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Understanding Debt Instruments – For those who have been involved in the business and financial world for a long time will certainly understand more about the various terms in it. One of them is debt instruments. However, for those who are new, of course there are still many who do not understand the meaning of debt instruments.

Therefore, in this article we will discuss the terms of debt instruments along with examples of these terms in full.

What Are Debt Instruments?

A debt instrument is an asset that requires regular payments to all its holders, generally using interest. In addition, a debt instrument is also a documented and binding obligation that provides funds to entities in return for the entity’s promise to make repayments to lenders in accordance with the contract or agreement that has been made.

The debt instrument contract contains all the detailed provisions regarding the agreement, namely the collateral involved, the interest rate, the interest payment schedule, as well as the period until maturity if applicable. This debt instrument also provides capital to entities that promise to pay back the capital from time to time. Credit cards, lines of credit, loans, and even bonds can all be used as types of debt instruments.

The term debt instrument primarily has a focus on debt capital collected by institutional entities. Because this institutional entity can include the government, private companies, and also the public. Credit cards and lines of credit are types of debt instruments that can be used by institutions to obtain capital. This revolving line of credit generally has a simple arrangement and only with one lender.

Debt security instruments are sophisticated and structured debt instruments to be issued to various investors. More complex debt instruments will certainly require the creation of extended contracts as well as the involvement of many lenders who generally invest through the organized market.

Who uses debt instruments?

Generally, the term debt instrument has a focus on debt capital issued by an institutional entity. Institutional entities can include the government, private and public companies.

Debt instruments provide capital to entities that promise to repay the capital from time to time. Because the issuance structure allows capital to be obtained from many investors, the entity issues these debt securities instruments. Debt securities can be arranged with long or short term.

Long-term debt securities require payments to investors within a period of up to more than one year. As for short-term debt securities paid back to investors and closed within a period of one year. Entities generally organize debt security offers for payments ranging from one month to 30 years.

These revolving credit lines generally have a simple structure and only one lender. They also generally have no connection with the primary or secondary market for securitization.

More complex debt instruments will involve contract structures as well as the involvement of many investors or lenders who generally invest through an organized market.

Types of Debt Instruments

Based on the repayment period, the types of debt instruments are divided into two types, namely:

1. Short-term debt

Short-term debt generally has a short repayment period of less than 1 year.

2. Long-term debt

Long-term debt has a relatively longer maturity period. Generally up to more than one accounting period of 1 year. It can even be longer than that.

Examples of Debt Instruments in Indonesia

According to the type of debt, the issuance market for institutionalized entities varies greatly. The types of debt instruments that can be used by institutions to obtain capital are credit cards and lines of credit. In addition, there are loans and obligations. Everything can be a type of debt instrument.

Some things that are usually used as debt instruments are:

1. National Bonds

National Debt is a valuable document in the form of a letter of acknowledgment of debt in Rupiah currency or foreign currency that is guaranteed payment of principal and interest by the Republic of Indonesia, in accordance with the validity period.

The management of this National Debt Bond has been regulated in Law Number 24 of 2002 on National Debt Bonds, which provides certainty that:

• SUN publications are only for a specific purpose.
• The government is obliged to pay the interest and principal of the SUN that has fallen due.
• The amount of SUN that will be published each budget year must obtain the approval of the DPR and be consulted in advance with Bank Indonesia.
• SUN trading is regulated and supervised by the authorities.
• Provide heavy and clear legal sanctions against publication by parties who do not have authority and or forgery of SUN.

Purpose of Issuance of National Bonds

SUN is not simply published, but with specific purposes, including the following:

• Financing the APBN deficit.
• Cover short-term cash shortages.
• Manage the national debt portfolio.

The central government has the authority to issue SUN after obtaining the approval of the DPR which is confirmed within the framework of the approval of the APBN and after consulting with Bank Indonesia.

Terms in SUN

Different investment instruments, different terms that exist and are related in it. When talking about SUN, there will generally be 2 terms that are often used, namely maturity and interest or coupon.

Reader need to know that SUN certainly has a period of validity. That is, the government will return the investor’s principal funds after the due date or the time is up. As for the maturity itself, it actually has various variations, starting from 3 months and some even reaching up to 30 years.

Meanwhile, interest and coupons are rewards given to investors or buyers of SUN. This coupon is calculated as a percentage of the principal amount and time per year. However, the payment can be made at a discount or every three months.

Types of SUN

In accordance with Law Number 24 of 2002, SUN has 2 types, namely:

1. National Treasury Letter (SPN)

National Treasury Bill (SPN) is a SUN that has a maximum term of 12 months and interest payments are made at a discount. In some countries SPN is better known as Treasury Bills or T-Bills. SUN with this type is generally intended for large investors.

2. National Obligations (ON)

National Obligations are SUNs that have a term of more than 12 months with coupons or interest payments made at a discount. Government Bonds with coupons have a periodic coupon payment schedule (one, three months or six months).

While ON without coupons does not have a coupon payment schedule. In Indonesia itself there are 3 types of national bonds that are sold in a retail way, among others:

1. ORI (Indonesian Retail Bonds)

ORI is the oldest retail bond ever issued by the Indonesian government. The first ORI with series ORI001 was issued in July 2006. In general, 1-2 ORI are issued each year. In October 2022, the government plans to issue ORI011.

According to analysts’ estimates, retail bonds with a tenor of three years will offer a coupon with a percentage between 7%-8.75%. This yield is slightly different when compared to deposit interest, which according to the Money Market Information Center averages 7.11% (1 month) and 6.8% (12 months).

The government itself has a target to be able to absorb up to Rp20 trillion from the publication of ORI011, which is relatively the same as ORI010 which amounts to Rp20.21 trillion.

2. SBR (Retail Savings Bond)

SBR is a National Obligation that is sold to individuals or individuals Indonesian Citizens through Distribution Partners in the domestic Primary Market that cannot be traded in the secondary market.

The characteristics of SBR are the floating minimum rate and the early redemption facility .

3. Retail Sukuk (SR)

SR is a national obligation that is sold to individuals or individuals Indonesian Citizens through Distribution Partners in the domestic Prime Market that has a sharia basis. When Reader is looking for an investment product that is truly in accordance with sharia, maybe SR is the right answer because it has been guaranteed by MUI.

SR is almost the same as ORI in its characteristics, where there is a fixed rate every year and there is a secondary market.

2. Mortgage

Mortgage in the Big Indonesian Dictionary has the meaning “credit given on the basis of collateral in the form of immovable property.”

Guarantees in the form of assets or immovable things such as land, buildings, houses, and apartments.

Meanwhile, quoted from the Financial Services Authority, a mortgage is a debt instrument with the granting of a lien from the property as well as the borrower to the lender as a guarantee for its obligations; in this case the borrower can still benefit or use the property; The lien on the property expires after the obligation is paid off ( mortgage ).

Borrowers can have a house by paying off the mortgage debt, which is the value of the house along with the interest. If the borrower fails to repay the mortgage debt, then the object of the guarantee becomes the property of the creditor (lender).

3. Obligations

Obligations is a term in the capital market that means a debt statement to bondholders. Facilities from bond issuers where the party with the debt and the bond holder are the debtors. When a person has an obligation, it will usually be written when the debt is due, along with the coupon (interest) that is the responsibility of the obligation holders.

In Indonesia, generally the period that applies to this obligation is from 1 to 10 years. Then, the issuance of this bond has the purpose of collecting funds from the community which is used as a source of funding.

One of the reasons why bonds are in demand until now is because bonds can be traded and the level of security from bonds can be said to be quite good. This fairly good security is because the obligation has a connection with the government so that the process is safer and more accurate.

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Definition of Insomnia – Are you here suffering from difficulty sleeping or what is commonly referred to as insomnia? This term must be very familiar to you, right? Well, surely most of you think the meaning or definition of insomnia is only limited to difficulty sleeping.

In fact, there is a more complex and complete definition of insomnia. In full, the meaning and definition of insomnia itself is a disorder of difficulty sleeping in a person that causes the person not to get good quality sleep and conform to the sleep standards for humans.

Well, if you don’t get good quality sleep, you will definitely get many side effects that may be fatal.

A health specialist named Lusiana Winata told some of the consequences of this sleep disorder. According to him, a person who has trouble sleeping will experience several disturbances in various general functions.

The functions in question are aspects of life, such as social functions, work disorders, disorders in educational functions both academic and non-academic, and disorders of other important functions.

Difficulty sleeping at night will make the sufferer tend to feel sleepy during the day. Alias ​​the sufferer will feel the urge to sleep while the sufferer is carrying out their daily activities. This is what Doctor Lusiana Winata meant by disrupting the functions of life.

When sufferers feel sleepy when they are doing activities, whether it is work or study, it will definitely affect their performance and work results. There are also sufferers who do not even feel sleepy at all, even so the sufferers still have to sleep just to rest their eyes.

In addition, there are several other minor consequences caused by sleep disorders. Sufferers of sleep disorders will easily feel suffocated due to lack of energy, sufferers will tend to easily feel upset and end up with anger, besides that it will have a fatal impact on mental health and end up with overthinking and ending up with depression. Terrible isn’t it? Well, this time we will invite you to know more about this sleep disorder.

A. Meaning of Insomnia

Insomnia is one of the health disorders that attack the sufferer which causes the sufferer to experience difficulty or trouble sleeping. In this case, difficulty sleeping makes the sufferer have an obstacle to begin to sleep or even continue sleeping.

Insomnia in another sense can also be defined as a condition or disorder that can make the sufferer not have good sleep quality and will get various disturbances during the day. Insomnia has a kind of clinical diagnosis that is generally given regularly at least three times a week.

One of the institutions called the National Institute of Health conducted research and obtained the results that there are about 30% of the total human population having symptoms or signs of this sleep disorder. The results show that the population that suffers the most from the symptoms of insomnia are women, this can be caused by the hormonal changes that occur in women.

Another population that has the most symptoms of insomnia are the elderly (aged) with a vulnerable age between 60 years. It is caused by a change in the cycle or sleep schedule and some are also caused by the development of other diseases due to increasing age.

In addition to being caused by the things above, insomnia can also attack people of various ages. Insomnia usually occurs without any cause, so the trouble sleeping will come on its own for no reason. There are several conditions that can affect the onset of difficulty sleeping or insomnia, among others due to psychological stress, chronic pain in the body, heart disease or heart failure, an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), restless legs syndrome, menopause in the elderly, due to certain drugs, etc.

There are also other factors that can affect insomnia, this factor can affect because it is done on a long-term basis, such as when there is a night shift at work. The diagnosis can be based on the habits when you sleep and some tests used to detect the underlying cause.

Insomnia caused by a psychological illness should be dealt with by a specialist. One of the treatments is psychological therapy. Psychological therapy that is considered effective in treating insomnia is cognitive therapy. The therapy is done in a way that insomnia patients are required to be able to improve their sleeping habits, by doing several ways to feel sleepy. In addition, patients are also trained to be able to reduce or even eliminate various pro and contra assumptions about sleep.

There are some sufferers of sleep disorders who prefer to rely on the way drugs work instead of treating them naturally. Even though you know yourself that we shouldn’t depend on medicine. Drugs that are often used by sufferers of sleep disorders are usually sedatives and sleeping pills.

Both are known to have effects that can make the user feel dependent on the drugs. sufferers will feel unable to sleep if they do not swallow both substances and drugs. If you consume one or both of these drugs continuously, it will definitely have a bad effect on your body, right?

B. Types of General Insomnia

After getting to know the meaning and some short facts of sleep disorders. It’s time for us to tell you what types of insomnia you have. Here are the common types of insomnia that you need to know.

 

1. Acute insomnia

Acute insomnia or what is also known as short-term insomnia is a condition when you experience difficulty sleeping for a relatively short period of time. Acute insomnia usually comes when you have things that make you feel stressed and depressed. Some examples of the reasons why you suffer from this type of sleep disorder are missal due to the loss of a precious person, receiving a sentence of a serious or deadly disease, and many more.

2. Chronic insomnia

Chronic insomnia is the opposite of acute insomnia. What does it mean? The meaning is, chronic insomnia is a disorder of difficulty sleeping that occurs over a relatively long or long period of time. Well, are you the one who might suffer from this type of insomnia? This type of sleep disorder can cause difficulty sleeping soundly for more than three times a week or may even last for more than three months.

If you feel that you have this type of chronic insomnia, you must have felt the difficulty of sleeping for a long time, right? If you choose to ignore this, then you must be prepared to accept the risk. This condition may have a great influence on your health. That is because your body does not get enough rest time to recharge your body. The cause is due to stress, the formation of sleep patterns, too often bad dreams, being affected by mental disorders, and so on.

3. Insomnia sleep onset

Insomnia sleep onset is a disorder of difficulty sleeping despite already feeling sleepy. Sufferers of this type of insomnia will find it very difficult to sleep even though they already feel very sleepy and have even tried to make their body fall asleep. Sufferers will struggle to sleep even after being on the mattress for approximately 20-30 minutes. Sufferers find it difficult to fall asleep despite closing their eyes repeatedly.

What are the consequences if you have this type of sleep disorder? The result is that you will only look at the ceiling of your room all night without feeling any rest. This type of insomnia is very, very harmful, because if you think about it, it will waste your time to rest. Its prolonged effects can cause Grads to feel tired and sleepy when the dawn has risen.

The cause of this type of insomnia is none other than mental disorders, such as receiving heavy stress, suffering from anxiety disorders, to the point of depression.

4. Children’s insomnia

There is an institution called the American Academy of Sleep Medicine that conducted a study. From the results of their research and monitoring, some facts were obtained that there are two types of sleep disorders that often occur in children or humans at an early age.

The first type of sleep disorder is sleep onset insomnia, which is an insomnia disorder that you may often see. This disturbance of sleep difficulties is caused by the habit of children who are usually held or given milk, and are in the same bed as their parents. Because children are used to it like that, making children won’t be able to sleep if they don’t do those habits.

Not only that, if your child is not used to having a fixed sleeping time, it will also increase the possibility of sleep disorders. If parents or caregivers force the child to have a fixed sleeping time, it will actually reduce the possibility of having difficulty sleeping in the child.

This type of insomnia can be overcome by getting your child used to going to bed earlier, or you can also make a sleep schedule so that they sleep more regularly. Force the child if he refuses to sleep. Don’t let your baby stay awake overnight and even fall asleep at the wrong time.

5. Insomnia due to certain drugs or substances

Insomnia or difficulty sleeping this type of disorder can occur due to the presence of stimulants that come from consuming drugs that can inhibit sleepiness. Certain drugs or substances include alcohol, coffee containing high caffeine, and certain other foods or drinks.

An example of food that can make it difficult for you to sleep is spicy food. Come on! Who among you likes spicy food? Our advice is better not to eat spicy food before bedtime! Because spicy food can give a feeling of heat in the stomach which may disturb your sleepiness and sleep.

The solution to this type of sleep disturbance problem is to stop the use and consumption of the substance or drug.

You already know right? That means you should reduce or even stop its use or consumption if you want to get an ideal sleep pattern and good sleep quality.

6. Insomnia due to medical conditions

Insomnia or difficulty sleeping with this type can be caused by various things related to the disturbance caused by the meditative condition of the sufferer. One simple example is insomnia caused by a mental disorder in the sufferer. Other problems are medical conditions due to mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, and so on.

The range of severity of this type of sleep disturbance is directly proportional to the severity of the disorder or medical condition experienced or suffered by the patient. Patients who suffer from this type of insomnia must undergo two treatments, the first to treat medical conditions (mental disorders, etc.), and the second is to treat sleep disorders. Patients who suffer from this type of sleep disorder must inform the doctor about any medication which is consumed.

7. Mixed insomnia

The last type of sleep difficulty disorder is the mixed type. The name of this type is not yet formal. However, the name of this mixture is very descriptive of this type of sleep disorder. Because mixed insomnia itself occurs due to a combination of sleep onset type insomnia coupled with the lack of ability to maintain sleep quality, as well as the habit of waking up early.

C. Symptoms of Sleep Disorders

Patients or sufferers who experience trouble falling asleep or what is commonly known as insomnia will begin with very simple symptoms, which is always waking up every night and when they wake up in the morning their body will feel tired.

 

For sleep disorders caused by mental disorders, usually patients will feel tense, anxious, worried, always worrying about the problems they are facing. It was caused by the patient lying on the mattress for too long and not closing his eyes to fall asleep immediately. Cause the patient to think about all the things in his life and even dissolve in it.

For acute type insomnia caused by trauma it will be very difficult to close the eyes. If this trauma happens continuously, then over time the patient will get used to sleeping late and end up with insomnia.

D. Driving Factors for Insomnia Disorder

It cannot be denied that insomnia can occur at all ages. But for the gender range, it is a fact that insomnia occurs more in women than in men. Here we will display some other factors that can trigger the occurrence of sleep disorders.

1. Having a mental disorder or problem (depressed, post-traumatic disorder, violent disorder, and many more)

2. Working with the night shift, work involving the shift method is judged to be able to change the biological clock or the natural clock in the body.

3. Gender differences, for women who are menstruating or menstruating will naturally experience unpredictable hormonal changes. As a result, women will easily produce sweat at night.

4. the elderly (elderly) because they are old, it will be very easy to be affected by old diseases. One of the disorders that occurs is the presence of difficulty sleeping.

5. Sleeping too long during the day

If you like to sleep during the day, then don’t fall asleep for too long. Why is that? Because napping for too long can make it difficult for you to feel sleepy at night. As a result, you will have insomnia and difficulty sleeping at night.

Well, that’s a variety of information about sleep disorders or insomnia that may add insight and help if there are those of you who want to overcome sleep disorders or insomnia.

Meaning of Innovation – In life, of course we want something that develops. Because a stagnant life and that’s all will be boring. Therefore, there are times when we need something new and challenging. Something new can be called innovation. In life, there are many innovations that can be applied.

Either in terms of education, business, community, or in other fields. Innovation will be greatly needed in order to obtain something new and better. If you want to learn the meaning of innovation more, then in this article it will be explained about it. So, read the article to the end to get an insight into what innovation is.

The Meaning of Innovation According to Some Figures

1. According to Nurdin (2016)

According to Nurdin, the definition of innovation is something new, which is introduced and carried out by a new practice or process (either goods or services) or it can also be something new but the result of adoption from other organizations.

2. According to Sa’ud (2014)

Then according to Sa’ud, innovation is a creative choice, arrangement, as well as a set of people with new material resources, and also using unique ways to produce improvements on achievements that have been the previous goal.

3. According to Kuniyoshi Urabe

According to Kuniyoshi Urabe, innovation is not meant as a one-time phenomenon, but something that requires a long and cumulative process. Among them is the decision-making process by the members of the organization, starting from the discovery of ideas or ideas up to the marketing target.

4. Van de ven, Andrew H

According to Van de ven, Andrew H, innovation is the development as well as the implementation of new ideas carried out by a person in a certain period of time with various specific transaction activities in the organization.

5. Stephen Robbins

Further, according to Stephen, innovation is a new idea or idea which is applied in order to initiate and renew a product, process, or service that has existed before.

6. Everett M Rogers

Then according to Rogers, the meaning of innovation is ideas, objects, ideas, and practices that are based on and accepted as something new, either by a person or a group to be applied or adopted.

What Are the Characteristics of Innovation?

1. New

The first characteristic of innovation is newness. Because everything that is created because of this innovation is something that has not existed before, or is perfecting something that already exists. This new concept was created from a hard thought towards the maximum utilization of existing SDA without reducing its function and role.

The new innovation also means that the pure idea has never been used by anyone. Although it has been there before, it means that it was adopted because it was suitable as a solution.

2. Planned

An innovation will be planned according to the desired conditions. This is important because it will affect the future. Because it is done on purpose, innovation is done with mature, clear, and carefully planned processes and preparations, so that the process is not rushed. Without planning, of course everything can cause disappointment.

3. Special

The third characteristic of innovation is special. As something new, innovation will have its own characteristics. Even though it is the result of adoption, there must be a peculiarity that emerges. With application in a new place, innovation will create its own uniqueness, even if it starts with adoption.

4. Have a clear purpose

Finally, the characteristic of innovation is the existence of a clear purpose. Based on clear knowledge, there will be certain objects that are studied and want to be developed. That way, the direction and purpose of the innovation was clear beforehand. Without a clear object, innovation can be mistargeted and not implemented well. It may even fail to be implemented.

Benefits of Innovation

1. Provide solutions to solve problems

One of the benefits of innovation is being able to solve problems. Something new can replace the old thing that feels full of problems. The presence of new ideas and ideas makes every problem that exists can be solved well. Especially for product problems, if there is an old product that can no longer be marketed, innovation must be done in order to re-engage the public’s interest in the product in the market.

2. Increase a person’s productivity

By thinking of new ideas and ideas, it means that a person will take the time to use his brilliant mind. Not only thoughts, but innovation will also grow when someone conducts experiments or research. So that by innovating, it means that the person has also taken advantage of the time to remain productive in working and creating. And this can also be done by many people, be it the boss, his employees, students or lecturers.

3. Increase toughness

Someone who innovates tends to have the ability to take advantage of their intelligence. That is, it is also tough, because in order to produce an innovation, the person must adapt to new problems and think about the solution to the problem.

4. Can produce something unique

Innovation can produce or even create unique and quality things. Especially people who have innovation belong to qualified people. What’s more, when the innovation he makes is successfully realized, it means he can produce something new and different from what already exists.

That is the benefit of innovation. Of course, innovating will also be beneficial for someone in improving his quality. Because innovation is born from ideas and brilliant ideas from the results of one’s thoughts and experiments.

Purpose of Innovation

1. Improve quality

The main purpose of innovation is to improve the quality of something, both products and services. Innovation that comes with new ideas and ideas is expected to be able to make a product or service much more valuable and quality than before.

2. Widen the network

With its novelty, it is hoped that a product or service can reach more markets. Innovation is also expected to be able to expand the business wings of an enterprise. Like the e-commerce businesses that are growing widely these days. The reach of innovative products will certainly also be wider, because the public likes something new.

3. Can create new markets

Innovation on the results of a product or service, will be able to give an opportunity to open a new market. The opportunity for unique and interesting things, especially those that have never existed before, is certainly wide open.

4. Be a replacement for the previous product

With innovation, then existing products can be replaced with new ones. Especially if the previous product or service was not effective and efficient, innovation can be born to make the product or service even better than before.

Forms of Innovation and Examples

1. Technological Innovation

The first form of innovation is innovation in the field of technology. Where this innovation was born to provide convenience for humans in doing various daily activities. The fastest growing innovation in technology is social media. In the past, social media could be enjoyed in a very limited way, but now its development is very rapid.

With the rapid globalization and the discoveries of experts, social media comes with features that greatly facilitate communication between people. Like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Whatsapp, YouTube and other social media. Now everyone can communicate both through audio and audio visual with various people from far away places.

2. Transportation Innovation

Second, there is innovation in the field of transportation. Where means of transportation are now increasingly easy to find. In addition to product innovation, such as the presence of electric cars and motorcycles, as well as environmentally friendly ones because they do not require gasoline, there are still many other innovations. Transportation services have also undergone changes for the better.

If people used to find it difficult to travel quickly because they had to wait for other passengers, now there are online taxis that can be ordered in person. In fact, the development of online ojek is also very rapid, reaching the point of ordering a grab car which is much easier to do. This online ojek and grab car is an example of innovation that is present as a solution in the middle of the transportation problems experienced by the community. So it is not surprising when the community welcomes it with enthusiasm.

3. Educational Innovation

In the world of education, innovation also plays a role. One of them can be seen from the introduction of anti-corruption curriculum in schools. This is certainly started by the rampant corruption practices in Indonesia. With massive education through anti-corruption learning in schools, it is hoped that the corruption that occurs can be reduced. The new curriculum is the result of collaboration between the Ministry of Education and Culture and the KPK.

4. Public Service Innovation

Further there is innovation in the field of public service. There are many public services that are now easier to do since there are innovations in various fields. Like services that used to only be done manually, can now be done online.

The emergence of technology provides opportunities for various public services to be done easily. Various services that require transactions can also be done without coming directly to the public service office. This changes the public’s view of bureaucracy which has been considered a scary specter.

5. Health Innovation

Further there is innovation in the field of health. In this field there are many things that can be done. Many new discoveries can improve public health. One of them is when the corona virus becomes a pandemic. He created the Peduli Lindungi application which aims to detect a person’s journey so that when there is an indication of covid, his whereabouts can be immediately known.

6. Crowdfunding Innovation

Innovation in the field of Crowdfunding is one of the innovations that moves in the social field. This innovation provides services in the form of appeals for funds directly to the community. An example is when someone is involved in a charity organization, such as an organization that rescues stray cats.

In building an organization, of course, a lot of funds are needed. Especially to keep wild cats which are not small in number. So the organization can open donations or charities through various platforms such as Kitabisa.com, NUcare, and other digital platforms in order to get fundraising from donors out there. Well, this part of fundraising that can be done online has become a new innovation that is very beneficial for many people.

7. Governance Innovation

At number seven there is innovation in the field of government. There are many new ideas and ideas that have emerged in running the government. Especially innovations that emerge from various societal problems. The government certainly faces many challenges to solve the thousands of complaints and problems experienced by its people.

Therefore, new thinking is needed to overcome these things. But of course there will be loopholes for the community to disagree with new innovations from the government. For example in the policy of making NPWP and SIM extension which can be done online.

It turned out that it actually gave birth to very complicated rules and procedures. So when you want to apply an innovation in the field of government, it must be done carefully and requires a long enough process.

8. Entrepreneurial Innovation

Further there is innovation in the field of entrepreneurship. Well, in this field there are many types of innovation. Starting from the innovation of food products, clothing, boards, and various other products. In the field of entrepreneurship, the community has a wide opportunity to be able to produce more interesting and unique innovations than existing products.

In the culinary or food business, for example, the types of snacks from the past, if they are made again with the innovation of a much better taste, will certainly sell well in the market. Especially now that there are a lot of foods from the past that are sold on the side of the road.

This will certainly make the community want to return to nostalgia with old-time snacks that are now rare. For example, such as egg rolls, puthu cake, leker, and so on. In addition to old-time snacks, there are also many innovations in food products with instant packaging.

Where people can make it themselves at home when they want without having to queue to buy it. Examples are instant meatballs, instant noodles, and various types of frozen food that are very easy to store. The food is also long-lasting and can be stored back in the fridge or freezer to be cooked again at another time.

 

Understanding Infrastructure – To achieve success, of course we need a solid and strong infrastructure. Often times, we hear the term in our daily life. If you hear the term infrastructure, of course the first thing that comes to mind is buildings, facilities, and things related to development. \

But, you need to know that in a business, infrastructure is also one of the important things that must be there. So, what is the role of infrastructure in running a business? What does infrastructure have to do with the business we will run?

The question may appear in our minds when we hear the term infrastructure in a business. Because, we often think that infrastructure and business are two different things. But apparently, there is an understanding of business infrastructure. Well, to understand that, let’s discuss one by one about the two areas. The first step we will do is to know the meaning of infrastructure.

Definition of Infrastructure

What is the meaning of infrastructure in general? So, if viewed from the general understanding of infrastructure, the meaning is all basic structures and facilities, both physical and social, for example buildings, electricity supply, roads, and others that are needed for the operation of community and company activities.

As for other opinions that reveal that infrastructure is all kinds of facilities needed by the general public in order to support various community activities in their daily lives. In other words, infrastructure is all facilities, whether physical or non-physical that are built by the government or individuals to meet the basic needs of society in the economic and social spheres.

Generally, infrastructure refers to the physical development of public facilities, such as roads, ports, schools, hospitals, waste treatment, clean water, airports, and many more. In addition, infrastructure can also refer to technical matters such as supporting economic activities by providing modes of transportation, distribution of goods and services, etc.

Understanding Infrastructure According to Experts

In order to better understand the meaning of infrastructure, here are some opinions from experts about what infrastructure is.

1. N. Gregory Mankiw

The definition of infrastructure according to N. Gregory Mankiw in economics, which is a form of public capital or public capital consisting of bridges, public roads, sewer systems, and others as one of the investments made by the government.

2. Neil S. Grigg

The definition of infrastructure according to Neil S. Grigg is a physical system that provides means of irrigation, drainage, transportation, buildings, and physical facilities that are needed to be able to meet various basic human needs, both economic and social needs.

3. Robert J. Kodoatie

The understanding of infrastructure according to Robert J. Kodoatie is a system that supports the economic and social system which at the same time becomes an intermediary for the environmental system. Where the system can be used as one of the bases in making policies.

Types of Infrastructure

After understanding what infrastructure is reviewed from the definitions and opinions of experts. Now we will discuss the types of infrastructure to be able to have a more comprehensive discussion. Understanding any type of infrastructure can give us a more detailed explanation in understanding what infrastructure really is.

If referring to the understanding of infrastructure as an asset in the form of physical or non-physical and can support the life of the community in general in social and economic terms. You also need to understand that infrastructure is also divided into several types. Here are some types of infrastructure that you need to understand:

1. Hard Infrastructure

The type of hard infrastructure is infrastructure that we can see in terms of its physical form in real form. Usually this type of infrastructure includes roads, ports, airports, irrigation canals, and other types of public facilities.

2. Non-Physical Hard Infrastructure

If according to the type of non-physical hard infrastructure, it includes various efforts made to support facilities and infrastructure in general that are useful to support various social and economic activities of the general public. For example, related to the procurement of clean water, telecommunication networks, and the provision of electricity supply, as well as efforts related to the procurement of energy supply sources.

3. Software Infrastructure

The type of soft infrastructure is all things that play a role in supporting the smooth running of various social and economic activities of the wider community. Where it is not visible in physical form and its existence is visible to the naked eye. Generally, it moves within a rule, system, and also norms provided by the government and other NGOs. For example, the application of good and correct work ethics, public services, regulations made by the government include laws that contain rules on commercial law and others.

Infrastructure Components

You need to understand that infrastructure also has several types of components in it. What is meant by the component in this case is included in the infrastructure itself. So, what kind of components are there in the infrastructure? The following is a complete explanation.

When referring to the American Public Works Associations, the infrastructure component actually includes all types of public facilities that developed societies need in their daily lives. For example, the provision of clean water and its management or water treatment, the provision of flood control, waste water management systems, the provision of cross-water navigation facilities.

In addition, there is also the development of transportation progress that includes public facilities in the form of water, air, and sea transportation. Then also various other supporting components for the advancement of the economic and social life of the community in general.

If viewed from the policy regulations, infrastructure components are divided into three types of groups, namely:

a. Infrastructure Components That Have Inputs

The characteristics of this type of component focus on the type of infrastructure that can provide results or input for the economic and social conditions of the community. For example, the supply of clean water sources and electricity sources in the daily life of the community in general.

b. Infrastructure Characteristics Components That Take Output

The characteristics of this type of component focus on taking the output obtained from the activities of the general public. For example, garbage and waste disposal systems, drainage support systems or water channels, etc.

c. Combined Infrastructure Components of Both

The characteristics of this type of component usually focus on a combination of the two types of components above. Where this one component focuses on the process of giving and also taking something from the daily life of the community. For example, the use of telecommunication networks and others.

Here the community will provide an input to be able to access infrastructure components that support the community’s social and economic activities. For example, community activities in paying a telephone bill. That way, the community will obtain output in the form of telecommunication network access as a support for their social and economic activities.

Infrastructure Functions

In fact, infrastructure functions as a support for the activities of the general public. Where infrastructure functions to facilitate and support the smooth running of social and economic activities of the community, such as the distribution of goods and services.

The following are some examples of infrastructure along with its functions:

a. A bridge serves as a link between one place and another. The place can be a region or a city.
b. According to the function, the road is divided into several groups. Starting from local roads, arterial roads, collector roads, and neighborhood roads. For long-distance travel with a high average speed, usually use arterial roads. As for infrequent medium trips with medium average speed, usually use the collector road. Then for short distance travel with a low average speed usually use the surrounding road.
c. The house functions as a place to live and a place to shelter and do various activities.

Infrastructure Benefits

Infrastructure turns out to have many benefits for us. Among them are benefits in the economic, social, and cultural fields. For benefits in the social field, infrastructure acts as a means of communication. If there is no infrastructure, then a region will be isolated and unable to communicate or socialize with other regions. Where the region is isolated, the network will be disconnected from the outer region. So that the life of the community in the area will be disrupted.

Then the benefits of infrastructure in the economic field, namely as a means to carry out various buying and selling transactions. Not only that, the infrastructure also functions as a means of connection in the distribution of production and services. When the infrastructure runs smoothly, then all economic activities will also go smoothly. So that the community can live in peace and the economy of the community will also increase.

Lastly, the benefits of infrastructure in the field of culture are beneficial to be one of the cultures themselves. For example, traditional houses. In that case, the infrastructure in the form of traditional houses is built in accordance with the culture that exists in that place.

Impact of Infrastructure Development

The impact of infrastructure development is that it can be a driving force for the economic growth of the community in general. On the other hand, economic growth can also be one of the pressures on infrastructure. So that positive economic growth can encourage an increase in the community’s need for various types of infrastructure. The role of infrastructure here is as a driving force in the economic sector and can be a driver for the development of related sectors as a multiplier. In the end, it will create a new business field and provide output derived from production as input for consumption.

In an economic development will have an impact on the economic growth of the community and also the quality of life. Economic growth itself will influence investment. While improving the quality of life will influence the well-being of the community in general. Because, with the development of infrastructure can reduce poverty and unemployment in a country.

As one of the supporters of community well-being in general and development investment, we do need various types of infrastructure. Starting from road network infrastructure, telecommunications network, electricity network, clean water, and others. There is an increase in the electricity sub-sector, the transportation sub-sector, the road sub-sector, and the communication sub-sector due to the increase in demand from each sub-sector. In addition, the increase in the sub-sector is balanced by the amount of infrastructure development investment in each of the sub-sectors.

An example is the community’s need for electricity. Indonesia itself is experiencing problems in terms of electricity supply. Where the electricity supply cannot meet the needs of the community. Then it resulted in blackouts in various regions alternately. In fact, electricity is not only needed by private homes, but is also very needed in the industrial sector which will have an impact on the community’s economy as well. Therefore, the electricity network infrastructure is one of the components that is quite important in supporting community activities and is very influential on economic problems.

The same goes for road network infrastructure development. Where road development is no less important than other infrastructure development. Because it is also needed as a connecting tool between one place and another. With road access that is easier to reach, it will influence the strategic elements of a place and the ease of access will influence many private parties who want to invest.

With the presence of private parties that want to invest, it will affect the economic growth quite rapidly. Not only that, with the development of infrastructure such as the road network, it will provide benefits for the well-being of the community. Because, they are freed from the difficulties of communication networks and get various access facilities for the community itself.

The telecommunications network also has an influence on the well-being of the community. One of the proofs is the existence of various types of private television stations until now. This proves that there is quite a lot of private investment in Indonesia, especially in the field of telecommunications. Especially in the era of globalization like now. Where telecommunication is very needed as one of the supporting tools for the success of a country. As we can see that the demand for telecommunication facilities is also increasing.

Not only that, clean water facilities also have a very important and strategic role to improve the standard of living and also the level of society. In addition, the facility is also a driving factor for the well-being of the community in general. However, in its preparation both in terms of quality, quantity, and continuity, it has not been running continuously. On the other hand, the demand for clean water that is used as a health standard also continues to increase without being balanced by efforts to improve the quality of services.

The Role of Infrastructure

Infrastructure plays a very important role as one of the driving wheels for economic growth and development. The presence of adequate infrastructure is very necessary. Facilities and infrastructure in physical form or often referred to as infrastructure is a very important part of the community service system.

Physical facilities are very vital to support various economic activities, government, industry, as well as social and economic activities of the community. Starting from road transportation, energy systems, school and office buildings, to telecommunication networks, clean water service networks, houses of worship, and others. All of that requires adequate infrastructure support.

Based on the Medium Term Development Plan of Pacitan District from 2011 to 2016, district infrastructure becomes a strategic issue that is prioritized in development planning in the districts. The long-term development policy is a continuous improvement effort towards:

1. Poverty alleviation
2. Natural resource management
3. Quality and accessibility of education and health
4. Community access to facilities and public services
5. Improvement of basic infrastructure development
6. Community access to clean water
7. Dealing with disaster prone areas

 

Meaning of Information – Dear Reader, information technology makes it very easy for people to communicate and support their daily needs. With the development of information technology, it will be easier for a person to know information. In fact, the information obtained can only be obtained in a matter of minutes.

Therefore, it is no longer strange that someone will know information that is far away or even information that comes from abroad. Information that can be obtained can be obtained through any media. As for the media that are commonly used to obtain information, such as social media, online news portals, and also video streaming.

When talking about information technology or information itself, it cannot be separated from what is called data or data technology. In fact, it can be said that information technology and data are inseparable from each other. Even so, do you already know the meaning of information and data?

Therefore, before discussing further the meaning of information, we will discuss the meaning of data according to the experts first.

After that, we will discuss the meaning of information to the types of information. So, keep reading this article until it’s finished, Reader.

Understanding Data For Members

As explained before, we will discuss the meaning of data according to experts. The following are some members who explain the meaning of data.

1. Data Interpretation For Azhar Susanto

Data interpretation is the result of information processing. The information obtained shares the purpose and purpose of use specifically for the person who receives it.

2. Data Interpretation For Barry E. Cushing

Data interpretation is something that proves the result of a way of processing information. The result of working on the information is organized and useful or useful for the recipient.

3. Data Interpretation For Burch & Strater

According to Burch & Strater, data is a way of collecting and processing information aimed at sharing specific explanations or insights about something.

4. Data Interpretation For Davis

Data interpretation is information that has been processed. The work is tried so that the information becomes meaningful and useful for the recipient, good for the collection of decisions in this era or in the next era.

5. Data Interpretation For Abdul Kadir, McFadden, et al

Data is information that has been processed. The processing of the information is tried in such a way that the information that has been processed can increase the insight of the people who receive and use it.

6. Interpretation of Data for Firmanzah

According to Firmanzah, data interpretation is information and values ​​that have been given meaning and numbers.

7. Data Interpretation For George R. Terry, D

Data interpretation is meaningful information that can share useful or useful insights for the recipient.

8. Data Interpretation For George H. Bodnar

Data interpretation is information that has been processed, as a result the information can be used as a bottom or estimation material for quoting a decision that is appropriate for a certain matter.

9. Data Interpretation For Gelinas and Dull

Data interpretation is information presented in blank form. The information has benefits in making or collecting decisions.

10. Data Interpretation For Jogiyanto HM

Data interpretation is information that has been processed into a form that is more meaningful, beneficial or useful for the person who receives it. The result of the information processing describes a clear event ( fact ) that can be used to make or quote a decision.

11. Data Interpretation For Robert N. Anthony & John Dearden

Data interpretation is something that has a clear character, in the form of information or items that can be used to increase the insight and knowledge of the person who receives it.

12. Data Interpretation For Raymond Mc. leod

Data interpretation is information that has been processed, as a result it has a meaningful, useful, or beneficial existence for the person who receives it in the collection of decisions in this time or in the future.

