeat, with Iron Man again snapping his fingers to bring back the people who were hit by the blip .

7. Resolution

This resolution section can be said to be the end point of a storyline. In this last section is a number of explanations about the problem that has been completed. If it tells about a detective or criminal story, this part shows who the perpetrator is and the reasons why he committed the crime.

Therefore, this resolution becomes an explanation and explanation that clarifies and straightens out every question that has ever occurred to readers before. This section also explains what happened to the characters and what situations changed after the events happened.

8. Code

As previously explained, the coda is at the very end which contains conclusions and moral messages from the journey of the main characters after experiencing a number of events.

How does the writer want to convey a message so that we can take the best lessons from the experiences of the characters.

Application of the Coda in Stories

Actually the application of the coda in each type of story is fairly simple, but not all of the coda written in written stories are real. But there are several coda which are implicitly included at the end of the story.

For example, in a novel like Harry Potter, you may not find a message of moral mandate written firmly at the end of the novel. But by following the whole storyline, and reading it to the end, you can be sure that the story contains a very clear coda about the sincerity of parents’ love for their children.

Where in the story, true love is described as being able to defeat any evil power of magic because love itself is the most natural, magical, and powerful magic.

But if we look at some short stories such as in legends, fables, and others, we can easily find the coda of the story in question at the end of the story. Most coda are found prominently in fables because of their purpose for children’s learning.

For example, in the story of the mouse deer stealing the cucumber, it will be written at the end of the story that stealing is not a commendable act, so we should not be like the mouse deer who likes to steal things that don’t belong to him.

 

 

Conclusion about the Code

If reading a story with a plot full of tension is able to make us cry and laugh, plus a moral message that is so deep, it is indeed an interesting experience.

This is because the coda is a place for writers to convey the message they want to convey to readers. So reading the story is not a waste.

Through interesting media such as stories, it is hoped that the ideas and messages that the author wants to convey can be more easily understood by all readers from various different backgrounds.

So, do you have a favorite story with the best coda? If not, then find epic fictional stories and the best moral messages at sinaumedia, okay!

Has Sinaumed’s ever asked about how this world was formed or about how humans can be born? If so, then surely you will find varied answers. If you’ve ever heard of the Big Bang theory as the beginning of the formation of the Earth, in Biology there is also a theory called the theory of abiogenesis as the theory of the beginning of the formation of living things on Earth.

Science is always developing every day. It is not surprising that at any time there will be the possibility of discovering theories or even theories that can disprove pre-existing theories. This is due to the development of technology which also affects the development of science.

As we understand that humans are living beings who have high curiosity. Long before there was a theory that discussed the origin of the universe, namely based on the big bang theory, humans themselves had thought about how living things appeared on this Earth. No wonder there are many opinions about the origin of living things. One of them is the theory of abiogenesis. But, what exactly is the theory of abiogenesis? Let’s discuss in full below.

What is the Abiogenesis Theory?

The theory of abiogenesis or biopoiesis is a study that discusses how biological life can arise from organic matter through natural processes. Specifically, this one term refers to the process by which life on Earth arose. Abiogenesis is thought to have occurred in the early Archean period or about 3 to 4 billion years ago.

Most of the amino acids, which are often referred to as “the building blocks of life”, were successfully synthesized in the Miller-Urey experiment and in other experiments simulating the conditions of early Earth. As for other important biochemical materials such as nucleotides and also saccharides can appear in a similar way. In all organisms, these biochemicals are organized into even more complex molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, as well as polysaccharides. The three molecules are essential for the functioning of life and are also present in all organisms.

The formation of these macromolecules is mediated by nucleic acids as well as enzymes, which are synthesized through biochemical pathways catalyzed by proteins. Which organic molecules first appeared and how they might have helped the first organisms is still being debated.

The first life to appear on Earth is thought to have been a single-celled prokaryotic that may have evolved from protobionts or organic molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure. The oldest recorded micro fossils date from 3.5 billion years ago, the ratio of isotopes of carbon, iron, and sulfur shows the influence of life on minerals and inorganic sediments and also as a molecular marker indicates the occurrence of photosynthesis.

Modern abiogenesis, which was first coined by Oparin and Haldane in the 1920s, is different from classical abiogenesis or spontaneous generation. One of the most fundamental differences is that modern abiogenesis is an explanation of the origins of life phenomena while classical abiogenesis coined by Aristotle explains how certain animals or plants routinely appear without going through reproduction. For other differences, namely in terms of mechanism, where modern abiogenesis is based on modern biochemical knowledge, while classical abiogenesis is based on classical concepts such as material principles, movement principles, and also spirit principles. The absence of proof of classical abiogenesis is now even more controversial among professional biologists,

History of the Theory of Abiogenesis

The theory of abiogenesis is a science that studies how biological life arises from naturally occurring inorganic materials. Where this one theory refers to the process when the formation of Planet Earth. It is thought that this abiogenesis theory occurred early in the Eoarchean or 4 billion years long on a relative time scale. This theory is classified as the oldest theory that discusses the origin of living things. It can be said that the theory of abiogenesis is a theory that explains if living things come from inanimate matter. This opinion arose based on a simple thought when he saw frogs or worms emerging from the mud or soil.

The theory of abiogenesis was first coined by Aristotle in 384 to 322 BC which was a scientist from Greece. Abiogenesis or also known as spontaneous generation theory is made based on the observation made by Aristotle that the fish in the river come from mud. Not only that, he also conducted an experiment on soil that was soaked in water and the result was that worms emerged from the soil. Based on these experiments, the theory of abiogenesis became the basis, that living things came from non-living things. Generatio Spontanea or what is called the classical theory of abiogenesis has been recorded in Aristotle’s book entitled Historia Animalium.

This theory was still believed until the end of the 17th century and one of its supporters was a British scientist named Nedham. Nedham conducted an experiment by boiling the broth in a container for a few minutes. Then, He covered it with a cork. Within a few days, in the broth that was stored there were bacteria. So Nedham concluded that the bacteria that appeared in the broth came from the broth itself.

The proof of the abiogenesis theory does not end here. Another supporter also came from Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, when he found microorganisms in the straw soaking water using a microscope, this discovery strengthened the theory of abiogenesis and also his supporters said that microorganisms came from decomposed straw. However, Leeuwenhoek denied this and argued that these microorganisms came from the air.

The development of the theory of abiogenesis continued to grow until the emergence of the modern theory of abiogenesis which was coined by Oparin and also Haldani in the 1920s. There is a difference between spontaneous generation or classical abiogenesis. We can see this difference when modern abiogenesis explains the origin of life phenomena. While classical abiogenesis emphasizes more on how certain animals or plants can appear routinely without going through the process of reproduction. We can also see the difference between the two theories in terms of mechanism, where modern abiogenesis is based on modern biochemical knowledge, while classical abiogenesis is based on classical concepts in the form of material principles, movement principles, and also spirit principles, as we have discussed above.

Abiogenesis Theory Broken

Not a few who want to break and do not believe in the basis of this theory of abiogenesis since this theory was coined. Francesco Redi has started efforts to disprove the theory of abiogenesis by conducting experiments using meat. The meat was put into two jars, one of which was left open, while the other was closed. After a few days, larvae appeared in the meat that was in the open jar.

From this, Redi concluded that the larvae in the meat came from flies that entered the jar. Apart from that, he also did the same experiment, only modifying the lid of the jar by using gauze. This is so that air can get into the jar, while the other jars are closed tightly. The result is that the meat still rots but no larvae are found in the meat.

In 1768, Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated John Needham’s experiment. He heated the broth then placed it into 2 containers. One of the containers used is left open, while the other container is closed tightly. After a few days, the broth in the open vessel turned cloudy and gave off an unpleasant odor. Meanwhile, the broth in a closed container remains clear. This experiment proved that organisms did not come from inanimate objects but came from other living things.

Even so, the theory of abiogenesis persisted, until finally Louis Pasteur, a biochemist from France, attempted to perfect the experiments conducted by Spallanzani. Pasteur modified the container used by using a long-necked flask. He did this to find out other indicators related to the flask tube with the air outside. After waiting a few days, the result was that the broth remained clear, but at the end of the neck of the tube a lot of dust and dirt had gathered. Then in the open tube, the broth contains lots of microorganisms.

From the results of trials conducted by Louis Pasteur, this theory of abiogenesis was broken which resulted in a new theory, namely:

1. Omne vivum ex ovo which means all living things come from eggs.
2. Omne ovum ex vivo which means all eggs come from living things.
3. Omne vivum ex vivo which means that all living things come from other living things.

Advantages and Weaknesses of the Abiogenesis Theory

Each theory that emerges will certainly have its own advantages and disadvantages. Likewise with this theory of abiogenesis. Based on several experiments conducted by previous experts, many thought that this theory was too naive, even though it was supported by previous experiments. The following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of the abiogenesis theory, including:

1. Advantages of the Abiogenesis Theory

Based on the research that has been done, the theory of abiogenesis actually has several advantages, because it provides the basic idea for the emergence of the aparin theory or naturalistic theory. This theory states that the origin of life is biochemical, to be precise, living things emerged abiotically. Without this research, there would be no Oparin Theory developed.

2. Weaknesses of the Abiogenesis Theory

As with other theories in other fields of science, this theory also has weaknesses. These weaknesses, namely the examples mentioned and explained, then carried out research by previous experts were considered too naive. The examples given are considered unable to support the theoretical propositions given. In addition, researchers at that time also did not see any small material such as bacteria or worm eggs, which actually is the beginning of the emergence of this life.

That is the explanation of the theory of abiogenesis put forward by some experts regarding the beginning of life in this world. Even though this theory has not been proven correct, studying and understanding the various theories that might support the occurrence of life on Earth will provide more knowledge.

For Sinaumed’s who want to know more deeply about other theories, they can read related books by visiting sinaumedia.com. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

What is State Defense Initial Ability – Did you know that state defense initial ability is included in the basic values ​​of state defense. So, in this article, we will discuss in more detail what is the initial ability to defend the state and the form of defending the state for citizenship education. Both of these are quite important things for us to learn as Indonesians.

In addition, we are also obliged to practice it in everyday life. By practicing the basic values ​​of defending the country, we are like practicing the values ​​contained in Pancasila.

What is State Defense Initial Capability?

What is State Defense Initial Capability? The initial ability to defend the country can be interpreted as the potential and also the readiness of every citizen to defend the country according to their profession and abilities in their respective environment. Every citizen of this country basically has the initial ability to defend the country. This can be seen in physical, psychological, and spiritual abilities.

Psychic abilities such as for example willing to obey various existing regulations. While physical ability is like having physical health. As for spiritual abilities, for example, diligently carrying out worship according to their religion.

Having the initial ability to defend the country can be reflected in attitudes and behavior, including:

1. Have the ability, integrity, and also confidence in defending the nation and state.
2. Be able to understand and identify threats that exist in each environment and remain responsive to report them to the authorities.
3. Have high emotional and spiritual intelligence and intelligence.
4. Have knowledge of local wisdom in responding to every threat.

Form of State Defense

The form of defending the country has been stated in Law no. 3 of 2002, namely through civics education, compulsory basic military training, service as a soldier of the Indonesian National Armed Forces which is done voluntarily or compulsorily, and service according to profession.

The four forms of defending the country have been explained in more detail in Law no. 23 of 2019, regarding Management of National Resources for Defense.

Civic education

According to Article 7 Paragraph 1 of Law Number 23 of 2019, it states that citizenship education is carried out through fostering awareness of defending the country by instilling the basic values ​​of defending the country. Having knowledge of local wisdom in responding to every threat is a form of initial state defense capability that we must have.

In Article 7 paragraph 2 of Law Number 23 of 2019, it is stated that fostering awareness of defending the country is carried out in the scope of education, work and society. Regarding fostering awareness of state defense in the education sphere, Law Number 23 of 2019 also states that this development is carried out through the national education system. The national education system is also carried out in every track, level, and type of education by the government through the ministries in the education sector. Within this scope, the most important citizenship education is Pancasila Education and Citizenship Education or PPKn.

Basic Values ​​of Defending the Country in Everyday Life

What meaning is contained in article 27 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution and examples of its implementation in everyday life? Efforts to defend the country can be done by instilling basic values. The provisions contained in Article 27 Paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution explain that every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in efforts to defend the state. Simplified, then article 27 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution explains our obligation to make efforts to defend the country.

The purpose of defending the country is none other than to maintain the survival of the nation and state, preserve the existing culture, practice the values ​​of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, and maintain the identity and integrity of the state. In the past, this state defense contest was an attempt to carry out a struggle or physical effort to fight for and defend independence. Then, in this modern era, defending the country is no longer just taking up arms or fighting other nations, but includes many things, one of which is fighting the effects of globalization.

Then, what is the meaning of Article 28 Paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution and examples of its implementation in everyday life? Basically, the concept of defending the country can be interpreted broadly. However, if elaborated, defending the country is a matter of obligation, soul, and also honor. Then, in everyday life, efforts to defend the country can be done in various ways. One of them is by instilling six basic values ​​as follows:

1. Love the Motherland

Planting state defense that can be done is by growing a sense of love for the motherland. Then, to be able to foster a sense of love for this homeland, the Indonesian people must know the history of Indonesia’s independence, the potential of natural resources, the potential of human resources, and also its strategic geographical position. By understanding Indonesia’s condition like that, a sense of love for the motherland will grow as a sense of belonging, a sense of pride, and also a sense of responsibility to protect it.

2. Awareness of Nation and State

Love for the motherland alone is not enough. Therefore, this feeling of love must be supported by an awareness of a harmonious nation and also an awareness of the state that upholds the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia and the 1945 Constitution. archipelago, national resilience, and free and active foreign policy.

3. Loyal to Pancasila as the State Ideology

Pancasila is a state ideology formed by paying attention to the national character. To be able to build loyalty to Pancasila, it is necessary to understand the basic values ​​of defending the country in the form of upholding discipline, developing political ethics, developing a democratic system, and also fostering a sense of obedience to the law.

4. Willing to Sacrifice for the Nation and Country

Indonesian independence did not come easily. The previous heroes had a sense of self-sacrifice, persistence, and also a high unyielding spirit, so that they could win independence from foreign nations. Instilling a sense of self-sacrifice is definitely very necessary. To be able to build awareness and also a sense of self-sacrifice, it is important to understand aspects such as the conception of the soul, spirit, and fighting values, ethical, moral and constitutional responsibilities, as well as the attitude of prioritizing national interests over personal or group interests.

5. State Defending Initial Capability

If interpreted, the initial ability to defend the country is the potential and also the readiness to carry out acts of defending the country in accordance with the abilities of a person and their profession anywhere. Basically, every citizen has the initial ability to defend the country based on aspects of their respective abilities, such as self-confidence, professional values, and so on.

6. Passion to Create a Sovereign, Just and Prosperous Country

The spirit to realize the ideals of the Indonesian nation is one of the national attitudes and determination based on the determination of national unity and integrity. With the spirit to realize a sovereign, just and prosperous country, one will be able to utilize the potential of national resources and local wisdom in facing threats and challenges according to the times.

This is an explanation of what is the initial ability to defend the country and how to cultivate an attitude of defending the country. For Sinaumed’s who want to learn all about the initial skills of defending the country and other knowledge related to love for the motherland, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

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Content writer is a common job in the digital era like now. There are many people who list their experiences as content writers on their LinkedIn profiles. Even though it is very common, becoming a content writer is not as easy as many people imagine.

Content writers are not only tasked with compiling words into sentences, then combining them into paragraphs and a coherent piece of writing. Content writers must also develop a strategy so that the content they create can be reached by many people, especially digital readers.

Therefore, in the world of copywriting , three important terms are known, namely SEO, SEM and SMM. The last two may not be so commonplace, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t important, you know.

SEO is a technique for maximizing content so that writing can appear in searches on the top line, by doing a few tricks on the content.

SEM and SMM are also the same, it’s just that they do it in a different way. SEM is done by advertising on search engine providers such as Google Ads, while SEM is by marketing through social media. Still confused? The following is a comprehensive explanation.

A. Know What is SEO?

1. Understanding SEO

Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is a technique for managing a website so that it can work optimally and get the top ranking in search results.

This top ranking will help boost the number of visits to the website so that it will generate profits. The application of SEO in managing a website is not only aimed at achieving high traffic, but also to help reach the intended audience.

When creating a site, the creator must have certain goals with a certain audience or readers, the existence of SEO will help so that the content on the website can be the right target audience.

SEO as a technique for getting high traffic and reaching the desired target audience cannot be done without paying attention to a number of indicators. Creators must be able to understand how SEO works, understand all the indicators that can help maximize content, including understanding how search engines or algorithms work on Google, Yahoo!, Bing or others.

Understanding SEO also means understanding how search engine algorithms work. Search engines like Google will place certain content as the top ranking based on its compatibility with the algorithm they apply.

For example, Google will display certain sites on the top page based on their match with certain keywords that are most searched for, the more the same keywords, the more relevant they will be and displayed on the top line.

Since 2011, at least Google, as the search engine most used by the world’s people, has made eight changes to its algorithm provisions. Therefore, a creator who wants to maximize SEO is required to always update regarding the latest algorithm indicators. In the case of a creator still following the old algorithm pattern, the content he creates will not be effective.

2. SEO indicators

The SEO indicator is the main criterion that determines whether the technique used will work optimally, this is by taking into account a number of components which also still have a close relationship with how Google’s algorithm determines. Therefore, every time Google changes the terms of the algorithm, the indicators or components of SEO will also change.

a. URL structure

The shorter and simpler the website URL structure, the greater the chance to appear on the top page. This is because URLs are used by search engines to identify sites and content that is relevant to the search keywords.

A short and simple URL structure can be just the site name and content title. For example, https://websitename//content . Conversely, the longer and more complicated the URL of the website you are creating, the more difficult it will be to display on the top page.

b. Use of SSL/TLS

Secure Sockets Layer (SSC) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) are components used by Google to mark which website is safe.

Meanwhile, sites that do not activate these two things are indicated as pages that are not secure , so they often do not recommend users to reach websites that do not enable SSC and TLS.

These two components are related to the transfer of visitor data, because sites that have activated SSC and TLS will encrypt all visit data on the website.

An easy way to find out if a website has SSC and TLS enabled is to cross-check its domain address. If the website address starts with HTTP then this has not activated SSC and TLS, while what has been installed is the one with the HTTPS address.

c. Search Intents

Google often directs users to shopping services when typing the keyword ‘ bag ‘. This is known as search trend, which means the majority of Google users type the word bag to search for bag shopping sites.

On the other hand, sites that contain information related to bag theory, such as understanding, types or materials of bags, often do not appear at the top if you type the same keywords.

This is because most internet users will type the keyword ‘ understanding of bag ‘ or ‘ types of bag ‘ when looking for an explanation about bags.

d. Content Topic

Google tends to place sites in the top rankings, if the content on the site is complete and interrelated. If you type the keyword ‘tips for making spicy macaroni’, a site that specifically discusses food recipes will be more likely to appear in the top rankings than a general site that discusses not only eating, but also automotive, lifestyle and so on. This is because sites that specifically provide food recipes tend to have more complete content about ‘ making spicy macaroni ‘.

Therefore, to maximize SEO you need to build a website that has a clear purpose. If you want to focus on the topic of traveling, manage the website to only focus on discussing food, travel, lodging. Combine several sub-topics to make website content more complete and comprehensive.

Also have the following book entitled “Good at Making Websites and SEO” to understand more about the world of SEO.

e. Content Structure

Google pays attention to the comfort aspect of its users or user experience . Websites that are usually on the top page have a structured content composition. The easier it is for readers to access content on the website, the more visitors the website will attract. Therefore, keep content as simple as possible so that it makes it easy for readers to find the answers they are looking for.

One of the tricks to make the content structure on a website interesting is to pay attention to the headings and sub-headings .

These two components will guide the reader to understand general to detailed or specific information. Another trick is to use bullet points so that visitors don’t get tired of reading text that is too long.

f. Meta Tags

A blog usually has a special section that requires the creator to include a special tag and will usually be displayed at the bottom or at the end of the post.

The tags in question are keywords that represent the contents of the entire content. Tags usually consist of one to three words, for example the content you create is about corruption cases, the tags that are included can use ‘ corruption ‘, ‘ corruption in Indonesia ‘, or ‘ corruption history ‘.

g. Off-Page SEO

Backlinks are links that refer to your website, or more commonly understood another website quotes information that comes from your content. The more people who cite or backlink to your website, the more credible and original your status is, or in other words, the more likely you are to appear at the top of Google’s rankings.

However, websites that link backlinks to your site must also come from sites that also have good quality or reputation.

h. Performance & Speed

An important indicator that many creators ignore is the loading speed of the website. Google for the last three years has included aspects of loading speed as a consideration to increase website rankings.

This is also still related to user experience satisfaction, a website that takes too long to load will be boring and make visitors bored. Meanwhile, Google is very concerned about aspects of user satisfaction and comfort.

3. SEO division

There are two types of SEO implementation in maximizing website performance. The two types are on-page SEO and off-page SEO.

a. On-Page SEO

This type tries to maximize website performance through the application of a number of techniques in the content. Simply put, on-page SEO is the application of SEO in content that is created so that the writing can reach a large audience. So generally the implementation of on page SEO is done by changing some parts of the content and adjusting to ideal conditions.

Some of the common ways of implementing on-page SEO are using simple permalinks that are the same age as the keywords, using attractive titles that contain several keywords as well, using headings and sub-headings, pasting images at the right size, putting keywords in 100 words. first on the content, and so on.

b. Off-Page SEO

This type tries to maximize website performance through the application of a number of provisions outside of content. Simply put, off page SEO is the implementation of SEO outside of content or external factors which of course can also support optimizing website traffic.

These external factors are generally in the form of using backlinks or the more links to your website, the better the assessment from Google. Apart from that, other factors include the use of Google Business, rating or reviewing visitors to maximizing social media as a place for promotion.

B. Know What is SEM?

1. Definition of SEM

Search Engine Marketing (SEM) is a technique for maximizing a website by way of advertising the website. This method is usually done by advertising to search engine companies such as Google Ads (adwords), ads on Bing, Yahoo! etc. The advertising methods used also vary, one that is widely used is pay-per-click (PPC). This method advertises a website, but the website owner will only be billed for advertising if the ad is clicked or a user accesses the website via an posted ad.

The easiest example, when you type the keyword ‘car rental’, the website that appears on the top page is the website of several car rental companies that offer their services. These pages can appear on the top page because they advertise to search engine providers such as Adwords.

SEM is almost similar to SEO, because both of them aim to optimize the performance of a website. However, the way the two work is very much different.

2. SEM characteristics

Here are a few things that can help differentiate SEO and SEM.

a. Effectiveness of reaching audiences

The SEM method is more effective at reaching audiences than SEO. This is because SEM utilizes advertising by search service providers, where when placing an ad they can set which target audience they want to reach, for example age, location, type of device, gender and so on.

On the other hand, SEO tends to be more vague because to be able to analyze audiences, a creator usually has to upload content first and then analyze its performance to find out which audience to target.

b. Speed ​​to hit the target

The SEM method is simply to maximize the website through the help of third parties who are usually search engine owners, so this method tends to be more instantaneous to reach the desired target than using the SEO method.

When implementing SEO, a creator must upload as much content as possible and then analyze and maximize it, on the other hand, thanks to the help of advertisements, websites can be filled with traffic more quickly.

c. Time period

The SEM method can indeed help maximize websites in a short time, but the consequence is that it only works for a limited period. This period is very dependent on the amount of paid advertising, the greater the advertising costs, the longer the chance for a website to appear on the top page.

Conversely, SEO tends to take a long time to be able to maximize the website, but the optimization can last a long time because it is done without advertising and is carried out with strategies that can support website sustainability, such as improving content quality, website quality and so on.

d. Click Potential

The SEM method guarantees that the website can appear on the top page of search engines, although this does not guarantee that visitors will click on the website page.

Psychologically, someone will not be interested in clicking on a website even though it appears on the top line, this is because there is an ‘advertisement’ sign on the page.

People are usually not interested in visiting websites that advertise because they tend to have content that doesn’t match what they are looking for. They will perceive that the website is not much different from ordinary advertisements that are worth ignoring.

e. Cost

SEM methods require costs that tend to be more expensive, this is reasonable because they incur costs to pay for advertising providers. On the other hand, SEO is usually free because there are no specific expenses. Even so, SEO may also require costs through developing content by recruiting competent creators or digital marketing consultant fees.

C. Know What is SMM?

1. Definition of QMS

Social Media Marketing (SMM) is a method for maximizing visits to a website by maximizing digital advertising functions through social media. Social media is now an important part of everyone’s life, and almost everyone must access social media.

This trend is used by creators to market their content through social media so that the potential for visits to their website will also be higher. The most common example, news websites such as detik.com, tribunnews, kompas and others have social media to advertise their content. People prefer to read news through social media, therefore these news media companies usually share their content on social media and then link their website links so they can be visited.

Even so, this SMM method does not only link website links on social media to reach a wider audience and then harvest traffic but also for other purposes.

Usually website owners use social media as well to build social networks through the follow feature on Instagram or add on Facebook. In addition, social media is also used as a medium to represent the company that owns the website in cyberspace. The more fans you have, the more credible the account tends to be.

Currently, there are many types of social media that are developed and used by the community. Starting from the type of social media to share messages, such as WhatsApp or Line. There are also types of social media sharing images, such as Pinterest and Instagram, sharing short videos such as TikTok and Snapchat or audio-visual sharing such as Youtube.

The success of advertising a website through social media is greatly influenced by many things, such as strategies in SEO. Even SMM can be categorized as part of off page SEO , because optimization is done outside of content. However, there are a number of aspects that differentiate SMM from SEO and SEM.

2. Characteristics of QMS

a. Effectiveness of reaching audiences

The SMM method is almost similar to SEO, it cannot specifically determine which audience you want to reach. This is because social media owners usually have to upload some content before they can analyze it. Conversely, the SEM method is more effective because they can immediately determine it the first time they are going to advertise.

b. Speed ​​to hit the target

The SMM method is slower than SEM but better than SEO. This is considering that social media is developing quickly, so reaching audiences will be even faster.

c. Time period

The SMM method takes quite a long time to build a follower base on social media, but several ways can also help to increase more instantly, for example by endorsing programs and so on.

However, basically the time needed to maximize promotion on social media is the same as building consistency in SEO methods.

d. Click Potential

The SMM method tends to have less click potential than the SEM method. This is because most social media users are teenagers who have a tendency to prefer audio-visual content over writing. Therefore, even if you link a website link on social media, the number of visits via this method will not be very effective.

No wonder many social media users often only read the title part of the news instead of reading the full news by clicking on the linked link.

e. Cost

The SMM method does not require a lot of money, this is because the advertising process on social media is carried out independently. However, in some cases website owners advertise to social media owners in order to reach more audiences, there will be additional costs.

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The Scout emblem is an identification of the national scouting organization. Where, this Scout symbol is permanent and official as the identity of the Indonesian National Scout Movement. The symbol of the Scout movement is a shadow or silhouette of a coconut shoot. The symbol was created by one of the Scoutmasters in 1961 named Soenardjo Atmodipoerwo.

Through this symbol, there are ideals and hopes for the scout movement and the members of the scout movement themselves. The word “Scout” is an abbreviation of the young praja Karana. The word means a young soul who likes to work. The term Scout was taken by Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX which comes from the word Poromuko. Where, the word “paramuko” has the meaning of the front troops in the war.

The organization first emerged from the Dutch branch of the Nederlandsche Padvinders Organisatie (NPO). This mpu branch was first formed in 1912 in Bandung. In 1916, the NPO changed its name to Nederlands Indische Padvinders Vereniging (NPV). Still in the same year, Mangkunegara VII helped form the first scouting organization in Indonesia.

The organization was given the name Javaansche Padvinders Organisatie (JPO). Where, the JPO organization formed by Mangkunegara gave rise to another national movement to form the same organization. The organizations that emerged inspired by the JPO consisted of scouting Hizbul Wathon (HW) in 1918, Jong Java Padvinderij (JJP) in 1923, National Padvinders (NP), Pandoe Pamoeda Sumatra (PPS), National Indonesische Padvinderij (NATIPIJ).

After the birth of many scouting movements, the merging of scouting organizations took place in 1926. This was preceded by the birth of the Indonesische Padvinderij Organisatie (INPO) which became a fusion of two scouting organizations, NPO and JPO. Because many Indonesian-owned organizations were born, the Dutch also banned organizations outside the Netherlands from using the name Padvinder. So after that, KH Agus Salim introduced the term “Scout” or “Scouting” as a characteristic of Indonesian scouting organizations.

After having its own name, the Indonesian Inter Scout Brotherhood (PAPI) emerged on May 23, 1928. The Indonesian Inter Scout Brotherhood (PAPI) had members divided into INPO, NATIPIJ, SIAP, and PPS. After independence, a national scouting emerged. Scouting is called the Indonesian people’s Scout who was born on December 28, 1945.

In the course of its journey, the Indonesian scouting organization, which numbered in the hundreds, was eventually divided into several federations. However, after realizing that this federation had weaknesses, the Indonesian Scout Association was formed or known as PERKINDO.

Then in 1960, in order to improve scouting organizations in Indonesia, the government and the MPRS gathered leaders from each of them until finally on March 9, 1961, a meeting for Indonesian scouting was held and chaired directly by President Soekarno.

At that time President Soekarno said that the existing scouting organizations in Indonesia had to be renewed. As well as educational activities must be replaced and all scouting organizations must be merged into one with the name Scout.

After the proposal was sparked, President Soekarno also formed a committee to form the Scout movement. The committee consisted of Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, Brigadier General DR. Aziz Salah, Prof. Prijono, and also A. Achmadi. Where, what happened then. He is known as the Scout Movement’s Budding Day because it is the basis for the formation of the Scout movement in Indonesia.

The results of the work of the committee also led to a decision called the attachment to Presidential Decree No. 238 of 1961 concerning Scouting. The incident that occurred in May 1961, eventually became known as the Day of the Beginning of the Work Year.

Several days later, on July 20, 1961, all Indonesian scout leaders began to gather at Istora Senayan. Then, they finally joined the national scouting organization, the Indonesian Scout movement. This historic event is also commemorated as the Scout Movement Pledge Day 3.

After the Scout Pledge was carried out, on August 14, 1961 it was carried out by the National Leadership Council (MAPINAS). Where, this activity was known directly by President Soekarno with Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX as deputy chairman 1 and Brigadier General Dr. A. Aziz Saleh as deputy chairman II.

The activity began and was marked by the handing over of the Scout Banner by President Soekarno to the Scout leaders. The event was also attended by leaders from thousands of Scout members who wanted to introduce the Scout movement to the community. Thus causing the event to be known as the Birthday of Scouts.

History of the Scout Emblem

The figure behind the Scout emblem is Soenardjo Atmodipuro. He is the inventor of the coconut shoot symbol in Scouting. Soenardjo Atmodipuro was one of the top officials in the Department as well as an Indonesian scout leader in 1961.

This symbol was used for the first time on August 14, 1961. At that time, President Soekarno appointed Kwarnari, MAPINAS, and Kwarnas members at the presidential palace.

Where, at that time President Soekarno also bestowed a token of appreciation and honor such as the banner of the Indonesian national scouting movement on the Scout movement through the Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 448 of 1961. This was then handed over to the chairman of the National Quarter named Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX.

Since then, every August 14th is celebrated as Scouting Day and coconut shoots and designated as a symbol of the Indonesian Scout movement. Where, through the Decree of the National Scout Movement Kwartir No. 06/KN/72 of 1971, the Scout symbol in the form of a coconut shoot was officially designated as the symbol of the Indonesian Scout movement.

The Decree regarding the Scout emblem was finally stipulated by Hamengkubuwono IX in 1971. Currently, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX acts as the National Scout Movement Kwartir.

The meaning of the Scout Emblem

The Scout Movement is a non-formal educational organization that organizes scouting movements. As identification, the Scout movement has a symbol as an identity so that it is always easy to recognize. Where, the symbol of the Scout movement is a coconut shoot that looks like a shadow or silhouette.

Knowledge related to the Scout emblem is also one of the mandatory materials in the General Proficiency Requirements, (SKU) of the Indonesian Scout movement. This has been stated in the Initial Alert SKU, the Assistance Alert SKU, the Tata Standby SKU, and also the Ramu Gatherer SKU.

In the Initial Alert, Assistance Alert and also Administration, knowledge regarding this symbol is found in condition number 8. Meanwhile, the Ramu fundraiser receives the knowledge material in condition number 14.

The Coconut Shoots symbol was chosen, of course, due to the consideration of its deep meaning. The meaning of the Scout emblem in the form of a coconut shoot is as follows.

1. Coconut Shoots Have Another Name, Cikal

Coconut fruit or also known as palm fruit. When the coconut fruit is sprouting, this fruit is known by another name forerunner. In Indonesian, cikal has the meaning of being the first native and passing down a new generation.

If you are in scouting this can be interpreted as a beginner or the first to continue the next generation. Therefore, the Scout movement chose coconut shoots as its symbol because the Scout movement has a new generation that will continue Scouting’s goals and ideals. This also illustrates that every scout member is the essence of the survival of the scout movement and the nation in Indonesia.

2. Coconut Has Strong Durability

Not only coconut shoots which mean beginner, this emblem was also chosen because it has a strong durability. Because in fact, coconuts can live longer and can live in any condition.

Therefore, this Scout emblem is used because it has the meaning that every Scout member is someone who is physically and mentally strong, resilient, and has great determination to face various challenges and tests. In addition, scout members are also expected to be able to use this ability to define themselves in their beloved homeland, namely the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

3. Coconut Can Grow Anywhere

Because the durability of coconuts is quite strong, coconuts can grow anywhere. Because of this power, they are ultimately expected to be able to continue their lives wherever they are.

That way, the Scout movement has the hope that every scout member can face the various problems that come. Not only that, scout members are also expected for Jesus to adapt themselves to their environment wherever they are. Therefore, the Scout movement also wants to prove that all scout members are reliable and able to mingle with other people.

4. Coconuts Can Grow Tall

The determination of the emblem for the identity of the organization certainly has a deep meaning. It is like the Scout movement which determines the coconut shoot as its official symbol.

The determination of coconut shoots to become Scout emblems must be taken according to the characteristics of the coconut tree itself. that the coconut tree has the characteristics of a tree that can grow tall and towering straight up. Because of that, through the coconut shoot symbol, the scout movement can give meaning if every scout member is obliged to have straight and high ideals. The Scout Movement also hopes that we will not be easily swayed from something and have an honest and noble attitude.