13. Data Interpretation For Romney and Steinbart

Data interpretation is information that has been processed and organized, as a result it can share meaning or use for people who use it.

14. Data Interpretation For Stephen A. Moscove & Mark Gram. Simkin

Data interpretation is a clear entity, which has a useful number, as a result it can be used to quote decisions.

15. Data Interpretation For Sutabri Rules, S. Kom.

Data interpretation is information that has been classified, processed and interpreted with a mission so that it can be used in the collection of decisions.

16. Data Interpretation For Drs. The Gie Hole

Data interpretation is an explanation, arrangement of conversations, words, drawings, or other recorded features that have interpretations, thoughts, insights or the like. As a result, superiors of a group can use it to make appropriate decisions based on the available reality.

17. Data Interpretation For Joner Hasugian

Data interpretation is a plan, which is general in nature and on a large amount of baggage. This plan includes many details on each related scope, as well as recorded on several devices.

18. Data Interpretation For Kenneth C. Laudon

The interpretation of data is as energy that has been developed into a useful entity that can be used by people.

19. Data Interpretation For Kusrini

Data interpretation is information that has been processed into a meaningful entity for the person who uses it. The result of working on the information is useful for gathering accuracy or for supporting the database.

20. Data Interpretation For Lani Sidharta

Data interpretation is information that is presented in a more useful form, with the mission of making a decision.

21. Data Interpretation For Mc Leod

Data interpretation is information as information that has been processed into information that has meaning for the recipient.

22. Data Interpretation For Robert Gram. Murdick

Data interpretation consists of information that has been obtained after it has been processed or processed so that it can be used to explain, explain, explain, or be under estimation in making treachery or collecting decisions.

23. Data Interpretation For Anggraeni and Irviani

Data interpretation is a group of information or statements that are organized or processed with special methods, so that they have meaning for the acceptor.

This management information system is very extensive, and every religious education will usually have a management information system. Likewise with Islamic education. Well, for those of you who want to find out more about management information systems, then you can read the Islamic Religious Education Management Information System book.

Meaning of Information

Etymologically, the interpretation of information originates from the Latin word ” informationem ” which means inspiration, outline or signal. Data can be presented in various forms ranging from notes, drawings, charts, charts, audio, films and others. In the Indonesian Language Dictionary (KBBI), information is the entire meaning that supports the mandate that is seen in the parts of the mandate.

Information is a group of information or statements processed with a special method, so that it has or has meaning for the recipient of the information. Information that has been processed into something useful for the acceptor means that they can share explanations or insights.

That way, the database is information. In addition, data can also be said to be an insight gained from teaching and learning activities, experience, or instruction. It can also be shown that the meaning of data is a group of information or statements that have been processed and arranged in such a way that it can become something that is easy to understand and share the benefits for the recipient.

Observed from the meaning of the information, we can recognize that the meaning of data is different from the meaning of information. Information is a statement whose truth is not known for certain and has not been processed, then after being processed in a way, or processing so that it can become a useful data.

However, not all information or statements can be processed into data by the recipient. In other words, not everyone receives well-processed information.

Every information and electronic transaction that exists in Indonesia must have been given protection in the Law. For those of you who want to know more about the Law of Information and Electronic Transactions, then you can read the Law of Information and Electronic Transactions.

Illustration and Identity of Information

Data illustration is a document in Microsoft Excel, in the form of a spreadsheet and is often used to create a data from the information contained in it, such as profit information, and the balance sheet is a form of data and the value contained in it is information. Identity Information. The identity of quality data for Mcleod is:

• Careful, meaning that the data can reflect the real conditions.
• Relevant, meaning that the submitted data must match what is required.
• Duration pass, meaning that the data must be available when needed.
• Complete, which means that the data must be intact and non-responsible.

Information function

To understand more about information, then we also need to know the function of information. The following are some of the functions of information.

1. To Add New Insights

The valid information that a person gets can be the latest insight that can increase knowledge on specific aspects. For example, data on methods to deal with health problems obtained from content found on the internet. The data may be something that is common and has been understood by many. However, it could be that there is a person who does not know about the data.

Therefore, the data is processed so that everyone can understand the information well. That way, misunderstandings in understanding information do not occur.

2. As a News Base

Information about a specific matter can be used as a base of information that is informed to the audience. The second function of information is that it can be used as a source of news. This is not without reason because the news itself contains a collection of information that has been processed and turned into a fact.

3. Can Eliminate Uncertainty

A lack of information can lead to uncertainty. As a result, to eliminate uncertainty, valid and complete data from a trusted base is needed.

4. For Entertainment Devices

Information can also act as an entertainment tool for the recipient. In this function, the recipient of the information can see it at tourist attractions or in museums.

5. Influence the Audience

In general, the delivery of information through mass media is attempted for the mission of influencing the audience. The purpose is for people to understand the product and be enticed to use the product.

6. Make Penalization Policy

Information is a significant part in carrying out communication with other parties. One of them is to deliver a wisdom from the ruler to the people who are tried with the method of carrying out imprisonment.

7. Make a Mix of Opinions

Nowadays, there are many people who use social media, so it is very easy to convey an opinion to the audience. That way, information can make other people’s opinions be well combined.

Types of Information

As already explained in the initial discussion if we will discuss about the types of information. The types of information itself can be further grouped into 4. Here is a complete explanation.

1. Data Type Sourced on Its Nature

Based on the character, the data types are divided into 3:

a. Current

Actual is data made based on reality and its truth can be proven.

b. Plan

Plans or views are data made based on one’s opinion about something.

c. Story

A story is data made in the form of a detailed description of something.

2. Data Types Based on Functions and Uses

The type of data is based on its function or benefits, among others.

• Data that increases insight is data whose content can increase the latest insight for a person.
• Sourced data in its presentation is data that is informed or served in some form, for example, posts, drawings, audio, films and others.

3. Types of Data Sourced on Aspects of Life

This type of data is made of several types, for example such as education data, health data, sports data, business data and others.

4. Data Type Sourced at Event Position

The interpretation of data sourced from the position of the incident is that the data is sourced from the position of an incident. This type of data is divided into 2 different types, which are national and domestic data as well as foreign data.

From the discussion above it can be said that information and data are two things that cannot be separated even though they are different. So, when you want to make information, you should also pay attention to the data that will be taken.

That is the explanation of the meaning of data and also the meaning of Information. Hopefully Reader when reading this article to the end, so it will be easier to determine good information and also information that does not provide benefits.

1.  

Infiltration Is – Do Reader often wonder why the rainwater that reaches the surface of the ground does not all flow to other places, but some is also absorbed into the ground? Yes, it turns out that simple things are very influential in maintaining the stability of the environment around us . That is why, every region needs the existence of a suitable rainwater catchment area. The process of rainwater seeping into the soil surface is called infiltration, which turns out to be an important part of the hydrological process or water recycling on the face of the earth.

This process of infiltration is often associated with the management of river basins (DAS) for several regions, especially in determining which areas should be used as seepage areas or built-up areas. So what exactly is infiltration? Is it just the process of seeping rainwater into the ground? How does this infiltration process happen? What about the relationship between infiltration and land use? Well, for Reader to understand that, let’s read the following comments!

Definition of Infiltration

If you look at KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia), the term “infiltration” is related to matters in the field of Soil Science which has a definition of ‘ inflow of water downwards into the soil ‘. In other words, infiltration is a process of rainwater entering the soil as a result of the capillary force as well as the gravitational force so that the water can enter the deeper soil. This infiltration can also be referred to as the way water moves into the soil through the cracks and pores of the soil and rocks to the surface of the ground water.

This rainwater can move into the ground because of capillary action that has vertical or horizontal movement under the surface of the ground until finally the water successfully re-enters the surface water system. Meanwhile, with the influence of gravity, the rainwater will naturally enter the soil through the pores of the soil. The continuation of this process of infiltration is percolation.

The infiltration rate will usually be expressed in the same units as the rainfall intensity units, namely millimeters per hour (mm/hour). The rate of water percolation is also influenced by several factors, namely:

• Soil texture
• Soil organic matter
• Soil density
• Type and amount of land

As this infiltration is still an important part of the hydrological process, the infiltration water that cannot return to the atmosphere through the evapotranspiration process, will become groundwater to flow into the surrounding rivers. This infiltration process is also highly determined by time. In this case, there is also a term about “infiltration capacity”, which is the maximum infiltration rate for a certain type of soil. In the quantity of infiltration, this usually occurs when the intensity of rainwater exceeds the soil’s ability to absorb soil moisture. On the other hand, if the rainwater intensity is smaller than the infiltration capacity, then the infiltration rate will be the same as the rainfall rate.

The rate of infiltration can of course be used in human daily life, starting from liquid waste disposal studies, evaluating the potential of septic tank land, washing and drainage efficiency, irrigation needs, water distribution and groundwater recharge, to anticipating channel or dam leaks.

Well, so that Reader better understand the terms of this infiltration process, here is a brief description.

1. Infiltration Capacity : That is the maximum infiltration speed, which depends on the nature of the soil surface.
2. Infiltration Rate : That is, the actual infiltration rate, influenced by several factors ranging from the nature of the soil surface as well as the nature of the soil layer at the bottom.
3. Percolation ( Percolation ): The speed of percolation determined by the nature of the existing soil.
4. Field Capacity : The amount of maximum water content that can be held by the soil against the force of gravity.
5. Soil Moisture Deficiency : The amount of water content that is still needed to bring the soil to Field Capacity .
6. Initial Abstraction: The amount of interception and basin storage that must be filled first, before there is an overflow of rainwater.

Process of Infiltration

The process of infiltration begins when the rainwater has touched the soil surface, where some or all of the rainwater will definitely enter the soil through the pores of the soil surface. The process of rainwater entering the soil is caused by the pull of gravity and soil capillaries. The speed of the infiltration process will usually be influenced by the force of gravity and limited by the size of the diameter of the soil pores.

On the other hand, the existence of a capillary style that drains the water will later make the water go vertically upwards, downwards, and horizontally. This soil capillary style works on soil that has small pores. Meanwhile, if on soil with large pores, the capillary force tends to have negligible influence so that water “prefers” to go inside with the influence of gravity. In the course of the water, it will later spread towards the edge as a result of being affected by the capillary force of the soil, especially towards the soil that has smaller pores.

Well, this infiltration process will at least involve three processes that are not interdependent but still interrelated, namely in the form of:

1. The process of rainwater entering through the pores of the soil surface.
2. The storage of the rainwater in the ground.
3. The process of water flowing to another place, either downwards, sideways, or upwards.

Factors Affecting Infiltration

Basically, the percolation of rainwater to the soil surface both vertically and horizontally is called infiltration. Meanwhile, the amount of water that goes through the infiltration process in a unit of time is called the infiltration rate.

It should be known , Reader , that this infiltration process can change according to the intensity of rainfall. However, if the intensity of rainwater has reached its limit, then the amount of infiltration will continue according to the speed of absorption in each soil. Remembering that each soil has a different infiltration capacity, depending on the condition of the soil surface, soil structure, vegetation, and others. In addition to the intensity of rainfall, the infiltration process can also change due to the influence of air humidity and the air in the soil.

Well, here are some internal and external factors that affect infiltration:

1. The height of the water puddle above the soil surface and the thickness of the saturated soil layer.
2. Water level or soil moisture.
3. Soil compaction by rainfall.
4. Clogging of soil pores by fine soil particles, for example sediments from clay particles.
5. Soil compaction done by humans, animals, or a machine.
6. Soil structure.
7. The condition of plant roots, both active and dead roots.
8. The proportion of air in the soil.
9. Topography or land slope.
10. Rainwater intensity.
11. Roughness on the ground surface.
12. The quality of the water that will go through the infiltration process.
13. The temperature of the ground air and the surrounding air.
14. Soil properties.

Well, from those factors it can be categorized into two main factors namely:

• Factors that influence water to stay in a place, so that the water gets the opportunity to go through the infiltration process ( opportunity time )
• Factors that affect the process of water entering the soil.

Specific Property Factors from the Soil

Not only that , Reader , in addition to the factors that have been described, there are also special properties of the soil that are very influential in determining and limiting the infiltration capacity, namely:

a) Pore size

Previously, it was explained that the rate of rainwater entering the soil is determined by the size of the pores and the arrangement of the pores in the soil. Yes, large soil pores or macros are called aeration, which have a diameter large enough to allow water to escape quickly.

b) Pore stability

The capacity of the infiltration process can only be maintained when the porosity is all fixed and undisturbed during the time when there is no rain.

c) Water Content

The greatest infiltration rate can occur especially at low and moderate water content.

d) Soil Profile

The nature of the layers of a soil also determines the speed of rainwater entering the soil.

Important Meaning of the Infiltration Process

This infiltration process of course has several important meanings in other environmental ecosystem processes, namely:

1. Runoff Process ( Run Off )

It should be noted that the term “runoff” has a definition in the form of ‘the part of rainfall that appears to flow in rivers or artificial channels on the surface of the land’. Well, the power of infiltration really determines the amount of rainwater that can be absorbed into the soil. The greater the infiltration power, then the difference between the intensity of rainwater and the infiltration power also becomes smaller. As a result, the runoff on the surface will also be smaller, so the peak discharge will be smaller.

2. Replenishment of Soil Moisture and Ground Water

The term “langas” means ‘ containing water or moist ‘, so this soil langas can be interpreted as a condition of soil that is moist and contains water. Well, the effort to make the soil in wet conditions and filling the soil with water is of course important for agricultural purposes.

Benefits of the Infiltration Process for Human Life

The existence of this infiltration process turns out to be useful for human survival and is often used as the main discussion in learning environmental geography and water management. Well, here are some of the benefits of the infiltration process for human life.

1. Maintaining Ecosystem Stability

The benefits can certainly be felt because remembering the infiltration process is an important part of the hydrological and biogeochemical cycle. Just imagine, if this infiltration process “disappears” from the hydrological cycle, then the water recycling chain on the face of the earth will be disrupted, right? So that it will have an impact on the capacity of water as a basic need for all living things.

2. Water Conservation Study and River Basin District (DAS)

The existence of the infiltration process is greatly used by humans to determine which areas can be used as seepage and built-up areas, especially when building new residential areas.

3. Groundwater and Aquifer Water Research

Since this infiltration process is an important part of the hydrological cycle as well as a method of replenishing groundwater on the surface of the earth, its existence must be studied by research.

4. Preventing Runoff Flooding

The infiltration process can be applied by humans, especially when planning water seepage areas and built-up areas. It must be planned in detail so that the potential for flooding, especially due to rain runoff, is lower.

Infiltration Rate Measurement

The infiltration rate process can be measured using various tools and of course by applying a special formula. Well, here are some ways to measure infiltration rate.

1. Using the Infiltrometer

The infiltrometer in its simplest form consists of a fertilizer tube pressed into the soil. Later, the surface of the soil in the tube will be filled with water. The water level in the tube will decrease due to the infiltration process. Then, the amount of water added to maintain the water level in the tube should also be measured.

The smaller the diameter of the tube, the greater the disturbance due to the side flow under the tube. Through this method, the infiltration process can be calculated based on the amount of water added to the inner tube per unit of time.

2. Using Test Plots

Measuring the infiltration rate using an infiltrometer is known to only be possible in a small area, so it will be difficult to draw conclusions about the magnitude of the infiltration force in a wider area. Therefore, another option is to use a test plot.

The use of test plots can be applied to flat land surrounded by embankments and flooded with water. The rate of infiltration will later be obtained from the amount of water that has been added so that the surface becomes constant. So, it can be concluded that the plot test tool is a form of infiltrometer that has a larger scale.

3. Using a Lysimeter

This lysimeter device is in the form of a concrete tank planted in the ground, then filled with the same soil and plants as the surrounding area. In addition, this lysimeter should also be equipped with drainage and water supply facilities.

The use of the lysimeter will use the water balance equation as follows:

P + I = D + ES …………………….. (2.18)

Description:

I = water supply

D = water removed

E = evaporation (evapotranspiration)

S = water reservoir in the ground

Influence of Texture or Soil Form on Infiltration Rate

Does Reader realize that the texture or shape of the soil also affects the rate of infiltration? Yes, especially on the number and size of the pores on the skin. The larger the pores of the soil, the greater the rate of infiltration. Based on the size of the pores, there are clays that have a lot of fine pores and there are clays that have a few large pores. But on the other hand, sandy soil actually contains many large pores and few fine pores. Well, thus it can be concluded that the rate of infiltration in sandy soil is much greater than in clay soil.

Soils that have a rough texture can create a light soil structure. But on the other hand, soils that have a fine soil texture can cause the formation of the soil that has a heavy structure.

Well, that’s a review of what infiltration is and how the process of infiltration is the main part of the hydrological cycle. Did Reader ever play on the dirt when it rained as a child?

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Infaq is – There are various practices in Islam that are also closely related to giving money or other property. One of them is infaq. Then what is meant by infaq. Islam has the concept that the universe and all its contents belong to Allah SWT, including those that are the property of humans. That is, for every property owned by a person, there are other people’s rights in it as well.

The basis of the law of infaq itself has been explained in the Qur’an in Surat Adz-Dzariyat in verse 19 which states: “And in every property of theirs there is also the right of the poor who ask and the poor who do not get a share.” In addition, Surat Al Baqarah verse 245 also provides guidance for every Muslim to do infaq.

The meaning of the word itself reads: “Whoever wants to give a loan to God, a good loan (that is to spend his wealth in the way of God), then God will then multiply the payment to him by multiplying it as well. And God will narrow and widen (provision) and to Him you will then be returned.”

Meaning of Infaq

Infaq is actually taken from the word anfaqa-yunfiqu which means to finance or spend. Meanwhile, according to KBBI or the Big Indonesian Dictionary, infaq is an effort to release property which includes non-zakat and zakat.

In contrast to Sharia terminology, infaq is to withdraw part of the property, earnings or income owned for an interest that is then ordered in an Islamic teaching.

So, infaq can also be defined as an effort to carry out the command of Allah SWT by spending wealth with the purpose of doing good. Thus, infaq is actually different from charity.

Because, infaq does not recognize nisab and the amount of property determined based on the law. The gift of this property also does not have to be given to a certain mustahik, but can also be given to anyone known or unknown.

For example, infaq can be given to the elderly, the indigent, relatives, orphans, or even to those who are on a journey. So, giving property is a voluntary activity.

Types of Infaq and Examples

Mandatory Infaq

Being one of the types of Infaq in Islam, namely Mandatory Infaq as an infaq that must be issued by someone. If this infak is not released by a person, then he will then earn dosa. Therefore, if you have an obligation to spend, then do it.

Because, as Muslims who are still given the opportunity to breathe fresh air every day, you should do what you should, below are some examples of obligatory infaq.

Paying Dowry

One example of obligatory infaq is paying dowry. Dowry is property that must be handed over by a husband to his wife for the marriage contract. However, it should be understood that there is no provision related to the minimum dowry.

Dowry is actually not the main purpose of a marriage and its nominal standardization must also be in accordance with the conditions of each party. For information, there is a recommended dowry which is no less than 10 dirhams and no more than 500 dirhams. One dirham is equivalent to 2,975 grams of silver.

Atonement

Kafarat is a fine that must be paid by someone for violating the law or the provisions of Allah SWT. The amount of atonement itself depends on the type of offense a person has committed.

Then, the recipient of this infak can also mean anyone. It can even be from family or other relatives who are in need. It is highly recommended to have an obligation like this, so you should immediately pay it.

Providing for the Family

Another example of the type of obligatory infak is providing sustenance to the family. For example, a husband who is obligated to provide for his wife and family. This is an obligation from the husband to the wife. Later there will also be a greater reward for him.

Infaq Sunnah

In addition to mandatory infaq, in Islam there is also sunnah infaq. This infak itself is an infak that is done with the purpose of giving charity in the way of Allah SWT. Therefore, charity in the form of wealth can then be said to be infaq sunnah.

Anyone who has enough wealth can then do infaq sunnah. So, it can be said that there are actually so many practices that can be done to be able to reap as many rewards as possible. Infak sunnah itself consists of two types, namely:

Infak Jihad

Infak jihad as an infak given to someone or a group of people who want to fight in the path of Allah SWT. For example, when you give part of your property to those who are fighting for Palestine.

This fact will certainly provide many benefits. Not only from the recipient’s side, but also from the giver’s side. In addition, it can also ease the burden of the recipient, this infak can also give a great reward to the giver of the infak.

Infak to Help Others

Infak will help others, of course, aiming to then lighten the burden of others. Similar to infaq jihad, this infaq can then be given to anyone in need.

Not only covering the needs of jihad, the giver of infaq can also give his wealth to the people around him. Make sure all these things are done because and for Allah SWT. Don’t get caught up in wanting to be admired by many people when spending money.

Infak Mubah

The next type of infaq is mubah infaq. This type of infaq as an infaq is freely done but doing it will not make someone get a reward. Then, for those who do not do it, they will not reap sins. So, this infak is actually done for things that have the law of mubah.

For example, when a person gives his property for farming, trading or farming. This kind of thing is certainly not a mandatory thing to do. However, it is legal for someone to do it. There is no prohibition for those who want to do mubah infaq.

In addition to not getting a reward for those who do it, there will also be no sin for those who don’t do it. Everything is done with the intention of Allah SWT. Because, if it wasn’t because of Allah SWT, of course this law of infaq would later change into illegal infaq. Really this is the type of infak that should be avoided.

Infak Haram

Infak haram are types of infak that are strictly prohibited by Islamic teachings. Therefore do not do this infak. Illegal spending is spending in the form of property to other people insincerely or not for the sake of Allah SWT.

Anyone who then spends with the intention of only wanting to be praised or get a reward from others, then the law is unlawful. Don’t do things like this. The act of illegal infaq will also reflect the riya behavior of those who do it.

This behavior is truly cursed by Allah SWT and is also categorized as a hypocrite. There is even a reward given in the afterlife that will be very painful. The reward that should be reaped because of infak will actually be eliminated because of this riya behavior.

Indeed, those who commit illegal spending will suffer greatly not only in the afterlife but also in this world. May all Muslims then be able to avoid things like this well. The type of endowment itself has various types, ranging from obligatory endowment, sunnah, permitted endowment, and haram.

The difference between Infaq, Sadaqah, Zakat, and Waqf

To understand the difference between infaq, almsgiving, zakat, and waqf, pay attention to each definition and the following examples of the differences between zakat, infaq, and almsgiving that you need to know:

Charity

Charity includes everything that one person gives to another person with the sincere intention of seeking pleasure and reward from God. The form itself is free, including the time and rate are also not bound. Charity includes giving in the form of material things such as money, property, etc. also in the form of good deeds or services.

Infaq

The scope of charity itself is broad, while the scope of infaq is more limited to the aspect of using or spending property for good purposes. Infaq as a charity in the form of property which is then given out with the sole intention of hoping for God’s pleasure. There is no stipulation of rate or time infaq is paid. So, every Muslim can spend anywhere, anytime, and in any amount.

For example, infaq to go to Hajj, Umrah, and support the family, also to pay zakat, put money in the charity box of the mosque, feed the poor and orphans, give donations to people who have been hit by calamities or various disasters, and so on. .

Zakat

Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam and must be paid if a Muslim has fulfilled the various conditions of obligatory zakat. Because the law of zakat is actually obligatory, then all aspects of its implementation have been regulated in detail by the Sharia. If there are rules that are not followed there will be consequences, the zakat that is then paid is considered invalid and must be repeated.

Some scholars also state that zakat is an obligatory charity that is taken from certain assets such as gold, silver (or savings), and livestock that have then met a certain amount. In addition, zakat must also be given to the eight groups who are entitled to receive it (al-ashnaf ats-tsaniyah) and be paid within a certain period of time.

endowment

Waqf According to jurisprudents, it is included in one of the practices of property charity which is done permanently by freezing its use or tasaruf for things allowed in the Sharia. In short, waqf is charity in the form of assets.

For example, land, wells, houses or buildings, hospitals, mosques, and other public buildings that are productive. Assets from this waqf itself cannot be reduced in value and must be able to be developed according to sharia or according to the principles in Islam.

 

Creative Industry – Every human being is blessed with their own creativity. However, not everyone can develop it into a real work that will be useful for other communities. Therefore, the creative industry is present to be a container for people who have brilliant ideas and ideas to be able to cultivate their creativity.

A person’s creativity should be used to create well-being and open employment. With human resources that are utilized in the right way, the creative industry is expected to be able to produce a work without exploiting abundant natural resources.

To find out in more detail what the creative industry is, see the explanation of the meaning of the creative industry, its types, examples, benefits, and various government policies that regulate it below.

Meaning of Creative Industry

The definition of creative industry in general is all processes of creation, creativity, ideas, and ideas from a person or group that can then produce works or products afterwards. The creative industry itself is a combination of two words, namely industry and creative. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary, industry is the activity of processing or processing goods using facilities and equipment, while creative is an adjective that reflects that a person or related group has creativity and the ability to create.

The creativity produced by that person or group is expected to help economic growth as well as open up new employment opportunities for communities in need. Therefore, the creative industry is an important field that must continue to be developed as time goes by and must be developed together in its development because it is one of the mainstays of the country’s economy.

The Meaning of the Creative Industry According to the Experts

According to Simatupang, the creative industry is an industry that relies on skills, talent and creativity that have the potential to improve well-being.

According to the Indonesian Ministry of Trade in 2009, the creative industry is an industry that originates from the utilization of skills, creativity, and talents possessed by individuals in creating well-being and employment. This industry will focus on empowering the creativity and creativity of an individual.

According to the UK DCM Task Force: 1998, the creative industry is an industry that originates from the creativity of individuals who are potentially capable of creating wealth and employment through the exploitation and generation of the individual’s creativity and intellectual wealth.

According to Howkins, the creative industry is an industry that has superior characteristics in terms of creativity in producing or creating various creative designs that are attached to the goods or services produced.

Types of Creative Industries

In Indonesia, the creative industry itself is divided into 14 types of sectors that can be categorized as forms of creativity produced to grow the economy. Here are the types of creative industries that grow the community’s economy.

1. Architecture

Architecture is one type of creative industry related to the planning and design of building construction. The field of creative industry in the type of architecture also produces products in the form of buildings and properties that can be of high value.

2. Advertising

Advertising is one type of creative industry in which there are many human resources in the form of creative young people. The advertising industry also has a big role to help the nation’s economy because of its nature of promoting a product and service to a wide audience.

3. Film, Photography, or Video

The type of creative industry in the field of film, photography, and video is one of the sectors with great potential in the growth of the national economy. This field is included in the category of creative industries because the process in film or photography or video production starts from gathering ideas and initial creativity.

4. Music

Music is one type of creative industry that is used by artists as a way to express feelings. The field of music can be categorized as a creative industry because in the process of music composition, there are many processes that must be supported by ideas and creativity.

5. Television and Radio

The field of television and radio is a creative activity that contains various production processes with various creations. One example of television and radio is the provision of TV broadcasts and radio broadcasts that serve to educate and entertain the audience.

6. Art and culture market

The art and culture market is one type of creative industry that accommodates art activists and artists who produce their works through a qualified cultural and creative background. The art and culture market produces many works that convey emotional messages that are close to society.

7. Craft

Crafting is one type of creative industry that has become a community culture in every region. The production process in producing crafts is supported by various raw materials found in the surrounding environment, for example such as bamboo, wood, clay, stone, metal, and others.

8. Fashion

Fashion is one type of creative industry that will always grow and change as time goes on. This happens because fashion creators or designers create various fashion trends by adapting them to the conditions that are happening.

9. Design

Design is one type of creative industry that is closely related to creative activities such as graphic design, interior design, and product design. Designers in the creative industry are those who have creative ideas to always create something.

10. Interactive Games

Interactive games are one type of creative industry that produces computer and video games that both entertain and educate the public. This interactive game is closely related to the availability of the internet network, so this sector needs the support of informatics technology.

11. Computer and Software Services

The field of computer and software services is an activity related to information technology. The creative activities in it include computer services, software development, and system analysis.

12. Performing Arts

Some forms of performing arts include theater, dance performances, musical dramas, and puppet shows. Performance art in the creative industry itself is closely related to the culture of the community. Some examples of this performance art can not only be a source of income for artists, but also one of the ways to preserve culture.

13. Publishing and Printing

The creative industry in the field of publishing and printing produces many products or works in written form such as books, magazines, newspapers, invitations, and so on. However, along with the development of technology, many creators have begun to refer to written works in digital form, such as e-books, blogs, and websites .

14. Research and Development

The field of research and development is a creative activity that is closely related to various efforts in creating the discovery of science and technology for the application of science and knowledge.

Research itself is systematic, critical, and scientific research into a problem to improve knowledge, while the development in question is science and technology that uses its functions and benefits to produce new technology.

The fourteen types of industries that have been mentioned above belong to the creative industry. This is because they all need creativity in carrying out their respective processes, as well as producing new ideas in each product. The products that are produced then become a work that has different selling values.

Examples of Creative Industries

The creative industry or the field of business where all activities that produce a work also have several examples of works produced. Some works from the creative industry are easy to find in everyday life. Here is an example of a creative industry.

1. Production of batik fabric

Batik is one of the traditional fabrics of Indonesian origin that is already known by many countries and its existence is worldwide. In the production of batik fabric, of course there are many processes that must be gone through. The production process of batik fabric until it becomes a ready-to-market product certainly requires a lot of patience and creativity.

2. Filmmaking process

The process of making a film is quite a long stage, from creating an idea, making a story, writing a script, recording, editing, until finally a film can be shown to the audience. The product produced in the form of a film is the fruit of the creativity of the parties involved in each process.

3. Performance of wayang or drama

A puppet show is a traditional drama show that features a puppet show based on the background of each character’s story, while the theatrical performance is a variety of arts in the form of drama, dance, and music with various stories as the background. Both are examples of creative industries that are thick with Indonesian culture.

4. Book printing

Book printing is one example of a creative industry where the production process involves mass production of writing and images. Products produced in the field of book printing are not only books, but also brochures, flyers, magazines, invitations, etc.

5. Fashion show

A fashion show is an activity or event that is usually held by fashion designers to show and introduce their works to the general public. The fashion show process is one of the activities that requires creativity because it involves many parties, starting from fashion designers, models, fashion product providers to fashion support.

6. Content creators

Content creator is one of the most sought after jobs and is almost always needed in every sector of the creative industry. A content creator is tasked with creating various content materials in the form of writing, images, videos, even sound or a combination of them. In going through every process of becoming a content creator, a lot of creativity and brilliant ideas are needed.

Benefits of Creative Industries

The creative industry is one of the fields that support the country’s economy. The creative industry in Indonesia also not only has diverse types, but also has a myriad of benefits for society and the country.

The main benefit of the creative industry is to foster creativity and innovation from every businessperson. This is also supported by the state of Indonesia with a lot of human resources, especially in the productive working age.

As a means of supporting the country’s economy, the creative industry is also getting more and more attention from the country. The creative industry is also expected to be one of the biggest areas to develop the industry today.

Because of the importance of the existence of this creative industry, it is not possible to depend on the number of sectors on nature. Bearing in mind that natural resources are limited in nature, Indonesia must also take the right steps and actions in developing the creative industry without reducing the natural resources that are getting thinner day by day.

Government Policy Regarding the Creative Industry

The importance of the existence of the creative industry makes the government issue some mandatory policies to make the creative industry continue to develop well. Here are some government policies to improve the creative industry in Indonesia.

1. Integrating Assets and Potentials

The first government policy in the field of creative industries is to integrate assets and the potential of creativity development. Maximized asset management can be a source of capital in this creative industry. By integrating the assets and potential of a person’s creativity, the community will always jump in directly and compete to produce their creativity.

2. Encourage Innovation and Creativity

Excellent ideas and innovations should be supported by the government in the form of providing capital and facilities to realize the creativity. Because of this, business activists will continue to be encouraged to create innovations with various creativity to produce something.

These ideas often invite competition between business partners. However, it is also what makes society more motivated to create innovations that are out of the box .

3. Forming Bekraf (Creative Economy Agency)

Forming a Creative Economy Agency or commonly referred to as bekraf is one of the government’s efforts to strengthen the creative industry.

Bekraf is one of the institutions formed by the president with the aim of providing a container or facility for people who have ideas and creativity to be realized. The existence of the Bekraf institution can also encourage the community to continue producing new innovations until it becomes a masterpiece.

This institution is also one form of government policy that can improve the country’s economy because it presents fresh ideas.

4. Regulating and Supporting Creativity

Regulating and supporting the creativity of the nation’s children is one of the government’s obligations. Creativity should be regulated and supported, one of the ways is to provide copyright protection to creators, innovators, and business people.

This is because a person’s creativity is an economic commodity that can be bought and sold. Without regulation and support from the government, creativity can be lost and change hands due to its unrealized form.

In Indonesia itself, there are already regulations with the formation of copyright and intellectual rights protection laws.

Conclusion

After knowing various things related to the creative industry, it can be concluded that exploring the ideas and creativity of each individual is important. That is because human resources with creative ideas are needed to be able to carry out all production processes in the creative industry sectors.

As dynamic individuals, we are required to be able to explore ideas without limits, the article is that this creative industry will continue to grow with the times and must still be supported by the presence of compatible human resources.

In accordance with the content of the explanation above, you can find out briefly what is the meaning of the creative industry, its types, examples, benefits, and various government policies to improve the quality of the industry.

For those of you who are interested in developing a creative industry and dabbling in that world, you can do many useful things to be able to run your own technology and business. It can be started by learning many theoretical things.

You can visit various websites to read various scientific journals about the creative industry or even visit the official website www.Sinaumedia.com to find various references through books related to the creative industry.

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Knowing the Definition of Industry, Types, Examples, and Purpose – Knowing the current industry sector as one of the business sectors that is the benchmark for development in a country is very interesting to know. Because with the development of an industry, it certainly also develops the economy and growth of a country and provides the opening of many job opportunities for citizens.

In general, industry is known as an economic activity that processes raw materials, raw materials, semi-finished goods or finished goods into high-quality goods for specific purposes, including industrial planning and engineering.

Industry is part of the production process. Industrial materials are taken directly or indirectly and then processed to produce goods that are more valuable to the community. The activity of the production process in an industry is called an industry.

If you look at the definition in general, industry can be interpreted very broadly and includes all human activities in the economic field that are productive and commercial. Because it is a vast industry, the amount and type of industry varies from one country to another country or region.

The higher the level of industrial development of a country or region, the greater the amount and type of industry and the more complex its operations.

Economically, the concept of industrialization is also defined as a group of similar businesses, where the word industry is combined with a word that describes the type of industry. The rest is for example the pharmaceutical industry, the clothing industry, the wood industry, etc.

For that, in order to make it easier for Reader friends who want to get to know and understand more about the definition of industry in this discussion, we have summarized the definition of the complete industry along with its type, sector, and purpose in development.

Further, we have presented the discussion below!

Early History of Industry

Before further discussing the definition of the industry along with its types, sectors, and development goals, it is good that we also know about the early history of the industry itself. For that reason, we have presented a discussion about the history of the industry below.

This industry began with the work of a craftsman or craftsman. In ancient times, after living as nomads as gatherers, hunters, and fishermen, people lived permanently, building houses and cultivating the land through farming, gardening, and raising livestock. Their needs are increasing for things like harvesting tools, hunting tools, fishing tools, agricultural tools, gardening tools, mining tools, even military and economic tools. Artisans and artisans emerged as a source of necessary tools and goods. From there, handicrafts and carpentry began to develop, producing basic necessities. To grow into good craftsmen and workers, the apprenticeship model is maintained and to maintain the quality of workmanship and in the carpentry industry,

Iron and steel mining flourished in the Middle Ages. In addition, the extraction of fuels such as coal, oil and gas is growing rapidly. These two things accelerated the development of mechanical technology, starting with the invention of the steam engine, which opened the way for large-scale production and trade of goods, and the mass in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in the cities of Lille and Manchester) and the railway, then steel industry (Essen) and shipbuilding, automobile industry (Detroit), aluminum factory. The chemical and pharmaceutical industries grew from the need for dyes in textile factories. From here the industrial revolution happened.

Since then, the wave of industrialization, such as the mass production of goods and the establishment of factories involving the use of labor, quickly swept the world, replacing traditional agriculture (agriculture). Since then, various industry classifications have emerged.

Industry Definition

Most people think that industry is just a human economic activity that processes raw materials into semi-finished or finished materials. Although the meaning of industry is very broad, this industrial process includes all human activities in certain fields that are productive and commercial in nature. The word industry comes from the Old French word “industria” which means activity, but the word mainly comes from the Latin word “Industria” which means craft and activity.

Broadly speaking, industry is a field of business that produces workforce skills and technology to produce a product for profit. Industrial products are not only in the form of goods (production) but also in the form of services (services), for example production results such as services such as banking, insurance, transportation, shipping services, etc.

Industry is synonymous with the place where industry takes place, namely the factory, in a broader sense the factory is where people, machines or technology, materials, energy, capital and resources are managed in a unified production system. produce effective, efficient, and safe products and services that are ready for general use or that can be further processed to make other types of products. Factory is synonymous with processing raw materials and making finished products in the form of goods.

The service industry is an industry that provides services to serve or support other industrial activities and can also provide direct services to the community (customers). This type of industry usually operates in buildings (offices).

Industry is a sector or economic activity related to the processing/production of raw materials in a factory that uses skills and labor or the manufacture of finished goods (in industrial English) and the use of tools in the field of processing agricultural products and their distribution as the main activity. So industry is generally known as the next link in the business chain after agriculture, plantation and mining, which is closely related to the land, which fulfills the needs of the land (economics). The position of the industry is further away from the earth which is the basis of economy, culture and politics. Industry is part of the production process and industrial production process activities are called industrial.

Industry can also be interpreted as a group of various companies that offer the same product. In other words, each product is a substitute for another because the company uses the same inputs and faces more or less the same suppliers and buyers.

Types of Industries

To find out what different types of industries are available below, we have presented a variety of different types of industries according to their fields.

Industrial products can be in the form of processed food, textiles, cosmetics and others. And now we can enjoy various services from the industry sector

The following types of industries are found in Indonesia:

• Primary industry

Primary industry focuses on the production of goods with the help of nature. This is a nature-based industry that requires little human effort. For example, agriculture, plantations, forestry, fisheries, horticulture, etc. as examples of non-mining industries.

• Extractive Industries

Extractive Industry includes the extraction or re-production of goods from land, air or water. In general, the products of the mining industry are in raw form, and the industry is used in the field of manufacturing and construction which is used to make finished products. For example, mining, coal, petroleum, iron ore, extraction of wood and rubber from forests, etc.

• Secondary industry

This industry is engaged in the reproduction and marketing of certain vegetable and animal spices. The main purpose is to make a profit from the sale. For example seeding, cattle rearing, poultry farming, mammal farming etc.

• Construction industry

The construction industry carries out construction work on buildings, bridges, roads, dams, canals, etc. This industry is different from other industries because the products of other industries can be produced in one place and sold in another place. But the goods produced and sold by the construction industry are assembled in one place.