5. Coconut Roots Can Firmly Embed the Ground

In order to grow roots from coconut fruit or known as coconut fruit, it can stick firmly in the ground. This is one of the reasons why coconut shoots were chosen to become the symbol of the Scout movement.

Because from the roots of this coconut fruit can develop the strong desires and beliefs of every Scout member. The desires and beliefs possessed by these scout members are of course based on things that are good, true, strong, and real.

6. Coconut is a versatile plant

The essence of determining coconut shoots as a symbol of the Indonesian Scout movement is because the coconut tree is a versatile plant. This coconut tree also has the title of a thousand-purpose tree because it has many benefits.

From root to fruit, this coconut tree can be used by all humans on this earth. it means that every scout member is expected to be a useful and reliable human being. Scout members are also expected to be able to prove themselves to be ready to serve their homeland, nation, state, and all human beings. Therefore scout members are obliged to always be ready under any circumstances. The actions of scout members must also be based on humanity.

Use of the Scout Emblem

The scout emblem in the form of a coconut shoot is an organizational identity that has a permanent nature. This Scout emblem can also be used on flags, PANDI, unit or quarter nameplates, Scout uniforms, identification, as well as administrative tools for the Scout Movement and other matters relating to the identity of the Indonesian Scout Movement.

The use of the Scout Emblem is intended as an educational tool to improve and instill the characteristics and conditions as stated in the meaning of the coconut shoot symbol. This is certainly shown for every member of the Scout movement.

Every member of the scout movement is expected to be able to practice and practice the knowledge and technology they have in the surrounding community to help the development of civilization. Because the younger generation who joins the Scout movement are expected to be able to become cadres for the development of a country with the spirit of Pancasila.

History of Scouting in the World

Before Scouting in Indonesia was established, the Scout movement first appeared in 1907. Where, it was initiated by Robert Baden Powell or also called Baden Powell. This story begins when Baden Powel served as Lieutenant General of the British Army.

Baden Powell at that time held a Scout camp in Brownsea, England. He also wrote about his camping experience in a book called Scouting For Boys. The book spread to all corners of England and a number of other countries.

After that, the first Scout organization emerged. At first this organization was only followed by boys. However, in 1912, Baden Powell, assisted by her sister, Agnes Powell, founded a Scouting organization for women who were given the name Girl Guides. Then, the organization was continued by Baden Powell’s wife.

Baden Powell further developed the organization. Where, in 1961 he formed a Scouting organization for children or Siaga named CUB. The organization is also equipped with a guidebook entitled The Jungle Book.

After forming Scouts for children, Baden Powell also founded Scouting organizations for youth. In 1918, Rover Scout appeared which was a scouting organization for youth aged 17 years.

Two years later, from 30 July to 8 August 1920, Baden Powell held the world jamboree for the first time. This Jamboree is a large gathering activity for scout members around the world.

The Jamboree was first held at Olympia Hall, London with approximately 8,000 participants. participants who took part in the activity came from 34 countries around the world.

In the event, Baden Powell was finally crowned as the Chief Scout of The World or the Father of World Scouts. In that year also formed the International Scout Organization Council consisting of 9 people.

Currently, the world boy scouting bureau has secretarial offices in 5 (five) countries, namely the Philippines, Switzerland, Nigeria, Egypt and Costa Rica. Meanwhile, the world’s female scouting bureaus are headquartered in European, Asia Pacific, Arab, African and Latin American countries.

So, those are some explanations regarding the Scout emblem. Hopefully the above information can add to the knowledge and benefits for readers.

Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah – Sakinah mawaddah warahmah or commonly abbreviated as SAMAWA is a prayer expected by Muslims for those who have just entered into the sacred bond of marriage and building a family. All Muslims who are married certainly want a family that is sakinah, mawaddah, warahmah. That is the purpose of marriage, which is a blessing that Allah SWT gives to those who can build a family. The following is a further understanding of sakinah mawaddah warahmah.

Definition of Sakinah Mawadah

The sentence sakinah mawadah warahmah has actually been written in the Qur’an. This sentence is part of the function and purpose of marriage in Islam. This sentence is also often said when in wedding sermons or in wedding invitations. The following is an explanation from the Qur’an Surah Ar-Rum verse 21:

وَمِنۡ اٰيٰتِهٖۤ اَنۡ خَلَقَ لَكُمۡ مِّنۡ اَنۡفُسِكُمۡ اَزۡوَاجًا لِّتَسۡكُنُوۡۤا اِلَيۡهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيۡنَكُمۡ مَّوَدَّةً وَّرَحۡمَةً ؕ اِنَّ فِىۡ ذٰ لِكَ لَاٰيٰتٍ لِّقَوۡمٍ يَّتَفَكَّرُوۡنَ

Wa min Aayaatihiii an khalaqa akum min anfusikum azwaajal litaskunuuu ilaihaa wa ja’ala bainakum mawad datanw wa rahmah; inna fii dzaalika la Aayaatin liqaumin yatafakkaruun.

Meaning: “And among His signs (greatness) is that He created partners for you from your own kind, so that you are inclined and feel at ease to him and He made between you feelings of love and affection. Indeed, in that there are signs (of Allah’s greatness) for people who think . ” (QSAr-Rum: 21).

In this verse there is the word “litaskunu” or also sakinah, then mawaddah and rahmah. These three words are often combined into one sentence, namely sakinah mawadah warahmah. If translated into Indonesian, sakinah means calm or serene, mawaddah means love and warahmah means mercy. The sentence sakinah mawadah warahmah is in accordance with what is in verse 21 of Surah Ar-Rum. In this verse Allah SWT gives His word that humans are created to be in pairs, namely between wives and husbands to get calm, peace and also love.

 

1. Meaning of Sakinah

Sakinah comes from Arabic which can be translated into Indonesian with calm, serenity, safety and also peace . Meanwhile, the opposite of peace and serenity are unrest, destruction and shock. What is expected from marriage as in the meaning of sakinah is peace, calm, security and peace in family members. Whereas a family that does not have sakinah means a family full of unrest, destruction and turmoil, that is what must be avoided.

For example, a family that is not sakinah is a family that is full of debates, fights and suspicions. With so many conflicts that occur in the family, it can certainly trigger a divorce. Distrust in a partner is one of the triggers for family breakdown. If the spouses are suspicious of each other and have no trust in each other, and there are other people who deliberately shake up the household or the wife’s resistance to her husband, then it is classified as a family that is not sakinah.

By having calm, serenity, security and peace, conflicts in the family will not occur. With calm, family members will be able to think about how to solve problems calmly because they have a clear mind. Family conflicts will easily occur if there is no sakinah in the family.

2. Meaning of Mawaddah

Mawadah also comes from Arabic which means affection and burning love . The word mawadah has a special meaning for someone who has passionate feelings with their partner. This passionate feeling arises because of other aspects that are owned by the partner, including: beauty, good looks, morals, position, mindset and other things in the partner. In Islam, mawadah is also a nature possessed by humans. Having mawadah in the family will make the family full of love and affection. It’s impossible in a family not to have love, of course it will taste bland. The feeling of love gives a sense of belonging and caring between family members.

A family that has mawadah in it must have positive things in that family. If you don’t have mawadah, your family won’t support each other because you don’t have love. In fact, infidelity can occur because there is no feeling of affection between partners. Families that have mawadah are not formed instantly, but are developed through a process of being nurtured through the love of husband, wife and children. Every family definitely wants a family that is mawadah, because it is a nature of every creature.

 

3. Meaning of Warahmah

Rahmah means sustenance, forgiveness, grace and mercy . The greatest blessing of course comes from Allah SWT. The family that receives the greatest grace is of course the family that has love, affection and also trust. A family that has warahmah is also not an instant process but a long enough process because it requires understanding to cover each other’s shortcomings and provide understanding.

With patience and sacrifice from husband and wife, it will certainly make the family have warahmah or grace in it. From this process of patience, warahmah will be given by Allah SWT. as the highest form of love in a family. It should be noted that warahmah will not appear if in the family there is mutual disobedience between husband and wife. Families must be calm, peaceful, and have love so that warahmah can be realized.

Characteristics of Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah

Families who have sakinah mawadah warahmah certainly have visible characteristics or characteristics. Here are some characteristics of a family that has sakinah mawadah warahmah, namely:

• Have calm, serenity and peace in a family.
• Have love, affection and a sense of belonging that is always maintained among family members.
• Having love that leads to Allah SWT and also values ​​in religion, not just love of creatures or just lust.
• Far from suspicion, distrust and also feelings of misgivings with your partner.
• Can maintain association in Islam, no rules are violated in marriage including infidelity.
• Have their respective roles as family members with sincerity and sincerity. The role that belongs to both the husband as the head of the family, the wife as the mother who carries out the mandate of the husband and children as a mandate from Allah SWT to be educated properly.
• Can maintain aspects of faith and worship between each family member, not destroying or plunging each other.
• Supporting work or profession between partners to be able to create a family that is built as a mandate from Allah SWT.
• Can meet the needs of the family including sustenance, sexual needs and also a sense of belonging to one another.

Tips for Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah to Realize

According to Kiai Djamaluddin, there are five things that husbands and wives need to do to achieve a sakinah, mawaddah and rahmah household. Namely as follows:

1. Forgive each other so that marriage is sakinah mawaddah warahmah 

If a husband or wife makes a mistake, or there is a misunderstanding between the two of them, they must be willing to forgive each other and not hold grudges. So that the relationship that was strained due to quarrels can return to harmony.

2. Mutual respect 

Respect each other to achieve a sakinah mawadah warahmah household. In this case, the wife respects her husband’s busyness at work and the husband respects his wife’s busyness in managing the household. Even if what your partner doesn’t like, you still have to respect it. Mutual respect also includes respecting the privacy of partners, friends of partners and treating partners well as equal partners in life.

3. Protect and remind each other in kindness.

If the husband or wife makes a mistake, it is the partner’s duty to remind and invite them back to the path of goodness. Likewise in terms of protecting against evil, our duty as husbands or wives is to protect our partners from falling into immorality or evil. As wives, we are obliged to keep the living that our husbands provide clean and blessed. Do not let him give us a living from work that is not lawful. Reminding and protecting each other may be easy to say but hard to do.

4. Deliberation in finding solutions to problems

In solving problems or doing something that concerns the common interest, it should be discussed in advance with your partner so that there will be no bickering in the future. Because the essence of marriage is to share life with the partner we choose.

Benefits of Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah for Families

Family is the relationship between families, namely father, mother and children. But it’s not just that relationship in the family, there are relationships that are no less important too, namely the relationship in society and their duties. Allah SWT does not create anything unless there is a benefit. A family that is sakinah mawadah warahmah is of course a priority for realizing family goals in society. And of course also an Islamic family will be realized.

1. Carry out the Mission of the Human Caliphate

Humans were created by Allah SWT solely to worship Him. With a family that has sakinah mawadah warahmah, of course it can guide, condition and support the family to always worship Allah SWT. In a family like this, every member, both husband, wife and children, must guide each other in terms of religion and kindness. A family that is sakinah mawadah warahmah does not only love the world but also loves Allah SWT. This has been written in QS AZ Zariyat verse 56:

Amen

Wa maa khalaqtul jinna wal insa illaa liya’buduun.

Meaning: ” I did not create jinn and humans except that they worship Me.” (QS Az-Zariyat: 56).

Allah SWT also created humans as Khalifah fil ard. This means that humans were created to build and carry out several things that can provide benefits for prosperity on earth. Benefits can be given with the position you have now with the profession you have too.

The mission of the caliphate can be carried out with enthusiasm if you have a family that is sakinah mawadah warahmah. If there is a career between husband and wife, they will not bring each other down, let alone distance them from Allah SWT. Having a career is of course beneficial for yourself and for other people who are affected by it from us.

2. Lots of worship and pious charity

Allah SWT commands humans to protect themselves and their families from the fires of hell. This means that humans are commanded to stay away from the fire of hell and to multiply good deeds and good deeds. This is not going to be easy if you do it yourself. Therefore, the existence of a sakinah mawadah warahmah family or a good family is certainly in accordance with the expectations of Allah SWT so that it becomes a field of worship and good deeds for because there are many things that can be done with the family. This has been written in QS At-Tahrim verse 6:

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ​​ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ قُوٓا۟ أَنفُسَكُمْ وَأَهْلِيكُمْ نَارًا وَقُودُهَا ٱلنَّاسُ وَٱلْحِجَارَةُ عَلَيْهَا مَلَٰٓئِكَةٌ غِلَاظٌ شِدَادٌ لَّا يَعْصُونَ ٱللَّهَ مَآ أَمَرَهُمْ وَيَفْعَلُونَ مَا يُؤْمَرُونَ

Yā ayyuhallażīna āmanụ qū anfusakum wa ahlīkum nāraw wa qụduhan-nāsu wa-ḥijāratu ‘alaihā malā`ikatun gilāẓun syidādul lā ya’ṣụnallāha māarahum wa yaf’alụna mā yu`marụn.

Meaning: “ O you who believe, protect yourselves and your families from the fires of hell whose fuel is humans and stones; guardians of angels who are rough, hard, and do not disobey Allah in what He commands them and always do what is commanded. ” (QS At-Tahrim: 6).

Raising children in Islam is also part of the fields of worship and good deeds. Good deeds are only beneficial for families who are cared for with love, affection and sincerity in them. To do this, we need a family that has sakinah mawadah warahmah to be able to worship and do good deeds as much as possible.

A father who makes a living for his family by working will become his own field of merit. Likewise, a mother who takes care of her family and helps her husband support his family is a field of merit and good deeds. Likewise, the husband’s obligation to his wife is a separate reward for the husband’s family.

3. Place in Reaping Love and Compassion

Allah gives good sustenance, one of which is to please his family and descendants. This is of course something that is expensive in family ties, because not everyone can enjoy it. In fact, family, a sense of security and affection are the natural needs of all human beings. a pious woman and a pious man, is one form of family happiness. As in QS An-Nahl verse 72.

وَٱللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَٰجًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنْ أَزْوَٰجِكُم بَنِينَ وَحَفَدَةً وَرَزَقَكُم مِّنَ ٱلطَّيِّبَٰتِ ۚ أَفَبِٱلْبَٰطِلِ يُؤْمِنُونَ وَبِنِعْمَتِ ٱللَّهِ هُمْ يَكْفُرُونَ

Wallāhu ja’ala Lakum min anfusikum azwājaw wa ja’ala Lakum min azwājikum banīna wa ḥafadataw wa razaqakum minaṭ-ṭayyibāt, a fa bil-bāṭili yu`minụna wa bini’matillāhi hum yakfurụn.

Meaning: ” God made for you wives from your own kind and made for you from your wives, children and grandchildren, and gave you sustenance from the good. So why do they believe in falsehood and deny Allah’s favor?”

A family that is sakinah mawadah warahmah can meet the needs of its members. These needs start from a calm soul, peace, sustenance in the form of wealth, love, sexual relations with a partner, honor and of course other forms of worship that can be practiced in family charity.

The wife is the husband’s mission otherwise. Because marriage in Islam is based on the name of Allah SWT. So building a household is not only a husband’s or wife’s obligation, but an obligation to Allah SWT. The name of the household must have a test. Each household test is different. With religious values, the test can be overcome until the test disappears. Sakinah mawadah warahmah not only for the world but for the hereafter. Towards the happiness of Allah SWT, namely the happiness of the hereafter.

If you want to have a Sakinah Mawaddah Warahmah family, then Sinaumed’s must have sufficient knowledge to start a household. Sinaumed’s can of course read the book as a reference and get the book which is available at www.sinaumedia.com. As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best!

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Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine

Respiration is one of the systems in the human body. The respiratory system is also known as the respiratory system which has a vital role for humans. However, did Sinaumed’s know that the term respiration does not only occur in humans, but also occurs in plants.

The term respiration can also be interpreted as a process to produce energy by breaking down complex molecules which can then be simple molecules, so that they can be used by cells. So what is the difference in respiration that occurs by humans and plants? What’s the explanation? Check out this article to find out more about respiration.

Respiration is Taking Oxygen from Free Air

Respiration can be interpreted as the process of taking oxygen or O2 from free air when someone inhales. The inhaled oxygen will then pass through the airways or bronchi to the walls of the air sacs or alveoli.

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), respiration is the binding of oxygen by the blood droplets to provide materials for the whole body through the respiratory surface (lungs, gills) in animals while simultaneously releasing carbon dioxide.

After arriving at the alveoli, oxygen will be sent to the blood vessels in which there is a flow of red blood cells to be carried to cells in other organs of the body as energy and also as a metabolic process.

The rest of this metabolic process, especially carbon dioxide or CO2, will be carried by the blood to be thrown back into the air. Air removal will be carried out through the lungs when exhaling.

Respiration is also defined as gas exchange between an individual and the environment or the whole process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood and between blood and body cells.

The respiratory system is an organ system that has the function of taking oxygen from the atmosphere into the body’s cells with the aim of transferring the carbon dioxide produced by the body’s cells back into the atmosphere.

In addition, the respiratory organs also function for speech production and play a role in acid-base balance, fighting foreign bodies, body defense and hormonal regulation of blood pressure.

Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract

The respiratory system is divided into two channels, namely the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The upper airway consists of the nasal cavities, larynx and pharynx. Meanwhile, the lower airways consist of the bronchi, trachea, and lungs. To be clearer, the following is an explanation of the anatomy of the respiratory tract.

1. Upper Respiratory Tract

The following is an explanation of the organs in the upper respiratory tract.

a. Nose over naso

The nose or naso is the first respiratory tract. When the breathing process occurs, the inspired air from the nasal cavity will undergo three processes, namely filtration, warming, and humidification.

The nose consists of several parts, including the outer wall which is made up of skin, the middle layer which is made up of muscles and cartilage, and the inner layer which is made up of multiple mucous membranes or nasal corals (konka nasalis). There are three nasal turbinates, namely the middle, inferior and superior nasal turbinates.

Between the nasal conchae, there are 3 meatal indentations, namely the superior meatus, inferior meatus and middle meatus. These three meatus are passed by breathing air. Then, on the inside there is a hole associated with the pharynx and is known as the choana.

The base of the nasal cavity, formed by the maxilla to the top of the nasal cavity is connected with the paranasal sinus cavity and maxillary sinus in the maxilla, the frontal sinus in the forehead bone, the sphenoidal sinus in the wedge bone cavity and the ethmoidal sinus in the sieve bone cavity.

In the ethmoidal sinus, the olfactory nerve endings will exit which lead to the nasal concha. In the nasal concha there are olfactory cells located at the top. In the nasal mucosa there are nerve fibers or receptors from the olfactory nerve or it is called the olfactory nerve.

The left and right conchae as well as the top of the palate have a vascular opening that connects the pharynx with the middle auditory cavity. This channel is also known as the auditory eustachian tube which connects the middle ear to the pharynx and larynx. The nose is also connected to the tear ducts or is called the lacrimal tube.

The nasal cavity is lined with a mucous membrane which contains blood vessels and is referred to as the nasal mucosa. Mucus will be secreted continuously by goblet cells that line the surface of the nasal mucosa and move backwards to the nasopharynx by the movement of the cilia.

b. pharynx

The pharynx is a muscular tube that runs from the base of the skull to its junction with the esophagus at the level of the cricoid cartilage. The pharynx itself consists of several parts, namely the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

The nasopharynx is located immediately behind the nasal cavity, below the cranial base and in front of the first and second cervical vertebrae. The nasopharynx opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity and downwards into the oropharynx.

The oropharynx is where the oral cavity meets the pharynx. The oropharynx is a combination of the respiratory and digestive systems, food enters from the mouth and air enters from the nasopharynx and lungs.

The laryngopharynx is the part of the pharynx that is immediately behind the larynx and the upper end of the esophagus.

c. Larynx or throat

The larynx or throat is the airway that acts as a voice former. At the base it is closed by a throat cavity called the epiglottis which consists of cartilage which has a function when swallowing food by covering the larynx.

Located on the midline at the front of the neck, precisely under the skin of the thyroid gland and several small muscles that are in front of the laryngopharynx and the top of the esophagus.

The larynx has 4 cartilages or cartilages and consists of thyroid cartilage, epiglottis cartilage, cricoide cartilage, arytenoid cartilage.

The larynx is covered by a mucous membrane except for the vocal cords and the epiglottis which are covered by stratified epithelial cells.

 

2. Lower Airway

The following is an explanation of the organs in the lower respiratory tract.

a. Trachea or windpipe

The trachea, or windpipe, is a flexible tube about 10 cm long and 2.5 cm wide. The trachea runs from the cricoid cartilage down the front of the neck, then behind the manubrium sterni and ends at the level of the sternal angle or about the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra and here the trachea divides into two bronchi.

The trachea is composed of 16 to 20 incomplete rings which are cartilaginous rings held together by fibrous tissue and complete loops behind the trachea. Apart from that, the trachea also makes up some muscle tissue.

b. Bronchus

Bronchus is formed from halves of two trachea and has a similar structure to the trachea which is lined by the same type of cells. The bronchi run downward and sideways towards the lung flaps.

The right bronchus tends to be shorter and narrower and more vertical than the left, and is slightly higher than the pulmonary artery and gives off its main branches below the artery and is called the lower lobe bronchus.

c. Lungs

The lungs are an organ that consists mostly of small bubbles called alveoli. Alveoli is a place for gas exchange assinus which consists of bronchioles and respiratory which sometimes have small air sacs on their walls.

Respiratory System Physiology: Respiratory Process

Respiration is divided into two parts, namely the external respiration section, where the process of exchanging oxygen with carbon dioxide to and from the lungs into the oxygen enters the blood and CO2 + H20 enters the lungs towards the blood. Then excreted by the body.

The second part is internal respiration or cellular respiration where there is a process of exchanging O2 with CO2 events at the biochemical cell level for life processes.

Part of the Respiratory Process

The breathing process consists of two parts, as follows.

a. Pulmonary ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation is the entry and exit of airflow between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs that occurs through a breathing process, namely inspiration and expiration.

Therefore, there will be diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries as well as the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the blood to and from the tissue cells.

b. Breathing mechanic

Respiratory mechanics can be interpreted as the entry and exit of air from the atmosphere to the lungs which is made possible by mechanical respiratory events, namely inspiration and expiration.

Inspiration or inhalation is the entry of oxygen from the atmosphere and carbon dioxide into the airways. In abdominal breathing inspiration, the diaphragm muscle will experience contraction and the dome of the diaphragm drops or returns to a flat position.

Furthermore, the external intercostal muscle space will pull the chest wall slightly outward, so that the volume of the lungs will increase and the pressure in the lungs will decrease and be lower than the outside environment. That way, air from outside will enter into the lungs.

Expiration or exhalation is the release of carbon dioxide from the lungs into the atmosphere through the airways. If abdominal breathing occurs, the diaphragm muscle will rise back to its original position or bend.

Then, the internal intercostal muscles relax. As a result, pressure occurs and the space inside the chest shrinks, so that the chest wall enters the air, then exits through the lungs. This is because the pressure in the lungs increases.

Respiration Process in Humans and Plants

Respiration according to biology is a mobilization process carried out by living things through the breakdown of High Energy Compounds (SET) and is used to carry out living functions.

The term respiration can be equated with breathing, but the term respiration includes processes that are not only covered by the term breathing. Respiration occurs at all levels of living organisms, from the individual to the smallest unit, namely the cell.

If breathing is usually associated with using oxygen as a breakdown compound, then respiration need not involve oxygen. In general, respiration is an oxidation process experienced by SET as a chemical energy storage unit in living organisms.

SET is like a sugar or fatty acid molecule and is usually broken down with the help of enzymes and some simple molecules. Because this process is an exothermic reaction or releases energy, then the released energy will be captured by ADP or NADP and form ATP or NADPH.

Then, an endothermic biochemical reaction takes place which requires energy to be supplied to meet its energy needs from the last two groups of compounds. Most of the respiration that can be witnessed by humans requires oxygen as an oxidizing agent. This reaction is known as aerobic respiration.

However, many respiration processes do not involve oxygen and are usually known as the process of making alcohol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Various types of anaerobic bacteria use sulfur or compounds or some metals as oxidizing agents. Respiration is also carried out in unit cells. The process of respiration in eukaryotic organisms occurs in mitochondria, among others.

Respiration in Humans

Respiration in humans is a step in the process of taking in oxygen and removing the remains in the form of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Oxygen is needed by all body cells in biochemical reactions or biological oxidation to be able to produce energy in the form of Adenosine Tri Phosphate or ATP.

This reaction can produce residual substances in the form of carbon dioxide and water vapor which are then exhaled. So basically, the purpose of respiration is actually to form ATP which is needed for all activities in human life.

Based on the place, the exchange of oxygen gas with carbon dioxide can be divided into two, including external breathing or also known as external respiration, namely the exchange of oxygen in the alveoli with carbon dioxide in the blood.

Then the second is deep breathing or internal respiration, namely the exchange of oxygen gas with carbon dioxide from the bloodstream with body cells.

Respiration is related to the regulation of breathing and humans have two separate neural mechanisms that regulate breathing. One system is responsible for regulating voluntary breathing while the other system is responsible for controlling automatic breathing.

Control by the central nervous rhytminitis in the medulla oblongata directly regulates the respiratory muscles. Medullary activity is influenced by the apneustic center as well as pneumotax. A person’s awareness to breathe is controlled by the cerebral cortex.

The respiratory center is in the Medullary Rhythmicity Area, namely the area of ​​inspiration and expiration that regulates the basic rhythm of respiration, the pneumotaxic area which is located at the top of the pons and functions to help coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration, sending inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area of ​​the expanding lungs and apneustic The area whose function is to help coordinate the transition between inspiration and expiration and to transmit exhibition impulses to the area of ​​inspiration.

Respiratory control chemically, influenced by PaO2, pH and PaCO2. The chemoreceptor center, medulla, responds to chemical changes in the CSF due to chemical changes in the blood.

Respiration in plants

As has been explained that respiration occurs in every living thing and does not occur only in humans, but also in plants. Respiration reaction is a catabolic reaction capable of breaking down sugar molecules into inorganic molecules in the form of CO2 and H2O.

Respiration is a process of taking in oxygen to break down organic compounds into carbon dioxide and H2O and energy. However, respiration is essentially a redox reaction, in which a substrate is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, oxygen absorbed as an oxidizing agent will experience reduction to H2O.

Respiration in plants can also be interpreted as a process of releasing energy stored in energy source substances through chemical processes using oxygen. From respiration, it will produce chemical energy in the form of ATP for life activities such as anabolism or synthesis, movement and growth.

That is the explanation of respiration is a respiration process carried out by living things through the breakdown of high-energy compounds or SET used by living things to carry out their life functions.

What is repost – Now social media is a place to connect with outsiders online, and is also used for various things, such as entertainment, seeking information, and looking for work. So, it’s not surprising that the use of terms in social media is already familiar, for example, the term ‘repost’ . So, does Sinaumed’s know what repost means?

Yes, maybe someone already knows, but there are also those who don’t understand what repost is. In social media platforms, repost has the same function. Social media users often use this repost for a specific purpose, the platform that is often used is usually Instagram , although several other social media are also actively used.

Repost itself has several functions for its users. Quoted from the Cambridge Dictionary , the word repost means an activity carried out by social media users, such as posting something on social media. For example, by reposting something belonging to a social media user.

Maybe almost everyone has memorized the workings of this repost feature , but there are also some people who don’t understand the use of repost on social media.

So, for those of you who are curious, what exactly is a repost? The following is a review of the meaning of repost in general and the use of repost in every social media. And how? Come on, let’s look at the following explanation!

Meaning of Repost

As many people already know, the repost function on various platforms is almost the same. The meaning of repost is an activity or activity carried out by social media users by selecting a particular post to be reloaded or redistributed.

Even though almost everyone already knows how the repost feature works , there are still many who don’t understand what repost means. To make it easier to remember, repost activities, for example, someone has posted writing or uploaded videos or photos in the past. Then, in the future, he wants to re-upload his post, so he needs to mark the post with a repost or re-upload at a different time.

However, in its method, the repost function is not exactly the same as the term used in general, because the use of each social media is different in how to post or how to repost it, but overall repost is done in almost the same way. So, you can see every function and understanding of repost on every social media that you will use.

Because, in this digital era, social media is already attached and widely used by many people for various activities and alternative media , such as entertainment, searching for information, and looking for job vacancies.

 

How to Repost on Several Social Media

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1. Repost on Instagram (IG) & How to Post it

After knowing the meaning of repost in general, then what is the meaning of repost in the world of social media? What function and meaning are the same?

Yes, like social media Instagram, repost means a feature provided by IG for its users, which later functions to re-upload other people’s or friends’ posts.

So, the repost function on Instagram doesn’t upload old posts, right, which might be the repost function on other applications in the form of reposting old posts. However, on Instagram media, reposting also means re-uploading posts belonging to friends or other people, whether in the form of video posts, photos, screenshots, writing, both old and new.

Here’s how to repost on Instagram media that you need to know.

A. Repost Instagram Feed to Story

1. Choose the video, photo or article that you will repost on the feed .
2. Then, click on the paper airplane icon below, this icon is next to the comments and likes.
3. Then, several options will appear for sending, so you click Add post your story.
4. After that, the page will be brought to the IG story view, where you can edit the content to be uploaded, such as adding text, stickers, gifts, and so on.
5. Then, select send to , the icon is in the lower right corner. Then select your story , and the content has been uploaded.

B. Repost Instagram Stories 

To create an IG story, first, you open your Direct Message or DM.

1. Look for messages that go into DMs, messages that mention you or you can also see them directly on the notification icon.
2. Select Add to your story which is under the Ig story of your account, then the page will appear in the story view, and you can add stickers, text, and so on.
3. Then, press send to and click your story

2. Repost on Twitter & How to Post it

Then, the use of social media such as Twitter also has the term repost . Not much different from IG or Instagram, a repost on Twitter is an activity of re-uploading or commonly called a retweet . This retweet allows you to be able to share it with your followers or other users. There is also a built-in retweet feature which can be used to share other people’s tweets with everyone.

Here’s how to repost via Twitter social media that you can do:

1. The first step, open the Twitter application or official access from Twitter.
2. Then, log in using your account.
3. choose the post that will be reposted or retweeted on your Twitter homepage.
4. Then, click the icon in the middle (retweet), on the post to be retweeted.
5. After that, click the icon in the middle, then automatically, the post has been reposted on the homepage of your Twitter account.

3. Repost on Facebook & How to Post it

Then, the last on Facebook media. The meaning of repost on social media is almost the same as Twitter. This repost feature is also available on the Facebook app. So, how it works, you only need to copy first then repost the content.

With this feature, of course it makes it easier for users to deploy it practically and quickly. You can repost a photo, video, or link. Here’s how to repost on Facebook that you can do:

1. First, open the Facebook application on your cellphone, or you can access it on the official Facebook website to log in .
2. Then, choose which posts you will copy and repost on your FB feed.
3. Then, click the ‘share’ button below the post.
4. Then, click ‘share this status’ , if you want the post to be in text form.
5. You can also manage who can see your repost, by clicking the ‘custom’ icon below the post menu. Then, select or click ‘share this status’.
6. Then, in the next step, you can set other users, namely setting other people to be able to see reposts, or hiding reposts from other users.
7. Then, click ‘ share status’ to repost, then the content will be uploaded again.

So, those are some of the meanings of repost that you need to know, both the meaning in general and the meaning in several social media applications, as well as how to use repost in social media applications such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook.

How to Share Posts on Instagram

IG media or Instagram has indeed become the most popular social media among the others, now many people use Instagram as a medium for various things, such as doing business, and doing promotions.

Now, Instagram is never empty of users, in fact it is increasing, every day, many people post on Instagram media. Not only on feeds, but uploading on Instagram stories is also very popular.

Through stories, you can share posts such as videos or photos within 24 hours, after that the posts will disappear. You can also share Instagram posts to Stories for many people to see.

So, how to share Instagram posts to Story can be used for a product or business promotion. From posts on Instagram stories, posts on the feed are also very easy to reach for all Instagram users. Because, the appearance of posts on the timeline usually changes frequently, and can sink faster due to piles of posts by other users.

Then, how do you share Instagram posts to Stories? Let’s look at the reviews below.

1. Sharing Instagram Post to Story

Now, various posts exist on Instagram, but the fact is, there are still many people who don’t really understand how to use it. When in fact, sharing Instagram posts to Stories is very easy and simple, with just a few steps.

This method can be used for both new and old posts. If you want to try it, you can follow the steps below:

1. Open Instagram social media on your smartphone , then make sure you have logged in with the correct account.
2. Then, you will be on the Instagram homepage, then the profile section, and select the post you want to share, you can also make it directly from videos or photos.
3. After determining the selected post, also pay attention to the image icon or options below the video or photo post.
4. Then, click the paper airplane icon at the bottom right.
5. Then, there will be a notification or notification, which provides several options to choose from, such as add to story or send to other users.
6. Select the add post to your story option or add to story.
7. Then, your smartphone screen display will access the story feature according to the post to be uploaded in the story, and its position is in the middle. In this step, you can add various edits, such as tagging other users, adding text, locations, gifts, and so on.
8. After the editing process is complete, you can immediately send the post like posting the usual IG Story. You can also set Instagram story posts for only a few people or all followers.

2. Sharing Instagram Posts From Other Accounts to Story

Generally, users post in their own feed, sharing Instagram story posts can also be done for other accounts. That is, you can share other people’s posts on your Instagram story.

Things like this can be used if you do business via Instagram. You can promote something on your business Instagram account. It can reach many followers and users.

How do you post other users’ content on our Instagram story?

The method is very easy, maybe some people already know a lot. For those of you who might want to try it, try to follow the steps below:

1. The first step, log in to Instagram on your smartphone, then make sure you are logged in with the correct account.
2. If the post is in the form of a timeline , you can immediately click on the paper airplane image, which is below the content.
3. However, if what you are going to post is not on the timeline , you can first visit the personal account of the post owner. To make the search easier, just type the account name in the search field. Then, click on the intended account to go to their profile page.
4. If you have entered the person’s profile page, select or search for the content you want to share on Instagram Story.
5. If you have found it, click again on the paper airplane image below the post.
6. Then, a notification will appear along with other options, such as add post to your story or add to story, or send another user.
7. Then, you select the add post to your story option or add to story.
8. That way, the display on your smartphone screen will open by accessing the story feature in the middle with the content to be uploaded. In this step, you can carry out the editing process such as adding stickers, gifts, locations, text, and so on.
9. After the editing process, you can immediately send the content like posting Instagram Stories in general.
10. You can also set the content to be shared only for close friends or for all followers.