• Manufacturing industry

The manufacturing industry deals with the transformation of raw materials into finished products with the help of machines and manpower. Finished goods can be consumables or commodities. For example, the textile, chemical, sugar, paper industry, etc.

• Quaternary Industry

Industries that use high technology. The people who work in these companies are often highly qualified in their field. Research and development companies are the most common businesses in this sector, an example of a secondary industry.

• Service industry

Currently, the service sector plays an important role in the development of the country and that is why it is called the service sector. The main industries in this category are the hospitality industry, tourism industry, entertainment industry etc.

• Creative Industry

The definition of creative industry in general is all processes of creation, creativity, ideas and ideas of a person or group that can later produce works or products. The creative industry itself is a combination of two words namely industry and creative. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary, industry refers to the processing or management of goods using facilities and equipment, while creative is an adjective that reflects that the person or group concerned has creativity and the ability to create.

The creativity created by a person or group further encourages economic growth and can open new jobs for those in need. Therefore, the creative economy is an important sector that must be developed from time to time and grow together, because it is one of the pillars of the country’s economy.

Industry Examples from Various Fields

• Agro Industry

The following industries are activities that use agricultural products as raw materials, design and produce equipment and services for these activities. Austin (1981) specifically defines agribusiness as a business that processes plant (derived from plants) or animal (derived from animals) materials. The process used includes transformation and preservation with physical or chemical treatment, storage, packaging and distribution. This agricultural product can be in the form of ready-to-use consumer end products or other industrial raw materials.

• Mining

This one industry is one of the pillars of the country’s economic development. This industry is driven by mining companies that manage natural resources (SDA) that are used for the development and well-being of the Indonesian people. Mining is any or all stages of activities related to the exploration, processing and use of minerals or coal, including general surveys, geographic surveys, construction feasibility studies, mining, processing and processing, transportation and sales, and mining operations. activity.

• Farming

Livestock is part of food production agriculture. Food from the food industry is a producer of animal protein with high nutritional value such as meat, eggs and milk.

Farming is the care and maintenance of domestic animals, with which profit and income are obtained from this activity. Animals that are bred a lot are cows and chickens. goats, sheep and pigs. Livestock products include meat, milk, eggs, and clothing.

• Handicrafts

Crafts are one of the types of creative industries that have become a community culture in every district. The craft production process is supported by various raw materials available in the environment such as bamboo, wood, clay, stone, metal, etc.

The handicrafts sold at this cultural art market are one of the types of creative economy that involve art activists and artists who produce works with a qualified cultural and creative background. The art and culture market produces many works that convey an emotional message close to the community.

• Tourism

The definition of the tourism industry is a branch of the economy that consists of all businesses that provide products and services intended for use by tourists in various levels of travel and tourism. Tourism is a very broad and growth-oriented industry.

According to Tourism Law No. 10 of 2009, the tourism industry is a group of related tourism businesses that produce goods and/or services to meet the needs of tourists in the pursuit of tourism.

The purpose of tourism is to increase mainly currency income and the income of the country and society in general. Expand opportunities and work opportunities and encourage the operation of supporting industries and other supporting industries. Apart from that, tourism is also able to introduce and present the natural beauty and culture of Indonesia.

Purpose of Industrial Development

The government explained that Indonesia will continue to develop the industrial sector for smooth development. The understanding of industrial development is one part of the country’s economic development that applies several principles of sustainable industrial development. This development is based on economic, social and environmental development.

Article 2 of the Industrial Law contains an explanation of the principles and objectives of industrial development. Industrial development also takes place by believing in one’s own abilities and strengths, superiority and environmental sustainability.

The government has announced several goals for the development of the industry. These objectives include:

• Making well-being more equal

The utilization of natural resources and/or agricultural products for industrial activities must be able to provide fair and equitable results for human well-being while still paying attention to the balance and sustainability of the living environment.

• Increase economic growth

The structure of the economy must be changed in a better, more advanced, healthier, and more balanced direction. Everything is done to create a stronger and broader base for economic growth in general and provide added value for industrial growth in particular.

• Appropriate Technology Management

The ability to master this technology is very important because it can increase confidence in the ability of the country’s business world.

• Strengthening community participation

In this case, an example is a small industry or home industry in which there is a role of the lower class community.

• Equal Employment Opportunity

With many open industries, it automatically opens up more jobs for those in need.

• Foreign exchange earnings growth

It is hoped that all forms of industry that exist will help bring in large amounts of foreign exchange for the national economy.

• Development of industrial growth centers

Areas that have the potential to be developed into industrial centers should be immediately developed with good and accurate methods.

• The creation of national stability and a strong defense

With the growth of industry and general prosperity, the strengthening of the defense and security sector becomes easy.

Conclusion

So much for a short discussion about definitions from Industry, Types, Examples and Purpose. Not only discussing the definition, but also discussing the history and development of the industry up to now. Understanding the definition of the industry itself gives us the understanding that there are many industrial sectors that we can know and provide many job opportunities according to our interests and abilities in one of the industries

The meaning of taqlifi law – Hello Reader friends, do you know Islamic law? In terms of terminology (terms), Islamic law is God’s teachings about mukallaf in the form of requests (orders, prohibitions), recommendations to do or recommendations to leave or takhyir (the ability to choose between what should be done or what should not be done), or wad’i ( set something as a cause, condition, or obstacle).

If the meaning of law is relevant to Islam, then Islamic law is a set of rules from God’s revelation and the Prophet’s Sunnah that, both directly and indirectly, regulate human behavior that is recognized, trusted, and respected by Muslims.

In terms of terminology, according to Mr. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy, he believes that Islamic law is the collection of efforts of jurists to apply sharia to the needs of society. Meanwhile, An-Na’im thinks that Islamic law includes matters of belief, worship (ritual), morality and law.

This description shows that Islamic law covers various issues of human life, both the affairs of this world and the affairs of the hereafter. The main source of Islamic law is divine revelation and human reason. The double identity of Islamic law is found in its two Arabic names, shari’ah and fiqh .

Shari’ah has a greater relationship with divine revelation, while jurisprudence is a product of human reason or knowledge about Shari’ah terms that are actually taken from the Qur’an and Sunnah.

Therefore, Islamic law can be divided into two parts: first, the provisions (law) of Islam are clear and detailed, such as matters of worship, marriage, inheritance provisions, etc. This part is the province of sharia . Second, the provisions of Islam are built through the corruption of reason. This part is the area of ​​jurisprudence .

In Islamic law, there are two types of law that apply to mukallaf (those who have met the conditions to obey the law), the first is taklifi and the second is wadh’i .

This law is used by mukallaf as a guideline for worship. Linguistically, the law of taklifi is the law of burdening, while in terminological terms it is God’s command in the form of choice and request. It is called taklifi law because this order is directly related to the actions of a mukallaf (puberty and common sense).

The condition is due to the law of taklifi obliging the mukallaf to do and leave an act with certainty. The discussion of taklifi law is one of the many studies of Ushul Fiqh h. In fact, one of the main purposes of the discussion of Ushul Fiqh a is how to conclude the law of taqlifi definitively.

Therefore, the position of taklifi law is so important in the discussion of Islamic law. So this article will discuss the meaning of taklifi law , its types, and functions according to Islamic teachings. If you Reader friends don’t know about taklifi law, let’s read the explanation!

Definition of Taklifi Law

Taklifi law is a law that has the meaning of demand (to be done or left by the mukallaf ) or that contains a choice between what is done or what is left. In other words, taklifi law is what is required to do or not to do or is allowed to choose between doing and not doing.

Hukum taklifi is the book (word) of God that relates to mukallaf actions , either in the form of ability guidance, or establishing something as a reason, condition, or seed.

The law also includes procedures, prohibitions, and permission of a mukallaf . For example, prayer is obligatory for all Muslims, adultery is forbidden and sleeping is allowed.

The terms halal, haram, wajib, sunnah, etc. is part of the law of taqlifi in Islam. Law enforcement is aimed at Muslims. Mukallaf is an adult or old enough and quick (not crazy or unconscious). In other words, small children or people who suffer from acute mental disorders to the point that their minds are disturbed are not burdened by the law of taklifi .

The law is very important to measure the faith of each person. Therefore, the law is absolute and must be obeyed and enforced relentlessly.

The law of taklifi as mentioned before is the law that applies and must be obeyed in Islam for those who have been subject to the conditions of taklifi , that is, they are adults or have reached puberty, because taklifi is related to the commands and prohibitions of God. SWT.

This law is basically related to the command of Allah SWT. The important thing is to organize people so that they have to do something, finish it, and leave it. Because the root of charity from human behavior comes from doing something and not doing something. Thus, this law is sourced from all syariah laws or laws that are sourced from legal foundations.

Types of Taklifi Laws

The Hanafi group divides the law of taklifi into seven types, namely by dividing the word to do an act with definite conditions into two parts, namely fardhu and ijab .

According to this group, if an order is based on qath’i proofs , such as the proofs of the Qur’an and mutawatir hadith, then the order is called fardhu . However, if the order is based on zhanni evidence then it is called ijab . So is the ban.

If the prohibition is based on ridiculous arguments, then it is called karahah tahrim . With such a division, the Hanafi group divided the law of taklifi into fardhu, ijab, tahrim, karahah tanzih, nadb and ibahah.

Although this second group divides the law of taklifi into seven types, in general the scholars agree on dividing the law into five types as mentioned above.

The five types of law have an influence on the actions of mukallaf and this result is known by jurists as al-ahkam al-khamsah, which is obligatory, haram, mandub, makruh and mubah. Here is the explanation:

1. Mandatory (Ijab)

Ushul experts give the meaning of obligatory according to the Sharia, that is, what the Sharia demands to be done by the mukallaf upon a firm request and will be rewarded and if neglected will incur a sin, this ijab can be known by pronunciation or by other signs ( qarinah ).

The determined obligation can be seen through pronunciation as in the form of amar (command) in the word of God: “… establish Salat to remember Me.” (QS. Thaha: 14).

It can also be known through the words that are included in the sentence itself which shows the obligation as in His words: “O you who believe, it is obligatory upon you to fast as it was obligatory upon those before you” (QS. Al-Baqarah: 183 ).

Seen from many aspects, it must be divided into four. Viewed from a certain point of view whether the act is obligatory or not, obligatory can be divided into two, namely:

1. Wajib Mu’ayyan is something whose actions have been determined, for example reciting Surat al-Fatihah in prayer.
2. Wajib Mukhayyar , that is, those who can choose one of the many types of actions determined. For example, the oath of atonement offers three alternatives, feed ten poor people, or give clothing to ten poor people, or free the slaves.

Seen in terms of the time to do it and the time available to do what is needed. This obligation can be divided into two categories, namely:

1. Wajib Muwassa , that is, the time available to carry out what is required is wider or longer than the time of carrying out this obligation. For example, Dhuhur prayer. The time available to perform Dhuhr prayer is much greater than the time used to perform Dhuhr prayer. It is very important that it can be done at the beginning of time or in the middle of time or at the end of time. According to the scholars, if muwassa’ is required to be done in the middle or at the end of the time, one should intend after the time has arrived (early time) to delay its implementation until the desired time as neglecting the time.
2. Wajib Mudhayyaq , i.e. those who have the same or equal free time to fulfill this obligation, such as Ramadan fasting. Fasting itself occupies all days in the month of Ramadan. This is why the obligation of mudhayyaq cannot be postponed in the time available for its implementation.

Seen from the perspective of the person who must do it, it is divided into two parts:

1. Wajib Ain are the conditions to perform one act per mukallaf and cannot be replaced by others, such as the obligation to perform prayer, fasting, zakat and hajj. This obligation is also called fardu ‘ain.
2. Wajib Kifayah is an obligation imposed on a group of people and if someone fulfills the request it is considered fulfilled, and if no one does it, the group commits crimes such as amar ma’ruf and nahi munkar , funeral prayers, construction of hospitals, schools, etc.

Seen in terms of the ratio (amount) and the form of loss, it is divided into two:

1. Wajib Muhaddad, is what is determined by the syar’a in the form of a requested act and the mukallaf is considered negligent in fulfilling the request before carrying it out as requested by the syar’a’ or otherwise is an obligation whose rate or quantity has been determined. For example prayer, zakat and debt repayment. The five-step prayer has a time, the number of rak’ahs, pillars and conditions. Zakat has been defined for the types of goods that must be provided and the amount of zakat that must be paid. Wajib muhaddad if not implemented will become a debt and can be confiscated.
2. Wajib Ghairu Muhaddad is a mandatory and optional act, which does not determine the method of implementation and deadline or an obligation that does not determine the amount of limitations, such as infaq fi sabilillah, helping people who want to help, helping each other, etc.

Wajib ghairu muhaddad , if not forced, does not become a debt and cannot be forced. According to Amir Syarifuddin in ushul fiqh, the law of coercion is: Asking to do something safe, meaning something that if done will be rewarded and if surrendered will be threatened by Allah SWT, known as the term “wajib”.

2. Sunnah (Mandub)

Ushul experts say that what is meant by mandub is what is required by syariah to make mukallaf, but the conditions are not too strict, there is no punishment or sin (‘iqab) .

The act of mandub can be recognized from the pronunciation included in the text such as the word sunnah or recommended or given as a warning but there are indications that it is obligatory not to extend from the text itself.

Scholars of the Hanafi school equate the meaning of sunnah and nafal with mandub, according to them there are three types of mandub, namely:

1. Sunnah Hadyi is an act ordained to perform obligatory acts such as the call to prayer and congregational prayer. People who abandon acts like this are said to be lost and reprehensible and if the whole village agrees to abandon them then they can be fought.
2. Zaidah’s Sunnah is all actions that are recommended to be done as commendable qualities for mukallaf for following the footsteps of the Prophet as a normal human being such as eating, drinking, sleeping etc. and if the action is done then it becomes good for the mukallaf and if it is omitted it cannot be said to be makruh.
3. Sunnah Nafal is an act that is recommended to be done in addition to obligatory and sunnah acts such as circumcision prayer. If you can do this, you will be rewarded if you stop, you will not be punished, nor reproached.

Usually, this mandub is also called sunat or mustahab, and is divided into:

1. Sunnah ‘ain , is all actions that are recommended to every mukallaf person to do, for example sunnah rawatib prayer.
2. Sunnah kifayah is all actions that are recommended to be done by just one of a group, for example saying greetings, praying for someone who sneezes, and so on.

3. Haram (Tahrim)

Ushul scholars say that what is regulated by syar’a is forbidden, which cannot be done under harsh conditions.” In other words, it is forbidden and if you do it and you will be punished, and if you leave it you will get a reward.

Broadly speaking, Haram is divided into two parts:

1.  Haram Lidzatihi is haram in the act itself or haram in its substance. Haram like that is basically forbidden from the beginning. For example murder, adultery, theft, etc.
2. Li ghairihi is forbidden , forbidden because it is related to other acts, or forbidden because of other factors that come later. For example, buying and selling which was previously allowed becomes haram, when the call to prayer on Friday is heard. Similarly, the obligatory fasting of Ramadan which originally became haram because fasting causes pain that threatens the safety of the soul. The same goes for others.

Scholars of the Hanafi school divide this haram into two types, which are seen based on the strength of the arguments that support it:

1. Haram set by Dalil Qath are Al Quran, Sunnah Mutawatir and Ijma Harm. Haram that is established by this argument of qath is the opposite of fardhu. For example, the prohibition of adultery as explained in Surah Al Isra verse 32.
2. Haram that is established with zanni arguments such as hadith ahad and kias and haram like this is contrary to what is obligatory or also karahiyatul tahrim . For example, men are forbidden to wear gold jewelry and silk cloth.

According to Amir Syarifuddin, he said that the taqlifi law about haram is: Demand to leave clearly, that is a job that if done by a mukallaf then he will receive a sin from Allah SWT and if left then he will get a reward, which is known as “haram “ .

Hanafiyah scholars define forbidden law into two based on the evidence that establishes it. Claims and prohibitions can definitely be determined by the evidence of the Zhanni evidence called karahah tahrim .

4. Makruh (Karahah)

According to Ushul scholars, Makruh is what is required by syariah to do, but is not haram or in other words, something that is haram but will not be a sin if done. For example, smoking, eating food that causes bad smell, etc.

Generally, scholars divide makruh into two parts:

1. Makruh Tanzih , that is, all actions that are omitted are better than done.
2. Makruh Tahrim , i.e. all acts that are prohibited but the justification for the prohibition is zhanni , not qath’i. For example, playing chess, eating fish, and eating snake meat (according to the Hanafiyah and Malikiyah schools).

According to Amir Syarifuddin, the takfili law about makruh reads: A demand to leave or an indefinite prohibition. That is, a job that if done without sin and if abandoned will be rewarded, which is known as “karahah (makruh)”.

5. Mubah (Ibahah)

What does Mubah mean according to Ushul scholars: “what gives the mukallaf the freedom to choose whether to do it or not.”

Mubah can be divided into three types, namely: 36, whose syarah explains the ability to choose between doing and not doing

1. Its ability is not explained, but syar’ states that it can provide peace and comfort for those who do it
2. It is not well explained at all that the ability to do such things is rooted in the rules of Bara’atul Ashliyah .

According to Amir Syarifuddin he said that the taklfi law about mubah is something that gives the possibility to choose between doing or leaving. Therefore, here there is no demand to work or leave. this is neither commanded nor forbidden.

Laws in this type are called “ibahah” while actions that are given a choice to do or not are called ” mubah” . For example: hunting after performing tahallul in Hajj and others.

 

Understanding of Individuals – Humans as individual beings need to be understood in terms of the individual itself. The word “Individual” comes from the Latin word, ” individuum ” which means “undivided”. So, is a term that can be used to express the smallest and limited unit.

Humans as individual beings have physical and spiritual elements, physical and psychic elements, body and soul elements. A person is said to be an individual human while those elements are united in him. If the elements are no longer united, a person is not called an individual. Every human being has its own uniqueness and special characteristics, no human being is exactly the same. From so many people, it turns out that each one has its own uniqueness.

The definition of an individual is a combination of phenotypic and genotypic factors. Genotype factor is a factor carried by the individual since birth, it is a hereditary factor. If an individual has physical characteristics or character traits that are carried since birth, he also has physical characteristics and character or traits that are influenced by environmental factors (phenotypic factors). Environmental factors (phenotype) play a role in the formation of a person’s special characteristics.

The term environment refers to the physical environment and the social environment. Physical environment such as the surrounding natural conditions. Social environment refers to the environment in which an individual interacts socially. We interact socially with family members, with friends, and larger social groups. The special characteristics of a person can be called personality. Each person has a different personality that is influenced by innate factors (genotype) and environmental factors (phenotype) that interact continuously.

According to Nursid Sumaatmadja (2000), personality is the entire behavior of an individual which is the result of the interaction between bio-psycho-fiscal (physical and psychological) potentials that are carried from birth with a network of environmental situations, which are revealed in actions and deeds and psychological mental reactions, if it gets stimulation from the environment.

He concluded that environmental factors (phenotype) play a role in the formation of a person’s special characteristics. Each individual has inherent characteristics and characteristics ( heredity ) and characteristics obtained from the influence of the environment. Innate characteristics are hereditary characteristics possessed since birth, both related to biological factors and social psychological factors.

Nature and nature are terms commonly used to explain individual characteristics in terms of physical, mental, and emotional aspects at each level of development. A newborn baby is the result of two family lines, the father’s line and the mother’s line. Since conception or the conception of a new life, it is continuously influenced by various stimulating environmental factors.

 

Definition of Individual

The word “individual” comes from the Latin language, i ndividium which means something that cannot be divided or a small limited unit. This describes humans as individual beings because physiologically humans have an independent nature that does not have an organic dependency on others.

In fulfilling the essence of the notion of individuality, humans will always try to develop their personal abilities, such as the ability to survive, communicate, and so on. Humans as individual beings are equipped with intellect, thoughts, and emotions. It is this ability that makes man a monodualist being, a being that is responsible for himself.

As individual creatures, humans are one of God’s creations that have physical (body) and spiritual (soul) elements. These elements cannot be separated and become an individual shaper. When those elements are no longer united, a person is no longer said to be an individual being. Every human being has certain uniqueness and characteristics, no human being is exactly the same in this world, even identical twins have different characteristics.

Humans as individual beings are a combination of two factors, namely phenotypic and genotypic factors. Genotype factors are factors that humans carry from their parents, or also called hereditary factors. This factor is carried by man since he was born on this earth. These factors affect human physical traits such as skin color, height, hair shape, etc., and also psychological traits, such as quiet, active, etc.

Meanwhile, phenotypic factors are factors that form individuals that come from the environment. It cannot be denied that the environment can affect human character. Although basic attitudes have been formed through genotype factors, it is the environment that determines whether these traits can develop or not.

The two factors interact and form a special characteristic of an individual called personality. The understanding of humans as individual beings is that humans have rights over themselves that are adjusted by the social conditions or environment around them. These are all closely related to the environment through society, through personality, through the senses, gender, and social status.

Definition of Individual According to Experts

During his life, an individual goes through stages starting from baby, child, teenager, adult, until he experiences old age. To protect each individual’s rights, the government issues a policy on the protection of the rights of each individual without exception (Human Rights). Every individual is also entitled to his personality including in thinking and acting. For example, someone needs education or guidance and direction.

1. Viniagustia

The concept of individual is a term that can be used to express the smallest and limited unity.

2. Dr. A. License

The definition of individual is “people” or something that is a whole that cannot be divided again, a limited unity.

3. MJ Langeveld

Every human child, human being is born with the potential to be different from others, or to be (like) himself. There is no identical individual on the face of the earth, that two twins that come from the same egg are commonly said to be like betel nut split in two, similar and difficult to distinguish one from the other, only similar but not identical, let alone identical.

4. Martin Luther

The concept of individual comes from the word individum (Latin), which is a small unit that cannot be divided again. According to the sociological concept, an individual means a human being who lives independently. Individuals as creatures created by God in themselves are always equipped with life equipment that includes body, taste, ratio, and harmony.

• Raga, is a special form of the human body that can distinguish one individual from another, even with the same essence.
• Rasa, is a human feeling that can capture objects of movement from things in the universe or feelings related to beauty.
• Ratio or common sense, is a human equipment to develop oneself, overcome everything that is needed in every human being and is a tool to digest what is received by the five senses.
• Rukun or life association, is a form of socialization with humans and living side by side with each other harmoniously, peacefully and complementing each other. This pillar is what can help people to form a social group that is often called community.

5. Sujatmiko Eko

The meaning of individual is one person; private person (separate from other people). Organisms that live on their own, are physiologically independent (do not have an organic relationship with each other). Individuals are the smallest unit of society.

In social science, the concept of individual also means the smallest part of a group of society that cannot be separated into smaller parts. For example, a family consists of father, mother, and children. Father is an individual in that social group, which can no longer be divided into smaller units.

Individual comes from the Greek word ” individium ” which means “undivided”. In social science, the understanding of the individual is related to the character with the life and soul that is plural and plays a role in human social life. The individual is a limited unity, that is, as a single human being, not as a whole human being.

It can be concluded that an individual is a human being who has a special or specific role in his personality. There are three aspects in an individual, namely the physical organic aspect, the spiritual psychological aspect, and the social aspect. Where the aspects are related to each other. If one is damaged, it will damage other aspects. When the pattern of behavior is almost identical to the behavior of the masses concerned.

The process that increases the characteristics of individuality in a person to himself is called the process of individualization or self-actualization. In this process, individuals are burdened with various roles that come from the conditions of living together, which eventually emerges as a group that will determine the stability of a society.

Individuals in their behavior according to their personal patterns have three possibilities, namely deviating from the collective norm, losing their individuality, subjugating the collective, and thirdly influencing society. Thus, human beings are individual beings not only in the sense of the whole body and soul, but are special individuals, according to their personality patterns and abilities.

Another definition of an individual is a single person; private person (separate from other people). Organisms that live on their own, are physiologically independent (do not have an organic relationship with each other).

Individual Instincts

Basically, each individual has different characteristics. Individuals who join together will form a group or community. The individual will have the same characteristics as the group when he joins.

Each individual has special characteristics that are different from other individuals, such as physical shape, intelligence, talent, desire, feelings and have their own level of understanding/meaning towards an object. So, the individual is the internal condition of a human being who functions as a subject.

Humans as individuals have three instincts, namely:

1. Survival Instinct

The instinct to maintain survival has given rise to various needs. One of the most basic needs is the physiological needs consisting of eating, drinking and protection. All these needs are obtained from the human environment, and in utilizing the environment requires technology.

Technology can be defined as the means or tools used by humans to fulfill their needs. So technology does not only include modern equipment or machines. Arrows for hunting, shifting cultivation and other simple tools or means are included in the technology. Human needs are very diverse and these needs are easier to fulfill if individuals live in groups with other individuals.

2. Instinct to Defend the Continuation of Livelihood of Descendants

The instinct to protect the offspring, demands the need for a sense of security ( safety need ), both from the disturbance of uncomfortable weather, wild animals or other humans. Clothes made from various types of materials and models adapted to the weather conditions. Housing with various materials and forms, is basically an effort to obtain a sense of security from various disturbances.

As for the diversity of materials and models used, it depends on the environment. Like houses in tropical areas are generally made of wood or bamboo with a triangular or conical roof model and often the bottom does not directly touch the ground, but is stilted or vaulted. In moderate climates, many houses are built from bricks/soil, with flat roofs, while in cold regions the Eskimos make houses from ice with a bare shape. All that depends on the weather and the raw materials available in the environment.

In addition to meeting the biological needs of humans, marriage on the other hand is also a reflection of the individual’s dependence on other individuals and the instinct to continue the lineage.

3. Curiosity and Seeking Satisfaction

Every human being has an instinct to be curious about something around them, whether it is the natural environment or other human environments. There are natural differences such as land, hills, mountains; differences in the distribution of plants and animals; physical differences in humans such as black, white, tanned, tall, short and so on; human cultural differences such as when it comes to eating, some eat with their hands, spoons, forks and knives; differences in clothing, livelihood, house shape and so on.

All that has pushed people to find out. The question “what, why, how, and who” has given birth to a system of knowledge, which is then organized into a system through certain rules, thus giving birth to knowledge.

This knowledge is basically to meet the spiritual/inner needs of man, while the application of knowledge in the form of methods and tools to meet the needs of human life is called technology. So, technology is a variety of ways or tools to meet human material needs.

 

The Difference between Individual Humans and Social Beings

1. Humans as Individuals

An individual is a person or a human being as a whole. Whole here is defined as a quality that cannot be divided. It is a unity between the physical and the spiritual that is attached to a person. The two cannot be separated to support and fulfill human needs, both as individuals and communities.

The knowledge and technology that individuals possess is not entirely the result of their own experience, but more from learning and imitating others. Therefore, in fulfilling the instinct of curiosity and seeking satisfaction, it cannot be separated from group life.

2. Humans as Social Beings

Humans are creatures that cannot immediately adapt to their environment. During infancy, humans are completely dependent on other individuals. He learns to walk, learn to eat, learn to dress, learn to read, learn to make things and so on, needs the help of other adults.

According to Malinowski, one of the figures of anthropology from Poland stated that the dependence of individuals on other individuals in their group can be seen from human efforts in meeting biological needs and social needs that are done through cultural mediation.

A sense of security specifically depends on the presence of protection systems in the house, clothing and equipment. Protection in general, in the sense of interference with other groups, will be easier to create if people are in groups. In order to create the security and comfort of this group life, rules and social controls were created about what can and cannot be done by each member of the group. In addition, it is also determined who has the right to organize the life of the group to achieve common goals.

Individuals have the characteristics of having a mind and self that is able to determine reality, interpret the situation, determine actions from outside and within themselves. Can be interpreted as an individual communication process in interacting and relating. Individuals will not have a clear identity without the existence of a society that is the background of the individual marked by where the individual tries to place his behavior in accordance with the norms and culture of the environment, such as in Indonesia the individual upholds polite behavior, and is ethical in socializing.

Individuals are always in a group, the role of the group is to mature the individual into a person, whose process depends on the group and the environment can be a supporting factor in the process as well as an obstacle to the process of becoming a person. Supporting factors and inhibiting factors can also be based on the individual himself.

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Humans are social creatures who live side by side with society and the help of others. That is what indicates that within each individual there is a desire and need that is needed to live together with other individuals in creating a social relationship. However, do you know what individuals, groups, and social relationships are? Well, in order to know the explanation, let’s pay attention to the following discussion.

A. Definition of Individual

Individuals are the smallest part of a group of society that cannot be separated into smaller parts. The term “individual” comes from the Greek language, namely “individuum” which means not divided. In sociology, an individual is also defined as an organization or individual that is independent and not tied to other organizations, be it action, thought, or behavior.

Based on the Indonesian Dictionary or KBBI, individual means a single organism that lives and stands alone. Physiologically, individuals have the same independent nature as the definition of individual based on the sociological concept which means that life stands on its own.

Each individual in society plays a role with a different status. In society, individuals have a role as social beings. Not only do they play a role in society, individuals also have a role in the political world. The role of the individual in the political world, for example as a person who contributes an opinion, one of the people who plays a role in political activities, and participates in helping to solve problems in the organization and the political world.

1. Characteristics of Individuals

In general, there are a number of individual characteristics that you need to know or recognize, among others:

a. Individuals have intelligence, thoughts, wishes, and desires, as well as feelings that can determine action from outside and from within the individual.

b. Individuals have the instinct to survive, achieve satisfaction, etc.

c. Individuals have a soul and body that can distinguish between individuals.

d. Individuals have unique or special behaviors and behaviors that can distinguish one individual from another.

2. Individual aspects

An individual is a person who has personality and behavior, and plays a role in society and other environments, for example in the political environment. According to H. Hartomo, states that there are 3 (three) aspects owned by each individual that are interconnected and have an impact on others, including the following:

a. Spiritual and psychological aspects

b. Social aspect

c. Aspects of soul and body

In addition, there are also individual psychological aspects, among others:

• Special talent or ability or intelligence
• Interest or desire
• A person’s personality
• Enthusiasm
• Learning

3. Individual Characteristics

Based on the explanation given by Stoner and Freeman, it is said that individual characteristics are translations or other words of attitudes, interests and individual needs. The attitude is carried and used by a person when doing an activity.

In addition, John, Donahue, and Kentle also said that there are 5 (five) individual characteristics that you must know and pay attention to, including:

a. Openness to experience

Openness to Experience is a characteristic of individuals who accept new experiences or do not reject when there is change.

b. Conscientiousness

Conscientiousness is one of the characteristics of individuals who are careful about everything.

c. Extraversion

Extraversion is an individual characteristic with its open and comfortable nature. So that there is no disturbance when interacting between individuals.

d. Agreeableness

Agreeableness is one of the characteristics of individuals who always want to avoid problems with other individuals.

e. Neocriticism

Neocritism is a characteristic of individuals who are open to pressure and have an assessment of their ability to withstand stress on a person.

B. Definition of Social Groups

A social group is a group of people who are related to each other by using common patterns. A group of people can be called a social group when it has met 3 (three) main conditions, among which each group member realizes that he is part of his group, each group member has the same background or characteristics, and there is a structure of norms and behavioral patterns.

Unbeknownst to you, this social group has a form that has spread around your environment. With one of the functions of the form of social groups which he hopes is to organize procedures in establishing interactions between individuals. There are a number of things that you must know and pay attention to in forming social groups, including:

1. Social Board, is a system of norms that organize life to achieve common goals.

2. Social Order, is a condition where the members of the community proceed in harmony, harmony, and harmony in accordance with the values ​​and norms prevailing in the community. The social order is formed through stages consisting of order, order, stability, and also patterns.

3. Order, is a social group that has a series of values ​​and norms that run in harmony, and are obeyed by members.

4. Social Order, is a system in a social group where every member obeys and carries out every value and norm that has been arranged with full awareness.

5. Steady, is one of the regularities in members of social groups that have been running with their fixed nature.

6. Pattern, has a similar meaning as regularity, only pattern is more directed to the relationship between social regularity and the form of social interaction.

C. Understanding Social Relations

Social relationships are interactions between individuals, groups, and between groups with the environment that have a mutual impact on each other in life. This social relationship itself is closely related as the most basic form of social relationship. There is no social relationship that occurs without social interaction.

Social interaction is a social reciprocal relationship that includes mutual influence between individuals, individuals with groups, and between groups. There are 6 (six) factors that have an impact on the formation of a social interaction, including suggestion, sympathy, imitation, identification, empathy, and also motivation.

There are not only supporting factors for the creation of social interaction, there are also mandatory conditions that need to be fulfilled by individuals in order to create a social interaction, namely the number of actors, social contact, and communication. In general, the form of interaction according to its purpose can be categorized into 2 (two) parts, namely associative social interaction by leading to unity, for example cooperation, assimilation, accommodation, and controversy. Second, that is dissociative social interaction that creates division with examples of contravention, competition or opposition, and opposition or conflict.

 

Meaning of Immunization – For parents, they must be familiar with what is called immunization. This immunization is important to give to children, especially for those who are not yet five years old. Immunization can be done at health clinics, hospitals, and even posyandu. Immunizations given through posyandu are usually free or not charged, so parents should not miss this opportunity so that the toddler can grow up healthy.

By giving immunization, the parents have protected the child from various diseases, so that the child is healthy and can grow to the maximum. Giving immunization to toddlers is not for no reason, toddlers have an immune condition that is not yet strong, so in order to avoid various diseases they are given immunization. Immunization itself is mandatory and some are recommended or additional immunizations.

However, not a few also think that this immunization is not very important. Assumptions like this are unfortunate because they can make the health of children under five vulnerable to disease and their growth becomes less than optimal. Therefore, those assumptions should be eliminated by socializing to the parents.

Knowledge about the importance of immunization needs to be disseminated to the entire community, from teenagers to the elderly. Not only knowledge, but the benefits of immunization also need to be spread. This should be done so that the community thinks that immunization is an important activity to do.

Well, this article is suitable for you to read if you want to know more about immunization. So, don’t wait and read this article to the end, Reader.

Definition of Immunization

As we know that the human body must have immunity to prevent the entry of viruses or diseases into the body. Every human has a different immune condition. The body’s immune system is known as the term immunity which means protection to avoid various diseases. The immune system is what every human being needs to take care of, if the body’s immune system is weak, then the person will be susceptible to disease.

The body’s immune system consists of various types of cells and substances produced in the body from the result of cooperation with the collective and organized to fight all kinds of germs that enter the body.

So that the body’s immune system is quickly formed, then a person needs immunization. Things like this need to be done to toddlers because at that age the body’s immune system is not yet fully formed. Therefore, many people say that immunization can help the body to form an immune or antibody.

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) immunization is immunization or immunity (against disease). While according to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, immunization is an effort carried out in giving vaccines to a person’s body, so that it can create immunity against certain diseases.

Based on the definition of immunization from KBBI and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, it can be said that immunization is a way of giving germs with the aim of making the body’s immune system immune and not easily affected by diseases, especially infectious diseases.

Immunization itself is divided into two, namely active immunization and passive immunization. Active immunization is a way of giving germs that have been weakened or turned off with the aim of making the body respond, thus creating its own antibodies. meanwhile, passive immunization is a way to strengthen the body’s immune system by injecting a certain amount of antibodies so that the antibodies become strong.

Therefore, immunizations can be said to be in the form of serum or injected into the body and there are also immunizations that are put into the mouth. Immunizations that are serum or injected, such as measles, BCG, and DPT immunizations. Meanwhile, immunizations that are administered orally, such as polio immunization.

Immunization services specifically for children under five can usually be obtained at Posyandu, Puskesmas, Government Hospitals, Maternity Hospitals, etc. In fact, the government has made a recommendation to give immunizations that must be given when the child is still a toddler, such as BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerrine) , DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus) , Polio, Measles, and Hepatitis B immunization.

Purpose of Immunization

1. Preventing a person from contracting diseases that are contagious and harmful to the body.
2. Increase immunity, especially for toddlers whose immune system is not well formed.
3. Making the growth of a child to the maximum that can make the family happy.
4. Giving a sense of security to the community, especially children with a good immune system.

Type of Immunization 

After knowing the meaning of immunization, now we know about the types of immunization. These types of immunization are divided into two, namely mandatory immunization and recommended immunization.

1. Mandatory Immunization

This mandatory immunization is usually given to babies who are still babies so that they have a strong immune system. Mandatory immunizations include:

a. BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerrine) immunization

Tuberculosis disease or better known TB is a type of disease that is dangerous enough that our body needs to be given immunity in the form of immunization. This BCG immunization contains a bacterium or Bacillus Calmette Guerrin germ which is then weakened. The germ particles in this immunization are around 50,000 to 1,000,000 particles per dose.

The purpose of giving this type of immunization is to prevent the baby from contracting tuberculosis, so that the baby can grow up healthy. Meanwhile, giving this type of immunization should be done before the child is 2 months old. In addition, do not give repeated immunizations or second immunizations with the same type, because the success rate of repeated immunizations is still doubtful. A good temperature to store this BCG vaccine is around 2 degrees Celsius.

b. DPT Immunization (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus)

DPT immunization is often known as 3 in 1 immunization because the vaccine given aims to prevent three diseases at once, namely diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. Therefore, this vaccine consists of diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid which are then purified with botella pertussis germ (which has been killed).

This type of vaccine will usually be given to children who are less than 7 years old. In addition, the administration of this vaccine is usually in the form of an injection or serum that is injected into a part of the body, such as the thigh or arm. A good DPT immunization is done three times, namely DPT I immunization at the age of 3 months, DPT II immunization at the age of 4 months, and DPT III immunization at the age of 5 months. In addition, repeat DPT immunization is done one year after the third DPT. This is done so that a child’s immune system will be formed quickly,

. Hepatitis B immunization

Based on what is available, around 33 percent of mothers giving birth have HBsAg with an estimated maternal transmission of 40 percent, especially mothers giving birth in developing countries. HbsAg is an antigen found in the hepatitis B virus. If the mother gives birth when her HbsAg test is positive, then the person has hepatitis B, and can even spread it to others. Therefore, hepatitis B immunization is done as soon as possible after the baby is born.

Hepatitis B immunization is done with the aim of preventing people from getting hepatitis B, especially children under the age of five whose immune system is not yet strong. Hepatitis B immunization, preferably 12 hours after the baby is born, then the second dose is given when the baby is 6 months old. The third dose is given to babies aged 6-18 months. It would be good, when the child is 10-12 years old, it should be given a repeat immunization.

This is done if the mother is not detected as suffering from hepatitis B. If the mother has hepatitis B, the baby should be given 0.5 ml of HBIG before the baby is even one week old.

d. Measles Immunization

Measles immunization contains the measles virus which is then weakened. Therefore, this vaccine should be stored at a temperature of 2-8 degrees Celsius and should not be exposed to direct sunlight because it can kill the measles virus. If the measles virus is dead before being injected, the body’s antibodies to prevent measles cannot be formed.