However, it should also be noted, this method of sharing content from other people’s accounts may not be possible, if the account owner does not allow it to be shared, so it depends on the account owner’s settings. If the account owner restricts other users from sharing their content.

3. Posting Other People’s Instagram Stories on Your Own Account

Apart from the two methods above, you can also share other users’ stories by reposting . How to repost Instagram stories is also fairly easy, but reposting on Instagram media can only be done if the story maker’s account marks your account or tags it. Here’s how to repost other people’s IG stories to your own account:

1. The first step, open a story that mentions you or tags your account.
2. Automatically, the display on the story screen will have the option ‘Add This To Your Story’ or ‘Add to Your Story’ , so click that option.
3. Then, you will be in the IG story view of your own account. Then, as usual, you can do the editing process, add stickers, text, gifts, emojis, and so on.
4. When you’ve finished editing, you can immediately post the content like making a normal IG story.

Those are a few reviews and how to share content or posts on Instagram media practically and easily. Hopefully this information is useful.

Apart from being easy to use, now the Instagram application has indeed been used by many people for various purposes, one of which is to do business and carry out product promotions, and get profits through online media.

 

Closing

Yes, social media does have a myriad of benefits for our daily lives, it can even help you interact, get information, add insight, as entertainment, to do business to benefit from social media.

However, excessive use of social media also has a negative impact on its users. Therefore, we as users of social media must be wise and remember the time and interact directly with the environment, so that we are not overly influenced by social media.

If you want to find books about using social media as a whole, then you can get them at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Veronika Novi 

Reference:

• https://www.allstars.id/blog/2022/05/28/repost-artinya/
• https://plus.kapallagi.com/arti-repost-pengertian-generally-dan-caranya-di-every-media-social-bcbace.html
• https://www.gubukpintar.com/2020/12/arti-repost.html?m=1
• https://communication.binus.ac.id/2017/12/29/media-social-dalam-kehidupan-sehari-hari/

What is POV? – The term POV has recently become more and more used on any social media. Then what exactly does POV mean on social media? Let’s check out the following reviews!

Social media continues to grow with all its technology and also in terms of literacy. Social media does have its own language or terms that are popularly used by its users.

Of the many languages ​​used on social media, from Facebook, Twitter, Instagram to Tiktok, all of them can quickly become viral and are increasingly being used by everyone.

One of the terms that is often used on Tiktok is POV. At first glance, hearing POV, we can understand that POV is a term that is in a film or a story, so what does POV mean in Tiktok? Here’s the review!

What is POV? POV meaning

Ever heard of the term POV? If you still remember Indonesian language lessons or you often watch movies, then you must be familiar with the term point of view or point of view.

In language, point of view has the meaning of point of view, which is usually the point of view of a writer for his writing or work. This is done with the hope that the audience understands the intent and feeling of the writer or creator of the work.

POV in social media means the point of view from the creator’s side through the videos and photos uploaded. Judging from its use on social media, in general, content owners want to position the audience in the position of the content owner.

For example, a video post shows a concert situation with the owner of the video and his girlfriend. Then the creator of the video wrote the POV caption : When everything is fine .

From this situation, it can be concluded that the creator’s intention in writing the POV was so that the audience could feel the times before the pandemic and could still watch concerts freely. In addition, if it is known that the creator is no longer dating, then there is a possibility that the POV in question is when he has not broken up with his girlfriend.

The term that started going viral from Tiktok is now also often found in captions on any social media. Of course the term POV is not new anymore, even Ariana Grande, the famous singer from America, also made a song with the same title and tells about loving yourself from another person’s point of view.

In a literary work, POV itself has several different types depending on how it is depicted according to what the author wants.

POV Types In Fictional Stories

If you look at it in terms of literary works such as novels and other stories, POV is divided into 3 types. Determining the point of view in a work is entirely at the will of the author.

1. First Person Viewpoint (POV 1)

What is meant by POV 1? If you often read novels, both fiction and non-fiction, then you are certainly no stranger to seeing the use of the first person point of view. POV 1 is a story that tells itself or the story of the author. In the first person point of view use ‘I’ as the main role.

This first-person point of view usually builds a feeling as if the reader is experiencing something similar to the main character, because it uses ‘me’ as the center of the story.

The following is an example of a story fragment using the first person point of view.

I already feel calm and safe in Wonokromo. Robert was never seen. Mama and Annelies paid him no heed. Even so that does not mean I should feel I have replaced his position. I put all my power into impressing outsiders, I’m not a bandit, nor do I intend to bandit. And that I’m just a guest who has to go every time.

   And the night after studying this I deliberately did not write. There is a desire to continue studying after the break. I don’t know why I study hard now. Want to get ahead in school. Certainly not because of family pressure or Annelies.

   The encouragement was also not due to Mother’s letters which always asked if this self was hampered by difficulties. I replied to his fourth letter, to express my leeway, so that my monthly allowance should go to my younger siblings.

– Earth of Mankind, Pramoedya Ananta Toer

From the piece from Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Earth of Mankind story above, it can be concluded that the writer uses ‘I’ as the main character who succeeds in making the reader feel like Minke throughout the story.

2. Second Person Point of View (POV 2)

If in POV 1 the author is involved in the story a lot by using ‘I’, then on the other hand in POV 2. The second person point of view uses ‘you’ as the main role, so it is very rare for a story to use POV 2, but some works like in the article will often use POV 2 with you, you, or even you.

There are not many examples of stories from a second person point of view, especially in Indonesian novels. Several novels such as Lorrie Moore’s with his book How to Become a Writer and Camping Out by Ernest Hemingway still use POV 2. Another example of a story with POV 2 is as follows.

The sun was starting to rise, calling for hot air that was increasingly blowing. You look at your watch and it’s eleven in the afternoon and now you’re not even halfway to Central Park. There are still many more blocks that must be taken with your old vehicle that looks like it can’t run anymore. What a long and frustrating day! you say.

Some articles that discuss tutorials on how to do something will tend to use the second person point of view.

Living in a developed country like countries in Europe there does seem fun and even a desire for some people, both for careers and for education. Are you one of them? If you are interested in continuing your career, studying and even living abroad, then you might need tips on how to migrate to other countries with a minimal budget. Here are the tips for you!

From the example article above, it can be concluded that the use of the second person point of view, namely ‘you’, will feel much better in an article than in a story that feels stiff. The pronoun ‘you’ which is the reader itself will seem to make the writer communicate with the reader, so it will feel more real when applied to works such as articles, speeches and others.

3. Third Person Point of View (POV 3)

In the third person point of view, the author positions himself as if he knows everything that happens in the whole story. In POV 3, the author generally uses the name of the main character and several other characters.

POV 3 is also divided into two types, namely limited and all-knowing third-person perspectives.

Limited POV 3

In this point of view, the writer really knows everything that happens to the characters throughout the story, but the writer does not know the details and is only based on outside observations.

The following is an example of a story fragment with a limited third point of view.

When Natan entered the apartment where he had been living in New York for four days, Akbar was already there. Watching soccer news on TV while eating premium eel chips that he managed to find, even though as Natan recalls, he had hidden the jar of chips in his desk drawer in his room.

“Hey! Nathan Circumcised!”

Rehanda Harris appeared from behind Natan’s back, then looked inside.

“Wei Bar! Akbar Surakbar! Just arrived!” Rehan exclaimed again.

And indeed that was how Akbar called the two men of Sundanese ethnicity. He originally gave the formula for the name Dungung Tekudungdung to both of them. The problem is that the name Natan doesn’t feel good.

“Help me carry it, Nat! Come on in! Rehan said again, handing one of the plastic groceries he was carrying to Natan.

-The Case We Met, Flavia

POV 3 All Know

Almost the same as the limited third point of view, the author knows everything that happens to each character, but in a much more detailed context. In this POV, the writer can know the thoughts and hearts of all the characters in the story as if the writer were a god.

Gadis Parasayu, a public relations manager at a branch of Biocell Pharmacy Indonesia (BPI), got a new position that required her to move to their head office in Jakarta. As a public relations manager for BPI’s newest flagship product called Dhemoticyl, he is required to be able to work with the BPI celebrity who holds the title of The Most Eligible Bachelor in Indonesia.

   Troy Mardian, Dhemoticyl’s senior marketing manager, didn’t like the newcomer one bit. He was sure this Girl’s new career would end up like the previous PR managers who resigned in no time because they couldn’t work with her.

   The girl and Troy hate each other from the first sight. In the eyes of Troy’s white-headed style girl who is dandy and song aristocratic, making the man very artificial. Not to mention Troy’s infatuation with designer label items, as well as his habit of always speaking in English, making girls increasingly disgusted with the man’s behavior.

As for Troy, the girl’s infatuation with local fashion products, made his forehead furrow sharply at how untrendy her tastes were. Not to mention her love for Indonesian food, which managed to make her stomach churn when she had to witness eating Padang food on the side of the road using her hands, without spoons and forks. How unhygienic that is!

-Love, Hate and Hocus Pocus, Karla M. Nashar

The use of POV 1, POV 2 and POV 3 often confuses novice writers, because in some stories the author sometimes uses more than 1 point of view. For example, at the beginning of the story the writer uses POV 1 to tell the story of the main character, then to explain the other characters the writer uses POV 3.

Is it OK to use more than 1 point of view? Of course you can, as long as the story remains interesting and you can apply it accordingly. Some talented writers sometimes use several points of view to get a ‘feel’ in the stories they write.

This is also sometimes not realized by the readers, because the readers have entered into the story regardless of the point of view used. That means the story is successful in making the reader feel the same way as the author of the story.

How to Choose a Viewpoint?

Want to write your own story? then it’s time for you to start thinking about which point of view you will present in your story later. For beginners, maybe determining the point of view is a little complicated and confusing.

Therefore you can use the first person point of view (POV 1) to tell your story. This POV 1 is easy to apply and also effective for drawing readers into a story.

Because in his narrative you explain in detail what the main character feels, sees and thinks, and you don’t have to bother observing other people’s points of view because it’s enough to use your point of view.

If you feel that you are getting more adept at writing stories, then you can start trying to use POV 3 to provide a much more detailed description of the characters or other figures in the whole story.

However, compared to POV 1 which can easily invite the reader to dive into the story, POV 3 tends to require more effort to be able to make the reader really feel the story like a writer. Because, there are many characters that break the focus of the reader.

However, this does not rule out the possibility for novels with POV 3 to remain interesting and much-loved. Just mention a few examples of interesting novels by Tere Liye in the Earth, Moon, and other series using POV 3 but still being able to invite readers to fall into Tere Liye’s typical fantasy world.

POV Differences in Social Media and Fictional Stories

At first glance, you might already have a POV picture on these two different media. In social media, the point of view is usually written clearly ‘POV’ and then written together with the intention that the content creator wants.

Whereas in fiction, POV is written using the pronouns ‘I’, ‘you’ and also the names of the characters that are written throughout the storyline. Even though the two have different ways of writing, POV in general has the same goal, namely to invite the reader to feel the same way as the author or creator of the work.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

Do you know what POV is?

Now you know more about POV both in fictional stories and as social media expressions. To better understand the writing style of point of view in a story, the only way is to read a book or novel. From there you can feel the difference between novels that use the first person point of view and those that use the third person point of view. In English-language novels, POV 1 and POV 3 are often used to tell the story.

If you are interested in reading novels or books in English, or even interested in the language, you can get recommendations for novels and books for learning English at sinaumedia!

Or want to be a writer like Tere Liye, Dee Lestari, Ika Natassia. You can get a range of interesting novels with unique points of view! here are the recommendations for you!

Oxidation is one of the chemical reactions that you need to understand and know about in chemistry. Where, this oxidation certainly can not be separated by reduction. Both form a reduction-oxidation reaction or commonly called redox. The redox reaction itself is a reaction of releasing and binding of oxygen.

Redox is the term used to describe changes in the oxidation number or oxidation state of atoms in a chemical reaction. This can include simple redox processes, for example the oxidation of carbon to produce carbon dioxide or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to produce methane (CH4).

Redox reactions themselves can also include complex processes, for example the oxidation of sugar in the human body through a series of complicated electron transfers. Where, oxidation and reduction precisely refer to changes in oxidation number because the actual transfer of electrons will not always occur. So oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation number and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number.

So, so that you understand and understand more clearly about oxidation and redox you need to pay attention to the full explanation. The following is an explanation regarding oxidation and redox, starting from the definition of oxidation to examples of redox.

Definition of Oxidation

Oxidation is a term that you need to understand, especially in studying chemistry based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), which states that oxidation is the combination of a substance with oxygen. Where oxidation itself is the release of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion, this is different from reduction, which is the addition of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion.

In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. The oxidation state includes an integer consisting of a positive, negative or zero value. Where for pure compound elements themselves the oxidation state is zero.

These oxidations and reductions of course refer to changes in oxidation number because the actual transfer of electrons will not always occur. So oxidation is better defined as an increase in oxidation number and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number. Such reactions involve the transfer of electrons.

So if it is based on the transfer or transfer of electrons, the reduction reaction is a point electron capture reaction. Meanwhile, the oxidation reaction is a reaction of releasing electrons. In practice, the transfer of electrons will always change oxidation number, but there are many reactions that need to be classified as redox even though there is no transfer of electrons in the reaction, such as something involving covalent bonds. Non-redox reactions that do not involve a change in formal charge are known as metathesis reactions.

Get to know the concept of Redox

So, in order to know more clearly about redox, in the following a discussion on the concept of redox has been presented. Where, chemical reactions involving redox or oxidation-reduction reactions are often used in titrimetric analysis rather than acid-base reactions, complex formation or precipitation. The ions of various elements exist in different oxidation states, which is why there are so many possible redox or oxidation-reduction reactions.

The development of the redox reaction concept resulted in 3 (three) concepts, namely classical theory, modern theory, and the concept of numbers. Then, what are the differences between the two? Let’s pay attention to the full discussion below.

Classical Theory

The classical theory says that oxidation is a process of capturing oxygen and losing hydrogen. However, on the other hand reduction is a process of losing oxygen and capturing hydrogen.

Modern Theory

The concept of redox has developed through various experiments, giving rise to the modern theory. Where, this modern theory says that oxidation is a process that results in the loss of one or more electrons from a substance. Substances that undergo oxidation will turn out to be more positive.

Meanwhile, reduction itself is a process that results in the acquisition of one or more electrons by a substance. Where, substances that undergo this reduction process will become more negative. From these two theories and reduction which is not only seen from the capture of oxygen and hydrogen but as a process of transferring electrons from one substance to another.

The concept of Oxidation Numbers

The concept of a redox reaction involving the transfer of electrons can only occur in ionic compounds. Meanwhile, in covalent compounds it is not. For this reason, a third redox concept emerged, which is based on changes in oxidation numbers or also called oxidation states.

Oxidation number is the positive and negative charges on an atom. The positive oxidation number element itself is generally an atom of a metal element, for example Na, Fe, Mg, Ca, and other metal elements. Meanwhile, elements with negative oxidation numbers are generally atoms of non-metallic elements, for example O, Cl, F, and other non-metallic elements.

According to the concept of change in oxidation number, states that a reduction reaction is a reaction in which the oxidation number decreases. Meanwhile, the oxidation reaction itself is a reaction that experiences an increase in oxidation number.

Where, there are 8 (eight) rules in determining the oxidation number of an atom that you must know, including the following:

1. The concept of the oxidation number of free elements in the form of atoms and molecules, namely O

Atomic free samples.
C, Ca, Cu, Na, Fe, Al, Ne = 0
Free examples are molecules.
For example H2, O2, CI2, P4, S8, = 0.

2. The concept of the oxidation number of monoatomic and polyatomic ions according to the type of ionic charge

For example:
The oxidation numbers of monoatomic ions Na+, Mg2+, and AI3+ are +1, +2, and +3, respectively.
The oxidation numbers of polyatomic ions NH4+, SO42-, and PO43- are +1, -2, and -3, respectively.

3. The concept of the oxidation number of elements in metal groups IA, IIA, and IIIA according to group

An example of the oxidation number of Na in a NaCl compound is +1
Such as: IA = H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr = +1.
An example of the oxidation number of Mg in the compound MgSO2 is +2.
Such as: IIA = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra = +2.
An example of the oxidation number of Al in the AI203 compound is +3.
Like IIIA = B, Al, Ga, In, Tl = +3.

4. The concept of oxidation numbers for more than one transition group or group B elements

Example:
Oxidation numbers of Cu = +1 and +2.
Au oxidation number = +1 and +3.
Sn oxidation numbers = +3 and +4.

5. The concept of the total oxidation number of the elements that form ions = the total charge

For example: NH4+ = +1

6. The concept of the sum of the oxidation numbers of the elements that form compounds = 0

For example: H2O = 0

7. The concept of Hydrogen Oxidation Number (H) When Associated with Metals = -1 But when H is related to non-metals = +1

For example: The oxidation number of H in AIH3 = -1

8. Concept of Oxygen Number (O) in Peroxide Compounds = -1 and Oxidation Number of O in Non Peroxide Compounds = -2

For example: The oxidation number of O in the compound BaO2 = -1.

How to Determine Reduction and Oxidation (Redox) Reactions Based on the Concept of Increasing and Decreasing Oxidation Numbers

In reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions, there are several elements that act as reducing agents and oxidizing agents. Where, the substance that is being oxidized is called a reducing agent, while the substance that is being reduced is called an oxidizing agent.

Try to look at the following example:
Reaction Mg(s) + 2HCl —–> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Because Mg is a free element, so the oxidation number of Mg = 0. Then, the oxidation number of H in the 2HCl compound is +1 because H elements are related to other elements and H is a group of IA. Furthermore, because H = +1, it means that Cl = -1 so that the total oxidation number of 2HCl = 0.

On the right-hand side, the oxidation number of Mg in the compound MgCl is +2 because Mg is bonded and is a group IIA element. This is because Cl has an index of 2, so the oxidation number of Cl = -1 so that the total oxidation number of MgCl2 = 0. In addition, because H2 is a free element, the oxidation number has a value of 0. Where, the element Mg experiences an increase in oxidation number from 0 to +2 So it will undergo an oxidation reaction.

So that the element Mg can be said to be a reducing agent. Meanwhile, element H will experience a decrease in its oxidation number from +1 to 0, so it will undergo a reduction reaction. Therefore, HCl is called an oxidizing agent.

Definition of Oxidizing and Reducing

An oxidizing agent is a compound that has the ability to oxidize other compounds or is commonly known as a compound that accepts electrons. Where, the oxidizer itself is a compound that has elements with high oxidation numbers, for example H2O2, MnO4-, CrO3, Cr2O72-, OsO4, and other very electronegative compounds.

Meanwhile, a reducing agent is a compound that has the ability to reduce other compounds or is commonly known as an electron donating compound. Compounds in the form of reducing agents are found in metal elements. For example Lu, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Al. Another type of reducing agent is a hybrid transfer reagent, such as NaBH4 and LiALH4.

Examples of Redox Reactions

One example of a redox reaction is between hydrogen and fluorine:
H2 + F2 a 2 HF

You can write all these reactions as 2 (two) half reactions:
Oxidation reaction: H2 a 2H+ + 2e-
Reduction reaction: F2 + 2e- a 2F-

Analyzing each half reaction will make the whole chemical process appear more clearly. That is because there is no change in total charge during a redox reaction, the total excess electrons in an oxidation reaction must equal the number consumed in a reduction reaction.

Elements even in this molecular form often have an oxidation number of zero. In the above reaction hydrogen is oxidized from 0 to +1, while fluorine is reduced from 0 to -1. When oxidation and reduction reactions are combined the electrons involved reduce each other:

H2 a 2H+ + 2e-
F2 + 2e- à 2F-
______________________
H2 + F2 a 2H+ + 2F-
And the ions will combine to form hydrogen fluoride:
H2 + F2 a 2H+ + 2F- a 2 HF
This is the discussion about oxidation. Hopefully the information about oxidation above can be helpful and useful for readers.

What is ospek – For students who have just graduated from high school or vocational school and are prospective new students, of course they are already familiar with the term ospek. It can be said that this ospect activity is one of the things that is quite anticipated or even a scourge among prospective new students.

These ospect activities usually consist of various kinds of activities that can make prospective new students or new students understand how life is on campus.

But unfortunately, there are still some prospective students who don’t understand what the ospek is like on campus. Therefore, it would be better if you first understood the information about prospective exams so that you can prepare yourself well when you enter college.

In this article, we will discuss what prospecting is, its benefits, and also the sequences that are usually carried out during exams.

What is an Ospect?

The question that often arises from prospective new students is what is ospek? So, ospect itself is Study Orientation and Campus Introduction, which is an activity that aims to introduce new students to college life.

The campus world has many differences from the education we take at school, starting from learning methods, clothes, class schedules, to the culture. That is what new students will be introduced to when attending ospek.

The hope is that, after attending ospects, new students can understand the lecture system and can adapt to campus life which is very fast and dynamic. There are lots of benefits that can be obtained by participating in ospek activities.

Starting from being able to know the lecture system, getting to know the culture around campus, making new friends, and also getting to know seniors. This series of ospect activities must be carried out by new students or better known as freshmen with a schedule that has been prepared by the committee. This ospect activity is also very synonymous with various kinds of special events that will become memories for students.

Ospect History

Did you know that Ospek is a colonial heritage? In Indonesia, the Ospek system existed from 1898 to 1927 at an educational institution called STOVIA. At that time, hazing had already been carried out, where the status of senior as well as junior was highly respected.

These juniors will be used as subordinates by the seniors to do various things. This system continued until 1927 to 1942 at the GHS Educational Institution, Ospek was implemented more formally and student participation was voluntary.

Along with the development of the times, Ospek continues to be enforced and is required by the institution. Several modifications to the implementation of this Ospek continue to be implemented, starting from the use of strange costumes and carrying items that are difficult to find, which is one of the modifications of the implementation of the Ospek itself.

Hazing is part of the Opek tradition. This tradition has even been carried out from generation to generation. Many people criticize this hazing system. Because, there are so many cases of hazing that have fatal consequences. Ranging from violence to cause death.

Many people ultimately criticized this activity. The government itself finally made an appeal to the tertiary institutions to change the Ospek system. The use of strange attributes has begun to be abolished, hazing and seniority have also begun to be eliminated. Ospek has begun to be changed towards its main purpose and main function.

A series of activities that are usually carried out during Ospek

During the orientation period, usually the activities that will be carried out are in line with the aim of implementing the Ospek itself, namely to introduce the campus world. The following are some of the series of activities that are usually carried out during Ospek, including:

1. Teaching and Learning Orientation

One of the activities during Ospek is teaching and learning orientation. In this activity, new students will take part in a series of teaching and learning processes as if they were attending a lecture.

This one activity is a provision to prepare new students to take part in actual lectures. There will be lecturers who teach material like in lecture classes. Generally, the material that will be taught is in the form of information about the academic system and also personality development.

New students will generally also be asked to make assignments and present them so they are familiar with the assignments in lectures. When teaching and learning orientation, never hesitate to ask about the lecture system so you don’t get confused when facing the actual lecture.

2. Campus Life Orientation

In addition to teaching and learning orientation, new students will also be introduced to campus life. These orientation activities are generally organized by seniors on campus with the aim of informing new students about activities outside of academic or lecture activities.

These new students will be given assignments to do and also be collected during the Ospek. The assignments are in the form of personal or group assignments such as making videos or interviewing seniors.

When the orientation takes place, new students will also be asked to bring a number of attributes. Activities during this orientation were also quite diverse, ranging from talk shows, seminars, games, to singing yells.

3. UKM Exhibition or Student Activity Unit

During the Ospek period, new students will also be introduced to UKM on campus, such as organizations to extracurriculars. There are various kinds of organizations that exist at the university, faculty, and study program levels.

In addition, there are also extracurricular activities in various fields such as sports and arts. Each organization and also this extracurricular will present the activities they usually do in front of new students.

At this time, you should look for organizations or activities that match your interests and talents. Look for activities that can support lectures and also develop your abilities outside of academia.

Several extracurricular activities have opened registration for new students during the exhibition. That way, you can register immediately if you have made a choice which activity you will take part in.

4. Faculty and Department Outlook

After carrying out Ospek at the university level, new students will also take part in Ospek activities at the faculty and department levels. Generally, the time for Ospek at the department and faculty level will be longer than the orientation at the university level.

If the university level only lasts for a few weeks, then at the faculty and department level it can take up to 2 months or even one semester, depending on the applicable policies.

The purpose of this Ospek which is held at the faculty and department level is so that every new student can get to know each other with friends from the same class. In this Ospek activity, students will be divided into groups to work on several assignments given by seniors.

Aspect’s attributes, from the name tag to the dress code, will also be determined. New students are expected to be compact with their peers.

In this orientation session, you often find seniors who are fierce. However, you don’t need to be afraid, because after this orientation activity is over, it is possible that you and your seniors can become friends. This Ospek activity is indeed the right time to get to know new friends and also seniors on campus.

Benefits of Ospek for Students

The Ospek activity itself actually has many benefits, especially for new students who are entering the world of lectures for the first time. The following are some of the benefits that you can get from participating in Ospek activities, including:

1. Make New Friends

The ospect activities which are quite intense require new students to always communicate with other people from different backgrounds. Making good friends and also being selective will make new students have relationships in the world of lectures. Be it at the study program or study program level and also at the campus level. They will help each other in terms of information on lectures, ukm, organizations, and also scholarships.

2. Get to know the Campus Environment and Conditions

A fairly large campus environment with various facilities and uses can help us support lectures. Through this Ospek activity, the environment and campus conditions will be introduced to new students.

3. Understand the Lecture System

The lecture system is very different from the existing education system in secondary schools. Therefore, in this Ospek activity, new students will be given direction and also an understanding of the academic system and administration in lectures.

Of course, new students don’t know what a chancellor, dean, head of study program, technician, GPA, short semester, compre, and so on are. In this Ospek, especially the Ospek majors, new students will be introduced to it all.

4. Mental training

As a new student, you will be faced with many new things. From that, you will be mentally trained to dare to communicate, move, be responsible, adapt, and others according to the existing situation and conditions.

5. Practicing Cooperation and Communication

A lot of ospect activities are filled with assignments, either individually or in groups. Group assignments will be done in groups. From this assignment, student cooperation is trained.

6. Practicing Discipline and Confidence

Discipline of new students will be trained by applying the entry schedule, collection of assignments, and also various rules that are applied during the Ospek which have been determined by the committee. In addition to discipline, new students must also practice being confident with the assignments given and having the courage to voice their opinions in public places.

7. Add Experience

There are lots of experiences and also various impressive things that you can get from Ospek activities. For example, getting to know people with different regional languages, meeting campus idols, meeting great speakers, and of course it can be a reference for becoming a dream in the future.

Things New Students Usually Do During Ospek

The following are several things that are synonymous with the implementation of Ospek. Maybe there is an Ospek tradition that is still positive and still worth maintaining today.

1. Using clothes with unusual knick-knacks

Prior to the day of the Ospek, new students will be gathered by the seniors to be given various directions, one of which is regarding the rules of clothing that they must wear while undergoing the Ospek.

Not only are the colors and models of the uniforms regulated, but also the knick-knacks that adorn their clothes will usually be determined by the seniors. Starting from hats, necklaces, bracelets, nameplates, and so on.

While in the campus environment, these various attributes cannot be removed by new students until the Ospek period is over. The time period itself is quite varied, some are three to seven days, some can hold Opek up to one month.

2. Uniform Hairstyle

Not enough with various unusual knick-knacks, seniors also usually assign new students to uniform their haircuts. Usually, men are told to make their hair uniform and women are told to tie their hair in small pieces. Meanwhile for female students who wear headscarves, the Ospek committee will ask them to decorate their hijabs with various kinds of colorful ribbons.

3. Eating Together Full of Rules

This inspection will usually take place from the morning until the afternoon. When lunch time arrives, it is not uncommon for seniors to order new students to have lunch together with the excuse of strengthening intimacy. However, this lunch moment was not free from various rules made by the seniors. For example, eating time is limited, sitting cross-legged and upright when putting food into the mouth, no sound is allowed, and no food is allowed to be left.

4. Play Various Kinds of Games

Even though the rules regarding uniforms until mealtime are synonymous with the impression of hazing, it turns out that Opek’s activities are not all annoying. On the sidelines of Ospek activities, the committee will usually invite new students to play various creative and exciting games. There are games that aim to train concentration and also teamwork, there are also games that are played to simply get rid of sleepiness.

5. Get acquainted with Lecturers and Various SMEs

It is not uncommon for people to think that Ospek activities are a waste of time, energy and materials. This impression is not entirely correct. During Ospek activities, new students will also be given the opportunity to get acquainted with several lecturers who will teach them in lectures.

By knowing the character of the lecturers and a glimpse of the lectures, of course this is very useful to minimize the anxiety that new students feel before the first day of class.

Apart from getting to know the lecturers, new students will also be introduced to various UKM or Student Activity Units at university, faculty, department, or study program levels. These various UKM are very useful in helping students to develop their interests and talents.

6. Familiarity Night

The last day of Ospek is usually the time most students look forward to. In addition to feeling relieved, the closing of this Ospek is usually accompanied by various fun celebrations or ceremonies, such as an evening of intimacy.

In this event, usually there is no uniform or hairstyle that is required. All new students can be free to express themselves. The impression of seniority that was attached during Ospek also began to fade and disappear in the evening of intimacy.

This is an explanation of what Ospek is, a series of activities, benefits, and also some things that are synonymous with Ospek activities. For Sinaumed’s who want to know more deeply about life on campus, you can read related books by visiting sinaumedia.com .

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Umm

reference:

• https://danacita.co.id/blog/ospek-Jadi-info-terlengkap-untuk-mahasiswa-baru/
• https://deepublishstore.com/ospek-kuliah/

Organizational Theory – In studying and getting to know knowledge about organizations or even those of you who are currently affiliated and active in various forms of organizations. You can read this article to understand more about the organization itself.

In full, this article will discuss what an organization is, the meaning of organizational theory, various forms of organizational theory, and much more that can help Sinaumed’s in enriching information about organizations. Check out the following information.

Definition of Organization

Organization is a social unit that is formed from the existence of a group of individuals who interact with each other which forms a pattern that is structured in a certain way so that each member in it has the duties and functions of each, becomes a unit that has a specific purpose and have clear boundaries so that the organization can be strictly separated from its environment.

According to Burky and Perry, the notion of an organization is a unit consisting of several individuals who act together to achieve common goals.

Based on the book Organizational Theory, an organization is formed because of encouragement from within a group of people to achieve certain goals. This book also discusses how to work together in an organization and how the organization can run well.

Definition of Organizational Theory

Organizational theory itself is a theory used to study the process of cooperation between individuals. The nature of the group that exists within the individual in achieving goals and the various ways that are taken by using theories that can explain the form of behavior, such as the motivation of an individual in carrying out the process of collaboration in an organization.

The definition of organizational theory according to Lubis and Husaini in 1987 itself is a collection of knowledge that talks about the mechanism of cooperation between two or more people which is carried out systematically in achieving common goals that have been determined beforehand.

Meanwhile, Stephen P. Robbins (1994) put forward the notion of organizational theory as a scientific discipline that studies organizational structure and design. Organizational theory refers to various descriptive aspects and perspectives of the discipline. Organizational theory is also often used in explaining how organizations are actually made or structured and offers about how an existing organization can be constructed in order to increase organizational effectiveness.

Based on the above understanding, it can be concluded that organizational theory has a function to explain the activities and dynamics of cooperation in an organization as well as to provide guidance and guidance in the decision-making process based on predictions made as a result of the decision making.

To better understand what organizational theory is, a book entitled Organizational + Organizing Theory can be used by Sinaumed’s as a reference because it was compiled by experts on organizational theory topics which will definitely be useful for you!

Organizational Theory Based on Analysis Level

The types of organizational theory themselves vary based on literature and library sources. Based on Scott in Legard (2010), organizational theory is divided into three levels of analysis, which consist of a socio-psychological level, a structural level, and a macro level which will be explained as follows.

1. Socio-psychological level

The first organizational theory, namely the socio-psychological level, is an organizational theory that focuses more on individual and interpersonal relationships within an organization.

In this group of theories, organizational experts make efforts to explain how people in an organization relate to each other in achieving their respective goals.

2. Structural Level

The second organizational theory, namely the structural level, is an organizational theory that focuses more on an organization in general and subdivisions of an organization such as departments, teams, and so on.

In this group of theories, organizational experts also explain how the units within the organization such as departments, sections, sections, and the like are related to each other in achieving the goals of each of these units.

3. Macro Level

The third organizational theory, namely the macro level, is an organizational theory that focuses more on the role of an organization in establishing relationships with other organizational groups and communities.

At this level, organizational experts make efforts to explain the relationships between organizations in achieving their respective goals.

With so many different organizational theories, it becomes very difficult to study them without references. One of the reference books entitled Organization Theory, 4th Edition which is below discusses Scientific Management, Motivation Theory, Structural Contingency Theory, and many more.

Organization Theory

In its development, organizational theory itself has undergone various changes that have occurred from time to time which can be seen through the various variables that are the focus of its attention, which are classified into three, namely scientific management theory, human relations theory, and quantitative flow theory.

Consider about organizational theory which is classified into three, as follows.

1. Scientific or Classical Theory of Management

In this scientific or classical management theory there are variables that are considered, namely:

• The importance of the role of the manager
• Utilization and appointment of labor
• Responsibility and employee welfare
• Favorable climate

There are also various principles in the division of labor in scientific management or scientific management that relate to the experts, which consist of:

1. Robert Owen in 1771 to 1858, in principle emphasized the role of human resources or HR which was the key to success for a company.

There are also assumptions regarding Robert Owen’s theory which is motivated by inadequate or inadequate working conditions and requirements, where the previous working conditions and the life of the workers at that time were very bad.

2. Charles Babbage in 1792 to 1871, in principle advocated for holding a division of labor that had something to do with the division of work, so that each existing worker could be taught or educated to have a special skill.

Every existing worker is only required to carry out special responsibilities according to the expertise or specialization they have.