Measles immunization aims to prevent a person from getting the measles virus and disease. Based on the recommendations of the WHO or the World Health Organization, the provision of measles immunization should be done in babies who are still 9 months old, especially in babies in developing countries. The thing that needs to be noted when the baby has been immunized against measles is a high fever that occurs after 8 to 10 days of vaccination and red spots for 1 to 2 days.

e. Polio Immunization

Polio can be said to be one of the types of diseases that can cause the sufferer to experience physical disorders, so that their growth will not be optimal. Polio immunization is one of the compulsory vaccines given to children. This vaccine contains weakened polio virus, so that when it is put into the child’s body it is not dangerous.

Polio immunization is done 4 times so that the body’s antibodies to prevent polio disease are quickly formed, so that a person can experience growth well. The recommended time to give polio immunization is the interval between the first, second, third, and fourth immunization should not be more than 4 weeks . The vaccine given 4 times is not for no reason, the first and second immunizations aim to form a response from the body. Then the third and fourth immunization aims to increase antibody immunity to the highest level.

After the fourth polio immunization, it is best to re-immunize. This repeated immunization is done when a person is around 5-6 years old (around the beginning of elementary school) and at the age of 12 (has graduated from elementary school).

2. Additional Immunization

Additional immunization is an immunization that can be done and not done is no problem. This additional immunization is usually given to those who are exposed to disease and have a high risk of death. Here are the additional immunizations you need to know.

a. MMR immunization

MMR immunization is an immunization that aims to provide protection so that a person does not get measles, German measles, and mumps. The thing that needs to be underlined from this vaccine is that it is not dangerous and does not cause autism. MMR immunization, preferably given twice. In the first dose, injected in a child aged 12-15 months. Then the second injection is given to a child at the age of 4-6 years or at 11-13 years.

For children who have allergies to eggs, neomycin antibiotics, and gelatin, it is not recommended to follow this immunization. In addition, a child who has experienced immune disorders caused by cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, steroids, and chemotherapy is also not recommended to follow this immunization.

b. Varicella immunization

Varicella immunization is a wrong immunization that aims to prevent a child from contracting chicken pox. For children who have never had chicken pox, it is best not to forget to follow the varicella immunization. By following this immunization, the chances of contracting chicken pox are very small.

For the administration of the varicella vaccine, this can be done before the child reaches 13 years of age and the dose is given only once. However, for those who are over 13 years old and have not received varicella immunization and have not been exposed to chicken pox, it is best to receive two doses. The first and second doses are only 4-8 weeks apart.

c. HiB immunization

The next additional immunization is the HiB immunization which aims to prevent inflammation of the brain and lungs. Immunization is usually given to babies who are still 2 months, 3 months, and 5 months old. In those three periods, the baby is given different doses of the vaccine according to the level of the injection. Not only that, the injection of this vaccine is done in the thigh muscle.

For some parents, giving this vaccine is accompanied by giving Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus (DPT) immunization and hepatitis B immunization. For parents who have given HiB immunization to their child, there is no need to worry if the child has a fever and red swelling on the part injected body, because this does not last long.

d. Influenza Immunization

Influenza immunization aims to make antibodies in the body so that it is not easily attacked by severe influenza. Influenza is one of the most dangerous diseases because it can make the body’s immunity decrease, and can even cause death. This disease is very easy to attack for those whose immune system is weak enough.

Therefore, this influenza vaccine is highly recommended to be given to adults who are over 65 years old. This needs to be done because at that age, a person’s body resistance has already decreased.

e. Typhoid Immunization

Typhoid immunization is an immunization that aims to reduce a person’s risk of contracting typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is also known as typhus or paratyphoid. In Indonesia itself, the giving of this vaccine has been categorized into an immunization expansion program organized by the government.

Typhoid immunization can be done when a child is 2 years old or older. When our body is injected with this vaccine, usually the person will experience fever, headache, and pain in the part of the body that is injected.

Conclusion

We can take care of the baby’s immunity with immunization, so parents don’t forget to give immunizations to toddlers according to schedule. With a stronger immune system, toddlers will not easily get sick. Even immunization can reduce the number of children who are sick and the number of children who die. In short, don’t delay immunization!

 

Meaning of Importer – Reader must have heard the word import, right? Import is the activity of bringing in goods and services from abroad. The meaning of importer starts from this import activity, because countries in the world have different resources that are influenced by geographical factors and so on.

So, in order to fulfill goods or services in a country, the country carries out import activities through importers. If Reader already understands the meaning of import, now is the time for Reader to know more about what an importer is. See the following explanation.

Definition of Importer

According to Law No. 17 of 2006, import is defined as a form of activity carried out by entering goods into the customs area or in this case the territory of the country of Indonesia.

Meanwhile, an importer is a legal entity, individual, or company that brings a trade product from abroad to then be sold to the domestic market.

According to the Financial Services Authority, importer is defined as a person or entity that carries out import activities. While the Indonesian Language Dictionary (KBBI) defines an importer as a person or trade association (company) that imports goods from abroad, the importer and the company are designated by the government as importers.

As for goods imported by importers, they can be used for production or other consumption purposes. If concluded, then the importer is a party that carries out import activities as well as bringing goods from abroad into the country.

Import activities themselves, of course, will have a positive or negative impact on the economy in Indonesia. One of the positive impacts is the increasing development of importer services in Indonesia, then it will also help the process of goods coming in from abroad, so that the goods that come in will be more smooth and practical.

Rules and Conditions of Becoming an Importer

As with import and export activities, importers are also clearly regulated by the government, through Law No. 7 of 2015. In the Law, it is explained that the importer has full responsibility for the goods being imported.

If the importer commits a violation or is not responsible for the goods they import, then the importer will be subject to administrative sanctions, namely the revocation of permits, recognition, approvals and stipulations in the field of trade.

When the importer carries out import activities, the importer must comply with the rules that have been implemented by Customs and Excise regarding any goods that are allowed and permitted to enter Indonesia.

Some of the items that are prohibited from entering Indonesia are living creatures, illicit drugs, human and animal trafficking, dangerous firearms and objects that contain pornography.

Meanwhile, there are several conditions that must be met by companies and individuals who want to become importers. Here are some conditions.

1. Individuals who wish to become importers are required to have a legal entity, accompanied by complete documents consisting of company deed, SIUP, NPWP, certificate of company domicile, company registration mark, as well as basic documents required by other companies.
2. Institutions or companies applying as importers must have an API document accompanied by an importer registration number that has been officially obtained from the Department of Trade and the Ministry of Trade.
3. Importers must have a NIK or Customs Master Number as well as a registration number that has been obtained after the prospective importer registers with Customs.
4. Having and preparing API documents for importers in general.
5. Own and prepare API documents used for importers and manufacturers who already own factories.

In addition to the five conditions above, to become an importer, a company or institution must have an import business license. If not, then the goods imported by the importer will not pass Customs. The license applies to all types of imports, both small-scale and large-scale imports.

According to the latest regulations from the Ministry of Trade in 2015, there are two types of importer licenses that must be used, namely API-U or General API and API P or Producer API.

In addition to the conditions and regulations, importers must know which commodities are allowed to enter Indonesia. According to the purpose and use, the following is the division of commodities.

1. Raw materials

Due to the nature of dependence on international trade and domestic industry, raw materials are one of the commodities allowed by the government. In addition to the purchase of basic raw materials and companion materials originating from within the country, the fulfillment of these goods can also be done through imports.

In Indonesia, importers import many kinds of raw materials needed by the industry. The raw materials of the industry can be in the form of basic raw materials as well as companion materials.

For example, such as the need for components for motor vehicles, in addition to local content originating from domestic products and some of the products are still imported. In order to increase competitiveness, the government also provides import facilities, and import duties are borne by the country.

2. Consumables

The second commodity is a consumer item that is included in the most commodities that importers do now. Consumer goods are goods used to meet daily household needs, such as milk, rice, meat, canned food, butter, cosmetics, medicines and electronic goods.

3. Children’s toys

In addition to consumer goods and raw materials, children’s toys are the most imported commodity by importers. Importing children’s toys is done to protect children’s safety because there are more and more children’s toys with unsafe materials that can harm children.

4. Petroleum and minerals are currently restricted export commodities

By limiting the export of petroleum and these minerals, the government hopes that there will be added value to this commodity. An example of such restrictions, for example, is applying the obligation to build factories and smelters.

Types of Importers

The import of goods is generally done when a country is unable to produce the commodity itself. In some cases, imports are carried out when the stock produced in the country is feared to be insufficient or insufficient to meet the needs of the population.

For example, in the case of rice imports by Indonesia. Although Indonesia is able to produce its own rice, Indonesia still imports rice in order to maintain stocks and stabilize rice prices on a national scale.

Importers themselves are divided into several types known in the trade industry. Here are some types of importers.

1. General Importer

A general importer is a specialized company engaged in activities to bring merchandise from abroad. Companies that are included in general importers are usually limited liability companies.

2. Importer Limited

A limited importer or commonly referred to as IT is a company or legal entity that has obtained permission from the authorities to be able to carry out import activities for certain types of imported goods. There are also some types of merchandise that can only be imported by IT or limited importers.

Merchandise that can be imported by importer companies is limited, after having arranged permission and trade in Indonesia by the Minister of Trade. The rules and permits, including rules about what goods can be imported as well as how to handle the trade process in the country.

With limited imports, it is possible for companies to be able to compete in a healthy way. That way, there will be no party who feels harmed by the import activity.

Companies that are allowed to carry out limited imports are companies that have a permit with a license in the form of an API T or Limited Importer Identification Number and the license is issued by the Investment Coordinating Body or BKPM.

3. Sole Agent Importer

The third type of importer is the sole agent importer, which is a foreign company that wants to trade in Indonesia. This third type of importer, will show the representative in Indonesia and the representative has the task of being a special agent to import production carried out by the agent to the domestic market.

4. Import Merchant

As explained earlier, the importation of specific goods requires a separate permit. The party that has the right to import the specific goods is an import merchant who has permission in the form of an official license from the government in the form of an Import Acknowledgment Identification Mark or TAPPI. In addition, items that are outside the list of official permits from the government are prohibited from entering Indonesia.

5. Approved Traders

The fifth type of importer is approved trades. Some commodities and certain products are only allowed to be imported by companies that have been designated or given privileges by the government. Companies that have these privileges are called approved traders . Usually, the goods imported by approved traders are commodity goods that have a specific purpose.

For Reader who are interested in becoming an importer, you can learn more about the import process by reading the book written by Indarniati and Ismiyati entitled “Import Top Secret: Cara Impor Resmi Tanpa Rebet”.

In this book, the author presents a variety of information related to import activities and how to become an importer that is easy and official. Because according to the author, large-scale importation of goods certainly requires the intervention of Customs in two countries, both the sending and receiving countries. So that there are laws that must be understood and obeyed.

Difference between Importer, Exporter, and Forwarder

After knowing the importer’s explanation, Reader needs to know the explanation and differences between importers, exporters and forwarders. Here is the explanation.

An importer is someone who carries out the activity of importing goods, from abroad and importing goods into Indonesia. Whereas an exporter is the opposite of an importer. An exporter is a person or business entity that sends goods from within the country and sends them abroad.

The difference between importers and exporters, of course, can be clearly seen when looking at the goals of different importers and exporters. However, importers, exporters and freight forwarders are different things, Reader.

Freight forwarder, is a body or company engaged in the field of transportation and delivery of goods. Well, after knowing the meaning, importers, exporters and freight forwarders are certainly different, aren’t they? In conclusion, an expeditor is an expedition that helps the import and export process carried out by importers and exporters.

How Importers Make Payments?

As an importer, Reader must know the tools and methods of payment in import activities. Here is the explanation.

Payment instruments and methods of payment for import activities, are payment instruments that can be accepted internationally, such payment instruments can be in the form of foreign currency, gold bars, securities or checks. Foreign currencies that can be used for export and import payments can be in the form of dollars, yen, euros, and pounds sterling.

In the payment of exports and imports using foreign currency, the importer and exporter need to compare the value of a country’s currency with the foreign exchange rate.

After calculating the foreign exchange rate, here are some payment methods abroad that importers need to know.

1. Payment in advance

Payment in advance or also called advance payment , is a payment system carried out by the importer by paying in advance or in advance, before the goods are sent by the exporter.

The currency used for payment also depends on the agreement and can use the currency of the exporting country or the currency of the importing country.

2. Later payment

The second payment method is open account , this second payment method is a payment system that is done after the importer receives the goods from the exporter. The payment system is carried out, if there is trust between the exporter and the importer and there is certainty of the goods and documents of the goods to be received by the importer, as well as legal certainty regarding the transaction as well as the transfer of payment/

3. Consignment

The third payment is consignment, which is a way of sending export goods that have the nature of deposit to be marketed by the exporter through a certain price agreement. New payment is made, when the party entrusted with the goods has successfully sold the goods.

This consignment payment method has a weakness, namely the owner of the goods cannot determine the time from receipt and payment because the owner of the goods must wait for the goods to be sold by the party entrusted.

4. Payment via money order

A promissory note or bank promissory note or bill of exchange is a document whose content contains an acknowledgment from the bank or promissory note, which is used to pay the amount of money that has been written on the promissory note to certain parties or parties who have brought the promissory note.

In that way, the importer must pay for the goods they have purchased by depositing an amount of money at the bank designated by the exporter who issued the promissory note.

These payment methods can be done by exporters and importers in accordance with the agreement of both parties.

Thus the explanation of the meaning of importer as well as the conditions or rules to become an importer in Indonesia. 

Understanding Imperialism – Imperialism is a familiar term, especially in this case it is one of the materials in history subjects. Imperialism itself is an understanding and policy carried out by a country to control other countries.

This term began to develop since the end of the 19th century, when the rulers of a country or region competed with each other to invade other countries with the aim of gaining control.

The system of imperialism is often considered the same as the system of colonialism because they both have the goal of dominating the country. In fact, the system of imperialism and colonialism have differences.

This article will specifically discuss the imperialism system, starting from the meaning of imperialism, its types, and the difference with the colonialism system. Check out the full explanation below about the meaning of imperialism!

What is Meant by Imperialism?

The definition of Imperialism is a system of policies taken by a large country to hold control or rule over other regions so that the country can develop.

The term imperialism itself comes from the Latin language, namely imperare or imperium , which means an area of ​​population or power. According to Puspa Swara in the book with the title Sistem Belajar Yesterday: Summaries of Formula Group Materials, the meaning of imperialism is an expansion of territories or areas of power/colony.

The expansion of the territory can be done in a subtle and mutually beneficial way, such as economy, culture, ideology, or by using coercion (armed force). This is done on the basis of self-interest.

The concept of Imperialism itself has existed since the 19th century, which was first coined by the British Prime Minister at the time, namely Benjamin Disraeli. The desire to dominate other countries and regions has existed since the fall of Constantinople. Constantinople was a strategic area for trade that eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks.

The fall of Constantinople made traders and buyers unable to enter the region without care, so that the European nation became confused and had to find where to meet the need for spices commodities.

In the end, the Europeans began to conduct oceanic expeditions with the aim of finding various regions in the Asian continent and its surroundings which would then be used as an area of ​​power.

Imperialism can be divided into royal or liberal imperialism, semi-royal or semi-liberal imperialism, etc.

In principle, imperialism is an ideology that focuses on developing a territory of power outside its territory by seizing territory from other countries through war or peace or by occupying territories that do not have a master.

Based on some previous explanations, it can be concluded that the understanding of imperialism is a system that is carried out to dominate other countries for its own interests.

What Are the Types of Imperialism?

Imperialism is a system that when it comes to form and purpose consists of several types. Taken from the book Sari Sejdarah Volume I: Asia-Africa written by Soebantardjo, the following are the types of imperialism.

1. Based on the Shape

Imperialism when viewed from the form of the system used is divided into two types, namely:

• Ancient imperialism, which is the type of imperialism that has the motto gold, glory, gospel as its purpose to find wealth, find success, and spread religion.
• Modern imperialism, which aims to dominate the economy, such as acquiring areas producing raw materials, acquiring areas to market industrial products, for long-term investment.

2. Based on the Purpose

Unlike imperialism based on its form, imperialism based on its purpose is divided into four types, namely:

• Political imperialism, which is a type of imperialism that aims to control the political life of a country.
• Economic imperialism, which is a type of imperialism that aims to dominate the economic sector of a country.
• Cultural imperialism, which is a type of imperialism that aims to dominate the cultural values ​​of a country.
• Military imperialism, which is a type of imperialism that aims to control the strategic territory of an area to strengthen national defense.

What Causes Imperialism?

The desire to seize other areas appears due to several driving factors. Here are the factors that led to the practice of imperialism.

1. Desire for Jaya

There is a desire from a nation to become a superpower and the most influential country in the whole world. Therefore, the imperialist countries try to seize other regions and expand their success and power.

2. Racial Superiority

The feeling of a nation that the nation is more special when compared to other nations in the world makes some imperialist countries do the imperialism system to fulfill the feeling of pride and increase the self-esteem.

3. Desire to Spread Ideology and Religion

One of the things that caused the emergence of the imperialist system is to spread the religion and ideology owned by the imperialist country so that the “mind and soul” of the colonies can also be controlled by the imperialist country.

4. Place the country less strategically

A country that has a less strategic and profitable geographical location makes the country have the desire to dominate areas located in more strategic regions.

5. Economic Factors

Economic problems are also the main cause of the rise of imperialism, especially modern imperialism. Here are the economic factors that caused the emergence of imperialism:

• The desire to get wealth from a country.
• Want to join in world trade.
• Want to master the trade.
• The desire to ensure the prosperity of the industry.

What is the Difference Between Imperialism and Colonialism?

Imperialism and colonialism have a number of similarities, one of which is to seize the power of a region for profit, while the colonized country becomes very disadvantaged. As mentioned earlier, imperialism and colonialism have a number of similarities, so people consider these two systems to be the same.

Quoting from the book Dutch Colonialism and Multiculturalism of Medan City Society by Rosmaida Sinaga, colonialism is an effort to expand and dominate an area in order to obtain the greatest profit for the parent country.

1. Purpose

If viewed from its purpose, colonialism has the purpose of controlling and using the potential natural resources of its colonial countries. As for imperialism, it aims to instill influence in various areas of the life of the colonized country.

2. Control

Colonialism controls various fields, such as politics and economy according to interests, while imperialism controls an area in various fields as a whole both formally and informally.

3. Sovereignty

Based on its sovereignty, colonialism seizes the power of the country permanently even to the point of occupying the country, while imperialism is done with power over territories that have been successfully controlled through various mechanisms of sovereignty or indirect control.

Imperialism and Colonialism in Indonesia

Indonesia is known as one of the regions that produce spices. Spices are much sought after by Europeans because they are considered to have benefits as a heater and can be used as a food preservative. Apart from the expensive spices, having spices also became a symbol of success for a king at that time. From these factors, many European nations are trying to find a region that produces spices, one of which is Indonesia.

Things that encourage the arrival of Europeans to Indonesia

1. Portuguese

Bartholomeus Diaz explored the ocean until reaching the Cape of Good Hope and South Africa, in 1488. The exploration was continued by Vasco da Gama who reached Gowa (India) in 1498, then returned to Lisboa, Portugal, bringing various spices.

The Portuguese were even more determined to find sources of spices. For that, the Portuguese continued an expedition to the eastern region led by Alfonso d’Albuquerque to control Malacca. From the expedition, they managed to control Malacca as the center of the spice trade in Southeast Asia on August 10, 1511.

2. Spain

The Spaniard who first explored the ocean was Christopher Columbus. In 1492, he sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean, until he finally arrived in the Americas. At that time, Columbus thought that he had reached the area he was going to, namely India. That’s why Columbus named the local people he met as Indians.

The next exploration was carried out by Magellan from Spain to the southwest region. Crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the southern tip of America, then crossing the Pacific Ocean and landing in the Philippines in 1521. Magellan’s voyage was very influential for the world of science because they succeeded in proving that the earth is round. Magellan’s explorations were later continued by Sebastian del Cano. In 1521, Sebastian del Cano managed to land in Tidore, but their arrival was considered a violation of the Treaty of Tordesillas. To solve both problems, Portugal and Spain made the Treaty of Zaragoza in 1529.

3. The Netherlands

In 1596, Cornelis de Houtman managed to land in Banten. The attitude of the Dutch at that time was less than friendly and explicitly tried to monopolize trade in Banten, making the Sultan of Banten angry at that time. As a result, this expedition was a failure. Around the year 1598-1600, Dutch traders started coming back. His arrival this time was led by Jacob van Neck. He managed to land in Maluku with spices. Van Neck’s success caused more and more Dutch traders to come to Indonesia.

4. England

The entry of the British into Indonesia also had the purpose of finding spices. Its leading explorers are Sir Henry Middleton and James Cook. Henry Middleton began exploring in 1604 from England along the waters of Cabo da Roca (Portugal) and the Canary Islands. Henry Middleton continued to the waters of South Africa to the Indian Ocean. He arrived in Sumatra, then went to Banten at the end of 1604. He sailed to Ambon (1605), then to Ternate, as well as Tidore, and got spices, such as pepper and cloves. While James Cook arrived in Batavia in 1770, after coming from Australia.

The Development of European Power in Indonesia

Among those nations, the Netherlands is the country that has been in Indonesia the longest. Until finally they came to create a trading company in Indonesia. Even though it has gone bankrupt, until now, this company is listed as one of the companies with the most wealth in the world, you know ! Can Reader guess the name of the company?

Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or better known as VOC is the name of the trading company. The VOC was founded on March 20, 1602 by Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. Its leadership is held by 17 shareholders ( Heeren Zeventien ) based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The purpose of VOC formation is:

1. Avoiding competition among Dutch traders.
2. Strengthen the Netherlands in competition with other European nations.
3. Monopolizing the spice trade in Indonesia.

The existence of the VOC is not only a trading partner, but also a political force. The VOC has octrooi rights, ie making agreements, declaring war with other countries, exercising judicial power, trading monopoly, printing its own currency, collecting taxes, having an army, and building forts. The VOC also has several policies, namely:

1. Contingent : compulsory tax in the form of land products paid directly to the VOC.
2. Verplichte leverantie : compulsory delivery of produce at a price determined by the VOC. This policy applies to colonies that are not directly controlled by the VOC, such as the Sultanate of Mataram.
3. Extirpation : cutting down the excess amount of plants so that the production is not excessive, so that the price can be maintained.
4. Hongi Cruise: A kora-kora boat cruise to monitor the cultivation and trade of spices by farmers.

In 1799, the VOC experienced bankruptcy due to many VOC officials committing corruption, incurring debts due to the war, as well as the moral decline of the officials. With the dissolution of the VOC, its power in Indonesia was then taken over by the government of the Dutch kingdom which at the time was controlled by France.

What is meant by Anti-Imperialism and Colonialism?

The many forms of power struggles make some regions in the world carry out anti-imperialism movements as a form of resistance to the ideology. Anti-imperialism and colonialism is a form of opposition to the system of imperialism and colonialism that exists in the world.

Understanding Imperialism and Colonialism – Around hundreds to thousands of years ago, there were many countries that colonized other countries. The purpose of the colonial state is very clear, that is to control and even expand its territory. Many colonial countries continue to seize their resources, both natural and human resources. So, the colonial state became stronger by controlling strategic places from a region.

The beginning arose from the desire to dominate other regions at the time of the fall of Constantinople. Constantinople was a strategic location for trade and the Ottoman Turks wanted to conquer it. In the end, merchants and buyers could no longer enter the city. Ottoman Turkey is a name for the rulers and military of the Turkish sultanate, while Constantinople is the capital of the Roman Empire and is the largest and even the most prosperous city in Europe.

After the fall of Constantinople, the European nation became no longer able to meet the commodities of spices, even though at that time the price of spices was very high in Europe. Then the European nation also saw Indonesia, because with the existence of Indonesia as a country that produces the best spices, it was heard by the European nation. Until then, the country of Indonesia became a place for Europeans to buy spices and to meet their needs.

In addition to the country of Indonesia having many of the best and abundant spices, the people are also friendly and very good at welcoming Europeans who come. Because of that, there were a lot of fleets belonging to European nations that stopped in Indonesia. This incident will be very closely related to the explanation of the meaning of colonialism and imperialism.

Understanding Colonialism and Western Imperialism

1. The meaning of colonialism

Colonialism is derived from the word Colony, colony according to Latin is a settlement. An effort made by the ruling countries in order to dominate an area or region in order to obtain resources is called colonialism.

Colonialism is generally done by countries that have strong military power. Examples are Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and English. Those countries have managed to dominate other countries which include Indonesia.

2. Understanding of Imperialism

Further, for Imperialism itself is a term derived from the word “imperator” which means to rule. So, Imperialism is a system in the political world that aims to dominate other countries while gaining power and profit from the countries it controls. Imperialism itself has been around since the 19th century, initially sparked by Benjamin Disraeli who was the British Prime Minister at the time.

Imperialism itself is actually divided into 2, based on time and purpose, namely:

Imperialism based on time:

• Ancient imperialism, which has emerged before the industrial revolution in England motivated by 3G, namely Gold, Glory, and Gospel.
• Modern imperialism, emerged after the industrial revolution. Happened due to economic factors and industrial needs at that time.

Imperialism based on purpose:

• Political imperialism, to be able to dominate the entire political life of a country
• Economic imperialism, to dominate the economic sector of other countries
• Cultural imperialism, to be able to dominate the values ​​of a country’s culture
• Military imperialism, to dominate other countries because it is considered to have strategic and strong territories that can strengthen a defense

Background of Colonialism and Imperialism in Indonesia

Colonialism and imperialism have long been carried out by the European nation even since the 15th century all over the world, until it finally entered the archipelago. At that time, the background of Europeans entering the archipelago had several reasons, such as the fall of Constantinople in the Mediterranean by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the decline of the economy and even European trade until the industrial revolution.

It should be known that colonialism and modern imperialism emerged after the industrial revolution with the aim of being able to develop the European economy. The industrial revolution that made the European nation make a ship that it used to explore the ocean in search of resources in other countries. In addition to that, the mission was also done to live the spirit of the Crusades.

Until in that effort, the European nation that began to spread throughout the world, in the end colonialism and imperialism in Indonesia also happened. On the other hand, the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, which caused the access of Europeans to get cheaper spices in the Mediterranean Sea became closed and thus made the price of spices in Europe increase sharply. Europeans who were then encouraged to search for and eventually found regions that produced spices to a new region in eastern Europe.

So that in the end they are more and more ambitious to dominate various countries in order to seize their economic profits as well as their political success, especially in regions such as the Indonesian environment which is the location of the production of spices, such as nutmeg, cloves, pepper, and others. The spices produced in the country of Indonesia eventually encouraged them to be able to do colonialism and imperialism because spices at that time became a very popular commodity in Europe. Europeans who later referred to the archipelago as India.

 

List of Countries that Implemented Colonialism and Imperialism in the Past

List of Countries Practicing Imperialism

1. Spain

It can be mentioned that Spain became the first European nation along with Portugal to open trade routes to India. Spain will dominate the territory of the Philippines, Mexico, the Caribbean, Florida, and many more.

2. English

The focus of British power was on India and the east coast of North America. After the year 1800, England began to dominate many countries until it became the largest empire in the world. Just mention Australia, Malaya, Egypt, and others.

3. The Netherlands

Compared to the territory of other European countries, the Netherlands is a country that has a relatively small source of military power. Although the Dutch state does not want to divide its government with the local community, its position is very strong. Until now the Dutch control the East Indies, South Africa, Suriname, and Guyana.

List of Countries Practicing Imperialism

1. Soviet Union

Many of the countries in Eastern Europe have been successfully controlled by them after the victory of World War II. The country also formed a subordinate state to counter the western bloc and joined the Warsaw Pact.

2. The Japanese Empire

Looking at the number of territories that have been successfully conquered by the Japanese Empire in World War II provides evidence that Japan’s power is very great. This country also created a Manchukuo puppet to claim that the Chinese plain is its own.

3. French Republic

During the revolution, France waged war on European monarchies. This country also managed to conquer the Netherlands. In addition, the Rhine Plain region and Spain have a puppet state that is under the rule of the French empire.

 

The impact of the development of colonialism and imperialism in Indonesia

The arrival of Westerners to Indonesia has brought many changes to the lives of its people. There are many remnants of the West that exist to this day, as an example of education.

The development of education in Indonesia itself has been there since the West entered. In addition to education, there are still many other influences from the arrival of western nations into Indonesia in terms of politics, social, economy, and even culture.

1. Political-Government Field

The arrival from the West itself provided a change in the political system of government. With the government system that was initially the government system slowly changed to become like the western system. This can be seen from the reign of Governor General Daendels who divided Dutch power in Java into 9 provinces and 30 regencies.

The head of government from each province is called a prefect. Each regency and regency is led by a Regent who is appointed from among the natives. This regent himself is still there to this day.

In the Regency government itself, in addition to the Regent is also assisted by a patih. Each region of the Regency is divided into districts, which are led by a Wedana.

Then this district was further divided into Onderdistrik led by assistant wedana, which until now is called subdistrict. Then there are villages.

Continuing Daendels was then appointed a Governor named General Raffles. During his reign, Java was divided into 16 Residents, each of which was led by a Resident and assisted by Resident assistants. A system that has been brought since the time of Daendels will continue to experience development and improvement. During the Dutch colonial period, this Raffles system was improved again, which united all the Dutch powers in 1905 called the Pax Neerlandica.

2. Economic field

In addition to reforming the political sphere of government, the Netherlands also made changes to the traditional economic system. The lands that originally belonged to the kings were later transferred to the government. This is of course very much in line with the early principles of the Netherlands which wanted to accumulate wealth.

The government that applies the tax system and the price from the sale of farmers’ land has also been determined by the colonial rulers. By carrying out the transfer of land ownership, the government is free to do anything with the land, including renting it out to the private sector. So that the government can get additional taxes from the private sector to be able to continue filling the government coffers.

In 1828, from within the banking system that had begun to enter Indonesia. The first bank was De Javasche Bank. So that the economic system of money will also grow more and more. The Dutch government also built port centers for the benefit of trade.

In addition to that, plantations will also continue to grow, which for the crops are also very abundant. In order to facilitate the transportation of crops, the Netherlands created a railway line. This railway line was also made to be able to develop the transportation system, as well as connect it to the port.

So with the availability of facilities and infrastructure that can be very helpful, the Dutch economy in Indonesia is also growing rapidly. The revenue that can be achieved by the government is increasingly filling the Dutch coffers.

However, from the changes in the system, it can also be beneficial for the Indonesian nation. The results of the expansion can even be seen and used to this day, such as trains, highways, ports, banking systems, and the money system.

3. Social-Cultural Field

The arrival of Europeans themselves to Indonesia will also influence the cultural field. Some of these influences are for example in architecture, the way of dressing, music, and even others. However, due to the influence of the West, it was certainly not accepted easily by the people, and was adapted back to the local culture. So that in the end a new culture emerges.

In the society of the indigenous community itself, during the period of Western domination, it has always been a group that is at the bottom. So, the natives must submit and obey the West.

The West itself sees white people as the highest group in the social caste. Foreign Orientals are the second group. While the natives are a third or lowest group. This was done again to instill a thought among the indigenous people, that they are not better than Westerners.

So that in the end they have to submit, cannot fight against the West. That thought is deliberately indoctrinated into the community, so that they will not rebel. In addition to the negative impact, the West also brought Christianity into Indonesia. So as to increase religious diversity in Indonesia.

In the community’s own culture, their lifestyle is increasingly shifting, especially the upper class natives. Western style has begun to influence the lifestyle of the community, for example in the style of clothing. The change in dress style is not only to improve the social strata in the community, but it is done for the sake of employment.

Indigenous women began to get to know the use of dresses in parties, lace dresses, and sleepwear. As for the men themselves, they started to get used to wearing suits at parties and in doing their jobs.

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4. Field of Education

With the entry of western nations into Indonesia, education is growing in a more advanced direction. It cannot be separated from the existence of reciprocation politics or Ethical Politics carried out by the West, especially with the Dutch Colonial Government. This system appeared as a form of protest from the Dutch liberals who wanted to criticize the Dutch Colonial Government which had been judged to oppress the people.

With the spread of the situation of the oppressed Indonesian people, it will not be separated from the figures, one of whom is named Multatuli, who has created a book about the state of society at that time, entitled Max Havelaar. In addition, there is also an article about “Debt of Honor” with Van Deventer that has been published in the Dutch magazine, de Gids. In the writing it is written that the Dutch owe the Indonesian nation for all the wealth they have obtained, so it needs to be paid back for the well-being of the natives.

Van Deventer’s thinking was eventually known as ethische politiek or Ethical Politics, which focused on three things, namely population transfer, education, and irrigation. So in 1901, Queen Wilhelmina informed about welfare research in Java and that policy was confirmed.

Education in Ethical Politics

Since ethical politics was applied in Indonesia, the influence that became very large was in the field of education. At the beginning this education was used to produce government workforce and only for Dutch citizens and nobles, but eventually people’s schools are also growing.

These schools are named Europese Lagere School (ELS), Hoogere Burgerlijk School (HBS), STOVIA or medical school, and so on. For the natives, there is a First Class school that is reserved for the upper classes. As for the people, a Second Class school (Ongko Loro School) is provided.

With the development of the field of education among the natives, it also evokes the emergence of a sense of national consciousness to be able to carry out the liberation of the country. The emergence of an educated group among the youth.

Most of these activists are from schools in STOVIA or the Javanese Doctor’s School. With the expansion of education and the emergence of educated young people, their sense of nationalism is also spreading among the Indonesian nation.

So in the end there was also a national awareness that grew with the Youth Pledge held on October 28, 1928. With the emergence of the national movement organizations. From that moment on, in the struggle for independence of the Indonesian Nation, it is not only to be achieved through physical means, but can be achieved through organizational struggle and diplomacy in the international sphere.

Understanding Imitation – Social interaction can occur due to the presence of several driving factors. One of them is imitation, i.e. imitating the behavior of other people or parties. More fully, the understanding of imitation is the behavior that a person performs through observing the behavior shown from other objects when he will gain new knowledge about a behavior he observes and tries to imitate the behavior.

In other words, the process of imitation does not happen by itself. Before a person imitates or imitates another person, first he accepts, admires, and holds in high esteem the person being imitated or imitated. Something that is imitated in this imitation behavior can be anything, such as behavior, lifestyle, appearance, norms, values, knowledge, and so on. Through imitation, a person learns values ​​and norms in society or vice versa, he learns actions that deviate from the prevailing values ​​and norms.

All that depends on the values ​​that occur in the environment. When a person is equipped with good values ​​and principles, he will certainly imitate things that are good and beneficial for his life. On the other hand, someone who is not equipped with good values ​​and principles will imitate bad things.

Meaning of Imitation

Imitation or imitating is a process of cognition to perform actions and actions as done by the model by involving the senses as receivers of stimuli and the installation of perceptual abilities to process information from stimuli with the ability of actions to perform motor movements. This process involves a high level of cognitive ability because it not only involves language but also understanding other people’s thoughts.

Imitation is currently studied from various scientific points of view such as psychology, neurology, cognitive, artificial intelligence, animal studies , anthropology, economics, sociology and philosophy. This is related to the function of imitation in learning, especially in children, as well as the human ability to interact socially until the decline of culture in the next generation.

In real life, this imitation is related to social life, so it is not too much to say that the whole social life is internalized in the child based on the imitation factor. Thus, in general, imitation is a social process or a person’s action to imitate another person through attitude, appearance, lifestyle, even anything owned by another person (Sasmita, 2011).

Sarsito (2010) says imitation is a process of cognition to perform actions and actions as has been done by the model by involving the senses as receivers of stimuli and the installation of perceptual abilities to process information from stimuli, with the ability of actions to perform motor movements.

Some of the concepts of imitation above are in line with the view of Barlow (2003), who says imitation is mostly done by humans through the presentation of behavioral examples (modelling), which is the learning process that occurs when a person observes and imitates the behavior of others. Meanwhile, according to Bandura (2007), imitation is behavior that is produced when someone sees a model or another person doing something in a certain way and getting consequences from that behavior.

The party doing the imitation will imitate exactly the actions done by the imitated party, without thinking about the purpose of the imitation. As for the behavior that is imitated according to Soekanto (2005) it can take the form of appearance ( performance ), attitude ( attitude ), behavior ( behavior ), lifestyle ( life style ) of the imitated party.

However, imitation does not happen directly but requires an attitude of acceptance, and an attitude of admiration towards what is being imitated. Through imitation, a person learns values ​​and norms in society or otherwise he learns an act that deviates from the prevailing values ​​and norms. Both children and adults learn many things from observation and imitation.

Observations made by individuals produce an imitation behavior that is seen by the people around them, so that behavior arises. That is in line with the opinion of Bandura (2006) who says that human behavior should be linked to responses that can be observed. The behavior is the result of observing the individual in his environment. Especially in children as the best imitators, children always observe behavior that appears from the environment, especially the family.

Based on several definitions of imitation that have been presented above, it can be concluded that imitation is a behavior produced by someone by imitating or watching other individuals do something, both in the form of appearance, attitude, behavior and lifestyle of the imitated party. In this case, imitation behavior is more visible to children, especially in the family environment through direct observation.

1. Psychological Studies of Imitation

Imitation should be distinguished from imitation of the same movement (mimicry) or imitation of a goal (emulation), but in the process of imitation, humans perform the principle of imitation of an action by understanding the purpose of the action and being directed by the achievement of the target goal (goal ) .

Imitation is often associated with social learning theory from Albert Bandura. In addition to imitation, it is said that children form their theory of mind through imitation of other people’s actions as well as perception of stimuli received from their environment.

2. Neuroscience Studies

The discovery of the mirror neuron system in macaque monkeys published in 1996 by Giacomo Rizzolati from the University of Parma in Italy provides neurological evidence that imitation is important.

The mirror nervous system is the nerve of animals and humans that lights up when performing an action or witnessing the same action performed by another animal or human. The mirror nervous system (SSC) is located in the precortex of the brain. This SSC helps to understand the actions performed by others, making it possible to imitate.

Factors in Imitation

Imitation does not happen automatically but is influenced by the attitude of accepting what is observed. There are several factors that cause someone to engage in imitation behavior, as follows:

1. Psychological Factors

In order to imitate or copy there are other psychological factors that play a role, one of which is the cognitive aspect. That is how people think about things and interpret various experiences gained. In addition, this aspect also explains that new and complex behavior can be created by observing or seeing a model that he sees directly or indirectly. Until someone does an imitation.

According to Mussen and Conger (1984), imitation can occur as a response to a desire to be similar to others or a desire to achieve certain goals. The attitude that is imitated during the first three years of life, depends partly on the level of cognitive development of the child that determines any behavior that a child catches as a challenge that is not impossible.

The motivation to be similar to others and the level of emotion that is influenced by others, determines who will be imitated by the child, as well as the motivation in achieving the goal of determining what will be imitated.

2. Family Environment

Imitation has been going on since the individual was young and started from the family environment. For children, the family environment is the most influential environment, after that the school, then the community. Family is the smallest environment built by parents together with other family members.

The formation of a child’s nature or character is related to socialization or a process of inculcating values ​​and rules from parents to children. Cultivating those values, such as factors that motivate children to behave religiously. At first, children see the activities done by their parents.

When the child likes that, the child will imitate without knowing the essence of the act, so that the child’s motivation to imitate arises. That of course happened because at the time of the prime imitator, the child already had interests and desires but was not yet able to express those interests and desires properly (Jalaludin, 2010). A child’s interest and desire can only be seen through his gestures and behavior

3. Mass Media

Imitation will continue to expand to a wider environment, namely society. Imitation in society is accelerating with the development of time media, such as television shows. In the era of communication, time media can be added as a very influential factor more than others, because it is seen continuously and repeatedly.

A show is a message or series of messages in the form of voice, graphics, characters, whether interactive or not, that can be received through a message receiving device and ready to be shown (Kurniasih, 2004).

4. Social Interaction with Peers

Not only through time media, but social interaction or peers are also very influential in children’s imitation. Interaction with peers in the interaction process has an important role, especially in imitation in aspects of religious behavior.

This is explained by Nurhayati (2007), peer interaction has an important role in children’s religiosity through two things as follows:

• Through the interaction of peers, the child will know whether his behavior that has been formed based on the standard of religiosity in the family can be accepted or rejected by his environment.
• Peer interaction will motivate children to only behave appropriately that can be accepted by their environment.

Imitation Impact

Citing the book Social Science Sociology Volume 1 by Tim Mitra Guru (2007), there are two impacts caused by imitation behavior, namely positive and negative impacts.

1. Positive Impact

Imitation can encourage a person to do and fulfill the prevailing norms or rules so that a harmonious, harmonious, stable, and orderly society is created. For example, following the style of a famous singer, imitating the healthy lifestyle of other people, and so on.

2. Negative Impact

The negative impact of imitation occurs if it can encourage someone to oppose the prevailing norms or rules. In this case, imitation can weaken the development of a person’s creativity. For example, a person imitates the lifestyle of his idol rock star by wearing earrings, using illegal drugs, etc.

Levels of Imitation

Imitation is the process of imitating the behavior of a model, so it is also called the modeling process. This can be applied to all types of behavior that have a strong tendency to imitate. This process is not done to everyone but to certain figures such as famous people, people who have power, successful people, or people who are often found.

The figure that usually becomes the model is the old man himself. However, according to Tarde (2010), before people imitate something, several conditions must first be met, namely:

• Have a big enough interest/attention about it.
• Admiring or admiring things to be imitated.
• Want to gain social recognition as imitated.

Imitation is often associated with the theory of social learning from Bandura, because social learning is known as observational learning or learning from models, which is a learning process that emerges from observation, mastery of the imitation learning process, and imitation of other people’s behavior. In imitation there is a process of learning to copy or make a model of the actions of others through observation of that person. In social learning theory, individuals learn not through conditioning, but through observation.

As already explained, imitative behavior is usually caused by the interest, actions, attention, or admiration of the other party. Quoted from the journal Relationship Between Celebrity Worship and Imitation Behavior in Teenagers by Yolanda Bilqis Sherly (2019), those factors then develop into imitation which is done with the following stages:

1. Attention _

The first is to pay attention. That is, in order to be able to perform imitation actions, a person is motivated by observing the model or imitation object first. From there, it can perform the same behavior from the imitated object.

Individuals can learn through observation when there are models that are presented directly or indirectly, and accurately there are aspects that are relevant to the model’s activities. New responses can be learned by looking, listening and paying attention to other people, so attention in this matter becomes very important.

But as is known, not all the models presented will get the attention of individuals. Therefore, in order to be able to observe and learn from the model, it is necessary to direct and increase his attention. The method used is not always the same for everyone, for example children differ from adults in directing attention. However, in general, to increase attention, rewards and highlighting the quality of the model can be used, for example, the model has a certain appeal.

2. Retention ( Retention )

After the activity of the model is observed, the subject performs a retention process by storing the memory of the model seen, then stored in his memory. However, not all the information from the model will be saved by it. Usually, what is stored is information that attracts the subject’s attention and interest.

3. Behavior Formation ( Behavior Formation )

Things that have been learned and stored in memory by the subject from the imitated model will then be translated through action or behavior.

4. Motivation _

The last stage is the stage of acceptance of encouragement that can function as reinforcement. Reinforcement can be used as a motivator to stimulate and maintain behavior in order to be actualized in life.

Examples of Imitation

To better understand what imitation is, here are some examples of positive and negative imitation that often occur in everyday life.

1. Examples of Positive Imitation

• Copy the clothing style of idol artists.
• Imitate the singing style of other singers.
• Imitate the learning habits of other students in order to get a better final grade.
• Imitate basketball game tactics from famous basketball clubs.
• A mother imitates another mother who is successful in educating her children.
• A student imitates the behavior of his teacher who is very disciplined in dividing time.
• Modeling the development of urban planning from other countries.

2. Examples of Negative Imitation

• Imitating the habit of drinking alcohol and free association between young men and women.
• Copying other people’s work, either in the form of cheating, stealing copyright, or plagiarism.
• Imitating the habit of speeding on the road to the point of disturbing the comfort of other road users.
• Imitating the habit of smoking.
• Imitating a style of dress that is contrary to the prevailing norms or rules.
• Using mobile phones while studying in class.

 

Understanding Immigration – In the current era of globalization, this means that there is no space and time limit for each individual to relocate.

In any country, there must be rules regarding the immigration process for Foreign Nationals (WNA). This immigration process is a kind of authorization done by individuals before entering the territory of another country.

So, what exactly is the meaning of immigration? How is the legislation governing immigration in Indonesia? Let’s discuss together!

Understanding Immigration

Etymologically, the terms emigration, immigration, and transmigration are both derived from the Latin language meaning displacement of people.

A brief definition of immigration is the movement of people from one country to another. A person who does immigration activities is called an immigrant.

This immigration activity is of course regulated by the laws that apply to all immigrants or foreigners in Indonesia. Even the legislation has given its own definition of what immigration is.

According to article 1 paragraph 1 in Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration, what is meant by immigration is ” the right of traffic of people entering or leaving the territory of the Republic of Indonesia as well as its supervision in order to maintain the sovereignty of the State .”

Based on the definition of the law, it can be deduced that there are two important regulatory elements, namely:

1. Arrangements on various matters concerning the traffic of people entering, exiting, and staying from and into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia.
2. Arrangements on various matters regarding the supervision of foreigners in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia.

In addition, the International Conference on Emigration and Immigration held in Rome in 1924, gave a definition of immigration which is ” a movement of people entering a country with the intention of earning a living and settling there. “

The immigrant identity check process (TPI) is usually carried out at ports, airports, or certain places that have been designated by the previous government as entry or exit points to Indonesian territory.’

Immigrants who violate the provisions of the Immigration legislation will of course receive appropriate sanctions and penalties.

Another element in the immigration process is the supervision of Foreign Nationals (WNA) who enter and reside in Indonesian territory. The supervision is done to control or monitor the existence of the foreigner until the activities of the foreigner are in accordance with the applicable Immigration provisions or not.

Driving Factors for Immigration

1. Economic Factors

Economic factors are usually one of the reasons why individuals or groups of individuals do immigration activities. Immigrants usually have the idea that by doing immigration they will open up opportunities to advance their own economic well-being or perhaps it can be called earning a living in other people’s countries.

2. In the country itself, the economic standard is low

As a result of the decline in the economy of their country of origin, immigrants will flock to immigrate with the aim of improving the standard of living system.

The countries that are used as the destination for immigrants are Germany and some other European countries. This is because in that country there is economic prosperity to obtain a better life.

3. Socio-Cultural Factors

Social and cultural factors also play an important role in the process of encouraging immigrants to do immigration activities. For example in the country of Korea which has a K-Pop culture and is loved by the world community, causing many immigrants to immigrate to the country because they are attracted to its K-Pop culture.

4. Political Stability Factor

Politics is closely related to the way of government in a country. If the politics in a country is less stable, it will make its people “migrate” to other countries. For example, in the case of immigrants from Afghanistan due to the government being taken over by the Taliban.

Factors Attracting Immigration

1. There is hope to gain opportunities in improving the standard of living
2. There is an opportunity to get a better education
3. Environmental conditions and living conditions that are considered more pleasant. For example climate, schools, public facilities, etc.
4. There are activities in big cities and places of entertainment.

Types of Immigration Violations

Violations in the field of immigration that are often committed by foreign nationals, namely:

1. Abusing the residence permit owned
2. Being in Indonesian territory by using a fictitious sponsor
3. Not reporting any changes in civil status, domicile address, employment, and sponsor to the local Immigration Office
4. Entering Indonesian territory using a fake visa and passport that does not belong to him
5. Applying for a passport using a false identity
6. Involved in a network of human trafficking syndicates
7. Drug smuggling

The Role of Immigration in National Sovereignty

Operationally, the role of immigration in Indonesia always contains three functions, namely the community service function, the security function, and the law enforcement function.

1. Community Service Functions

In this first function, the aspect demanded in immigration activities is excellent service in the field of Immigration, both to Indonesian Citizens (WNI) and Foreign Nationals (WNA).

Services for Indonesian citizens usually include

• issuance of passports,
• Passport Validation Travel Letter (SPLP),
• Cross Border Pass (PLB), and
• giving signs to leave or enter.

Meanwhile, services for foreign nationals include the granting and extension of Immigration Documents (DOKIM) in the form of:

• Limited Residence Permit Card (KITAS),
• Permanent Residence Permit Card (KITAP),
• Special Immigration Facility (DAHSUSKIM),
• extension of visit visa,
• granting permission to re-enter or leave and
• the signer leaves or enters.

2. Law Enforcement Functions

In Immigration duties, the entire rules of immigration law must be enforced for every individual in Indonesian territory, whether they are Indonesian Citizens (WNI) or immigrants.

The law is aimed at avoiding the problem of false identity, sponsor liability, ownership of multiple sponsors, up to the violation of immigration rules.

While law enforcement against Foreign Nationals (WNA) is usually on the problem of:

• falsify identity
• registration of foreigners and the issuance of foreigner surveillance books
• misuse of residence permit
• enter Indonesian territory illegally
• and others.

In the case of law enforcement, this has a pro-justicia nature, that is, where the authority of the investigation, includes investigative tasks (summoning, arrest, detention, inspection, search, and seizure) related to filing cases and submitting case files to the public prosecutor.

3. Security Functions

Immigration can function as a gatekeeper in a country. This is because immigration is the first and last institution that “screens” the arrival and departure of foreigners to Indonesian territory.

For Indonesian citizens (WNI), the implementation of this security function is carried out by preventive measures to leave the country.

While for Foreign Nationals, the implementation of the security function is done with the following things:

• Examination of visa applications in order to select against each purpose for the arrival of foreigners.
• Collaborating with the security apparatus of other countries in providing supervision regarding the enforcement of immigration laws.
• Conduct immigration intelligence operations for national security
• Preventing and countering violations in the field of immigration.

 

The Role of Immigration Against the Threat of Terrorism

Acts of terrorism are part of transnational crimes that are carried out in an organized manner that threaten national and international peace and security.

Prevention of terrorism can be done with the immigration process. How do you do that?

Because in the immigration process, there is surveillance that limits the right to freedom of movement abroad as well as entering the country. So, from the restriction it is hoped to be able to break the link between the terrorism network abroad and the terrorism network within the country.

Even with the immigration process, there will be attempts to revoke passports and citizenships for perpetrators of terrorism, as has been arranged in Article 12b paragraph 1 of the Law.

In addition, based on article 12A paragraph 1 which reads ” any person who intentionally and against the law enters into contact with any person who is in the country and/or abroad or a foreign country will commit or commit a criminal act of terrorism in Indonesia or in the country other, shall be punished with a minimum imprisonment of 3 (three) years and a maximum of 12 (twelve) years”

Based on the article, it is clear that anyone who commits acts of terrorism will face the law through the immigration process, to prevent them from “running away” to other countries.

Immigration has the principle of selective policy and an important immigration intelligence function. The two elements became a great collaboration in an effort to counter the flow of non-military threats entering Indonesian territory.

An example is the case of the arrest of 4 Foreign Nationals (WNA) of Chinese origin at the Bogor Regency Immigration Office. The foreigner was arrested because the immigration (intelligence) department analyzed the existence of a case of drug cultivation in the Bogor region by Chinese nationals.

In addition, there is also a case of malpractice committed by a foreign doctor, Randall Cafferty, at the First Chiropractic Clinic, Pondok Indah Mall. The foreign doctor killed a local patient. The immigration authorities can examine and interview the foreign doctor because he applied for a visa at the representative office abroad, so that the case can be resolved by the authorities.

 

Knowing the Definition of Yield, Formula, and How to Calculate It – In a business there are various terms used to name the business activity such as this time it is a term about yield or profit sharing from an investor after investing in a long term.

In an investment, understanding the terms of yield is quite important so that Reader friends who want to start investing know about how the investment works, its benefits, and the correct calculation method. Because it will affect the profit that Reader friends will get in an investment.

Yield (English), or yield, is the benefit of investment instruments given to investors during a certain period of time. Income can include income and profit from price increases. The result is usually expressed as a percentage (%).

In mutual funds, performance is shown by the change in net asset value (NAV) of mutual funds. A positive return indicates that the net worth of the investment fund has increased compared to the net worth at the time of purchase. However, a negative return indicates a decrease in net worth.

For that, all Reader friends, especially those who want to start investing in stocks, need to find out what important elements are needed to invest successfully. Well, in this discussion we have also summarized the terms of yield, the formula, and the correct way to calculate it.

Further, we will present the discussion below!

Definition of Shares

Before understanding how the yield system works in a stock fund for the benefit of investors, it is good that we also understand the meaning of the stock itself fundamentally. For that let’s take a look at the meaning of shares below!

Shares are proof of ownership of the company’s value. The word stock itself is taken from the Arabic language. In fiqh literature, shares are taken from the term musahamah which comes from the word sahm (Arabic: سهم‎), the plural form of ashum or suhmah which means part, share of ownership.. The more shares you have, the greater the power you have in the company. By issuing shares, it is possible for companies that need long-term financing to “sell” their business property – shares (equity effect) – for money, which, in addition to issuing bonds, is the main means of obtaining business capital. Shares are sold through the primary or secondary market. Stocks are one of the most popular financial market instruments. Issuance of shares is one of the company’s choices in deciding on company financing.

Shares can be interpreted as proof of capital participation of a person or party (business entity) in a company or limited company. With the participation of this capital, the political party has a claim on the company’s income, a claim on the company’s property and the right to participate in the general meeting (GMS).

Definition of Yield

The yield is the profit that can be obtained from the investment made during a certain period of time and following a certain process. Another name for yield is yield or return.

Return, or often return, is the profit obtained from an investment during a certain period of time or after a certain process. Revenue and return are terms that usually refer to nominal income. However, return is profit, usually expressed as In essence, return is a term that refers to the return on investment – ​​nominally. Meanwhile, yield is a term that refers to profit in the form of a percentage.

Yield is a term often used to refer to the profit obtained from investing in stocks. More specifically, return is a measure of profit or profit that investors receive from investing in a product over a certain period of time. Generally, returns are calculated per year, although some also calculate monthly returns. In addition, the yield is usually also reflected from the historical price increase of the stock. Thus, yield can be your consideration when deciding to buy an investment asset, one of which is shares. Then how to calculate income? As previously explained, the rate of return is the percentage obtained by dividing the income received by the invested capital. So the formula to calculate the return is simple: Return = Return/Capital Value x 100 percent For example, if you invest with equity instruments, the return you get can consist of two things. The first comes from rising stock prices and the second from dividend-paying issuers or companies whose shares you own.

What is meant and how to calculate it: If the income you receive from an increase in share prices, for example from Rp 1000 to Rp 1200 per share. In addition, dividends, for example, 20 pieces per share received in one year. The revenue or income received consists of the increase in the share price and dividends received divided by the share capital value at the time the shares were first purchased. As an example of the calculation in the picture above: Return = (Rp 200 Rp 20)/Rp 1000 = 0.22 Or if you use a percentage, you get a return of 22 percent.

Types of Returns

Although higher yields indicate lower risk and higher returns, it is important to know the various indicators that cause investment results to fluctuate. The higher the yield, the greater the possibility of a falling market effect, where the market value will also fall. If the yield is too high, it could mean that your stock price is going down or that the company is paying a large dividend. There are different types of returns that you need to know about. You can consider these different types of returns before making an investment decision.

• Current Yield

Current yield is a type of yield for bond instruments. The current yield is the ratio of the coupon rate to the spot price of the loan.

• The payoff of maturity

Yield to maturity is the result of bond investment at maturity. It can be said that the yield to maturity is the initial value of the investment that is fully returned to the investor. The calculation formula is to equate the current bond price with the total yield in the future.

• Yield Dividend yield

Dividend yield is a percentage of the value of the dividend or dividends distributed and the share price per share. This distribution value can change from time to time. The dividend yield calculation is obtained by dividing the dividend by the current price of the stock.

• Call Returns

This definition of return is useful as a return denominator due to the transfer of company shares to all owners. This usually happens in a limited company, which can be called.

In other words, the company can buy back the shares it needs from investors. You simply use the following formula to calculate this type of return.

Yield t= [profit + (latest bond value – bond value at purchase) / tenor until stock calling] / [(bond value at purchase + bond value at latest) / 2] x 100%

• Worst yield

If this yield is the type of yield applied is used to return to the investor. This usually happens because investors call back before expiration.

To get the worst returns, we recommend taking the lowest value between the return and return periods. So there is no need for formulas such as income or other income, this is a discussion about the meaning of income from definitions, calculations into formulas. If you are interested in the worst returns, make a simple investment by becoming a lender on the Amartha microfinance market. Earn up to 15% flat per year!

In addition to income, you can also contribute to supporting Indonesian SMEs by influencing access to capital in a positive way, starting from just Rp 100,000.

The relationship between risk and return

From the explanation of the definition of yield that has been explained above, it can be known that yield is usually closely related to investment risk. Risk is an important part of the return paid on an investment.

In general, the relationship between risk and investment return is such that the greater the potential risk of an investment, the greater the potential return of the investment. For example, stocks tend to carry higher risk than bonds, so stocks have a relatively higher return potential than bonds.

Return on Investment

The return on invested capital can vary depending on the type of investment instrument you choose. In the following, we will explain the types of returns owned by various types of investment instruments.

• Obligation proceeds

Bond yield is the expected yield from an interest-bearing investment over a specified period of time. Bond yield is usually expressed as a percentage or interest.

• Return Investment fund income

Unlike obligations, the return of investment funds is the return that is returned to investors in the form of interest and dividends produced by investment funds. Mutual fund performance is usually expressed as a percentage based on total earnings per share divided by the net worth of the shares.

Investment fund managers can use different methods to calculate returns to investors. Therefore, every prospective investor should consult the prospectus to see where the figures come from.

The higher the performance of the mutual fund, the more attractive the mutual fund is in the eyes of investors. This is because the higher the yield of mutual funds, the higher the yield. On the other hand, investors should also anticipate the risks that may occur, because the higher the mutual fund yield, the more risky the type of mutual fund.

How to Calculate Yield

The calculation of yield can vary depending on the purpose and type. In short, the calculation will depend on the respective investment instrument. Below is a general way to calculate yield.

Yield = profit / principal x 100%

For example, you buy a share at a price of Rp.900 per share, then sell it in the next few years at a price of Rp.1,000 per share. This means you earn a nominal profit of Rp.100.

In addition, on the investment you get a dividend at a price of IDR 10 for each share. Well, how does the calculation work? This is the answer to the yield example.

Yield = (Rp100 + Rp10)/Rp900 x 100% = 12.2%

It should be noted that the discussion of yield calculation method above is general for stock instruments. If you want to be more specific then, find out the formulas based on their own types.

Average Return on Investment

The yield value of each investment instrument can be said to be quite variable and depends on the trading market conditions of the relevant asset. For this reason, it is quite difficult to state the average value of bond, mutual fund and crypto investment returns.

However, when for the estimate. Bond investment yield can vary based on the indicator rate. The following is the highest average Indonesian bond yield 2022 (as of April 28, 2022):

• Yield on National Bonds, the highest average of 7.87%;
• Bond yields with AAA indicators have the highest average of 12%;
• Bond yields with the AA indicator have the highest average of 11.5%;
• Bond yield with indicator A has the highest average of 12.25%; as well as
• Finally, the bond yield with the BBB indicator has the highest average value of 13.13%
• Meanwhile, mutual fund investment returns also vary depending on the type. The following is the highest average mutual fund yield as of April 4, 2022.
•  
• Mutual fund yield of 17.91%;
• Mixed mutual fund yield of 10.89%;
• The yield of money market mutual funds worth 1.3%; and
• Lastly, the yield of fixed income mutual funds is 3.48%.

That’s a complete explanation of what investment yield is, how to calculate the average yield from each investment instrument. Hope the information is useful for you, yes!

Recently, investors are increasingly attracted to crypto investment assets, including in Indonesia. As of December 2021, the number of crypto investors in Indonesia has even reached 11 million people.

Make the right strategy for high returns

Every mutual fund investor wants to get a higher yield. For that, make sure you make the right mutual fund investment strategy. For example, buying and selling at the right time. For example, buy when the price is low and sell when the price is high. So, don’t withdraw money immediately after the investment yield drops.

Improve your investment skills by learning to invest online or by attending investment training, which is often held by financial media or famous investors. This is how you become a trusted investor.

Conclusion

So much for a short discussion about the definition of Income, Formula and How to Calculate it. Not just the definition, but also discussing the role of function in stock investment, how to calculate etc. Understanding the definition of yield makes us as members of the public be more careful when entering the world of stocks so as not to invest randomly and be able to understand the world of stocks better to avoid false investments.

 

Meaning of Faith – According to the Islamic view, faith can mean believing and this matter about faith has been written in the Al-Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims. In some letters, such as the letter At-Taubah, Allah has explained about the faith revealed to his people.

In addition to being mentioned in the Quran, faith is also explained through various hadiths. According to one of the hadiths, faith is a binding of the heart that is done as well as spoken, until it becomes a unity.

Islamic religious scholars also gave their opinion on the definition of faith. However, before that, Reader need to know the meaning of faith in terms and language. Read to the end of the article!

Meaning of Faith in Language and Terms

Faith is a belief believed by a person related to religion, belief and trust in God, the prophet, the book and so on. In Islamic religious teachings, faith means trust, confidence in God, HIS prophets and the book, the Al-Quran and so on.

According to Islamic teachings, Muslims believe in the six pillars of faith. The six pillars of faith must be believed and trusted by Muslims. However, what is the meaning of faith according to language and terminology?

Before discussing the meaning of faith from scholars and according to the Quran and hadith. Here is the meaning of faith in language and terms.

According to the Arabic language, the word faith is rooted in the word amana – yu; minu – imana which literally or etymologically can be interpreted as believing and confident. Linguistically, faith can be interpreted as tashdiq or justify which means almost the same term.

In terms of terms, according to the book Encyclopedia of Faith written by Shaykh Abdul Majid Az-Zandani, faith can be interpreted according to its linguistic meaning, which is tashdiq or trust.

Faith in terms, maknawi or terminological is believing with confidence in the existence of God, the Angels of God, His Books, His Messengers, the afterlife, up to qadha and qadar which have been summarized in the pillars of faith according to the teachings of Islam.

The Meaning of Faith According to the Quran and Scholars

In the Al-Quran, faith is mentioned with the pronunciation yaqin or believing. As in Surat Al-Baqarah verse 4 and Surat Al-An’am verse 75. Here is a more complete explanation.

In Surah Al-Baqarah verse 4 

وَالَّذِيْنَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِمَآ انْزِلَ عَلَيْكَ وَمَا ُنْزَ مِنْ قْلِكَ ۚ وَبِلْاِٰرَةِ هُمْ ُوْقِنْنَۗ

Meaning:

“And those who believe in (the Qur’an) which was revealed to you (Muhammad) and (the books) which were revealed before you, and they believe in the Hereafter.”

Meanwhile, faith is also mentioned in Surah Al-Anam verse 75: 

وَكَذٰلِكَ نُرِيْٓ عِبْرهِيْمَ مَلَكُوْتَ السَّمٰوٰتِ وَالْاَرْضِ وَلِيَكُوْنَ مِنَ الْمُوْقِنِيْنَ

Meaning:

“And thus, We showed Ibrahim the power (of Us) in the heavens and the earth, and that he be among those who believe.”

From the two chapters and verses in the Qur’an, the words yaqin and tashdiq are mentioned which mean the practice of the heart. Faith can be interpreted as the speech of the heart that is in the heart and is formed through confidence in the heart.

Several other chapters in the Quran also mention the faith of a Muslim.

Surat Al-Baqarah, verse 136

QS 2:136

قُوْلُوْٓا اٰمَنَّا بِاللّٰهِ وَمَآ اُنْزِلَ اِلَيْنَا وَمَآ اُنْزِلَ اِلٰٓى اِبْرٰهٖمَ وَاِسْمٰعِيْلَ وَاِسْحٰقَ وَيَعْقُوْبَ وَالْاَسْبَاطِ وَمَآ اُوْتِيَ مُوْسٰى وَعِيْسٰى وَمَآ اُوْتِيَ النَّبِيُّوْنَ مِنْ رَّبِّهِمْۚ لَا نُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ اَحَدٍ مِّنْهُمْۖ وَنَحْنُ لَهٗ مُسْلِمُوْنَ

Meaning:

Say, “We believe in Allah and in what was revealed to us, and in what was revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and his descendants, and in what was given to Moses and Jesus and in what was given to the prophets from their God. We do not discriminate between any of them, and we submit to Him.”

Referring to the Surah Al-Baqarah, it can be concluded that the faith believed by Muslims is a belief and conviction embedded in the heart and manifested through words and deeds. The belief refers to the belief in the five pillars of Islam.

Besides according to the Al-Quran, some scholars also gave their opinion on the definition of faith. Some famous scholars such as Imam Syafii, Imam Ahmad to Imam Bukhari also expressed their opinion.

According to Imam Syafii , the faith of a Muslim includes his words and actions. faith can increase or decrease. The increase in one’s faith is caused by obedience to God, while the decrease in one’s faith is caused by disobedience.

Imam Ahmad has an opinion that is not far different from Imam Syafii, Imam Ahmad stated that faith can increase and decrease, increase because a person performs certain practices and decreases because the person abandons the practice.

Then, Imam Bukhari also added from the two scholars, Imam Bukhari said that after meeting many scholars from various parts of the country, he saw that the scholars’ presentation of faith is words and deeds that can increase and decrease.

Other scholars such as Imam Malik, Ash Syafi’i, Al Auza’i and Ishaq Bin Rahawai have the same opinion about the meaning of faith. Faith is justification done with the heart, confession verbally, and practiced with the limbs. According to the scholars, charity is one of the elements of faith.

Companions of the Prophet such as Ali bin Abi Talib believed that faith is speech spoken with the tongue and belief that is believed to be true with the heart and done with the body parts. Like Ali, Aisyah also has the same opinion about the meaning of faith.

The Meaning of Faith According to Indonesian Scholars

Scholars in Indonesia such as Ustadz Khalid Basalamah to Ustadz Adi Hidayat also expressed their opinions on the meaning of faith. Here is the meaning of faith according to scholars in Indonesia.

Ustadz Khalid Basalamah

According to Ustadz Khalid Basalamah, faith is vowing something with the mind, then saying it verbally and believing it in the heart and applying it using the body parts.

Ustadz Adi Hidayat

Ustadz Adi Hidayat explained that the word faith comes from the word Al-Amnu which means safe, calm and peaceful. According to Ustadz Adi Hidayat, faith has a relationship with the word peace and calm. These two words can then be interpreted as if a Muslim believes in God, then he will have peace of mind and a sense of security from the restlessness of the world as well as threats in the afterlife.

Levels of Faith in Islam According to Sheikh M, Nawawi

In Islam, faith has levels. This level also differentiates the faith of each person. According to a scholar from Banten, namely Sheikh M, Nawawi, a person’s level of faith can be divided into five levels. Here is the explanation.

a. Iman Taqlid

The first level of faith is iman taqlid. Iman taqlid is a faith based on the speech of others, generally from scholars, but without understanding the evidence. According to Sheikh M. Nawawi, this first level of faith is valid, even without looking for evidence for the problem.

b. Iman Ilmu or Ilmul Yaqin 

The second level of faith is the faith of knowledge. Faith in knowledge is the faith possessed by a servant in solving a problem with evidence and knowledge possessed.

c. Iman Iyana knows Ainul Yaqin

At the third level of faith is iman iyana. Faith is the faith possessed by a servant who believes that God is a real being, even though his existence cannot be seen. When a person is at the third level of faith, he believes that God is not unseen and is always present in his heart.

d. Iman Haq or Haqqul Yaqin

At the fourth level of faith is true faith. Iman haq is the faith possessed by a Muslim with the view that Allah is always in his heart. Scholars also say that a person with a high level of faith is said to be a wise person. This is because God is always present in his heart, the person only looks at God and not at the worldly.

e. True Faith

The last level is real faith. Real faith is the faith possessed by a servant by only doing everything that brings him closer to God. Therefore, people with true faith can be seen as a slave who has drowned in the sea and does not see the shore.

From the five levels of faith, the first two categories of faith can be cultivated by humans. Therefore, Sheikh M. Nawawi also explained that every human being is obliged to deepen his level of faith by looking for arguments about faith.

Whereas faith at the next level, is a gift given by God to humans and cannot be cultivated by humans. Because it can only be obtained according to God’s will.

Level of Faith in General

In addition to the level of faith, according to the views of Sheikh M. Nawawi, the level of faith in general can be categorized into five, namely Muslim, believer, muhsin, mukhlis and muttaqin. Here is the explanation.

a. Muslims 

Muslim is the level of faith when someone professes to be Muslim, this first level of faith includes the lowest level of faith. This is because it is only limited to the acknowledgment that Allah is the god he believes in as the One and Only God. For this reason, a servant is considered to have no difference with the devil, because the devil also believes that God is the One God.

b. Believer

A believer is a servant who has faith by studying Islamic religious law. With the study of the Sharia, it has an increase in insight about the Islamic religion.

c. Muhsin

Muhsin is a servant who has a level of faith that can improve all his actions to be better.

d. Mukhlis

Mukhlis is a servant of people who have sincerity in worship. At this level, a servant does everything he does only for God.

e. Muttaqin 

The last and highest level of faith is muttaqin. Muttaqin is a servant who always fears God and avoids God’s prohibitions..

Those are the five levels of faith in Islam according to scholars and in general. The next discussion is about the pillars of faith in Islam.

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Pillars of Faith in Islam 

In Islamic teachings there are six pillars of faith, as one of the foundations of faith itself. The pillars of faith can also be used as a benchmark for the understanding of faith in terms of meaning or terms. Here is a further explanation.

The pillar of faith is a view in Islamic religious teachings that believes that the Prophet and Messenger are messengers from God and are ordered to deliver good news and deliver threats to humans living on earth.

The meaning of this pillar of faith is also summarized in a hadith from Muslim that reads:

“… Rasulullah SAW said, ‘You believe in Allah, in His angels, in His messengers, in the Day of Resurrection and in good and bad destiny.’ This person (Jibril), then said, ‘You are right’.”

The hadith is the narration of Umar bin Khattab, when he heard that the angel Gabriel changed his form into a man and asked the Prophet Muhammad.

Here are the six pillars of faith in Islam.

1. Faith in God

The first pillar of faith is to believe in Allah as the One and Only God and the Lord of the Universe. A person can be said to believe in God, if he believes in the following four things.

1. Believing in the existence of God or believing in the existence of God.
2. Believing in the Rububiyyah of Allah, that is believing and confident that no one controls, creates, and regulates the entire universe except Allah.
3. Believing in the Uluhiyyah of Allah, believing that there is no one entitled and worthy of worship other than Allah and denying all worship other than Allah.
4. Believing in the name and attributes of God or Asmaul Husna that has been set for God and set by the prophet for God. Then stay away from attitudes that can remove the meaning, turn away, and question God.

2. Faith in God’s Angels

Faith in the angels of God includes believing in the practices and tasks given by God to the angels. Faith in angels can be done by believing that no one knows for sure the number of angels. Meanwhile, there are 10 angels that Muslims must believe in and believe that angels are created from light.

There are 10 angels that Muslims must believe in, namely angel Gabriel, angel Mikail, angel Rakib, angel Atid, angel Munkar, angel Nakir, angel Maut, angel Israfil, angel Malik, and angel Ridwan.

3. Faith in the Books of God

Believing in the books of God including in kalam or speech. There are four books of God that must be believed by a Muslim. Among them are the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms and the holy book Al-Quran.

4. Faith in the Messengers of God

Believing in the messengers of God means believing and trusting with all your heart that the messengers of God exist. Believing in the messengers of God means believing that the messengers were created by God to bring the truth and teachings of God to people on earth.

The messengers who were created and sent by God can receive revelation through intermediaries, namely angels. It should be known that God sent down many prophets to the earth, but there are only 25 prophets and messengers that Muslims must know, starting from Prophet Adam to Prophet Muhammad.

5. Faith in the Last Day

Believing in the last day or doomsday means believing and trusting that the last day or doomsday will definitely come and no one knows for sure when the doomsday will come.

On the last day, the universe and all its contents will be destroyed and man will be raised from the grave to be gathered and held accountable for what he did while still alive in the world.

6. Faith in Qada and Qadar

The last pillar of faith is faith in fate, namely qada and qadar. Believing in destiny qada and qadar means to believe and believe wholeheartedly that destiny, good and bad, comes from God, and that all destiny that happens to humans has been decreed by God.

Qada is a ruling that has been written since before humans were born in the world, from fate, death to sustenance. While qadar is a provision or certainty that has been determined by God and will definitely happen, has happened or is happening.

That is the meaning of faith according to terms and language accompanied by an explanation of the levels of faith and the pillars of faith in Islam.

Reader can learn more about faith by reading and buying books on related topics at www.Sinaumedia.com . Because Sinaumedia as #SahabatTanpaBatas, always provides quality books with interesting topics for Reader. Buy and book now!

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• Meaning of Morality

As Muslims, we certainly want to worship according to the rules given by Allah SWT. God’s laws have been established in the books that He sent down and through the prophets, messengers, and guardians that were sent down to earth.

Linguistically, law means Al-Qadha’  (القداء) which means decision. While the meaning of syariah law in terms is:

It is the address of the street that is related to the actions of the responsible, seeking, or choosing, or placing

It means: “It is a commandment of the Sharia related to the act of mukallaf, both in the form of demand, choice, and placement”.

Hukum syara’ can be interpreted as anything that has been established by the commandments of the Sharia, namely the Qur’an and the Sunnah. The law of syra’ is related to acts of mukallaf either in the form of words or actions in doing or leaving something.

Sharia law’ is not related to a person’s belief or creed. Mukallaf refers to anyone who is burdened by the Shari’a, including minors and the insane.

One of the things that must be understood by a Muslim is the Islamic law. Hukum syara’ is the name of law that is based on sharia or sharia. That is, a provision that comes from Allah SWT and the Messenger either in textual form or the result of the understanding of scholars. For this reason, syara’ law can also be said to originate from the Qur’an and Hadith.

From this understanding it can be known that the syar’ah law is divided into two, namely demand and placement (wadh’i). demands in the form of orders or prohibitions, whether certain or uncertain. As well as the choice of whether to do it or leave it.

Meanwhile, the second, which is wadh’i or placement which is the things placed by the shariat maker that determines the realization of a law or its perfection.

Broadcasting from various sources, following the division of Shariah law.

Division of Sharia Law’

Based on the meaning of syarah law’ above, syarah law’ can be categorized into 2 types as follows.

1. Taklifi Law

Based on Nasehatquran.com, the law of taklifi is a demand imposed on the mukallaf to do or leave a job and the choice between doing or leaving a job.

Taklifi laws are grouped into several types, including obligatory, haram, mubah, mandub, and makruh. Here is an explanation of the five categories.

• Compulsory

Mandatory is something ordered by the Sharia maker to be done. A person who does an obligatory thing will be rewarded and get punished if he leaves it.

Reader can recognize obligatory by other names including fardhu, faridhah, hatmun, mahtum, and lazim. In the view of the hafiyyah, fardhu and wajib are different. fardhu or faridhah is a legal term that is established by qath’i arguments such as the Quran and mutawatir hadith. Whereas those established with dzanni arguments such as Sunday hadith are called obligatory.

Mandatory law itself can be categorized into four as follows.

1. Based on Time Commitment

Based on time constraints, mandatory laws are grouped into two of them as follows.

• Wajib Mutlaq or Wajib Muwassa’, which is an obligation that has a wide implementation period and is not bound by a specific time, such as fasting in Ramadan.
• Wajib Muqayyad or Wajib Mudhayyaq, which is an obligation whose implementation is bound by a certain time, such as five daily prayers, Ramadan fasting, and so on.

2. Based on Object Provisions

Based on the provisions of the object, mandatory law is divided into two categories as follows.

• Wajib Mu’ayyan, which is an obligation that has been determined and there is no other option than what has been stipulated, such as the obligation to fast in the month of Ramadan, the obligation of Hajj, and so on.
• Wajib Ghairu Mu’ayyan or Wajib Mukhayyar, which is an obligation that allows you to choose one of several options. An example is expiation for a person who breaks an oath.

3. Based on the Rate

Based on the rate, the law is divided into two categories as follows.

• Wajib Muqaddar or Wajib Muhaddad, i.e. obligations whose rate has been determined, such as the number of rak’ahs in obligatory prayers, the minimum amount of zakat payment, etc.
• Wajib Ghairu Muhaddad, which is an obligation that is not determined in terms of amount, such as spending in the way of God, giving charity, feeding orphans, etc.

4. Based on the Legal Subject

Here are the mandatory details based on the legal subject.

• Wajib Aini or Fardhu Ain, which is the obligation imposed on each individual, such as praying five times a day, fasting Ramadan, etc.
• Wajib Kifa’i or Fardhu Kifayah, which is an obligation that is burdened collectively, which when it has been represented then the obligation falls away. Such as funeral prayer, jihad fi sabilillah, amar ma’ruf nahi munkar, etc.
• Illegal

Haram is something that is forbidden by the Sharia makers that must be abandoned. People who abandon unlawful things will get a reward. However, the person who does it will earn sin.

Haram itself can be categorized into two groups as follows.

• Haram lizatihi or haram because of its substance. That is an act that is originally illegal according to syar’i law. Examples: polytheism, adultery, stealing, eating pork, etc.
• Haram lighairigi or haram because of something else. That is, an act that was originally permitted or prescribed, but due to the presence of other factors that can cause damage and harm, the act becomes haram.

For example, drinking alcohol becomes haram because it contains khamer. People who drink alcohol will lose self-control and can do other immoral things. Like adultery, killing people, etc.