3. Frederick W. Taylor, in principle, states the starting point for the application of management which is carried out scientifically as a result of research on time and motion studies.

With the emphasis on time, the completion of existing work can be correlated with the wages or payments received. The existing method is referred to as the differential wage system.

4. Henry L. Gantt in 1861 to 1919, in principle he issued ideas that had similarities with Taylor’s ideas, namely: Mutually beneficial cooperation that occurs between managers and employees, recognizes proper selection methods and bonus systems as well as instructions.

Henry L. Gantt also rejected the differential wage system, where he considered it had little impact on existing work motivation.

5. Frank B. Gilberth and Lillian M. Gilberth in 1868 to 1924 and 1878 to 1972, which in principle based on the idea of ​​research results regarding the relationship between movement and fatigue at work.

According to Frank, movement and fatigue are related to one another. Where every movement that is eliminated also causes fatigue. Meanwhile, according to Lilian, in the setting to achieve effective movements can reduce fatigue levels.

6. Herrington Emerson in 1853 to 1931, who in principle said that the disease that interferes with existing management systems in industry is waste and efficiency.

Therefore, he also recommends that an organization has clear objectives, logical activities, sufficient staff, has work discipline, fair remuneration, credible or reliable reports, sequences of instructions, standardization of activities, standard conditions, standard operations. , standard instructions as well as incentive rewards.

2. Human Relations Theory

In the theory of human relations, the approach taken is in the form of a psychological approach to subordinates, whereby knowing the behavior of a subordinate as a group of human relations aims to support the level of productivity of that person at work.

This is what makes a recommendation for managers in an organization, where the organization is a social system that must pay attention to the social and psychological needs of the employees in it so that productivity can be higher.

The following are the originators or theorists of human relations. Check out the following information.

• Abraham Maslow as the first human relations theorist said about developing a hierarchy of needs for his explanation of human behavior and the dynamics of motivational processes.
• Douglas McGregor as the second human relations theorist describes it with theory X and theory Y.
• Frederick Herzberg as the third human relations theorist elaborates on the hygienic theory of motivation or what is known as the two-factor theory.
• Robert Black and Jane Mouton as the fourth human relations theorists discuss the five leadership styles in a managerial condition.
• Rensis Likert as the fifth human relations theorist identified and conducted intensive research on the four existing management systems.
• Fred Fiedler as the sixth human relations theorist suggests a contingency approach in the study of leadership.
• Chris Argyris as the seventh human relations theorist views an organization as a social system as well as a system that exists between cultural relations.
• Edgar H. Schein as the eighth human relations theorist who examines group dynamics that occur within organizations.

3. Quantitative Flow Theory

In the theory of quantitative flow, management decisions are more focused on calculations that can be accounted for by their scientific level. This approach is also known as the management science approach which generally has the following steps.

• Formulate the problem
• Constructing an arithmetic model
• Get the solution from the existing model
• Reviewing models and model results
• Establish results-based oversight
• Conduct implementation

There are also tools that are generally used in this method, namely statistical and computerized methods to see possibilities and opportunities as information needed by management.

4. Bureaucratic Theory

The theory of bureaucracy was first put forward by Max Weber in his book entitled The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism.

The word bureaucracy itself originally came from the word legal-rational. Where an existing organization is legal, because it has authority that comes from a set of procedural rules and roles that have been formulated clearly and in detail. Organizations are also called rational in setting goals and organizational design in achieving these goals.

According to Max Weber, bureaucracy also has the following six characteristics.

• The bureaucracy has a clear division of labor
• The bureaucracy has a well-defined hierarchy of authority
• Bureaucracy has a rational program to achieve organizational goals
• The bureaucracy has a system of procedures for handling work situations
• The bureaucracy has a system of rules that includes various rights and position obligations for office holders within it
• Bureaucracy has interpersonal relationships that have an impersonal nature

5. Administration Theory

This administrative theory was largely developed on the basis of contributions from Henri Fayol and Lyndall Urwick who came from Europe and also Mooney and Reiley who came from America.

As an industrialist from France, Henri Fayol lived from 1841 to 1925 and proposed and discussed fourteen principles of management which until now have become the basis for the development of administrative theory. The fourteen management principles consist of:

• The division of labor or what can be called the division of work
• Authority and responsibility or what can be called authority and responsibility
• Discipline or what can be called discipline
• Unity of command or what can be called the unity of command
• Unity of direction or what can be called the unity of direction
• Prioritizing public interests over personal interests or what can be called the subordination of individual interests to general interests
• Remuneration or what can be called the remuneration of personnel
• Centralization or what can be called centralization
• Scalar chain or what can be called a scalar chain
• Rules or what can be called an order
• Justice or what can be called equity
• Perpetuation of personnel or what can be called the stability of tenure of personnel
• Initiative or what can be called the initiative
• The spirit of the corps or what can be called the esprit de corps

Henri Fayol also details the various functions of administrative activities which are used as various elements of management and is also known as Fayol’s Functionalism or Fayol’s theory of functionalism which consists of: planning, organizing, giving orders, coordinating, and supervising.

Organization Theory According to Stephen P. Robbins

An organization expert named Stephen P. Robbins (1995) suggests the division of organizational theory which is divided into four categories consisting of the following.

1. Type 1 theorist

• The group of type 1 theorists is known as the classical school
• The efforts made by this group of theorists are to develop a universal organizational model
• Seeing an organization as a closed system in achieving goals efficiently
• Experts such as Frederick W. Taylor who made scientific management, Henry Fayol who made organizational principles, Max Weber who made bureaucratic theory, and Ralph Davis who made rational planning theory

2. Type 2 theorists

• In the efforts made by this group of theorists, they made adjustments that were socially organizational in nature, as well as forming a flow of human relations that could be called a human relations school.
• Theorists also view the organization as consisting of various tasks as well as people
• Experts such as Elton Mayo who created the Hawthorne theory or study, Chester Barnard who created the theory of cooperative systems, McGregor who created the X and Y theory, and Warren Bennis who created the anti-bureaucratic theory.

3. Type 3 theorists

• This theorist has a contingency approach which means choosing between mechanistic and humanistic
• Experts such as Katz and Kahn who made the theory of environmental perspectives, the case of technology, and the Aston group who made the theory of organizational scales.

4. Type 4 theorists

• These theorists focus on the political nature of an organization.
• Experts such as March and Simon who made cognitive limits on rationality and Jeffrey Pfeffer who made political arena theory

Well, that’s an explanation of organizational theory and the various forms in it . Based on the information above, it can be concluded that organizational theory is a number of thoughts and concepts that can explain and predict how an organization behaves, which can be formed from various types of structures and certain conditions in achieving its goals.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

What is Online – The term online has been used a lot lately. Many activities are carried out online. But what is online?

Sinaumed’s, maybe you are already doing something online without realizing it. But do not know the meaning of the word online. This article will discuss things about online, from understanding to benefits.

What is Online? Definition of Online

Types of Online Communication

1. Synchronous Chat Communication

For those of you who use applications such as whatsapp, line, sms, telegram, and the like. That means you have done synchronous chat communication. Synchronous chat communication is communication made via the internet but only in the form of text messages or other chats which are only in the form of text messages.

2. Chat Asynchronous Communication

Chat asynchronous communication with chat synchronous communication has the same function, namely sending text messages to someone you want to communicate with.

However, the difference between the two is that chat asynchronous communication is delayed online communication. Chat or text messages sent are not immediately replied to by the recipient.

An example of asynchronous chat communication is like a question session during a webinar or discussion. Questions will be accommodated and answered at the appropriate session or time.

3. Synchronous Call Communication

This type of online communication is communication where someone can communicate via a telephone line that must use the internet. This communication is not limited by time and distance. The applications used vary, of course there must be a telephone feature.

4. Video Call Synchronous Communication

This type of online communication is not much different from synchronous call communication, because you can communicate with someone via voice.

But what distinguishes this synchronous video call communication is that there is a video feature that can show the face of the person you are communicating with. There are also various supporting applications for synchronous video communication.

5. Video Asynchronous Communication

Video asynchronous communication is online communication that is the same as video synchronous communication. But the difference from asynchronous video communication is that someone only sends a form of communication in the form of video.

Two-way communication does not occur in asynchronous video communication. So that the person who sent the video cannot know how the response from the recipient of the video is.

This video asynchronous communication is usually used for teachers who make learning materials in video form. The teacher will send the video to his students.

In addition, there is online communication based on how to communicate, namely formal online communication, informal communication, non-formal online communication, group communication, and communication for work. Here’s the explanation:

6. Formal Online Communication

Formal online communication is communication that takes place in formal situations. Usually this communication is carried out when there is an interest or an obligation to carry out formal online communication. Examples of formal online communication such as conducting webinars, lessons, or meetings.

7. Informal Online Communication

Informal online communication is the exact opposite of formal communication. This communication is done to carry out interactions that do not always have a purpose or purpose. Usually this communication also does not have a definite topic or is not planned. For example, like a mother who contacts her child because she wants to ask how her child is or is.

8. Non-Formal Online Communication

Non-formal online communication is communication that takes place outside of formal or official events. If non-formal communication is carried out in an official situation, usually the person being invited to communicate is a relative or someone who has a close relationship.

9. Group Online Communication

The next type of online communication is group online communication. As the name implies, this communication is done in groups. This communication is usually done within a group of groups on an application or platform.

10. Online Communication for Work

Online communication for work is personal and important. This communication is done for work purposes. This communication can use a personal application or platform, or it can also use a private platform provided by the company. Such as an application, website, or email on behalf of the company.

Components to Support Online Communication

Before online communication can run, components are needed to support it, including the following:

1. Software components ( software )

This component is useful for running the system for online communication purposes. This component serves to bridge the other components. Programs used for this software component such as google, sky, webconferencia, and so on.

 

2. Hardware components (hardware)

Hardware components are components that are visible and usable by humans. Examples of hardware components for online communication are laptops or computers, cellphones, microphones, headsets, and other supporting devices.

3 . Components of reasoning or reasoning devices (brainware)

The component of the device of reason or reason is a human being. Humans are the ones who run the other components, so the presence of this component is really needed for online communication.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Communication

1. Advantages of Online Communication

There are several advantages of online communication that can be found, including:

a. Saving time

Online communication certainly requires the internet to work. The advantage of online communication is that it saves time, it doesn’t take long to send messages or videos to someone when using online communication. In addition, online communication knows no time, you can use it at any time.

b. Can be done anywhere

Online communication is communication that can be done anywhere, as long as the internet is connected. This is one of the advantages of online communication. So there is no need to meet to communicate.

c. Save costs

To communicate online, you don’t need to pay a lot of money. Compared to communicating in person, especially if the distance is great, online communication is very helpful. Because it can reduce costs, only internet costs are needed.

 

2. Disadvantages of Online Communication

Besides the advantages, online communication also has disadvantages. Are as follows:

a. Requires a specific device or application

If you want to communicate online, certain applications are needed to support this communication. This can be said to be a drawback of online communication, because not all applications can be installed or used in general.

b. Difficulty expressing emotions

The disadvantages of online communication in this case are clearly visible when using online communication of the text message type. Misunderstandings often occur between the sender and the recipient of the message, because it is difficult to guess the expression received by the recipient of the message from the sender of the message.

c. Widespread data privacy threats

When you want to communicate online using certain platforms or applications, personal data is required. This is actually dangerous, because if private personal data is spread, it can be misused by irresponsible people.

Online Benefits

Following are some of the many benefits of going online:

• To communicate
• As a trading medium
• Can be used for business
• Facilitate learning
• As a means of e-banking
• Entertainment media
• Can access information from anywhere and anytime

That’s information about online, from understanding to benefits. For Sinaumed’s who want to know more, there’s no need to worry, because sinaumedia as #SahabatUnlimits will always help by providing books on sinaumedia.com .

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

What is Ohm’s Law? – Basically, in a closed circuit there will be a flow of electric current. Where the electric current flows because of a potential difference between two points in an introduction, for example on a flashlight, television, radio, and others. The equipment can turn on or function if there is electricity that comes from the voltage connected to the equipment itself. So it will produce a potential difference.

Ohm’s law is one of the basic sciences of electronics. This one science is very useful to help us in calculating the current, voltage, or resistance of an electric circuit. Where ohm’s law states the relationship between mathematical and current, voltage, and also network resistance. The name of the law is taken from a German physicist and mathematician named Georg Simon Ohm. Ohm was the first to examine the relationship between electric current strength and potential difference in a conductor. In that research, Ohm found a mathematical relationship between electric current strength and potential difference, which eventually became known as Ohm’s Law.

It is known that the greater the potential difference that appears, the greater the current flowing. The magnitude of the ratio between the potential difference and the electric current strength is always the same or constant. So that the potential difference is equivalent to the current strength (V ~ I). When viewed mathematically, it can be written that V = mxl, m is a constant ratio between the potential difference and the current strength.

One of the formulas that describes Ohm’s Law is that it reads, “the current flowing in a conductor is proportional to the potential difference that exists between the ends of the conductor provided that the temperature is constant or constant.

In everyday life, sometimes we will find an electrical device that reads 220 V/2 A. This writing was not written without a purpose. Where the purpose of this article is to inform that the electric device will work optimally and for a long time if it is installed with a voltage of 220 V and a current of 2 A. Then, what if it is installed at a higher or lower voltage? For example, if there are two lamps that say 220 V/2 A, they are installed at 440 V and 55 V. So what will happen?

For lamps that are installed at a higher voltage, it will result in the lamp shining brighter but not lasting long. Meanwhile, for lights that are installed at a lower current voltage, it will cause the lights to become dim. Therefore, you should always pay attention to the instructions for using power tools.

Understanding Ohm’s Law

According to Wikipedia, Ohm’s Law is an electric current which is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Meanwhile, according to Collins Dictionary, Ohm’s Law is the principle of an electric current flowing through a conductor that is proportional to the potential difference. However, the temperature remains constant. The proportional constant is the resistance of the conductor.

Ohm’s Law equations and Ohm’s Law formulas describe how current flows through any material when a voltage is applied. One thing you need to remember is the difference between low resistance and high resistance. An electric cable or other conductor has low resistance, meaning that current will flow easily. Conversely, if the resistance is high, the current will be difficult to flow.

Understanding Ohm’s Law above will not help much if we don’t know what variables we use, what are the equations, and how to use them. If based on the American English Dictionary, Ohm’s Law has a ratio that is proportional to the current in the dc circuit given the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance. Not only dc, Ohm’s Law also applies to ac circuits.

Ohm’s law is usually described by graphing the linear relationship between voltage (V) and current (I) in an electric circuit. We can imagine how Ohm’s Law looks like with a pipe illustration.

a. The water pipe is the resistance (R) in the circuit, calculated in Ohms (Ω).
b. Water is an electric current (I) flowing in a circuit, calculated in amperes (A).
c. The difference in height between the water is the voltage (V) in the circuit, calculated in volts (V).

From the explanation above, the illustration goes like this:

a. If the water pipe is narrow or the resistance is high, this will limit the water or electric current flowing in the circuit.
b. If the water pipes are wide or have low resistance, this will increase the water or electric current flowing in the circuit.

Ohm’s Law sounds

At first, Ohm’s Law consisted of two parts. The first part is the definition of resistance, namely V = IR. This relationship is often called Ohm’s Law. However, Ohm also said that R is a constant that does not depend on V or I. The relationship V =IR can be applied in any resistor, where V is the potential difference between the two ends of the resistance and I is the current flowing through it. While R is the resistance or resistance of the resistor.

Ohm’s law itself reads, “The strength of the current flowing in a conductor or resistance is proportional to the potential difference or voltage between the ends of the conductor. The statement can be written as follows, namely I ∞ V.”

In everyday life, current strength is needed like electric current strength. For example, when connecting a wire to a 6 V battery, the current flow will be doubled compared to when connecting to a 3 V battery.

From here, let’s say we take an example of electric current with the flow of water in a pipe or river which is affected by gravity. If the pipe and river are almost flat, the water velocity will be relatively small. However, if one end is higher than the other, then the flow velocity or current will be greater. The greater the difference in height, the greater the current. That said, the amount of current flowing in the wire does not only depend on the voltage. But it also depends on the resistance provided by the wire to the flow of electrons. Pipe walls or river banks and also the rocks in the middle, can provide obstacles to the flow of currents. In the same way, electrons will be slowed down due to interactions with the atoms of the wire. The higher the resistance, the smaller the current in a voltage V.

Electrical resistance

According to Ohm’s Law equation, electrical resistance can be interpreted as the quotient of the potential difference between the ends of the conductor and the current flowing in the conductor itself. To commemorate the services of Georg Simon Ohm, his name is used as a unit of electrical resistance that we know as Ohm or (Ω) or the conductor is said to have a resistance of one ohm if an electric current of one ampere flows in the conductor. Where it is due to the potential difference between the ends of the conductor of one volt.

Types of Barriers

In everyday life, there are several types of resistance or resistors that are often used according to their needs. The types of obstacles are as follows:

a. Fixed Resistors

In fixed resistors which are generally made of carbon or thin nichrome wire, the value of the resistance is symbolized by various colors that circle on the outer shell. The color symbol has a meaning according to its location.

b. Variable Resistors

There are two types of variable resistors that we know on the market, namely rotating and shifting type variable resistors. Basically, the way the two resistors work is the same, namely by shifting or rotating the sliding contacts to increase or decrease the resistance value as needed. We can find these variable resistors in the volume system on radios, tape recorders, and other electronic equipment.