• Change

Mubah is something that has nothing to do with commands and prohibitions. For example eating, sleeping, drinking, etc.

All actions that were not originally ordered and not prohibited by the Shari’a. This is because if the act is motivated by something that is ordered or prohibited then the act follows the law behind it.

For example, learning Arabic, which is the original law, is allowed. However, because we are required to know the content of the Al-Quran and As-Sunnah, it is impossible for us to know it without learning Arabic. So learning Arabic is legally mandatory based on that background.

Other examples are eating and drinking. The original law is mubah, but when it is done excessively to the point of harming oneself then it becomes haram.

• Mandub

Mandub is something ordered by the sharia maker that should not be done. A person who does something wrong while looking for a reward will get a reward, but if he doesn’t do it then he won’t get a punishment.

Mandub or sunnah has several levels among them as follows.

• First, the sunnah of muakkadah. It is a sunnah that was always done by the Prophet sallallaahu ‘alaihi wasallam. For example, performing two rak’ah sunnah prayers before dawn.
• Second, the sunnah ghairu muakkadah. It is a sunnah that the Prophet sallallaahu ‘alaihi wasallam did not always do, meaning that he occasionally left it, such as tarawih prayer, four rak’ah prayers before and after noon, and so on.

In Islam there is also a customary sunnah, namely the actions of the Prophet Muhammad SAW that are not part of the worship of God. Such as, the way to dress, the type of food and drink consumed, the way to drive, the way to walk, and so on.

• Makruh

Makruh is something that is forbidden by the shariat in the form of non-obligation. When, someone abandons makruh things then he will be rewarded. However, if he does, the person will not sin.

The use of the term makruh is believed by scholars except Hanafi scholars. For him, makruh consists of two, namely makruh tahrim and makruh tanzih. Makruh tahrim is something that is prohibited or prohibited by Sharia but the evidence is dzanni al-wurud (strong presumption).

Meanwhile, makruh tanzih is something recommended by the Sharia to be abandoned as makruh known by scholars in general.

2. Law of Wadh’i

Launched from the page Pai.ftk.uin-alauddin.ac.id , wadh’i law means artificial or made. The wadh’i law that is meant here is the existence of a law that depends on the presence or absence of something else such as reasons, conditions, and legal obstacles (manic).

a. Reason

What is meant by reason is everything that is made by syar’i as a reason for the existence or non-existence of law and the absence of something makes the existence of law necessary.

For example, in the word of God in QS Al-Maidah which contains two laws. First, the law of taklifi, which is to violate the prohibition of stealing. Second, there is also the law of wadh’i because he stole as a reason for his hand being cut off. So, the presence of thieves ensures the presence of amputation.

b. Requirement

What is meant by conditions is the absence of something that ensures the absence of law. But not the other way around, that is, there must be a law. for example the word of God in QS Al-Baqarah verse 110.

The meaning of QS Al-Baqarah verse 110, “And establish prayer and pay zakat.” And whatever goodness you do for yourself, of course you will get the reward from God. Indeed, Allah sees everything you do.”

Based on the verse, zakat becomes a mandatory law. However, if there is not enough haul then there is no mandatory law. However, haul is not enough to ensure the obligation of zakat because it still depends on other things such as nisab. In this case, haul is bought as a condition, which is one of the obligatory conditions of zakat.

c. Mani’

What is meant by ‘mani’ is everything that can negate or invalidate the law. For example, a woman who is on her period or postpartum is forbidden to pray.

Simply put, the essence here is menstruation and nifas. This is due to the presence of menstruation or nifas, so there is no obligation to pray.

d. Rukhsah and Azimah

Here is a more detailed explanation about rukhsah and azimah.

• Rukhsah

Rukhsah means easy and light. What is meant by rukhsah is the change of something from heavy to light or easier. Because there is a reason for the original law. As in the word of God, QS An-Nisa’ verse 101.

The meaning of the verse is “And when you travel on earth, then it is not a sin to miss the prayer, if you are afraid of being attacked by the infidels. Verily, the unbelievers are your real enemies.”

The verse explains about the relief for those who are on the way to miss their prayers. Launched from bincangmuslimah.com, rukhsah can be grouped into several categories as follows.

• Rukhshah which must be taken. Like eating carcasses for people who are about to die and can’t find other food.
• Sunnah Rukhsah is taken. Such as breaking the prayer on the way, not fasting for the sick, and looking at the face and the palms of the woman who wants to marry.
• Rukhshah that can be taken. Like practicing akad salam.
• The more important Rukhshah is not taken. Such as rubbing shoes, praying multiple times in the absence of dhaar, etc.
• Makruh Rukhsah is taken. Like skipping prayers on a journey that is less than a radius of 3 marhalah (120 km)

With the existence of rukhsah, it provides convenience for human life that is squeezed by difficulties and there are only haram or forbidden things in front of the eyes. However, that was the only thing that could save his life.

• Azimah

Azimah means firm, heavy, and strong. Azimah can also be interpreted as anything that is prescribed in the beginning, and does not depend on any excuse or obstacle such as praying five times before there is an excuse. Fasting Ramadan before there are ailments or obstacles. Similarly, other obligations are called azimah.

Meaning of Faith in God’s Angels – In general folklore, angels are considered to be forces of nature, holograms or a good illusion. Westerners sometimes depict angels as chubby baby cherubs, or handsome and handsome men, or beautiful young women with halos surrounding their heads.

However, in Islam, angels are real creatures created by God. Angels themselves cannot be seen with the naked eye. Angels are not objects to be worshiped or prayed to. Angels submit to God and carry out his orders.

In the view of Islam, there are no fallen angels. They are not divided into good angels or bad angels. Humans do not become angels after they die. Satan is not an angel, but Satan is a type of jinn. In the Islamic religion, angels must be believed in, must be trusted. Believing in the existence of angels is in the second pillar of faith. Below will be explained the belief in angels along with the names of angels believed in Islam.

Meaning of Faith in God’s Angels

Faith means believing, Believing in God’s Angels means believing that angels are true” creatures of God who were created from Light, and do not have sex, so they always obey God’s commands.

Angel comes from the Arabic language ‘malak’ which means messenger, the plural form is ‘malaikah’. Angels are believed to be heavenly beings, created from light by Allah SWT. This is mentioned in a hadith narrated by Muslims. The hadith reads,

عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ صَلَّ اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّم خُلِقَتِ المَلٰئِكَةُ مِنْ نُوْرِ وَخُلِقَ الْجَانُّ مِنْ مَارِجِ مِنْ نَارٍ وَخُلِقَ اٰدَمَ مِمَّا وُصِفَ لَكُمْ (HR. Muslim:5314)

“an ‘aa`isyat qaalat qala rasulullahi shallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam khuliqatil malaikati min nuri wa khuliqal jaannu min maari min naar wa khuliqa aadama mimmaa wushifalakum

Meaning : “Angels were created from light and Jinn were created from a mixture of fire, and Adam was created from earth.”

Angels have roles such as praising Allah SWT and carrying out the laws of nature. Islam does not even have a graphic or symbolic representation of angels. However, angels are often depicted as beautiful creatures with wings. Angels form different hierarchies and cosmic orders.

Angels do not eat or drink, have no anger, and never tire.

{فَلَمَّا رَأَى أَيْدِيَهُمْ لَا تَصِلُ إِلَيْهِ نَكِرَهُمْ وَأَوْجَسَ مِنْهُمْ خِيفَةً قَالُوا لَا تَخَفْ إِنَّا أُرْسِلْنَا إِلَى قَوْمِ لُوطٍ وَامْرَأَتُهُ قَائِمَةٌ فَضَحِكَتْ} (Surat Hud: 70-71)

Meaning : So when he saw that their hands did not touch him, Ibrahim looked at their actions as strange, and felt afraid of them. The angel said, “Do not be afraid, indeed we are (angels) sent to the people of Lut.” And his wife stood (behind the curtain), then he smiled.

 

The angel that humans have seen with the naked eye is the angel Gabriel. Angel Gabriel once met Prophet Muhammad SAW.

It is narrated in the Sahih Book of Ibn Hiban, from the companion of Abdullah Ibn Mas’ud, the Messenger of Allah said:

On Ibn Masoud – may God bless him and grant him peace – he said in this verse: {And he saw it descend further} [Al-Najm: 13], the Messenger of God – may God bless him and grant him peace – said: I saw Gabriel at the end of his chest, upon him there are seventy Jannahs, يَنْثِرُ من رِيشِه التَّاوِيلُ : الدُّرُّ والياقُوتُ

From Ibn Mas’ud RA that he said about this verse, “And verily Muhammad saw Gabriel (in his original form) at another time.” (QS. An-Najm: 13)

The Prophet SAW said, “I saw Gabriel in Sidratul Muntaha, he had six hundred wings scattered in his fur with diamonds and gems of different colors.”

Angels also never stop or feel bored to worship Allah SWT, this is stated in Al-Quran chapter 21 verse 20 which reads,

وَاِنَّا لَنَحْنُ الْمُسَبِّحُوْنَ

Meaning : And verily we glorify (to Allah). (QS: As Shafat: 166)

Although there is no history that says when angels were created, many believe that angels are the first creations of God, and live in the heavenly realm.

Many scholars debate whether humans or angels have a higher degree. But in the Al-Quran, the prostration of angels to Adam is often considered as proof of human supremacy over angels. But there are also those who think that angels are superior to humans because they do not have anger and lust.

Faith in God is also often said to be the key to a servant’s success in the afterlife. However, practicing faith is not as simple as we imagine. There are pillars, branches, and everything we experience and witness that intersects with our faith. Learn all that in the Encyclopaedia of Faith book below.

 

Evidence for God’s Angels

Faith in angels is an obligation commanded by God. This is stated in the Al-Quran, chapter An-nisa verse 136 which reads,

يٰٓاَيُّهَا ​​الَّذِيْنَ اٰمَنُوْٓا اٰمِنُوْا بِاللّٰهِ وَرَسُوْلِهٖ وَالْكِتٰبِ الَّذِيْ نَزَّلَ عَلٰى رَسُوْلِهٖ وَالْكِتٰبِ الَّذِيْٓ اَنْزَلَ مِنْ قَبْلُ ۗوَمَنْ يَّكْفُرْ بِاللّٰهِ وَمَلٰۤىِٕكَتِهٖ وَكُتُبِهٖ وَرُسُلِهٖ وَالْيَوْمِ الْاٰخِرِ فَقَدْ ضَلَّ ضَلٰلًا ۢ بَعِيْدًا

Meaning : “O people who believe! Keep believing in Allah and His Messenger (Muhammad) and in the Book (Al-Qur’an) that was revealed to His Messenger, as well as the book that was revealed before. Whoever disbelieves in God, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Hereafter, then indeed, that person has gone astray very far.”

In that verse, God not only commands people to believe in angels, but God commands us to believe in His books, His messengers and the Last Day or Judgment Day. Study the SD/MI book Iman Kepa Malaikat Allah SWT to have more knowledge, understanding, and practice goodness in everyday life.

Names of angels and their duties

How many angels were created by Allah SWT? Actually, only God knows the answer. Angels do not have the same status because they are given different tasks.

Some angels are assigned to carry out God’s law in the world. For example, the angel Michael is responsible for the rain and directs it wherever God wants.

Michael the Archangel has assistants who help him in carrying out the orders of Allah SWT, they direct the wind and clouds according to God’s will. There are also those who are in charge of blowing the trumpet on the Day of Judgment and there are also those who are in charge of taking life from human bodies.

There is also a group of angels who pray for those creatures of God who give good deeds to others. Angels love those who believe and ask God to forgive their sins.

Among them there are also angels who protect the believer throughout his life, both when he is inside the house, outside the house and when he is asleep. Learn more about the existence of angels, starting from believing in their existence, their abilities, the types of angels and their functions in the book Malaikat Dalam Al Quran: Seri Makhluk Ghaib.

10 Angels that we must believe in

As for the 10 Angels that we must believe in, namely,

1. Angel Gabriel His job is to deliver revelation
2. Archangel Mikail’s task is to distribute Rizki
3. Angel Izroel His job is to take lives
4. Isrofil angel His task is to blow the trumpet
5. Angel Rokib His job is to record human actions
6. Angel Atid His job is to record human actions
7. The Munkar dan Nakir Angel’s task is to ask him in the grave
8. Angel nakir His task is to ask in the grave
9. Angel Malik His job is to guard hell
10. Angel Ridwan His job is to guard heaven

Angel Gabriel’s task

Jibril: Jibril is an angel tasked with delivering revelations from Allah SWT. Gabriel is the angel responsible for revealing the Quran to Prophet Muhammad SAW verse by verse. Angel Gabriel is the angel who communicates with all the prophets and also descends with the blessing of Allah SWT on the night of Laylatul Qadr or the night of a thousand moons. Angel Gabriel is also recognized as an extraordinary fighter in Islam. The angel Gabriel is believed to be the leader of the angelic army into the Badr War.

The angel Jibreel following the war is described in a hadith narrated by Ibn Hisham that the Messenger of Allah called out to him “Rejoice O Abu Bakr because God’s help has come. The angel Gabriel grabbed the bridle of his horse, then pulled it towards the cloud of dust (the battlefield).”

 

God said:

وَلَقَدْ نَصَرَكُمُ اللُّ بِبَدْرٍ وََانْتُمْ اَذِلَّةٌۚ فَتَّوُواُوا اللَّّ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُوْنَ

It means : Truly God has helped you in the battle of Badr. (Ali Imran: 123)

 

اِذْ تَقُوْلُ لِلْمُؤْمِنِيْينَ إَلَنْ يَّكْفِيكُمْ انْ يُّمِدَّكُمْ ربُّكُمْ بِثَلٰثَةِ الَافٍ مِّنَ الْمَلٰۤىِٕكَةِ مُنْزَلِينَۗ

Meaning : (Remember) when you said to the believers, “Isn’t it enough for you that God helps you with three thousand angels sent down (from heaven)?” (At Tawbah: 27)

 

In addition, this is also mentioned in the Al-Quran, chapter Al-Anfal verse 9 which reads,

اِذْ تَسْتَغِيْثُونَ رَبَّكُمْ فَاسْتَجَابَ لَكُمْ انِيْ مُمِدُّكُمْ بِالْفٍ مِّنَ الْمَلٰىِٕكَةِ مُرْدِفِيْنَ

It means : “Remember, when you ask for help from your Lord, and He grants you permission, ‘Indeed I will bring reinforcements to you with a thousand angels who come in succession,’”

 

Archangel Michael’s task

Mikail: The angel Mikail is the angel responsible for directing rain, food and sustenance with the will of Allah SWT. Some scholars also agree that the angel Michael also has responsibility over the angels who bring the laws of nature. Archangel Michael is one of the four main angels of God. This is mentioned in a hadith,

From Alqamah bin Martsad, from Abdurrahman bin Sabith, he said,

يُدَبِّرُ الأُمُورَ أَرْبَعَةٌ : جِبْرِيلُ ، وَمِيكَائِيلُ ، وَإِسْرَافِيلُ ، وَمَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَى نَبِيِّنَا وَعَلَيْهِمْ وَسَلَّمَ ، فَجِبْرِيلُ عَلَى الرِّيحِ وَالْجُنُودِ ، وَمِيكَائِيلُ عَلَى الْقَطْرِ وَالنَّبَاتِ ، وَمَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ يَقْبِضُ الأَرْوَاحَ ، وَإِسْرَافِيلُ يُبَلِّغُهُمْ مَا يُؤْمَرُونَ بِهِ

There are 4 angels who manage affairs: Jibril, Mikail, Israfil and the Angel of Death – may blessings and peace be poured out on our prophet and them. Jibreel arranges the wind and the forces, Mikail arranges the rain and the trees, the angel of death who takes away lives, and Israfil conveys to them what they are commanded. (HR. Abu Shaikh al-Ashbahani in al-Adzamah, no. 294. This hadith is a Maqthu’ hadith, because Abdurrahman bin Sabith was a tabi’in).

In a hadith it was also mentioned that the angel Michael never smiled after the angel Michael saw how hell was created, this was conveyed by the angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. The hadith was narrated by Anas bin Malik, the Prophet Muhammad SAW asked the angel Gabriel ‘why have I never seen the angel Michael smile? then the angel Gabriel answered, ‘Mikail has never smiled since hell was created.’

 

The task of Angel Israfil

Israfil: the angel Israfil is the angel who blows the trumpet at the end of time. The angel Israfil is responsible for signaling the coming of the Day of Judgment by blowing his trumpet.

In the Al-Quran, Surat Al-Qamar verse 6, it is mentioned that the angel Israfil calls for something unpleasant on the Day of Retribution.

فَتَوَلَّ عَنْهُمْ ۘ يَوْمَ يَدْعُ الدَّعِ الِلٰى شَيْءٍ نُّكُرٍۙ

“So turn away from them, Remember the day when a caller or an angel calls to something unpleasant on the day of retribution.”

 

The task of the Angel of Israel

Izrail: The angel Izrail has the task of taking life from the human body and he will take the believers to heaven and the unbelievers to hell. Angel Izrail took human life with the help of his subordinates. This is explained in Al-Quran surah As-Sajdah verse 11 which reads,

say

Meaning : “The angel of death entrusted to (take away) your life will kill you, then only to your Lord will you be returned”.

 

In addition, it is also mentioned in the Al-Quran chapter Al-Araf verse 37 which reads,

فَمَنْ اَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ افْتَرٰى عَلَى اللّٰهِ كَذِبًا اَوْ كَذَّبَ بِاٰيٰتِهٖۗ اُولٰۤىِٕكَ يَنَالُهُمْ نَصِيْبُهُمْ مِّنَ الْكِتٰبِۗ حَتّٰٓى اِذَا جَاۤءَتْهُمْ رُسُلُنَا يَتَوَفَّوْنَهُمْۙ قَالُوْٓا اَيْنَ مَا كُنْتُمْ تَدْعُوْنَ مِنْ دُوْنِ اللّٰهِ ۗقَالُوْا ضَلُّوْا عَنَّا وَشَهِدُوْا عَلٰٓى اَنْفُسِهِمْ اَنَّهُمْ كَانُوْا كٰفِرِيْنَ

Meaning : “Then who is more unjust than the one who makes up lies against Allah or denies His verses? Those people will get the share that has been determined for them in the Book (Lauh Mahfuzh); until when Our messengers (angels) came to them to take his life, (at that time) Our messenger asked: “Where (idols) do you usually worship besides Allah?” The polytheists replied: “The idols have all disappeared from us,” and they admitted to themselves that they were disbelievers.

 

The duties of Angel Munkar and Nakir

Munkar and Nakir: Angels Munkar and Nakir are angels who are in charge of asking people in the grave. This is explained in a hadith narrated by Tirmidhi. The hadith reads,

عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رضي الله عنه قَالَ : قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ : إِذَا قُبِرَ الْمَيِّتُ أَوْ قَالَ أَحَدُكُمْ أَتَاهُ مَلَكَانِ أَسْوَدَانِ أَزْرَقَانِ يُقَالُ لأَحَدِهِمَا الْمُنْكَرُ وَالآخَرُ النَّكِيرُ (HR At-Tirmidzi)

From Abu Hurairah RA said, the Messenger of God SAW said, “When the body has been buried or when one of you is buried, there are two angels who come to him, both of them black and bluish, named Munkar and the other named Nakir.” (HR At-Tirmidhi)

 

From Abu Hurairah radhiyallahu ‘anhu who said, the Messenger of Allah sallallaahu ‘alaihi wa sallam said,

إِذَا قُبِرَ الْمَيِّتُ أَوْ قَالَ أَحَدُكُمْ أَتَاهُ مَلَكَانِ أَسْوَدَانِ أَزْرَقَانِ يُقَالُ لأَحَدِهِمَا الْمُنْكَرُ وَالآخَرُ النَّكِيرُ ، فَيَقُولَانِ : مَا كُنْتَ تَقُولُ فِي هَذَا الرَّجُلِ ؟ فَيَقُولُ مَا كَانَ يَقُولُ: He is a servant of God and His Messenger, I testify that there is no god but God, and Muhammad is a servant of God and His Messenger. فَيَقُولانِ : قَدْ كُنَّا نَعْلَمُ أَنَّكَ تَقُولُ هَذَا ، ثُمَّ يُفْسَحُ لَهُ فِي قَبْرِهِ سَبْعُونَ ذِرَاعًا فِي سَبْعِينَ ، ثُمَّ يُنَوَّرُ لَهُ فِيهِ ، ثُمَّ يُقَالُ لَهُ : نَمْ ، فَيَقُولُ : أَرْجِعُ إِلَى أَهْلِي فَأُخْبِرُهُمْ ، فَيَقُولَانِ : نَمْ كَنَوْمَةِ الْعَرُوسِ الَّذِي لا يُوقِظُهُ إِلا أَحَبُّ أَهْلِهِ إِلَيْهِ حَتَّى God bless you.

And he said: فَيَقُولَانِ : قَدْ كُنَّا نَعْلَمُ أَنَّكَ تَقُولُ ذَلِكَ ، فَيُقَالُ لِلأَرْضِ : الْتَئِمِي عَلَيْهِ ، فَتَلْتَئِمُ عَلَيْهِ ، فَتَخْتَلِفُ فِيهَا أَضْلاعُهُ ، فَلا يَزَالُ فِيهَا مُعَذَّبًا حَتَّى يَبْعَثَهُ اللَّهُ مِنْ مَضْجَعِهِ ذَلِكَ

“When the body or one of you has been buried, then he will be approached by two black and blue angels, one of them Munkar and the other Nakir, both of them will say: What do you think about this person (Prophet Muhammad)?, then he will answer as when in world: Abdullah and His Messenger, I bear witness that there is no god worthy of worship except Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. Both of them said: We have known that you used to say that. Then his grave was expanded 70 x 70 cubits, and it was given light, and it was said: Sleep. He replied: “I want to go home to tell my family”. Both of them said: “Sleep, as the bridegroom sleeps, no one can wake him up except the one he loves the most,

Duties of Angels Raqib and Atid

Raqib and Atid: The angels Raqib and Atid are angels who have the task of recording good and bad deeds. This is stated in Al-Quran Surat Qaf verses 17 and 18 which reads,

إِذْ يَتَلَقَّى الْمُتَلَقِّيَانِ عَنِ الْيَمِينِ وَعَنِ الشِّمَالِ قَعِيدٌ (17) What is the meaning of the words of the Prophet (18)

Meaning : “(Remember) when two angels recorded (his deeds), one sat on the right and the other on the left. There is not a word he utters but there is a guardian angel by his side who is always ready (to record).”

In addition, it is also mentioned in the Al-Quran chapter Al-Infithar verse 10-12 which reads,

وَاِنَّ عَلَيْكُمْ لَحٰفِظِيْينَۙ
كَرَامًا كَاتِبِيْنَۙ
يَعْلَمُوْنَ مَا تَفْعَلُونَ

Meaning : “Indeed there are (angels) for you who watch over (your work), who are noble (in the eyes of God) and record (your work), they know what you do”

The deeds recorded by the angels Raqib and Atid will be placed around the neck of people on the Day of Judgment. This is explained in Al-Quran surah Al-Isra verse 13 and 14 which reads,

وَكُلَّ اِنْسَانٍ اَلْزَمْنٰهُ طٰۤىِٕرَهٗ فِيْ عُنُقِهٖۗ وَنُخْرِجُ لَهٗ يَوْمَ الْقِيٰمَةِ كِتٰبًا يَّلْقٰىهُ مَنْشُوْرًا
اِقْرَأْ كِتَابَكَۗ كَفٰى بِنَفْسِكَ الْيَوْمَ عَلَيْكَ حَسِيْبًاۗ

“And every human being, We have fixed his deeds (just as a necklace is fixed) on his neck. And We will bring forth for him on the Day of Resurrection a book which he will find open. “Read your book, suffice yourself at this time as your accountant”

 

The task of Angels Malik and Ridwan

Malik and Ridwan: Angel Ridwan has the task of guarding the gates of heaven. While the angel Malik has the duty of guarding the gates of hell. This is stated in the Al-Quran, Surat Az-Zukhruf, verses 77 and 78 which read,

وَنَادَوْا يٰمٰلِكُ لِيَقْضِ عَلَيْنَا رَبُّّۗ قَالَ نَّكُمْ مكِثُونَ
لَقْ ِيْنٌكْ بِالْحقِّ وَلِنَّ اَكُرَكُمْ لِلَحَقِّ ٰرُِوْنَ

Meaning : “And they exclaimed, “O (Angel) Malik! Let your Lord kill us.” He replied, indeed, you will remain (in this hell). Indeed, We have come to bring you the truth but most of you hate the truth”

In addition, it is also mentioned in Al-Quran Surat Az-Zumar verse 73 which reads,

وَسِيْقَ الَّذِيْنَ اتَّقَوْا رَبَّهُمْ اِلَى الْجَنَّةِ زُمَرًا ۗحَتّٰىٓ اِذَا جَاۤءُوْهَا وَفُتِحَتْ اَبْوَابُهَا وَقَالَ لَهُمْ خَزَنَتُهَا سَلٰمٌ عَلَيْكُمْ طِبْتُمْ فَادْخُلُوْهَا خٰلِدِيْنَ

It means : “And those who fear their Lord are taken to heaven in groups. So that when they reached it (paradise) and its doors were opened, its guardians said to them, “Peace be upon you, blessed be you! So enter, you remain in it.”

The wisdom of believing in angels

In the book Lautan Hikmah Becoming a Beneficial Person, it is explained how with us having faith can be one of the bases to calm the heart, calm the soul, and give instructions within.

Here is the wisdom gained if we believe in angels:

• It is one form of human piety to Allah SWT.
• Strengthen faith in Allah SWT.
• will always pray and always forgive for others.
• People who believe in angels are always kept away from sinning.
• Always be thankful to Allah SWT, be thankful for realizing that Allah has created angels to help all human lives.
• Establishing a feeling of pleasure to do good deeds.
• Feeling afraid if he has committed an immoral act or is about to commit an immoral act, because he is confident that all actions will not escape the supervision of angels.
• People who believe in angels will always fear Allah SWT, and compete in doing good deeds.
• Always to always think and be careful in everything you do, because good or bad deeds will always be held accountable in the afterlife.
• Be sure that the help of Allah SWT is a real thing.
• Always to be honest, trustworthy and do good.
• The faith in yourself will be much stronger and much more confident in Allah SWT.
• People who believe in angels have perfect faith.
• Cultivate a sense to always glorify the name of Allah SWT, because with the power of Allah SWT he has created angels, special creatures in the eyes of Allah.
• Avoid people if they want to do bad or reprehensible actions.
• Adding to the awareness that nature exists that cannot be reached by the five human senses.
• Increase enthusiasm in worship and always be sincere in performing worship even if there is no one to see, but confident that God and his angels can witness the act.

 

Meaning of Montage – When attending Kindergarten in the past, were Reader often taught by the teacher to make an art using the paste technique? Usually the art teaches us how to cut paper and then paste it according to the pattern of the existing picture. Well, that simple art is usually called montage.

Although it looks simple, this montage art is often used as a special learning tool to develop children’s creativity while also training children’s fine motor skills. Both of these things are obviously important so that when they grow up, the child’s right brain develops for things in the field of art. So what exactly is montage? Is it just children’s art that uses the paste technique? How does this montage art influence the development of fine motor skills in children? Well, for Reader to understand these things, let’s read the following comments!

Meaning of Montage

The term “montage” comes from the English language, namely ” montage ” which means sticking . If you look at KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia), the term “montase” has a definition as ‘a composition of images produced by mixing elements from several sources ‘ or ‘a group of images that are selected, arranged, and linked from various elements to produce a form with new ideas. ‘. Meanwhile, according to Sumanto (2005), he thinks that montage is a creation of applied art that is made from the pasting of photo cutouts or photo cutouts on the image-based field.

Almost the same as that, Ayu (2017) also expressed the definition of montage which is a combination of pictures produced from mixing elements of several works. Usually, these montage artworks are combined according to existing themes, such as rural themes, mountains, rivers, houses. Well, from the themes or picture patterns that already exist, we have to cut paper or photos with random shapes and then paste them on the picture pattern. Then, according to Susanto (2012) he also thinks that montage is a work made by cutting picture objects from various sources, then pasted on a field so that it becomes a unity of work and theme.

Well, from some experts’ opinions about what montage is, it can be concluded that this montage is a work of art whose activity is in the form of cutting paper pictures or photos from various sources, then the pieces are pasted on a field that has been organized as a theme, so that it will produce a unity works and themes.

This montage making activity is usually done by students in Kindergarten to develop their fine motor skills as well as train creativity. In carrying out this montage making activity, of course they should be taught and supervised by their teacher. Not infrequently, the basic materials used for this montage activity will use materials available in the surrounding environment. Let’s just say there is photo paper, used magazines, newspapers, gift paper, poster paper, and many more. Therefore, the implementation of this montage activity also teaches children to use the materials around them as a recycling of a work of art.

If this montage work is developed, then of course it can become a greater work of art, even often collaborated with painting, decorative art, artwork, relief, even sculpture. In its development, this montage was indeed just a two-dimensional work of art, but now it has become a three-dimensional work of art.

This montage making activity, if applied to Kindergarten children, can be used as a game. Yes, the children will be invited to have fun while cutting the prepared papers into pieces according to their creativity. After that, the children were taught to stick it neatly on a picture pattern that had been prepared beforehand.

Tools and Materials Used for Montage

Actually, the tools and materials used to make this montage artwork are quite simple and even easy to obtain. If this montage-making activity is applied to children’s learning in Kindergarten, then the teacher needs to guide and supervise because the tools used are scissors. Indeed, there are now special scissors for children that are designed not to be too sharp at the end, but still their use requires teacher supervision. Well, here are some tools and materials that can be used to create a two-dimensional montage artwork.

1. Cutting Tool

The cutting tools in question can be scissors, cutters, and knives. As this montage-making activity is done by children in a Kindergarten, then just use special scissors that are designed for children. In addition, the use of scissors is considered to make the cut more neat. But still remember to always be careful when using any cutting tool …

2. Glue

The glue used to make this montage art is paper glue … so that the pieces of paper can stick easily to the pattern that has been made before.

3. Photo Paper

In fact, the size selection on this photo paper is adapted to the size of the montage theme to be made. If the montage is simple, alias to be done by kindergarten children, then just use picture paper the size of a notebook. However, if you are a professional, then you can use the A3 size which is wide enough for a variety of themes.

4. Printer

Usually, the shape of the picture pattern that suits a particular theme is often difficult to reproduce. Therefore, printing it through a printer is a precise way that can be done to make it easier. Kindergarten teachers can also use it by searching for a simple picture pattern first on the internet, then printing it through this printer.

5. Color Paper

Colored paper can be used as an option to be cut into pieces using scissors and then combined with the existing picture pattern. There are various types of colored paper, it can be in the form of crepe paper, folding paper, gift paper, gold paper, art paper, and so on. If it is used as learning for kindergarten children, then they will usually choose crepe paper, folding paper, or gift paper that is easy to obtain.

6. Used Newspapers and Magazines

Used newspapers and magazines can also be used as another option to cut into pieces and then combine them with existing picture patterns. Usually, kindergarten teachers will ask their students to use these old newspapers and magazines because they don’t need to spend money to get them.

Montage Making Techniques

In making a montage artwork in a simple way, it can be done with basic techniques such as:

1. Cut some pictures from magazines, posters, used newspapers, and any paper that is used into small pieces.
2. Stick the pieces on the prepared base.
3. Arrange the pieces to form a picture arrangement that fits the picture pattern or theme.

Functions and Benefits of Montage

Montage function

The basic function of creating montage art is indeed to improve the cognitive aspects of children, where children can match and collaborate with existing pictures. But it turns out, there are other functions of this art of montage, among others:

1. Practical Functions

That is, the function of everyday objects, which this montage artwork can be used as decoration material.

2. Educative Function

That is, it can help to develop thinking, emotional absorption, aesthetics, and creativity in children.

3. Expression Functions

That is, by using various materials and textures, of course it can stimulate expression in children.

4. Psychological Functions

That is, by pouring ideas and emotions on children, so that they will feel satisfied as well as happy. This can also make children feel reduced in their psychological burden.

5. Social Functions

That is to be able to provide employment for people who are really skilled in the art of montage. From the many works that are owned, it is hoped to be able to create employment, especially with the capital of creativity.

Montage benefits

Based on the function of montage on the perpetrator, it is clear that the existence of the art of montage can provide various benefits. For children, this montage-making activity can train their thinking, emotional, and creativity skills. This, if continuously trained, will of course affect the ability of the right brain. Meanwhile for adults, montage making activities can also be used as a source of employment because it turns out that it can be developed into a 3-dimensional work of art. If this 3-dimensional montage artwork is sold, of course it will not be cheap.

Purpose of Montage

The montage-making activity done by the children, is not immediately without purpose. The main purpose of teaching children about this montage is to improve fine motor skills in children, especially those related to the movement of their fingers. Sumantri (2005) also stated that the purpose of fine motor development in children is in the form of:

1. So that children can develop fine motor skills, especially those related to the movement skills of both hands.
2. So that children are able to move their body parts, especially those related to the movement of the fingers.
3. So that the child is able to coordinate eye senses and hand activities.
4. So that children are able to control their emotions, especially when doing fine motor activities.

Why Art Learning Is Necessary For Children?

Art learning for children which can be taught in Kindergarten is of course important. The main purpose of learning art in a formal education is not to train children to become an artist, but rather so that they get useful experiences for their personality development. In addition, the experience of creating art was found to sharpen children’s sensitivity and make them more appreciative of what is in their surroundings. After all, the existence of art learning will also help children to develop an impression and increase their ability to enjoy and appreciate an existing work of art.

According to some experts, there are several purposes of the art learning process for children, namely:

1. Develop sensitivity related to sensory perception through a variety of creative art experiences, especially those that suit their character. Bearing in mind that the level of development of the child’s artistic ability can be taught at every level of formal education.
2. Stimulating the growth of imaginative ideas and the ability to find various creative ideas. This creative idea can be useful in solving narcissistic or aesthetic problems, which can be done through a process of exploration, creation, and appreciation tailored to the child’s interests and potential.
3. Develop the ability to appreciate art, especially in the context of history and culture. In addition, learning art can also foster children’s understanding, awareness, and ability to appreciate the diversity of local and global cultures. If this awareness is nurtured from an early age, then it can be a means of forming a mutually tolerant and democratic attitude in this pluralistic society.

Well, so it can be concluded that the existence of art learning which has been implemented in our education system turns out to provide various benefits for children from an early age, especially to develop creativity.

The Effect of Montage on Children’s Fine Motor Skills

As explained earlier, it turns out that this seemingly simple montage activity can have an effect on children’s fine motor skills. By doing these activities, children will indirectly go through the process of thinking and developing their creativity. Not only that, the shearing activity also has a full impact on children’s patience as well as training the fine motor skills of their fingers.

This is evident from the many studies on increasing fine motor skills through montage activities in early childhood. From these studies, it is concluded that this montage activity makes children skilled in developing fine motor skills, in the form of cutting, arranging, and gluing. Through this montage activity, it can also improve fine motor skills and increase children’s creativity, because children will be given many pictures that must be selected before being cut, arranged and then pasted to make a theme so that it can increase creativity.

Understanding What Fine Motor Skills Are

Previously, we always discussed fine motor skills. Really, what is fine motor?

According to Sumantri (2005), this fine motor is a form of organization based on the use of a group of small muscles such as the fingers on the hand that often require precision and coordination with the hands. This skill certainly includes the use of tools to work on an object. Meanwhile, Sujiono (2010), also thinks that fine motor is a movement that only involves certain parts of the body, especially by small muscles. Well, based on some of the experts’ opinions, it can be concluded that this fine motor is a movement performed by small human muscles, which usually involves certain parts of the body such as the fingers when performing an activity.

This motoric development will certainly be influenced by the organs and functions of the central nervous system in the brain. This central nervous system will play an important role in coordinating every child’s fine motor movement. Therefore, these fine motor movements should be taught from an early age so that they can develop until they become adults later.

Well, that’s a review of what montage is and its benefits for children’s fine motor development. Does Reader still remember the experience of making this montage while in Kindergarten?

 

Montage – Almost everyone loves artistic creations. It’s just that one individual does not always like the same artistic creation. Introducing artistic creations to children is very good because it can increase the creativity and imagination of a child.

One of the right art creations to introduce to children is montage. When hearing the montage name alone, it may seem strange to some people. If you are one of the people who don’t know what montage is, don’t worry because this article will discuss more about montage. So, read this review to the end, Reader.

Meaning of Montage

Montage is an application art creation made from the pasting of photo cutouts or foot cutouts on the base of the image. Definition of montage according to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) montage is a composition of images produced from the mixing of elements from several sources. Another definition in KBBI also explains that montage is a sequential image produced in a film to depict related ideas.

According to the book ” Coloring Picture Reference, Collage, Montage, Mosaic and Application “. Montase’s work itself is made by pasting various ready-made pictures which are already in magazines, newspapers, calendars, online media and so on.

Then, the picture is cut and can be rearranged to become a new picture in a book or something like that. In its development, montage was limited to two-dimensional works, but now it has added to three-dimensional works. Montage itself comes from the English language (montage) which means sticking.

Montage Techniques

Quoted from the book “Montase and Learning” by Nurul Aini S.Pd. and friends, montage techniques are divided into two, namely montage of photo techniques and montage of manual paste techniques. Here are the techniques from montage, namely:

1. Photo Montage Technique

A photo montage is a photo made from pasting or a compilation of several other photos. Usually, the montage is relatively simple, for example it starts by pasting a photo of a human on a photo of a scene.

2. Manual Paste Technique Montage

In this manual paste technique, which is a technique by pasting pieces of images from various sources on a field to display a specific message or theme.

In this technique, not only emphasizing the theme to be conveyed, but the type of image pasted must also be observed in order to produce harmony and compatibility.

Montage function

Montage can not only be a romantic work of art that can be given to a couple. As for the function of montage is to channel your love for the beauty of photos or creative art. In addition, another montage function is to be a vehicle to express or express ideas, ideas, imagination and aesthetic experience in the form of a very personal symbolic expression.

You can certainly express love through montage art. Not only that, another benefit of montage is as a conduit for various psychological problems experienced by a person. In fact, montage can be a means to obtain emotional balance, so as to achieve peace, comfort and personal satisfaction.

Here are the various functions of montage, namely:

1. Practical Functions

In addition to being individual as a medium of expression, montage also has a practical function to channel people’s love for beauty in creating various beautiful things such as handicraft products, aesthetic furniture, comfortable dwellings as well as communication and entertainment media.

2. Educative Function

Montage indirectly helps a child’s self-development which includes physical, thinking, absorption, emotions, taste for beauty and creativity. A person will learn about something more easily through a pleasant activity such as playing.

3. Expression Functions

The elements of art in montage works such as lines, colors, shapes and textures are a visual language used to express or express ideas, ideas, imagination and aesthetic experiences which are then expressed in the form of very personal symbolic expressions.

4. Psychological Functions

In addition to being a medium of expression, montage is also beneficial as a therapeutic function. This function is a means of sublimation, relaxation, that is, channeling various psychological problems experienced by a person.

After undergoing self-therapy through this art, a person will gain emotional balance, thus achieving peace, comfort and inner satisfaction. Therapy through art such as this montage is not concerned with the value of the level of beauty of the work produced, but is more concerned with the implementation of the traumatic healing process in a person.

How to Make a Montage

A romantic scrapbook that contains a series of photos and decorations reminding of someone’s love journey, that’s what montage art is like. For Reader who is still confused, montage is a group of pictures that are selected, arranged and linked from various elements to produce a form with new ideas. Then to make it visible, also add pieces of map pictures, embossed writing, paper with stories, stamps with dates, and even scrabble that becomes a decoration inside.

The group of pictures and decorations includes a montage that can become a creative memory book full of meaning. In fact, not only through scrapbooking, you can also create a montage in a container to create your own story. In fact, montage art has become a modern business in both 2D and 3D forms. Here are some tips on making your own montage that Reader can try, among others.

1. Prepare the Theme

Of course you should prepare the theme first. You can also give a scrapbook using the montage technique to remember your love journey in a unique and certainly romantic way or you may want to give photo stickers and pictures combined into a frame as a wall decoration.

Choose what montage concept you want by sticking a lot of colors, making it classic or just black and white? Of course, this is also very important in preparing the theme first so that the desired montage result is not messy.

2. Prepare Materials and Equipment

After knowing that the montage theme is suitable for your lover’s liking, immediately prepare the materials and equipment! Of course you need to print the photos you want to create into one. Then, look for photo decorations that will support the montage theme of your choice.

The tools and materials needed are as follows:

• Scissors Scissors
  all fit the size and needs of the montage creation itself.
• Adhesive glue Glue
  is useful as a basic tool for making montages.
• Photo book or HVS paper to paste pictures
• Crayons, markers or colored pencils
• All images are from various sources that will be combined

3. Cut Pictures from Existing Reference Sources

The next step after you have determined the theme (picture design), use scissors to select and cut interesting and suitable pictures from the various sources you have. Pay attention and concentrate when cutting the picture because it affects the quality of the picture, cut and collect all the picture objects you want to insert.

4. Paste in order

When all the materials and equipment are ready, then you can start by pasting the pictures according to the sequence. It is good, if you give a number behind the photo or picture that will be pasted when creating the montage work so that it is easier to complete.

5. Add Color or Shades

Of course it is necessary to create the value of beauty by adding color or pattern using crayons. The colors used are recommended to complement each other, so make sure the colors are not too dominant compared to the pictures that are the object of your montage work.

6. Look at the results of the work

Finally, your montage artwork will form a new picture and produce a new story according to the theme you created. Basically, the technique of making this montage artwork is not difficult and all we have to do is select, cut and paste pictures to create a new work. Even so, it still requires creativity and innovation for the determination and selection of images so that the results are good and interesting.

Meaning of Illustration

Knowing the term illustration is a word that comes from the Dutch language ” illustrazione ” which has the meaning of decoration with pictures. Terminologically, the term illustration is a picture that functions as a means to explain certain events.

Two experts in this field, Putra and Lakoro (2012:2) explain that illustration has three important points. According to him, illustrations are used to explain stories, writings, poems and other information.

The Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) explains the types of illustrations in the form of pictures (photos, drawings) to help clarify the content of books, essays and so on. In addition, also as a picture, design or diagram for decorating (cover page and so on).

Types of Illustrations

1. Pictures of Naturalist Illustrations

Naturalist is a type of illustration that has the same color and shape as reality in nature without any additions or subtractions.

2. Decorative Illustration Pictures

Decorative is a type of illustration that has the function of decorating something with a simplified or exaggerated form with certain styles.

3. Cartoon Pictures

Cartoons are types of illustrations that have a funny shape or have certain special characteristics. In general, the types of cartoon illustrations often decorate comics, illustrated stories and children’s magazines.

4. Caricature picture

Caricature is a type of illustrative image in the form of satire or criticism in which there is a deviation of body proportions. These types of caricature illustrations are usually found in newspapers or magazines.

5. Illustrated Stories

Picture stories are types of illustrated pictures of a type of picture or comic that are given text. The type of illustration of a picture story using a picture technique made with the basis of a story with an interesting point of view.

6. Textbook Illustrations

A textbook is a type of illustrated picture with the function of explaining a text or event, either scientific or in the form of part pictures. Types of illustrations in textbooks have the form of natural pictures, charts, photos.

7. Imaginary Illustration

Illusion is a type of illustrative picture from the result of creative processing in an imaginative or imaginary way. Types of imaginary illustration pictures are generally found in story illustrations, comics, novels, and novels.

8. Table

Tables are types of illustrations that are used to present an activity, data and analyze the data into column and business form.

9. Pie Chart

A pie chart is a type of illustration that has a circle shape or pieces with a total of 3600 components.

10. Organization Chart

An organization chart is a type of illustration with a data presentation method in the form of an organizational structure based on levels and hierarchies.

11. Bar Chart

A bar chart is a type of illustration that can be used to see data trends based on observations over time.

12. Graph Chart

A graph chart is a type of illustration that is used to present quantitative data by using a coordinate system.

13. Combination Chart

Combination charts are types of illustrations from the combination of bar charts and graph charts .

14. Flowcharts Flowcharts
are types of illustrative pictures that show the order and relationship between processes and their instructions.

15. Maps

A map is a type of illustration in the form of a picture or drawing of the whole or part of the earth’s surface, both land and sea. Knowing the term illustration is a word that comes from the Dutch language ” illustrazione ” which has the meaning of decoration with pictures. Terminologically, the term illustration is a picture that functions as a means to explain certain events.

Various Illustration Functions

Here are some types of illustrative functions, among others:

Descriptive Functions

The descriptive function of illustration is used to explain the meaning of a long text through a picture.

Analysis Functions

The function of an illustration analyst is to express in detail the parts of an object.

Analytics Functions

The analytical function of illustration is to express in detail the parts of an object.

Qualitative Functions

The qualitative function of illustration is generally used in making tables, graphics, photos, symbols, pictures, etc.

The Role of Illustration

Illustration certainly has a role in montage, the following are the roles of illustration, namely:

1. The role of illustration is to make it easier to understand a piece of writing. The presence of illustrations helps us find the meaning of a text that we read thoroughly.
2. The role of illustration is a means of expressing ideas or thoughts through a picture. Many of them like to draw to express ideas or thoughts through a picture. Many of them like to draw to express what they feel, channel their hobbies, express their feelings and so on.
3. The role of illustration is to briefly explain a text or story.
4. The role of illustration is to increase the aesthetic value of a picture or writing. The presence of illustrations makes it easier for a person to understand a message to be conveyed.
5. Illustrations can be used to give a complete picture of the content of a work. One of the examples is on magazines or books. An illustration is very good at making readers curious and making them addicted to read more.
6. The role of illustration is a means to communicate. In general, a picture can describe a piece of writing.
7. The role of illustration is to explain a concept through pictures.

The difference between Collage, Montage, and Mosaic

The difference between collage, montage and mosaic comes from the attached material. For more details will be explained in the discussion below.

Material

Collage uses different types of materials on one pattern. For example, ingredients from nature are combined with processed ingredients. Montage uses material from several pictures that have been combined into a new work, while mosaic is an arrangement of pieces with the same type of material to form something according to your wishes.

Final Result

Montage consists of one material, but comes from many pictures and the end result is a theme. Mosaic comes from small pieces of material arranged to form a specific theme. Unlike montage and collage, mosaic is a picture made up of small parts. Traditionally, mosaics are small tiles made of terracotta, broken glass, ceramic or marble and are usually attached to floors and walls.

From the differences above it can be said that this mosaic has a difference from collage and montage. So, mosaic is an artistic technique that uses small parts to create a whole picture or object. According to the Tate Gallery, mosaics have been used as a decorative medium for over five thousand years.

From a distance, mosaic art sparkles with an impressive array of colors and patterns. Up close, the intricacies that make up this work can be revealed, and you can see how much time and energy must be spent to create a work of art.

 

Definition of monopoly – Actually, monopoly is very attached and close to everyday life, Reader! Has Reader ever found a business or product, where the product and business are owned by only one company?

More or less, that’s an example of a monopoly. Then, what is the true meaning of monopoly and what are the effects and examples of monopoly in Indonesia? Check out the following explanation, yes!

Definition of Monopoly

The word monopoly itself, comes from Greek which comes from kaya monos ie own and polein which means seller.

From the root of the word monopoly, the term monopoly can be defined as a condition where there is only one seller who supplies or offers certain goods or services.

The term monopoly can also be interpreted as a situation where a business is dominated by only one company or market and the company or market has no competitors.

In general, products and services that come from monopoly companies are products that are one of the needs that are much needed by society in general.

According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), the concept of monopoly is defined as the procurement of certain merchandise either in the local or national market and at least a third of the market is controlled by one person or one group. So, the price of goods can be controlled.

Monopoly can also be interpreted as a business situation that is fully held by only one company.

This can happen because only those companies have services that are needed by many people. So, making the company has no other competitors.

By practicing monopoly, the company can take maximum profit.

The monopoly market itself is one of the forms of interaction between demand and supply that is characterized by only one producer or single producer facing many consumers or many buyers.

According to Law Number 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unhealthy Business Competition, this monopoly activity is the control over the production and or marketing of goods or over the use of certain services by only one group of business actors and has no other competitors.

So it can be concluded, that the company that does this monopolistic act can obtain maximum profit at the same time and enable the company to become a market operator as well as a price operator.

In monopoly activities, there is a monopoly market. Monopoly market is a form where there is a single seller who dominates the market, the seller has the power to determine the price and does not have similar goods.

In the monopoly market, there are no other similar goods and there are no competitors. A seller in a monopoly market is called a monopolist. As monopolists, they have the power to set prices.

Because of their power, the monopolist is also called a price setter or price maker. A monopolist can reduce and increase prices by determining the amount of goods that will be produced by the company.

The fewer goods produced by the company, the more expensive the price of the goods and vice versa.

Despite that, the seller also has limitations in determining the price. If the pricing is too expensive, then people will delay purchasing the product.

Consumers will also try to find or make substitute goods or substitutes for the product or even, consumers will look for goods in the black market because they are looking for goods that are available and at a cheap price.

The terms monopoly, monopolistic and monopsony are terms that have different definitions. Although the three terms may sound the same to Reader’ ears. So, what is the difference?

As explained earlier, monopoly means that there is one seller present in the market. So monopsony means that there is only one buyer in one market.

While the term monopolistic, is a condition where there are several companies that offer similar services, but the services are not exactly the same.

This happens because of differences in the field of technology, field and so on.

Well, up to now Reader has understood not the meaning of monopoly, monopoly market even to some terms that sound the same as the word monopoly?
In order to better understand, Reader needs to know the causes of the following monopoly.

Causes of Monopoly Actions

Why can monopoly actions occur? There are several reasons why this monopolistic action can happen to the point of causing unhealthy competition between companies or traders. Here is the explanation.

1. Monopoly by Nature

The first cause of monopoly is natural. Like when there is a company that is located close to the resources used.

So the geographical location and climate of the location will also support the company to be the only company that provides its products and services.

2. Monopoly by Law

The second cause is due to regulations or laws that apply in a country. It is intended to make a product or service related to the needs of the community, so that the price can be controlled by the government.

3. Monopoly by license

The third reason for the existence of monopoly activities is because a company has patent rights on the intellectual property owned by the company, for example such as Microsoft and Google.

Characteristics of Monopoly

From the understanding above, there are some general characteristics or features to identify monopoly companies. Here is the explanation.

1. There is only one supplier or one company

This first feature, of course, is the most easily identified feature of a monopoly. When a company has a monopoly, then the company will be the only supplier of goods or products needed by the community.

That is, the company controls the resources completely, so that only the company is able to make the product or item.

2. No Replacement or Substitution Goods

Because there is no other supplier or company, then the consumer does not have any alternative goods, when an item is empty. So, there is no substitute or substitution item that can be chosen by the consumer.

3. Price Maker

As has been explained before, that companies that carry out monopoly activities get large profits from the results of the authority they have, that is, they can freely determine the price of a product and determine the price freely, so the third characteristic of a monopoly is the price maker.

4. Prospective newcomers, will have difficulty entering the market

The fourth feature of monopoly, is that new entrants who will enter the market will encounter many obstacles.

This is due to the three characteristics of the previous monopoly, namely that the company can freely determine the price of its own products and the consumer has become accustomed to not having a choice, except to buy the product or service sold by the company.

5. Have a Small Advertising Budget

Monopoly companies generally have a relatively small marketing and advertising budget.

6. Causing Injustice

Monopoly practices that occur can cause injustice and loss for the community.

Monopolies in Indonesia and Examples

Because this monopoly activity can cause losses, the Indonesian government also applies special policies so that the practice of monopoly activities is not carried out arbitrarily by irresponsible parties.

In Indonesia, the agency that has the authority to oversee the practice of monopolistic activities is called the Business Competition Supervision Commission or KPPU.

Where this KPPU has a task that has been regulated in Law Number 5 of 1999, about the realization of a more efficient national economy and welfare of its people.

The KPPU itself has a mission which is the prosecution and prevention of the internalization of business competition values ​​as well as institutional strengthening.

There are several examples of monopoly companies in Indonesia. Some of them are Pertamina, PLN and PDAM, where the three companies are the main and only suppliers of fuel, electricity and clean water for the needs of the community.

The three companies in Indonesia are companies that have a monopoly because of the law. So, the government has the authority to determine the price of the three products.

Apart from Indonesia, of course this monopoly market also happens abroad. Examples of foreign companies that have monopolies are Google, Microsoft and Facebook.

The three companies have competitors, but those competitors generally do not have the same strength as the three companies and find it difficult to compete.

The three companies have a monopoly, because they have patent rights. So that only those three companies are able to produce services or products needed by consumers.

As has been explained above, that monopolies can bring losses for the people as well as profits for the companies that do the monopolies.

Until then, the anti-monopoly movement emerged as well as other policies that discuss monopoly, including monopoly policy in Indonesia.

Regarding this matter, Asril Sitompul, the author of the book ” Monopoly Practices and Unhealthy Business Competition ” explained that the legal regulations regarding monopoly in Indonesia are still quite new and about business competition and anti-monopoly which is interesting to read. If interested in reading this book, Reader can buy it by clicking on the following book.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopoly Markets

After learning the characteristics and examples of monopolies in Indonesia, Reader certainly knew that monopolies bring a lot of losses for some parties, but also bring good fortune for others.

Here are the advantages and disadvantages of a monopoly market.

A. Disadvantages of Monopoly Markets

1. Harming Consumers

As explained in the definition of monopoly, due to the practice of monopoly, consumers do not have other product alternatives other than the products and services that have been provided by the company that performs the monopoly.

As a result, consumers feel reluctant to buy these products and services, because the prices charged by companies sometimes rise to the point where they are considered unreasonable by consumers.

However, because the company has a monopoly, the company does not feel afraid of losing customers, and the company can provide less than optimal service to the extent that it causes the customer to lose.

2. Triggering the Presence of the Black Market

The monopoly market has a second disadvantage, which is that it can trigger the emergence of a black market. Where the black market, will sell products similar to monopoly companies, but sold or obtained illegally.

The black market makes consumers, get products and services at more affordable prices when compared to the monopoly market, so it is not rare that consumers prefer to buy their necessities in the black market.

3. Requires a Big Cost

The last disadvantage caused by monopoly is that it requires large costs. A company that wants to monopolize, then it must have a large enough cost, so that the company continues to be able to monopolize the market by using the latest technologies in accordance with the development of the times.

B. Advantages of Monopoly Markets

In addition to the shortcomings caused by the monopoly market, apparently the monopoly market still brings profit for some parties, especially to the perpetrators of the monopoly activities.

Here are some advantages of a monopoly market.

1. Low Level of Competition

Companies that are in the monopoly market, have a fairly low level of competition.

2. Freely Install Price Tariffs

As the only supplier, the company will not be afraid of losing customers even if it gives a high price that is considered unreasonable.

3. Continuous Innovation

Companies involved in monopoly activities will continue to improve innovation and creativity, so that consumers feel satisfied and loyal to the company.

4. Efficiency of the Company’s Operational Activities

Because it does not have competitors, even companies that have a monopoly can run their operations more efficiently, in addition to that, companies will also be more free to develop ideas and innovations that are needed without interference from other competitors.

Why Are Companies Able To Do Monopolies?

There are several reasons that make a company able to monopolize, among them are the following.

1. The company has mastered the raw materials needed by many consumers and has become one of the staples that people always look for.
2. Monopoly companies have production techniques and production methods that are not owned by other companies or groups. So that it is easy for the company to process and utilize production techniques well in order to produce a specific product.
3. Companies have special rights granted by the government, for example such as patent rights on certain inventions and licenses. An example is patent rights owned by Facebook or Microsoft.
4. Companies that will do monopoly, have a large capital cost. For example, such as a combination of several companies, or drug companies that buy other companies or consolidate with other companies to be able to dominate the market.
5. Companies that are involved in the monopoly market, generally have certain unique performance and skills and these skills are not owned by other companies. An example is business done by startup companies , startup companies generally have advanced technology, such as artificial intelligence that other companies do not have.
6. Companies involved in the monopoly market are generally companies that have been standing for a long time and are too large. So that the company dominates upstream to downstream and forms an ecosystem that is difficult for new players to enter.
7. Companies can monopolize, due to market limitations as well as the natural nature of the industry.

That is the explanation of the meaning of monopoly , the causes of its occurrence, characteristics, and examples.:

Understanding Modernization – Does Reader know that modernization can cause an impact on every element present in society? This modernization can be one of the factors that can cause a community environment to experience progress and change in it.

One of the impacts of modernization that is easily realized and felt is progress in the field of technology. As in the past, mobile phones were not yet available, so the process of exchanging messages with people far away could only be done through letters delivered by couriers and took a long time. The development of technology as well as the discussion of basic concepts to the most complex concepts can also be found by Reader in the book Deep Learning Modernization of Machine Learning for Big Data.

So what exactly is modernization? And what impact can be caused by modernization other than technological progress? Here is a brief explanation of modernization.

Meaning of Modernization

Modernization is a process of change from something that is not yet advanced to something more advanced. Modernization can also be said to be a process of transformation towards progress or improvement in various aspects of life in society which Reader can learn through the book Risk Society Towards New Modernity below.

Modernization comes from the Latin word ” modernus” . The word ” modernus” also comes from the word ‘ modo’ which is the way and ‘ ermus’ which indicates the time period in the present.

Some members also expressed their opinions about the meaning of modernization. Like Harold Rosenberg, according to Rosenberg modernization is a new tradition and refers to urbanization or to what extent and how the erosion of the rural nature of a group of people can occur.

Soerjono Soekanto also expressed his opinion on modernization. According to Soerjono, modernization is a process of change that initially changes from a traditional way to a more advanced way. The process of change is intended to improve the well-being of the community.

Ogburn and Nimkoff argue that modernization is an effort that is made to be able to direct society to be able to project itself into a more real future and not just wishful thinking.

According to Abdul Syam, modernization is a process of transformation to more advanced and improved changes in various aspects of social life.

Different from other experts, Neil Smelser thinks that modernization is an irregularity in the structure of society that performs different functions at the same time, then will be divided into several substructures to be able to carry out those more specific functions. Smelser also thinks that modernization will always involve the concepts of structural differentiation.

From the understanding according to the expert, it can be concluded that modernization is a process of change that is present in social life and can make social life more advanced or improved.

Characteristics of Modernization

Reader needs to know that modernization has the purpose of being able to improve the quality of life of the community, besides this modernization process also seeks to be able to improve the mindset in the community so that it becomes better.

When viewed from the impact, modernization will certainly provide good impacts for life in the community. Therefore, Reader needs to recognize this modernization change process.

Modernization can be recognized by the society involved in it through several characteristics present in the modernization. Here are the features of modernization.

1. Society can behave heterogeneously.
2. Mobility in society is quite high.
3. Society has no ties to custom.
4. Community action in the context of modernization is rational.
5. Having a high level of organization, especially in self-discipline.
6. Centralization of authority is in the implementation of social planning.
7. Have a systematic data collection system.
8. Scientific thinking that exists in society is institutionalized into the life of the ruler and his society.
9. The creation of a climate favored by the community through modernization in the use of mass communication tools.

In addition to the characteristics of modernization, a modern society is also one of the characteristics of the occurrence of a modernization process in the environment. Here are the characteristics of modern society.

1. Heterogeneous , modernized societies will merge and form unions and associations in the development process. A heterogeneous society is also closely related to a multicultural society, that is, a society consisting of different ethnicities and tribes in a certain region.
2. Open Stratification System , modern society has a stratification system that is open to the changes of the times that are influenced by globalization and can cause the grouping of social strata to fade.
3. High Mobility of Society , similar to the modernization characteristics of modern society also has high mobility due to the high population movement from villages to cities.
4. Possessing Objective Thinking , modern society has a more objective nature in looking at something because it sees the existence of many changes and accepts the differences that exist in society.

Those are some of the characteristics of modernization and modern society that can be distinguished from other social change processes .

Well, Reader can also learn more about this modernization phenomenon through books available on Sinaumedia.com such as the following book.

This book was written by Muhammad Taufan and Ine which also summarizes the modernization material as explained in this article. In addition, this book is also compiled using a student-centered learning paradigm, so it will certainly make it easier for Reader when learning Sociology materials such as modernization.

Impact of Modernization

As has been explained in the definition and characteristics of modernization, modernization will generally have an impact as a result of the process of changing an environment in society from one that is still backward to progress and become more sophisticated.

When viewed only from its meaning, this modernization is seen to have a positive impact on the community in its environment. However, it turns out that there is also a negative impact given by modernization, you know.

In order to be more clear, Reader needs to listen to the impact of modernization, both positive and negative. Here is the explanation.

1. Positive Impact of Modernization

• There is a change in values ​​and attitudes. This change happened because society proved to have a thought pattern that changed from an irrational thought pattern to a rational one.
• There is development in the field of science and technology. This development can make it easier for the community to be active and can encourage the community to think more advanced.
• Developments in science can also give form to the modernization process that occurs in society.
• There is an increase in social life that changes for the better. The use of technology, as well as knowledge that develops can improve the function of community life, so that community life becomes much better over time.
• Society experiences changes in behavior and way of life with science and technology that continues to grow.
• Modernization can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of individual jobs in the community.
• The effectiveness and efficiency caused by this modernization has an impact on the production process, so that it can improve the economy in a country.
• The community will have an open attitude towards change as well as a desire to always innovate in order to achieve the well-being that the community aspires to.

2. Negative Impact of Modernization

1. Resulting in social disparity. The social disparity caused by modernization can be seen through the phenomenon of social groups such as homeless, unemployed, street vendors and others.
2. Causing the strengthening of the gap between the educated community and the uneducated community and can cause changes in the existing social order in the community.
3. There is an economic gap that can be seen through the difference between the lives of the rich community and the poor community, thus triggering the emergence of a consumptive culture and a culture of demonstration effect or showing off.
4. Can cause pollution of the natural environment, as a result of development such as industrial factories that occur continuously.
5. Modernization can have an impact on the increase in criminality, because everyone has a desire to be able to surpass others and try to achieve that goal in various ways including criminal ways.
6. There is a shift in values ​​in local culture.
7. The loss of customs from the community’s local culture that has been handed down from generation to generation and become one of the unique attractions and values ​​of the community.
8. Causing the occurrence of westernization bias or excessive worship of western culture, both in a person’s lifestyle and way of looking.
9. There is a technological gap or digital divide in society.

Symptoms of Modernization

Before the modernization process occurs in a community environment, this modernization occurs through several symptoms that can be viewed from various fields on aspects of life in the community.

Here is a further explanation of the symptoms of modernization.

1. Field of Culture

The symptoms of modernization that occur in the field of culture can be marked through traditional culture that is displaced by the influence of culture from outside. Symptoms in the cultural field can also be seen through the occurrence of acculturation between two different cultures.

There is also research carried out related to the level of religiosity of Indonesians in general and the ethnic groups in the regions specifically by Prof. Dr. Bungaran Antonius Simanjuntak which was made into a book titled Tradition, Religion, and Acceptance of Modernization in Society.

 

2. Political Field

The next symptoms of modernization can be seen through the political field. In the political field, the symptoms of modernization can be seen through the many countries that have escaped colonialism and the emergence of new countries that have become independent.

In the political field, the symptoms of modernization can also be seen through the growth of democratic countries and the birth of political institutions. In addition, the recognition of human rights is also one of the symptoms of modernization.

The symptoms of modernization in this political field are the most easily seen or realized by the public, because the democratic system is usually supported through direct and secret general elections involving the public.

There is also a view of the modernization model of the study of Family Law through the approach of legal epistemology, epistemology owned by KHI and CLD-KHI which is discussed in the book Modernization of Family Law below.

 

3. Economic field

In the economic field, the symptoms of modernization can be seen from the increasing complexity of society’s needs for goods and services, so that the industrial sector is then built on a large scale to produce consumer demand goods.

4. Social Field

The formation of many new groups in society is a symptom of modernization in the social field. New groups in the society in question such as labor groups, intellectuals, manager groups to economic groups based on their class, namely low class and high class.

 

Examples of Modernization 

In order to more clearly understand the material of this modernization, Reader can see some examples of modernization according to the areas affected by modernization. Here are the examples.

1. Examples of Modernization in the Field of Culture

a. Behavior

In the field of culture, one example of modernization is the changing behavior of society from children to adults. An example is the change in the behavior of children in 2021 who tend to be more comfortable debating or being able to critically answer parents’ questions, because they have been given enough knowledge since childhood.

In Indonesia itself, in order to defend its human dignity, it faces the inevitable challenges of modernity, which is also discussed in the book Religion, Philosophy, Modernity – Human Dignity by Frans Magnis Suseno.

b. Language

The language used by modernized societies has also changed. In the past, like in Java, people had difficulty using Indonesian, because their everyday language was Javanese, so it would be difficult to communicate with people outside the island of Java.

Now, residents of the island of Java can use fluent Indonesian and even master foreign languages.

c. Lifestyle

The lifestyle of modern society will change along with the modernization of the society in which it lives. For example, like before, people don’t care too much about fashion and food.

In the past, the Indonesian people ate food that could be harvested through the produce of the garden or by slaughtering their livestock and their age, the Indonesian people were not too picky when it came to food.

But now, people tend to choose food more, because they pay attention to their health conditions. In addition, there are vegetarian and other lifestyles that did not exist before.

2. Examples of Modernization in the Economic Field

In the economic field, modernization can be seen through the following examples.

The development of industries in the community, so as to be able to expand employment. In addition, changes in the nature of society that are increasingly consumptive and require many goods and services, such as online taxi services, reflexology massage services and services to spend on daily needs.

In addition, developments in the field of technology also affect the economic field, such as industries or factories that produce goods now using machines more than humans. This is considered, because machines are more effective, cheaper and faster than humans, so that the employment field narrows and causes the termination of employment relationships on a large scale.

3. Examples of Modernization in the Political Field 

In the political field, examples of modernization can be seen through the influence of relations between countries that grow and develop on an international and global scale. In addition, there are visions and missions that make up international organizations and consist of several countries such as the UN, ASEAN, the EU and so on.

The establishment of bilateral and multilateral cooperation is also one of the examples of modernization in the political field. This cooperation from various sources is one of the consequences of globalization and is expected to provide benefits for the interests of countries that establish cooperation.

4. Examples of Modernization in the Social Field 

It’s easy for people to access information quickly just by using a mobile phone. Now there are many online media that will always provide updates on topics that are attractive to readers.

The ease of reading news and accessing information is one example of modernization in the social field.

In addition to the ease of accessing information, growth in the field of transformation and distribution processes is also an example of modernization in the social field. For example, public transportation is available in various regions, even in remote regions, as well as online ojek that can reach wherever Reader wants to go.

Currently in Indonesia there is also a KRL that has been officially used since July 1, 2013 due to this modernization. Learn about the implementation of e-ticketing at KRL and various other service innovations that are discussed in the book Untold Story E-Ticketing – “Behind the Scenes” Modernization of KRL Jabodetabek .

Reader, that’s a brief explanation of the material of modernization starting from its meaning according to experts, characteristics, symptoms to examples of modernization.

 

Moderator: Meaning, Duties, and How to Be – Do you know Najwa Shihab? Or maybe, you become one of the millions of viewers who are always mesmerized by the way he drives events? Or even, maybe you have ambitions to be like Najwa Shihab? Conducting interviews and also leading discussion activities between important figures in this country?

Indeed, it cannot be denied that recently, the popularity of Najwa Shihab and the television show she hosts is increasing, especially among young people who are starting to think critically and are happy to find various kinds of information. Through the events he led, Najwa Shihab often invited various important speakers to then be invited to discuss various issues that are being hotly discussed by the community.

The ability possessed by Najwa Shihab to guide the course of a discussion is indeed one of the main attractions of the event. His firm and straightforward manner and his ability to ask sharp questions seemed to be able to hypnotize and attract the attention of the event’s connoisseurs.

Common people often think that a moderator has the same meaning as a master of ceremony (MC) or what is commonly called a host. This is because the two professions have the same task, which is to guide the course of an event. However, in reality, the two professions are different.

The difference between moderators and event leaders is generally found in their duties and responsibilities. A moderator has the duty and responsibility to guide the exchange of ideas between members in the forums. For example, such as in debates, discussions, deliberations, meetings, speeches, and various other similar activities. While the MC or event driver, has a wider duty and responsibility that is to drive in various events but comprehensively, covering from the opening of the event to the closing.

Well, in this article, we will discuss various things about moderators. Starting from the understanding of moderators, duties and responsibilities, functions, anything that a moderator should have, and also the steps that should be taken when one day you become a moderator. Here is a summary of moderators from kitabisa.net!

INTERPRETATION OF MODERATORS

Actually, what is the meaning of moderator? If traced from the original language, which is English, moderator has the meaning of someone who moderates or becomes an intermediary. While according to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), moderator has several meanings, namely:

1. People who have duties as mediators (referees, judges, etc.)
2. The leader of the meeting (discussion, meeting, deliberation) who is the mediator in the event of discussion or discussion of problems
3. A device in the machine that controls or regulates the flow of energy or fuel

In this article, the context of the moderator that we will discuss is as an intermediary in the running of an event, so you can focus on the meaning from the first and second points.

A question arose: “why does a discussion need a moderator as an intermediary?”

One of the main reasons for needing a moderator as an intermediary for discussion activities is time. A moderator is needed as an intermediary for discussion activities, because discussion activities have a predetermined time limit, especially if the discussion activity is shown on TV, then there is a time limit for advertisements, as well as for subsequent TV events. Just imagine if a discussion activity is not given a time limit, then the discussion will be very long and boring.

A moderator in the discussion activity gives time limits, as a reminder, when party A starts speaking, when party A should stop speaking, when party B starts speaking, and so on until the discussion activity ends according to the time that has been determined.

Maybe after reading the explanation earlier, you will feel “wow, it seems like being a moderator is not an easy thing”. Before you conclude that, it would be good if you could learn more about the duties, responsibilities, and functions of a moderator.

MODERATOR’S DUTIES

Reported from various sources, a moderator has various duties and responsibilities including:

1. As a controller as well as a supervisor in discussion activities in a forum.
2. Ensure that the discussion or discussion in the forum, takes place in accordance with the main topic that has been determined.
3. Create ideas and create new topics so that the forum becomes dynamic and remains alive.
4. Provide an opening or brief introduction on the explanation of the topic that will be discussed in the forum.
5. Give a warning or reminder if in the forum there are members of the forum whose discussion becomes irrelevant or has deviated from the main topic being discussed.
6. Give a warning or warning if there are members of the forum who start to break the rules or are considered to have the potential to disrupt the forum.

It turns out that there are a lot of responsibilities as a moderator. However, in any case, all the duties and responsibilities of the moderator are very important to do so that the discussion activities in the forum can run well, smoothly, and in accordance with what is expected.

THINGS THAT SHOULD BE OWNED BY THE MODERATOR

A moderator should prepare some important things so that discussion activities in the forum can run smoothly. In addition to things that can be prepared, moderators also need to have certain qualities and attitudes in overcoming problems that will arise. Here are the things that a moderator should have:

1. Mastering the Topic To Be Discussed

There are many misconceptions about a moderator. Among them is the assumption that the main ability that a moderator must have is to be fluent in speaking. However, it turns out that being fluent in speaking is still not enough. A moderator must have a broad vision, at least must first master the topic to be discussed in the forum.

Moderators must master the topics that will be discussed in the forum, because even though the moderator does not have the capacity to deliver the material or express his arguments in the forum, the moderator is still someone who has control over the ongoing discussion. Moderators have the responsibility to ensure that the discussions and arguments presented by forum members are still appropriate or relevant to the topic being discussed.

2. Be neutral and objective

Moderators are forbidden to have bad or good prejudices and also to be inclined (bias) to one of the parties in the forum. Moderators are required to be objective in carrying out their duties so that justice is created in the discussion activities in the forum for each member.

3. Have the ability to observe and listen well

Moderators are required to be able to pay attention to all types of responses, both verbal responses (verbally) and non-verbal responses (body language). Moderators must observe and listen to ensure that no sentences or words are missed from every conversation delivered by the members in the forum.

4. Able to understand the position

Moderators do not have the capacity to deliver material and are also prohibited from expressing their personal arguments in the forum they are leading. The moderator is indeed required to master the main topics discussed in the discussion, but this is done because the moderator must understand the main points of the discussion in the discussion. The moderator’s job is to supervise the course of the discussion and therefore, he is not allowed to take over the duties of other members such as by presenting material, presenting arguments, and or talking too much about the topic being discussed in the discussion.

5. Have a calm but firm attitude

Debate that occurs in a discussion forum is a natural thing. Sometimes, in the debate, there will be things that can trigger verbal arguments or even fights. Moderators in this situation are required to have a firm attitude towards all members of the discussion forum. Moderators must dare to dissolve at the same time ensure that the discussion activities will continue without interruption. This attitude to be firm should also be accompanied by a calm attitude and not easy to get caught.

6. Able to melt the atmosphere

In some situations in a forum, it will be very helpful if a moderator has the ability to make the atmosphere less tense and more relaxed. This is useful to make it easier for forum members to convey their ideas and arguments because the discussion atmosphere in the forum becomes more relaxed and intimate. However, this should be done as necessary and not excessive because if it is excessive then it will even disrupt the progress of the discussion activities.

HOW TO BE A GOOD MODERATOR

After knowing the meaning as well as the duties and responsibilities of a moderator, you also need to know the procedures or steps that must be prepared to become a moderator, which include:

1. Understand the duties and functions of moderators

The main task and function of a moderator in a debate or discussion activity in a forum is to control the activity while ensuring that the discussion activity will go according to plan. Try to focus on that matter only, there is no need to try to give an opinion or defend one of the parties because that is not the right of a moderator.

2. Study thoroughly the material or topic to be discussed.

Learn the material or topic that will be discussed or discussed in the discussion activity. Try to do research through various sources such as articles, books, the internet, or ask the experts directly. It is very important for you to understand the material that will be discussed in order to ensure that the discussions held in the forum remain appropriate and relevant.

3. Study the order of events carefully.

A moderator must study the order of events carefully. In this case, a moderator can work with the MC. Studying the order of events can make it easier for moderators to set time limits for each session in discussion activities in the forum.

4. Learn information about the resource person.

For a forum that brings a resource person as a speaker, it is mandatory for the resource person to find or learn basic information about the resource person. This will help the moderator to carry out his duties, for example to know the name of the resource person, why the resource person was invited, how much capacity the resource person has, and what questions are appropriate to ask the resource person.

5. Make a small note.

For those of you who have difficulty memorizing, small notes in notes can help you to be smooth when being a moderator. There is no ban for moderators to open posts, so it’s okay to post, especially if you really need it.

6. Keep practicing

Moderators do have a task that seems not easy. There is no instant result, everything that happens in this world always requires a process. Therefore, with effort, determination, and a high will to continue practicing and learning, of course you will be able to become a great moderator. In addition, you can also buy books on how to become a moderator as your guide and guide to learn more effectively.

 

CONCLUSION

Moderator is a mediator or leader of a discussion, meeting, and deliberation. Moderator and MC are two different things. The difference is that an MC is the event guide who manages the course of the event starting from the opening to the closing, while a moderator has duties and responsibilities only to maintain the continuation of a discussion. In carrying out his duties, a moderator must master the topics to be discussed, be firm and objective, be able to mediate disputes in the discussion, and have good observation skills.

To be a good moderator, the things that need to be prepared are by understanding the meaning, duties, and functions of moderators; learn the topic to be discussed, and also learn basic info from the resource person (if any). Maybe, being a moderator looks like a difficult job, but you can definitely become a reliable moderator if you keep practicing and want to learn.

 

Definition of Capital – “Where to get capital from?” We often hear these questions when dealing with the business world. The existence of capital is very necessary to start a business. Without capital, it is impossible for a business unit to run and grow.

Both small-scale and large-scale businesses still need capital in order to carry out their business activities. So what is the meaning of capital when viewed from a general perspective? And how important is the existence of capital? Reader, now is the time to talk about capital.

Definition of Capital

There are many experts who express their opinions about capital. Let’s discuss one by one, Reader.

1. Bambang Riyanto

The professor from the Faculty of Economics and Business explained that capital is the result of production that in the future can be reused for further production . In its development, capital is emphasized on value, and buy, or as a collectivity of capital goods.

While what is meant by capital goods are all the goods in the company with all their productive functions to generate income. In other words, capital is the power to manage capital goods.

2. Lawrence J. Gitman

The author of the book Principles of Managerial Finance states that capital is a specific term loan charged to the company. This can be seen in the financial balance of the company on the right side, in addition to the obligations that must be borne at this time.

3. Drs. Moekijat

This country’s administration experts have the view that capital is all the things owned by the company. Starting from cash, credit, manufacturing rights, patents, machines for operations, office inventory, digital assets, property, business facilities and equipment, brands, resources, and all things that are valuable but cannot be divided.

In practice, capital is often viewed from the total ownership of the company. These rights consist of a certain amount of funds, surplus, valuable resources, and indivisible profits.

4. Jacob Louis Meij

Professor of Business Economics Groningen University as well as a business economist in the Netherlands believes that capital is all the goods in a company’s household that can be collected to generate income. This can be seen in the balance on the debit side.

Meanwhile, wealth is the purchasing power that is in various capitals. Its position is on the credit side of the balance sheet.

5. Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI)

According to KBBI, capital is a fund that can be used as a parent or fund to do business, release money, and so on. In other words, capital is property (can be in the form of funds, goods, etc.) that can be used to produce something that can increase wealth and profit.

Still according to KBBI, capital can also be interpreted as something that a person or company uses as supplies to work, fight, and so on.