Measuring Barriers

From the explanation above, we already know how to measure the amount of current or potential difference in a conductor. Now, we will discuss how to measure the amount of electrical resistance. Where to measure electrical resistance there are two ways that we can use, namely directly and indirectly.

a. Measuring Barriers Directly

Most people must have known a multimeter, which is a tool that can be used to measure current strength, potential difference, and resistance. To measure resistance using a multimeter, we must first turn the switch inside the multimeter in the direction marked R. That way, the multimeter already functions as an ohm meter or resistance meter. Connect the ends of the multimeter terminals with the ends of the objects whose resistance will be measured. Then pay attention to the scale displayed on the multimeter.

b. Measuring Barriers Indirectly

Apart from using a multimeter, we can also combine voltmeters and ammeters together in the electrical circuit where the resistance will be measured. The voltmeter is connected in parallel, while the ammeter is connected in series with the object whose resistance is to be measured.

c. Barriers to the Conducting Wire

The conductor wire used in electric wire will certainly have resistance, even though the value is small. To determine the factors that affect the amount of resistance of a conductor.

Ohm’s Law formula

Mathematically, Ohm’s Law formula is V = I x R. Where I is the electric current flowing in a conductor in units of amperes. While V is the electric voltage at both ends of the conductor in units of volts. Then R is the value of the electrical resistance or resistance in a conductor in units of Ohms. The relationship between electric current, resistance, and voltage in a circuit is in Ohm’s Law.

When making experiments on electricity, Ohm found the following things:

a. If the resistance is constant, the current in each circuit is directly proportional to the voltage. But if the voltage increases, the current will also increase and if the voltage decreases, the current will also decrease.
b. If the voltage remains constant, then the current in the circuit becomes inversely proportional to the circuit. But if the resistance increases, the current will decrease and if the resistance decreases, the current will increase.

In a constant resistance, the current as well as the voltage will vary.

Ohm’s law itself can be expressed in the form of a formula. Where the basic formula is stated as follows.

R = the amount of electrical resistance
I = the amount of electric current flowing
E = the amount of electric voltage that is in a closed circuit

Ohm’s Law circuit

Below are several circuits in calculating Ohm’s Law, including:

a. How to Calculate Series Resistors

In a series of resistors arranged in series, the total resistor value can be obtained by adding up all the resistors arranged in series. This refers to the notion that the current strength at all points in a series circuit will always be the same.

b. How to Calculate Parallel Resistors

In a series of resistors arranged in parallel, the calculation of the total resistor value refers to the understanding that the magnitude of the current entering the branch is equal to the magnitude of the current coming out of the branch.

c. How to Calculate Series Capacitors

In a series of capacitors arranged in series, the total capacitor value is obtained by the calculation above.

d. How to Calculate Parallel Capacitors

In a series of several capacitors arranged in parallel, the total capacitor value is the sum of all the values ​​of the capacitors arranged in parallel.

Example of Ohm’s Law Problem

Three resistors are arranged in series, each value is 4 ohms, 3 ohms and 5 ohms. This resistance is then installed at 120 volts. Calculate the magnitude of the voltage across the 3 ohm resistance.

Answer:
R1 = 4 ohms
R2 =3 ohms
R3 = 5 ohms
V = 120 volts

Rtotal = 4 ohms + 3 ohms + 5 ohms = 12 ohms
V = I . R
I = V/Rtotal = 120 /12 = 10 A
V on R2 (rated 3 ohms) is
VR2 = IX R2
= 10 X 3
= 30 volts

Book & Article Recommendations

What is Observation – Observation is one way to get any information from an event by observing it directly. As is known, science is the basis of all events or activities that occur either in a small or a larger scope.

Basically, all of this knowledge is then obtained from learning about events that occur around us or obtained indirectly by reading or listening to explanations from other parties. To find out more about observation, then you can see this review, Sinaumed’s.

Definition of Observation

In general, the definition of observation is an activity of observing a particular object carefully directly at the research location. In addition, this observation also includes recording activities that are carried out systematically about all the symptoms of the object being studied.

There are also other opinions which say that the notion of observation is an act or process of observing something or someone carefully in order to obtain some information or simply to prove the truth of a study.

It can also be said that the observation process as a data collection technique is in accordance with the research objectives. This activity is also planned and recorded in a systematic way and can be controlled in terms of reliability and validity.

Definition of Observation According to Experts

In addition to the general understanding, experts also have their own opinions about what is meant by observation activities. Here are some of them:

1. Kartini Kartono

In Kartini Kartono’s opinion, observation is testing with a specific purpose to find out something, especially those aimed at collecting facts, data, scores, and the value of a verbalization. It can also be called the disclosure of words about everything that has been observed and further investigated.

2. Nurkancana

Meanwhile, the definition of observation according to Nurkancana is a way of making an assessment by means of direct and systematic observation. The data that has been obtained in these observations are then recorded in a special observation note. This recording activity is also part of the observation activity or an object.

3. Seville

Not much different from the two previous experts, Seville also argues that observation or observation in a simple sense is a process in which the researcher looks at the situation of a research being conducted. The method must also be in accordance with what is used and in the form of observing interactions or conditions of teaching and learning, behavior, and group interaction.

4. Gibson RI and Mitchell MH

Observation according to Gibson RI and Mitchell MH is a technique that can be used as degree selection. The goal is to determine a decision and conclusion on the observed object. So, it is clear that observations like this cannot be done alone, but must be assisted by using various other research methods.

5. Patton

Patton said that observation is an accurate and specific method. Data collection techniques must also have a purpose and be able to find all kinds of information about all ongoing activities to then be used as an object of study in a research.

6. Arifin

Furthermore, the definition of observation according to Arifin is a process of observing and recording systematically, logically, objectively, and rationally which talks about various phenomena. The phenomenon in question is something that occurs in an artificial situation to be able to achieve a certain goal or actually.

7. Nawawi and Martini

Finally, the definition of observation according to Nawawi and Martini. Both agree that observation is an observation and recording in sequence. This observation also consists of all the elements that appear in a phenomenon regarding the various objects of research. Then, the results of these observations will also be reported in a systematic manner and in accordance with applicable rules.

Observation Features

Basically, observation is an activity that aims to find information from objects. However, this observation activity has its own characteristics. In general, there are three characteristics of observation, including:

1. Objective

Objective, or carried out based on the state of a single real object that is directly observed.

2. Factual

Factual, or observations made in accordance with the facts derived from observations that are proven to be true without various unclear allegations.

3. Systematic

Systematic, this observation activity is carried out in accordance with a method that has been determined from the start and not haphazardly.

Observation Benefits

For those of you who are going to observe objects, it is mandatory to also make plans related to the most optimal observation method. The results of these observations can then be conveyed in the form of real data which will provide information and learning to the reader.

After knowing the function and purpose of the above, then what are the benefits of making observations? The various benefits of observation include:

• Record an event or event in a coherent and chronological manner
• Describes an incident or event with a high degree of accuracy
• The findings can then be interpreted easily.
• Observation results can also help interpret a situation in the real world.
• Can be combined using other techniques to generate reports.

Observational Purpose

Observers or researchers have the goal of observing objects or phenomena including:

1. Describing Objects and Everything Related to Observation of the Five Senses

The observers then have trained their five senses so that they can observe all events or objects carefully. Of course the ability of these trained five senses will be different from the ability of ordinary people. Everyone also has a different point of view. Observations with the five senses must also be supported by other observation techniques, namely extracting accurate data from the field directly.

2. Drawing a Conclusion

Objects that have been observed for a certain time will then provide conclusions about observations. This conclusion is then presented in the form of a report that can provide information or learning materials for readers.

3. Obtaining Data or Information

The purpose of making observations or observations is to obtain data or information from an object being observed. This data or information will then be shared with other parties in the form of scientific or non-scientific work. In addition, works that have been shown to the public will also receive praise and criticism.

So, this researcher also needs a lot of time to make a work. In the sense of observation, the observer has a general purpose and depends on the various objects being observed.

Observation Strengths and Weaknesses

Observers then make observations about various methods such as tests, questionnaires, recorded images, and sound. Complete the observation by using blanks regarding the events or behavior of the various objects observed.

Then, the observer only needs to give a check mark to the contents of the column according to the results of the observation. Conducting research on objects using the observation method also has advantages and disadvantages that you must understand. Below are the advantages and disadvantages of observation that you need to know:

1. Excess Observation

The following are the advantages of observation.

1. Noting growth behavior and things related to object phenomena when an event takes place.
2. Can obtain data from the subject directly either verbal communication or not.
3. Observation of young children is also easier than adults. The reason is, children can reveal honest behaviors or answers while adults can give invalid or pretend answers.

2. Lack of Observation

Not only advantages, observation or observation also has disadvantages that need attention, namely:

1. It takes a long time to make observations for certain events or events.
2. This observation then takes longer and cannot be done directly.
3. This observation activity can also be disturbed for incidents, incidents or things that are personal.

For example, in observing the behavior of children who experience problems with parental quarrels or certain conflicts. In addition, the personal domain is also a weakness of observation, so that this activity cannot be observed optimally.

Observation Example

One example of observation is conducting research in an elementary school. Then, observations were made in the form of observations of student behavior towards the way of teaching a teacher. You can observe every learning process in class for a certain period of time by applying several methods.

For example, by applying group methods for one week and individual methods at other times. Then, later you will draw conclusions about the behavior of students during the teaching and learning process.

Observation Type

In a book entitled Accurate in Indonesian (2019) by Sutarno, there are three types of observations that are often used in research. This is an explanation of the types of observation:

1. Participatory Observation

Participatory observation is a type of observation that is carried out by being actively involved in the things being observed. The observer must also go directly and carry out the process he directly observes. So then get a clear picture of what is observed.

2. Systematic Observation

Systematic observation is a type of observation that is also carried out with appropriate procedures or provisions that have been designed beforehand without violating these provisions. In order to be able to carry out systematic observations, observers must also determine in advance what factors underlie their observations.

3. Experimental Observations

Experimental observation is a type of observation that is carried out by holding an action to control the situation, and then making this observation of the phenomenon or phenomenon being studied.

After reading this article to the end, has the question of what observation is answered? If not, you can find further information in books about research that can be found at sinaumedia.com .

Hopefully all the discussion above is useful as well as adding insight to Sinaumed’s.

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

What is Ngabuburit – In this country, Indonesia, ngabuburit activities have become a tradition that is usually carried out when the month of Ramadan arrives. Both children, young people, adults, and even the elderly must have followed this special tradition of the month of Ramadan. In addition, not only Muslims who actually observe the fasting month of Ramadan follow this tradition, but also those who do not fast during Ramadan.

They ngabuburit together as a form of preserving traditions that have existed for generations. There are many activities that can be done during this ngabuburit, from evening walks, takjil hunting, to listening to cults at the mosque.

Then, what the heck is drowning? How is this ngabuburit tradition carried out in various parts of Indonesia? What activities can you do during this ngabuburit time?

Let’s look at the following reviews!

What is Ngabuburit?

Based on the Sundanese Language Dictionary which has been published by the Sunda Language and Literature Institute (LBSS), the word ‘ngabuburit’ comes from ‘burit’ which means ‘ afternoon ‘.

Meanwhile in Sundanese, ‘ngabuburit’ is ‘lakuran’ from the phrase ‘ ngalantung ngadagoan burit ‘, which means ‘ relaxing while waiting for the afternoon ‘.

In contrast to the Minang language, this ngabuburit is often called ‘ malengahsahasao ‘ which means ‘ to do activities to divert hunger and thirst during fasting ‘.

So, it can be concluded that ngabuburit is an activity carried out to wait for the Maghrib call to prayer before breaking the fast during the month of Ramadan.

Well, the term ‘ngabuburit’ gradually spread to all corners of Indonesia before the 1990s until it finally became a tradition today. Usually, this ngabuburit activity will be held at 15.30 to 17.30 (depending on when the Maghrib call to prayer will resound).

In the process of its implementation, ngabuburit is often filled with traveling, takjil hunting, participating in cults, playing kites, and some even playing football. Therefore, when the month of Ramadan arrives, there will be many sellers selling traditional food and snacks either on the side of the road or at the market just before breaking the fast.

This ngabuburit phenomenon has been carried out since ancient times, but of course the activities carried out can be different. In the past, especially in remote villages, people would hang out by plaiting pandan leaf mats, joking around with their families and neighbors, and reading the Koran in the surau (tadarusan).

As time progresses, the ngabuburit tradition also develops. Nowadays, young people usually do ngabuburit by hanging out in cafes, riding motorbikes together, walking around the town square, playing football, looking for takjil snacks, and cooking food for breaking the fast later.

Ngabuburit Tradition in Several Regions of Indonesia

1. Sailboat Racing

The ngabuburit tradition, which is filled with sailboat racing activities, can be found in the Surabaya area. The local community, to be precise those who live around Kenjeran Beach, will do a miniature sailboat race. Not only that, the mini sailboat will be decorated with a variety of colors to add to the beauty of the competition.

2. Kumbohan

Kumbohan is a ngabuburit tradition in Lamongan. The activity is in the form of hunting munggut fish around the Bengawan Solo River. There are many types of fish that are hunted, ranging from shrimp, lobster, bader, keting, to milkfish.

The way to catch it is to wait for the water in the river to become cloudy. The fish will be ‘drunk’ because of new water shipments or changes in water that was originally clear to cloudy. In addition, the water in the river will recede so fish will be easy to catch. Later, people will wait for the fish to rise to the surface and catch them.

3. Relax on the Beach

Ngabuburit activities by relaxing on the beach are usually carried out by people who live around the beach. For example, at Taman Pandan Beach in Sukabumi, West Java.

On these beaches there will also be sellers selling takjil food to breaking fast food so that relaxing time will be enjoyable.

4. Morning romance

Unlike its name, this ngabuburit activity has absolutely nothing to do with finding a mate. The ngabuburit activity which is usually carried out on the Ampera Bridge, Palembang, is in the form of setting off a number of firecrackers along the bridge while waiting for the Maghrib call to prayer to ring out.

5. Hunt for Takjil at the Surprised Market

Ngabuburit is not complete without takjil hunting. In various parts of Indonesia, there are many surprised markets that provide a variety of takjil snacks at various prices.

This surprised market is called ‘shocked’ because on average the sellers appear suddenly only at certain times, for example when the month of Ramadan is approaching breaking the fast.

6. Getting Around Using a Chart Boat

This ngabuburit activity is usually often carried out in Bangka Belitung. A number of young people will later go around the Bangka Belitung area using a charter boat while waiting for the time to break their fast.

7. Bleguran

The ngabuburit tradition, which is filled with bleguran activities, has been carried out since the 1970s around the Jakarta area.

In this bleguran activity, later the young people will make bamboo cannons and blow them up so that the sound of the boom sounds like a cannon. Even so, this traditional game does not use bullets and does not produce dangerous explosions.

Activities That Can Be Done To Fill Ngabuburit

In this month of Ramadan in 2022, like it or not, we will still have to coexist with the Covid-19 pandemic again, like last year. Even so, we can still do ngabuburit to wait for the time to break the fast.

There are many activities that can be done to fill the time spent hanging out, and can even be done at home to avoid the risk of contracting the Covid-19 virus. What are these activities? Let’s look at the following description!

1. Make Your Own Takjil Cuisine

If in previous years, we used to buy takjil food at the market during ngabuburit, this year will be different. That is, you can make your own takjil dishes in your style.

For example, you like banana kolak takjil. Of course, you can spend your ngabuburit time while waiting for the time to break your fast by making this banana compote, with your family, relatives, or boarding house friends if you are boarding a boarding house .

Besides being more economical, you also get a larger portion than buying at the market. Of course it will be hygienic as well.

2. Watching Movies

When you have finished helping your mother cook food for breaking the fast, then you can wait for the Maghrib call to prayer to resound by watching a movie. Try not to make films that contain indecent scenes, because they can interfere with fasting. It’s better to watch comedy or animation (cartoon) genre films.

Currently, there are many platforms that provide films from various countries and genres, namely Netflix, WeTV, iQiyi, and many more.

3. Participate in online cults

During Ramadan, there will be many cults held by well-known ustadz and ustadzah online. Even though it is done online, it does not prevent us from getting useful lectures and advice for the life of the world and the hereafter.

4. Afternoon Stroll

Most Indonesians usually do Ngabuburit with evening walks to fill their spare time waiting for the time to break their fast. These afternoon walks are usually in the town square while hunting for takjil food.

5. Playing Kites

Even though it looks like a simple children’s game, playing with kites can also be an option to fill your iftar time, you know…

If you want to fly a kite, try to do it in a wide field, not in an area full of electric cables because it can be dangerous. In addition, the kite strings that have been broken are immediately cut and thrown away, so as not to endanger other people passing by.

6. Exercise

You can exercise in the afternoon while waiting for the time to break your fast. For example doing an afternoon run, basketball, volleyball, soccer, or badminton. Apart from health reasons, the free time before the Maghrib call to prayer will also not be felt.

So, that’s a review of what ngabuburit is and how the ngabuburit tradition is carried out in various parts of Indonesia. The ngabuburit activity is absolutely no prohibition in its implementation because it has become a tradition. However, as good Muslims, don’t forget to pray the Asr prayer before leaving for ngabuburit….