If we conclude, capital is all the things we have in the form of money, goods, other assets that we can use to generate profit in running a business. In practice, capital can be categorized into several types, such as cash and non-cash fund capital, debt – receivables, enthusiasm, knowledge, relationships, skills, confidence, brands, ideas, etc.

So Reader, can we move on to the next point? If not, Reader can try re-reading in a calm condition and good mood . If so, let’s move on to the next point.

Capital History

The capital can be obtained through working by hunting, studying, poetry, farming, mining, working in people’s companies, and so on. Then the capital is sold or bartered with something of equal or higher value, or processed first. From the accumulated capital one can do business activities.

Sometimes, a person has capital in the form of skills and things that cannot be monetized. On the other hand, there are other people who have capital in the form of money but cannot run a business, either because they are busy or because they are not experts in the business. So the cooperation between one party and another started to run a business together based on the capital they each have.

If the cooperation spreads to the public, then the capital market appears. It’s called the capital market because the public can be the capital of a company without having to get to know the business owner. Then the capital owned by the investor can be sold to other investors. Now, let’s look at the historical record of the capital market.

1. The First Revenue Sharing System Practiced by Publicans (Years ±3 BC)

The first revenue-sharing system recorded by history was a joint business run by the Publicans during the Roman Empire. Publicans are people who do business (capitalist average) as general contractors. They became providers of services required by the Roman government, such as providing military needs, collecting taxes, and building public facilities.

At one time, the Roman Empire was busy strengthening the military so tax collection was done by the Publicans. The tender system used at that time was won by whoever was able to give the highest bid in giving taxes to the government. The profit is obtained from the difference between the tax they collect and the nominal amount deposited to the government.

This project is very risky and requires a large amount of capital, so the Publicans joined forces. If the amount of property accumulated is smaller than that deposited to the government, the loss is borne by many people. If it is profitable, then the profit share is adjusted to the amount of capital invested in the beginning.

2. The First Stock Document in the World

It was Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag that recorded its name as the first company in the world to issue share documents. Copper mining in Falun, Sweden has been started since the 850s by local residents partially.

On June 16, 1288, the King of Sweden confirmed a document called the Deed of Exchange. The document is the first written document about the fare. In this document it is stated that A. Peter a bishop gets an eighth of the mining revenue. The existence of the division of mining revenue shows that the share document has existed since that time.

At that time, the mine was managed and administered by a well-organized organization. No longer run by local residents, but run with an integrated system. The organization is named Stora Kopparberg.

3. The First Capital Market in the World

Reader must be familiar with the company name Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC). But Reader may be surprised to learn that VOC is the first company in the world to open the capital market. With large capital, the VOC had the ability to monopolize trade. This is one of the reasons why VOC became a very strong company in the economy.

How much is his wealth? Launching from Visual Capitalist, if equated with the current USD exchange rate, the wealth of the VOC reached $7.9 trillion or the equivalent of 112 trillion. Fantastic amount isn’t it? To achieve the same wealth, it is necessary to combine 20 large companies such as Microsoft, Apple, Exxonmobil, Alibaba, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway, Samsung, Tencent, and so on.

The power of the VOC made trade competition in Europe more intense so that the VOC obtained permission to form its own military and political power. So it can be said that the VOC became a “country within a country”. However, due to massive corruption, the VOC went bankrupt and was closed by the Dutch Government. Because of that, there is an insinuation that the VOC is also referred to as Vergaan Onder Corruptie which means destroyed due to corruption.

As a company that opens the capital market in the world, the capital market in Indonesia has also been going on since the Dutch Government came to power in the colonial era. In 1912, the Netherlands officially opened a stock exchange branch in Batavia (Jakarta).

Types of Capital

1. Types of capital based on sources.

Based on the source, capital is divided into two, namely internal capital and external capital.

a. Internal Capital

Internal capital is capital derived from the wealth of company owners, shareholders’ capital, the sale of securities, or capital obtained from company profits.

Examples of internal capital are vehicles, inventory, means of production, personal savings, buildings, shares, land, company profits, and so on that do not use external wealth.

b. External capital

External capital is capital obtained apart from the company’s wealth. The capital can be obtained from investors or creditors such as banks, cooperatives, personal loans.

Usually, external capital is required due to limited internal capital resources. Company managers are worried that internal capital will not be sufficient to carry out or develop business activities.

Examples of external capital are loans from banks/cooperatives, unpaid employee salaries, unpaid production costs to suppliers, investments deposited by investors.

2. Types of Capital Based on Ownership

Based on the owner, capital is divided into two, namely individual capital and social capital.

a. Private Capital

This type of capital is capital that comes from a person. The advantage of private equity is that it facilitates various business activities and provides optimal profit to the owner. Examples of this type of capital are personal property, deposits, and shares.

b. Social Capital

This type of capital is capital owned by the community. This capital provides benefits for the community in general in doing business activities. Examples of social capital are roads, ports, markets, bridges, stations, and others.

3. Types of Capital Based on Its Existence

If viewed from its nature, capital is divided into two types, namely active capital and passive capital. Here is an explanation of both.

a. Concrete Capital (Active)

Concrete capital or active capital is capital that can be seen with the naked eye and tangible. Examples of concrete capital are money, raw materials, buildings or places of business, vehicles, machines, warehouses, etc.

b. Abstract Capital (Passive)

Abstract capital is business capital that cannot be seen with the naked eye. Its value is difficult to measure directly. However, abstract capital is very important for the sustainability of the company.

Examples of abstract capital are knowledge, skills, copyright, brand, social media, business connections, managerial, and so on. Concrete capital and abstract capital are both needed to develop and expand a company.

Both should go hand in hand. Because to start business operations, Reader must have knowledge first. Reader also needs funds to start production. To make and market products, Reader needs the right supplier and customer connections. To develop managerial skills, Reader needs to upgrade their knowledge and skills. Thus, both are equally important.

4. Types of Capital Based on Their Properties

Based on its nature, capital is divided into two types, namely fixed capital and current capital. Come on Reader, let’s learn what fixed capital and current capital are.

a. Fixed Capital

Fixed capital or fixed capital is capital that can be used for production several times in the long term and repeatedly. Examples of fixed capital are buildings, machines, land, computers, vehicles, test equipment, etc.

b. Liquid Capital

Current capital or variable capital is capital that is used up in one production process. Examples of current capital are raw materials, fuel, disposable tools, and so on.

Capital Benefit

1. Prepare raw materials.

Before doing the production process, Reader definitely needs raw materials. Procurement of raw materials requires capital.

2. Doing the production process.

To carry out the production process, of course we need costs such as water to wash materials, soap, fuel, electricity, gas, and so on.

3. Manage business permits.

Having a business license is essential for a business unit. Especially if you want to cooperate with external parties and in large numbers. In managing business permits, Reader needs to prepare capital because it sometimes requires the services of a notary.

4. Manage patent rights.

Some of Reader works in business activities may be unique and prone to be recognized as the property of other companies. So Reader needs to manage the patent rights so that the product is registered in your name. Managing patent rights also requires capital.

5. Paying employee salaries.

Due to the many activities in running the business, Reader needs the help of others. You need capital to be able to fulfill employee rights with a salary that is in accordance with the agreement between your company and the employee. In addition, allowances, insurance, overtime pay also need to be recorded.

6. Savings.

A good company is a company that has a savings account as a reserve fund. This savings can also serve as capital in a desperate situation.

7. Increase the trust of other parties.

The existence of capital can increase the trust of your prospective partner. Some prospective partners consider the financial condition of the company they will work with. This is not surprising because to make sure that the company that will work together is not playing around.

8. Other requirements.

Other requirements that require capital are to open new branches, expand markets, transportation, pulses, company inventory, and other company needs.

 

Definition of Social Mobility – Does Reader realize that in this social life, there is bound to be a shift or change in social strata for each individual? Or even the move or change in social strata has actually happened to you and your family?

The existence of the transfer or change of the social stratum is a natural thing to be able to happen, whether it is a change towards a higher social stratum or even a lower one from the previous social stratum. This happens because every member of society must want to have a better life than before, so they will actively try to change the social strata.

So, what is the meaning of social mobility? Reader must already know that mobility means displacement, so what about social mobility?

Well, so that Reader can understand that, let’s read the following comments!

Understanding Appropriate Mobility According to Experts

The discussion about social mobility is included in the discipline of sociology, so the understanding of it is of course expressed by experts who are sociologists.

Edward Ransford

According to Ransford, social mobility is a move that leads up or down in a hierarchical social environment.

Anthony Giddens

According to Giddens, social mobility is something that refers to the movement of an individual and groups between different socioeconomic positions.

William Kornblum

Kornblum believes that social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, and social groups from one social layer to another.

Michael S. Bassis

According to Bassis, social mobility is a process of upward and downward movement in the socioeconomic environment that can change a person’s social status in the social order.

Kimball Young and Raymond W. Mack

These two sociologists stated that social mobility is a process of mobility in the social structure, namely certain patterns that regulate the organization in a social group.

Paul B. Horton

Horton also expressed his opinion related to social mobility, which is a movement of movement from one social class to another, or movement from one stratum to another.

Well, based on these definitions, it can be concluded that social mobility is a process of movement that occurs in individuals or groups from one social position to another social position . Regarding Indonesian society today, it has an open social layer system, so the level of social mobility can increase compared to the closed social layer system. In a closed social layer system, it actually tends to be low in terms of social mobility, as can be seen in societies that still prioritize the caste system.

Social mobility will always involve three main things, namely.

1. Social class changes, both upwards and downwards.
2. Experienced by humans as individuals and in groups.
3. Gaining a new social class.

Theory About Social Mobility

In the same way as the main subject matter in the sub-discipline of science, this social mobility also has various theories, so it does not come from the thought of “nawur” only. Theories about social mobility have been formulated by sociologists, such as Martin Lipset and Hans Zetterberg, Ralph Turner, and Pitirim Sorokin. Well, here is a review of those theories!

1. Martin Lipset and Hans Zetterberg

The theory of social mobility that was initiated by Martin and Hans focuses on the causes and dimensions of the occurrence of social mobility among the community.

In terms of the causes of social mobility there are two. First, there is supply from unfilled status positions. Second, there is a change in levels. Simply put, whenever there is social mobility with upward movement, there will definitely also be downward movement.

Meanwhile, in terms of the dimensions of social mobility, there are four dimensions:

• Occupation Ranking

In this first dimension, experts argue that a job owned by an individual is believed to be an important factor that differentiates the existence of beliefs, values, norms, habits, and even emotional expression from an individual.

• Consumption Ranking

In this consumption ranking dimension, it refers to the lifestyle owned by an individual or a group of people. People who have the same lifestyle and honor ( prestige ) will usually be in the same consumption class. This consumption calculation index is not based on total employment income, but on the total income that has been spent on certain activities.

• Social Class Ranking

In this dimension, an individual can be said to be in the same social class as other individuals, when they accept the individual together and have relationships between individuals.

For example, A is an ordinary student who is in the middle social class. However, he hangs out with a group of students in the upper social class. Well, the people who are in that group, accept A with pleasure to join them. This makes A in the upper social class dimension, even though he comes from a middle social class.

• Power Rankings

In this ranking dimension, it refers to role relationships, in the form of power relationships owned by individuals. They believe that the power or position owned by other individuals can be a “vehicle” in this social mobility effort.

2. Ralph Turner

The theory proposed by Ralph Turner links the education system with existing social mobility efforts. The assumption behind the thought is that there is an open class system, marked by the opening of public schools, so that there will be opportunities for the community to do vertical social mobility.

Ralph Turner also stated that there are two types of social mobility, which are based on community norms, namely sponsor mobility and contest mobility.

In sponsor-type mobility, the determination of community members who can enter the upper social class is through selection and is based on some necessary criteria. The determination also cannot be canceled by any strategy.

Meanwhile, in the type of contest mobility, there is a system where the upper social status becomes a gift or reward for a person, if he succeeds through the various efforts he does in an open competition. From the “contest” of the competition, a person will use their abilities and strategies to compete with other individuals fairly.

3. Pitirim Sorokin

The third theory expressed by Sorokin is related to the opportunity or chance of social mobility for an individual or a group of individuals.

Sorokin thinks that in a society not everyone will get the same opportunity as others to be able to change their social status.

Through the theory, Sorokin indirectly divided two types of social mobility, namely horizontal mobility and vertical mobility.

Forms of Social Mobility

Basically, every human being, both individually and in groups, will never feel satisfied with what they get in their lives, so they want to continue to move towards a better social status. Social mobility is of course closely related to social stratification, because it refers to the definition of movement from one social layer to another, both downward and upward.

Well, the following are the forms of mobility that occur in the social order.

1. Horizontal Social Mobility

Horizontal social mobility is the change of individuals and groups as social objects towards other social groups of equal status. The meaning of this level is that there is no change in the degree of the person’s position.

For example, Pak Kuncoro is a Mathematics teacher in high school, but because the high school environment does not suit him, he decided to become a Mathematics teacher in junior high school.

In horizontal social mobility this can happen in the following cases:

• Level or Status

Social mobility is closely related to the level or social status possessed by an individual, even if it is equal or horizontal. For example, Pak Yohan was the principal at SMA Produce, then he was transferred to become the principal at SMA Wei. What happened to Pak Yohan can still be called social mobility but in an equal social status.

• Territory

Social mobility can happen in any small matter. Even moving the place or region where you work can also be called horizontal social mobility, because your social status is still the same as before.

2. Vertical Social Mobility

Vertical social mobility is a form of movement of individuals or groups as social objects towards unequal social positions. The meaning of unequal is that the social status can go up (up) or down (down). There are several factors that cause vertical social mobility, namely:

• Wealth

This factor can certainly change the position or social position of a person, which can make him richer or even poorer.

• Authority

Factors of power can also cause vertical social mobility. A person who has a certain power tends to easily rise to a position so that his power increases and his social mobility can increase drastically. And vice versa, when a person does not have enough power to rise to a position, he will also experience downward social mobility.

• Education

The main channel so that a person can experience social mobility fairly is through education, especially formal education. A person with a good educational background will certainly experience an increase in position and social status, especially when working.

The Direction of Upward Vertical Social Mobility

Previously, it has been written that this vertical social mobility has two directions, namely upwards and downwards. For upward social mobility, it also has two forms, namely:

• Get into a higher position or social status

In this upward social mobility, it usually happens that someone who was at the bottom of social status at the time, then something happens that causes him to get an increase in social status. For example, there is an honorary teacher who was accepted by CPNS. That of course made him experience an increase in social status as a result of his promotion.

• Form a new group

The formation of this new group is based on the fact that the group did not exist before. However, it should be known that the “figures” who make up this new group must also be of a higher social status.

The Direction of Social Mobility is Downward

Similar to the upward (upward) direction of social mobility, downward (downward) social mobility also has the main forms, namely:

• Drop a position

This demotion will usually be related to the department in his work environment. For example, a retired civil servant. When he becomes a pensioner, of course he will indirectly lower his social status because his power when holding a certain position has “lost”.

• The decrease in the degree of individual groups because there is disintegration

According to the Indonesian Language Dictionary (KBBI), disintegration is a state of disunity. As a result of this disintegration, a group of individuals can drop their social status simultaneously.

3. Intergenerational Social Mobility

This inter-generational mobility is marked by the development of the standard of living in a family’s life, whether it is decreasing or increasing. The main thing in this form of mobility is not the development of the offspring, but the transfer of social status that has an impact on the generation.

For example, there is a chili trader who only completed his education up to Primary School. However, he managed to send his son to school until he graduated from sailing school. This child managed to change his and his family’s status so that it could be different from the previous status of his parents.

4. Intragenerational Social Mobility

Intragenerational horizontal mobility is the transfer of status experienced by a person in the same generation. The meaning of the same generation is that the transfer of the status happens to himself, not to the achievements of his children or family members.

For example, there is someone who previously worked as a construction porter. Thanks to his perseverance and luck, he managed to become a foreman.

Another example is that teenagers born in the ’90s have the opportunity to develop science and technology because they are currently in the digital and globalization era.

 

Inhibiting Factors and Encouraging Factors of Social Mobility

Factors Inhibiting the Occurrence of Social Mobility

The occurrence of this social mobility is driven by several factors, namely structural factors and individual factors. Well, here is the description.

Structural Factors

1. Job Structure

Generally, economic activities carried out in the community are divided into two sectors, namely the formal sector and the informal sector. The existence of these differences clearly affects the level of “success” of the social mobility of the people involved.

Especially in the agricultural sector, the members of the community involved are more likely to have a low status position, so the level of mobility will also be low.

However, that does not necessarily make them “fail” in their social mobility efforts. Right now there are many members of the community who work in the agricultural sector and have succeeded in social mobility, both horizontally and vertically.

2. Double Economy

This dual economy usually occurs in developing countries, causing dualism. First, economic activities are still dominated by traditional elements. Second, its economic activities are dominated by modern elements.

3. Learning Experience

Members of the community who come from the middle social class, generally have a more secure learning experience than the learning experience owned by members of the community from the lower social class.

Moreover, there is a view that degrees, tests, recommendations, even the network of relationships between friends can be a place to exchange information accompanied by recommendations related to job opportunities. This makes it difficult for outsiders to “break through”, so it will cause discrimination.

Individual Factors

1. Differences in Ability
2. Differences in Behavior

• Education
• Work Habits
• Delayed Pleasure Patterns
• Ability to Play
• Value Gap Patterns
• Luck Factor

Economic Conditions

The economic situation is the main thing to encourage the occurrence of social mobility, especially in individuals or groups of individuals who live in low economic conditions. When they “dare” to move to another area and manage to raise their status even if it is not too high, it can be called mobility.

Driving Factors for Social Mobility

1. Changes in the Political Situation

Changes in the political situation that occur in a country can basically be a form of people’s support for the new government structure. Well, through those supports, then an individual also has the desire to develop his “business” so that he can do social mobility.

2. Social and Cultural Changes

In community life, whether in urban or rural areas, there will always be changes, both in social structure, social interaction, and the prevailing value system. These changes can later encourage individuals to adjust to the demands of the changes, so that they will unconsciously create a desire to do social climbing.

Remember, social climbing is the transfer of the social status of members of society from a lower social class to a higher social class. Not only that, technological progress and ideological changes also open up the possibility of upward mobility and “create” a new stratification that develops in society.

3. Economic Changes

The economic situation that is going on in a society, of course, gives encouragement to individuals or groups of individuals to improve their social status. Especially if the economic situation at that time improved and made them successful in carrying out various types of business.

4. Poverty Factor
5. Factors of Class Discrimination
6. Racial and Religious Difference Factors
7. Gender Difference Factors
8. Difference of Interest

Well, that’s the explanation of the meaning of social mobility and its forms. Reader must have experienced this social mobility, both between generations and intragenerations, because this is very natural to happen, especially to all individuals who live in an open social layer system.

 

Understanding of LCGC Cars – Currently there are more and more modes of transportation in the market and of course the automotive industry is competing to create good quality and certainly cheap cars in order to enter the middle class market. One type of car that is cheap but has good enough quality is the LCGC (Low Cost Green Car).

LCGC cars are present as a solution from the government for people who want to have a car but at a cheap price to switch from motorcycles. In addition to its cheap price, the LCGC car, as its name suggests, is also an environmentally friendly car.

However, for all you Reader friends who want to know more about LCGC cars and may be interested in owning one, you can listen to the information we will provide in this article to find out what advantages this LCGC car presents.

Further information related to LCGC cars and any advantages we have presented and can be read below!

What Is LCGC Car?

LCGC cars or the abbreviation of Low Cost Green Car (Indonesian Environmental Friendly Cars, official name: Energy-Efficient and Affordable Four-Wheel Motorized Vehicle (KBH2) is a car variant that appeared after Indonesia issued a new car law that eliminated cheap cars to set aside cheap and fuel-efficient cars from PPnBM, so the selling price can be sold as low as possible, so basically this car is made domestically to reach the middle class market that considers some specific components in its assembly.

The launch of this car version is expected to encourage more people to own cars, reduce fuel subsidies and compete with imported cars from Thailand, as well as increase employment in the country. This version is similar to the kei car category in Japan and the Eco Car program in Thailand which also promises tax relief for small and economical cars. Car

LCGC is a car produced specifically by the government to reduce exhaust gas emissions. That is why this car is the choice of the community because it is said to be environmentally friendly and does not pollute the rural air too much.

With low gas emissions, it is hoped that the environment can be spared from air pollution due to pollution and the community can live a healthy life. In addition to low gas emissions, this car is also produced with a very small cc, namely 1000cc and 1200cc.

A car with a small or low cc can minimize fuel consumption, making it much more durable and cost-effective. Because the bigger the cc of the car, the more fuel is consumed.

It should be known that the LCGC car is intended for the middle class because of its relatively small cc. For that, don’t expect to be able to drive this type of car at high speed.

In addition, if Reader friends are interested in buying this LCGC car, there are several advantages that can be obtained in addition to the cheap price, this car also has a cheap annual tax so that it can save purchase costs, tax costs, and fuel costs because this LCGC car is also fuel efficient.

Advantages of LCGC Cars

LCGC cars are designed to reduce emissions. This type of car is the choice of the community because it is said to be environmentally friendly and does not pollute the air too much. In addition, this type of car has several advantages for the driver. Starting from durability, dimensions, and fuel efficiency.

This car is really designed to be a real vehicle for gramed friends who want to own a car, especially for those who are just learning to drive. LCGC cars are indeed intended for the middle segment because the cc is quite small. For that, don’t expect to be able to drive this type of car at high speed.

Some of the advantages that can be obtained by buying this car, among others:

1. Suitable for those who are just learning to drive

The advantage of this LCGC car is that it is friendly for beginner drivers. This car is very suitable to be chosen for beginners, both in terms of price because it is quite cheap and has no less diverse variations. In terms of the variation of this car, it is also no less diverse, it just needs to be adapted to the needs of friends of Reader.

2. The size of the vehicle is more space-saving

Another advantage of LCGC cars is the smaller vehicle dimensions. With the given dimensions, this type of car is nimble enough to be used on a daily basis, especially on city streets that are usually dense and congested.

3. Save Fuel

Low Cost Green Car or LCGC is an environmentally friendly car in accordance with the main purpose of creating this car. Therefore, LCGC cars are designed to consume only one liter of fuel for a minimum distance of 20 kilometers. Fulfilling one of the most important conditions for a vehicle product to enter the environmentally friendly segment (green car). Therefore, the use of fuel components should be as efficient as possible so as not to cause excessive pollution.

4. Endurance

LCGC cars are designed to be durable and tested for quality. As a result, LCGC vehicles have a longer service life, supported by easy maintenance and the availability of spare parts. If you want a cheap and environmentally friendly vehicle, this type of car can be the right choice. LCGC is usually not only sold at an affordable price but also comes with reliable features so that users can feel other benefits.

5. Cheaper vehicle lease prices

It should be known that friends pay car tax which is much cheaper than other types of cars. The reason is that LCGC cars have entered the PPnBM exemption list, effective from 2021 onwards.

6. Affordable Maintenance

In addition to being affordable, LCGC care is also cheap. The cost of processing LCGC itself is approximately Rp. 1.7 million. This fee applies if you service at an official workshop.

7. Suitable for modification

For those who like to modify cars, LCGC is very suitable. This car is relatively easy to modify. Both mild and extreme changes.

This car has been successfully modified by many parties. For example Datsun Go Panca. There are also many workshops that offer specific modifications to the LCGC. So it is not difficult if you want to customize this car.

8. The resale value is not too low

The resale value of LCGC is not too low in the market. The average selling value of this car is between Rp 120 million to Rp 150 million. The price depends on the condition of the car and the type of LCGC car itself. The resale value is not too low, so you don’t have to worry if you want to sell this car.

Lack of LCGC Cars

All products must have disadvantages behind their advantages. This also applies to LCGC cars. Knowing the shortcomings of the LCGC is as important as knowing the advantages of the car.

This is because it can be a separate consideration when buying this type of car.

The disadvantages of the LCGC car itself are:

1. Too light

One of the characteristics of the LCGC is its small frame. This makes the weight of the car lighter. Its light weight makes this car a little wobbly, especially at high speeds.

2. Baggage size is not too big

Thanks to the small frame, the luggage compartment of the LCGC is also not too wide. Therefore, you can’t even load a lot of stuff into this type of car. In addition to the luggage that is not too wide, the interior of this car is also quite narrow.

3. The speed is low

As a car, LCGC is included in the low speed vehicle because it only has a capacity of around 1000-2000 cc. Therefore the energy produced by this car is quite low. So many comments on the advantages and disadvantages of LCGC cars

So the first thing to know if you want to buy LCGC. Knowing these two facts will make it easier for you to decide whether to buy a car or not.

Type and price list of LCGC cars

Thanks to the economical use of fuel, LCGC cars are suitable for everyday use. In Indonesia itself, this type of car is quite a lot and the price is quite affordable.

The average price of this type of car is less than 200 million rupiah. Some LCGC car registers and market prices that you need to know are:

1. Honda Brio Satya

One of the examples of LCGC cars that sell well in 2020 is the Honda Brio Satya. This car was released in 2018 with a more modern design and much wider dimensions. Honda Brio Satya is equipped with i-VTEC cylinder technology engine with a capacity of 1,200 cc. Brio Satya is the most fuel efficient car in its segment with a fuel consumption of 16.6 km/l in urban areas and 22.6 km/l on toll roads.

For its own price, the Honda Brio Satya car varies according to the brand or model. Type Honda Brio SM/T priced at Rp 151,400,000, Honda Brio EM/T priced at Rp 160,400,000 and Honda Brio E CVT priced at Rp 175,400,000.

2. Toyota Calya

Another type of LCGC car is the Toyota Calya. Since this LCGC 7-seater was first released in 2016, it immediately entered the automotive world and sold well in the Indonesian market.

New Toyota Calya car type 1.2 E STD M/T Price range Rp 146,190,000. While other types such as Toyota Calya 1.2 EM/T are priced at IDR 148,990,000, Toyota Calya 1.2 GM/T IDR 155,290,000, and Toyota Calya 1.2 GA/T IDR 167,490,000.

3. Daihatsu Sigra

If Toyota has the Calya, Daihatsu’s LCGC version is the Sigra. This car uses a design similar to Calya because it was built by the same company and platform.

But Daihatsu Sigra has the advantage of many automatic options that make the price more flexible. Some types are also equipped with safety features such as dual SRS airbags, ABS, parking sensors and side beams. At the beginning of the price, Daihatsu Sigra is the highest at Rp 160 million and the lowest at Rp 140 million. If you want to buy a used car, Daihatsu Sigra is offered for 84-104 million rupiah.

4. Toyota Agya

Toyota Agya is the only 5-seater LCGC car that is relatively expensive compared to similar cars. The reason is that this LCGC car is decorated with a more sporty design with 998 and 1197 cc capacity engines.

This car has different prices depending on the type. The cheapest Toyota Agya price is Rp. 144,900.00 and the most expensive is Rp. 170,390,000.

5. Daihatsu Ayla

In terms of price and comfort, Daihatsu Ayla is one of the most economical LCGCs in its class. On average, this type of car can drive 14-15 km/l on city streets and 18-20 km/l on toll roads. Daihatsu Ayla is available with manual and automatic transmission which also affects the price of this car. The price of a new Daihatsu Ayla car is Rp 100 million, used cars can be even cheaper up to half of the new price.

The price difference for various types of cars depends on the design and features. However, environmentally friendly concept cars may be the best choice for fuel-efficient vehicles, but the quality is still prime.

Tips for choosing a LCGC car

There are several things to consider before buying an LCGC car. It is important to pay special attention to this so as not to regret it later. LCGC cars are affordable and relatively young. The average new model of this type of car has been covered since 2013. So, first pay attention to the car parts that suit your needs.

Here are some tips that can be considered before buying an LCGC car:

1. Optimal Body Construction

The appearance of LCGC cars should be adapted to your taste. LCGC cars are intended for sports car lovers as well as city car lovers. There is also this type of car with a minimalist design. Everything you can adjust to your budget and daily needs.

2. Cabin area

From the outside, also pay attention to the cabin space. Make sure the size of the LCGC car you choose suits your needs. Starting from passenger capacity to luggage, enough to support your daily operations.

3. Machine performance

Also, make sure you choose an LCGC car with the right engine specifications. Observe and compare the information first about the displacement and engine cylinder energy of several types of cars. This is because some car brands may have a more or less similar appearance, but are clearly different in terms of the energy they produce. You can also choose the car that offers the most energy and the best handling for your daily activities.

4. Features

Some LCGC cars are now also equipped with various interesting features. These include automatic mirrors, four-way electric windows, a pair of airbags, ABS and EDB brakes, a touchscreen head unit with USB and iPhone connections. These interesting features are included in certain car brand units, which may not have other interesting features offered by other brands as well.

5. Price

Starting from the engine specifications to the advanced features offered, LCGC cars usually have quite affordable prices. Reader friends can directly bring home an LCGC car for only Rp 110-180 million.

Conclusion

This is a short discussion about what LCGC cars are and to find out what their advantages and disadvantages are.. Not only knowing what LCGC cars are but also discussing their advantages, disadvantages, tips for buying them and knowing the types of cars in the market.

Knowing what an LCGC car is for automotive lovers is very beneficial to know the capacity of this cheap and environmentally friendly vehicle to be owned as a suitable personal vehicle to buy.

Understanding of Social Science – Learning is the right and duty of every human being, regardless of age, children, teenagers, and the elderly, all have the same opportunity. The state even guarantees every individual to be able to study or obtain an education as stated in the 1945 Constitution article 31 paragraph 1 where the state guarantees every citizen the right to education.

With education, individuals can develop their country. There is a lot of knowledge that can be learned according to each individual’s interests. One of the sciences that can be learned is social science. The definition of social science is the science that studies the relationship between humans and their environment or the interaction of humans with other individuals, humans with their groups, or groups with other groups.

Human interaction with others will be interwoven with communication so that people can get to know each other. In addition, humans can also help each other thanks to the interaction so that a harmonious relationship is formed.

However, sometimes conflicts also arise due to the incompatibility of his relationship with others. If the conflict cannot be overcome, it will disrupt the harmony. Basically, humans are social creatures who cannot live individually, they need the presence of others.

Meaning of Social Science

Social science tries to understand the difference as a valuable lesson to be able to unite the inequality.

In everyday life, many differences are sure to be found. But back to human nature, that they will need the presence of other people in their daily lives. Living alone is impossible. In social science, the differences between individuals have solutions that can overcome them.

With a solution, then individuals can live side by side with others even though conflict is sometimes unavoidable. Social science, if understood more deeply, contains a study of social problems that often occur in everyday life. The purpose of social science is to help increase insight or broader knowledge about social life.

 

 

Types of Social Sciences

After we know the meaning of social science, then what are the types of social science? Social science is actually the parent of several sciences that are taught both in schools and universities. Here are the types of social science.

1. Anthropology

One type of social science is anthropology. As for what is meant by anthropology is the science that studies humans and their culture.

In general, anthropology studies humans in five subs, namely the biological evolution of humans, the diversity of human physical characteristics, the development and spread of human culture, the development and spread of language, and the fundamentals of humans and their cultures that exist throughout the world.

Anthropology as a science tries to explain the cultural processes of existing societies and which develop from time to time. Without this knowledge, society will not know the various cultures that exist and are spread around the world.

Studying anthropology includes the preservation of culture because we can know what culture exists and needs to be developed in human life today.

2. Sociology

The definition of sociology is a science that studies various phenomena of community life or population. In the beginning, sociology developed in Europe because scientists realized that there must be science that can explain and study the social changes that occur in society.

The first scientist to create sociology was a French scientist named August Comte. By sociologists, August Comte is called the Father of Sociology. Sociology is a type of social science because it does not study certain (exact) knowledge because what is studied is the symptoms of society and the social changes that occur in its life.

In looking at the symptoms of society, sociology does not stand as a speculative science, but is objective in looking at the symptoms. In addition, the symptoms of society are obtained from the results of observation, so sociology is a logical science. The knowledge learned in it is also extensive.

Based on the changes in social life that have occurred since the first humans existed until modern humans (homo sapiens) as they are today. As a scientific discipline, sociology does not look at problems normatively but must be neutral in looking at the problems that exist in society.

3. Communication Science

The interaction of individuals with each other is inseparable from communication. Humans need communication so that the desired message and meaning can be delivered well. Scientists have long studied how good communication can be communicated between individuals.

The research carried out by these scientists gave birth to the science of communication. The definition of communication science is the science that studies individual communication processes, be it between individuals with individuals, individuals with groups, and groups with groups.

Communication in everyday life is a fundamental social process. Social interaction in communication plays an important role. With the knowledge of communication, people understand how to convey good information so that it can be understood by the recipient of the information.

In the process, communication continues to evolve. In the past, people used letters as a means of communication, but it required a long process.

Now the media is more advanced by using technological sophistication so that it is faster and more efficient compared to letters such as using mobile phones, email, and so on. Human behavior in communicating is the main object studied in communication science.

4. Economy

In social life, humans cannot escape from what is called economy. Why is economics grouped into the social sciences? This is because in the economic world, human behavior is the main subject of study.

Economics explains how people behave in using available economic resources to fulfill their needs or desires in their lives. In the economic world, there are three economic actors, namely households, business actors, and the government. the three economic actors in carrying out their activities are not separated from their decisions and carrying out their respective roles.

The decisions taken by all three affect how they behave. In the economic wheel, all three interact with each other. Households are consumers who try to fulfill their needs in consuming goods or services.

Businesses run by individuals or groups will produce goods or services to earn a profit. While the government’s role in the economy is as a public policy maker. Decisions taken by the government should pay attention to the well-being of households and businesses.

5. Knowledge of Education

In the world of education, the interaction between educators and students is important and should be studied. For those who work in the world of education, social science is important to have.

An educator must understand the characteristics and behavior of his students so that he is able to apply appropriate learning methods in order to channel the knowledge he possesses. Good communication skills are required as an educator.

In addition, with education, people can change their lives both for themselves and for others. Therefore, education actually boils down to social life. For example, people who pursue education at a higher level such as a university will later have the opportunity to become an agent of change for the problems that occur in society.

It is hoped that they will be able to solve existing problems so that people will have a more independent and prosperous life. That is the importance of education so that it is able to change the lives around it for the better.

6. Geography

Geography is the science that studies the earth and its contents. In it, geography also studies a variety of natural phenomena that occur around it. At first glance geography seems to have nothing to do with social science, but make no mistake.

Geography is related to social science. In geography, humans and their environment are the center of study. This science also learns about humans which is called human geography. In its discussion, human geography studies how individuals adapt to their environment, with fellow humans, and how their role in the world is.

In addition, in general, geography studies the wealth of nature available. So that by knowing the wealth of nature that is owned, later humans can manage and utilize it for the prosperity and benefit of other people. Certainly fairly and evenly.

7. History

The development of events that have happened to humans since they first existed until now continues to be studied. The science that studies these events is called the science of history. Chronologically, the science of history tries to string together various events that happened in the past so that they become what they are today.

The science of history also studies the chronology of how the process of human behavior occurs sequentially based on existing facts so that history is not a superstitious science. The truth in history is an important thing, because people can learn it and anticipate bad history so that it does not happen again in their lives now.

History as a science does not only study what, when, where, and how events happened. The science of history is more than that, in it learning the facts, the pattern of events, the elements of the formation of events, and so on that happen to humans historically. Therefore, history and social science cannot be separated because they are interlinked with each other.

8. Political Science

Politics is a science that cannot be separated from social science. The main focus in the study of political science is learning how power works in the life of the community in the state. The power exercised can be between citizens of one country and another, citizens with their country, and countries with other countries.

The main study is how the country can obtain, defend, and use its power in accordance with the norms that apply in the country. Indirectly, social science also plays a role in it.

The power exercised in politics must not conflict with the social life of the community so as not to disturb peace and order in the community. Without social science, political science is difficult to accommodate the interests of the general public.

9. Law

In the world of law, the social life of the community cannot be ignored. For those studying law, the social process is one of the topics studied. Humans are social creatures and every behavior and action must be regulated and directed.

The existence of laws, regulations, and policies taken by competent institutions is one way to control human social behavior. There are clear laws that can regulate human life and provide clarity on what humans can and cannot do.

Imagine if there is no law in life, people can act as they please without thinking about the consequences of what they do. The absence of punishment makes bad behavior that humans may do uncontrollable.

In addition, in the world of law policy making and rules should use a social approach to society. There needs to be a fair and equal application of rules for each individual to behave in accordance with existing norms and culture. In fact, law is actually born from various existing social conditions.

10. Social Psychology

Psychology and social are two close things that cannot be separated from each other. Psychology tries to explain the process of manifestation from the mental or human soul that gives birth to behavior. Humans are the main study material of psychology.

As social creatures, humans have many behaviors and behaviors that differ from one to another. On this side, psychology examines the mental, mind, and behavior. How individuals relate to others is explained in psychology.

In general, what is studied in psychology is very broad. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen one field that is studied comprehensively. One of them is social psychology. As a field, social psychology explains various phenomena that occur in humans as social beings.

In it, this field also highlights a variety of social events that are negative or referred to as social pathology. Examples of social pathology in everyday life are drug abuse, bullying, hoax news, prostitution, and so on.

The benefits that can be obtained by studying social psychology is that people understand and anticipate social problems that may occur, are able to organize alternative solutions and turn them into a situation that is beneficial for everyone.

Examples of Social Science in Everyday Life

After understanding the meaning of social science and its types, then what are the examples of social science that we can find in everyday life? First, in the basic law of 1945, article 33 explains about the economy. It is mentioned that the economic wheel in Indonesia is based on the principles of economic democracy.

This means that the economy is structured with attention to the well-being of the people, not just to benefit a few parties. In addition, natural resources are only entitled to be managed by the government with the aim of no private exploitation that will later enrich only one group. The second example of social science is in the field of psychology.

Social phenomena such as crime, prostitution, and bullying in society often appear because of the conditions that trigger them to do so. General problems that are commonly encountered are caused by economic factors. Poverty triggers society to commit social pathology.

Demands to meet economic needs with a quick time and a large amount make some people unable to think long term. The shortcut taken for some cases is to commit crimes such as stealing, being thugs, and opening prostitution services. This phenomenon is actually still found in the field, but this problem seems to have no end and continues to grow day by day.

Also read the related article “Understanding Social Science”  :

• Understanding Social Change
• Meaning of Social Integration
• Examples of Social Problems in Indonesia
• Understanding Social Interaction
• Meaning of Social Board
• Understanding Social Structure
• List of Tribes in Indonesia
• Understanding Social Differentiation

Conclusion

That is the meaning of social science, types, and examples in everyday life. Studying various social sciences is something of important value considering that we also need it to understand human behavior socially.

Moreover, the development of life is more and more advanced. The rapid flow of information that continues to occur makes us have to understand various phenomena with a social science perspective. Knowing the meaning of social science alone is not enough, by understanding and deepening it will make us able to adapt to various kinds of social changes that occur in everyday life.