Category: General

Example of the Application of the 2nd Precepts in Everyday Life – This country, which was formerly known as the Dutch East Indies before independence, decided to change the name of their country to Indonesia. This country which is currently independent and continues to develop has a state foundation which is also used as the ideology of its citizens in the nation and state.

The foundation of the country is named Pancasila. Yep, Pancasila has been used as a guideline and foundation for the Indonesian people in behaving and acting like good citizens for years. Good and obedient citizens will certainly always follow and apply the values ​​contained in Pancasila in their daily lives.

The foundation of this state was initiated and ratified by the first president of the Indonesian state, namely Ir. Sukarno on June 1, 1945. That day was a very happy and proud day for the Indonesian people, because they welcomed the birth of their new ideology. Pancasila itself contains five basic guidelines to inform the Indonesian people about how to live the life of the nation and state in accordance with the identity of the Indonesian nation.

As Sinaumed’s knows, as Indonesian citizens who love their homeland, we are obliged to be able to apply and practice the five basic guidelines for life listed in Pancasila. Pancasila is the foundation for the country to continue to develop and progress.

Apart from that, Pancasila is also an illustration of all the ideas, hopes, concepts, ideas, and ideals of the Indonesian nation. By practicing and implementing the five basic views of life, it means that Sinaumed’s has participated in efforts to advance the nation and animates all the noble values ​​passed down by the ancestors.

In the five basic guidelines of life, there is one of the precepts which reads, “Just and civilized humanity.” This precept becomes the second precept in Pancasila. In this article, we will invite Sinaumed’s to learn about examples of attitudes that show the practice and application of this second Pancasila precept.

So before that, so that Sinaumed’s can practice and apply the values ​​contained in the second precept of Pancasila, Sinaumed’s must first understand, recognize, and know the meaning of Pancasila, the function and position of Pancasila for the Indonesian people, and the goals of Pancasila itself. After that, we will explain a little about the second precept, including the meaning of the precept, the meaning of the precept’s symbol, the points of practice of the precept, the attitudes contained in the precept, and finally an example of applying the second precept in daily life.

Pancasila definition

As Sinaumed’s knows, in general, Pancasila can be defined as the only official ideology for the Indonesian nation which also officially serves as the foundation of the Indonesian state. Apart from that meaning, it turns out that Pancasila has various other definitions. Here’s another definition of Pancasila.

1. Definition of Pancasila in Language or Etymology

Pancasila in language or etymology is defined as a word that comes from two basic words belonging to Sanskrit. The two basic words that make up the word Pancasila are the word “panca” and the word “sila”. These two words have two different meanings, “panca” means five and “sila” has a basic meaning. The word “sila” itself has quite a lot of meanings, such as rules, foundations, manners, manners, morals, behavior, actions, and so on.

According to one expert named Prof. Darji Darmodiharjo, SH, the introduction of Pancasila itself has occurred since the days of the Hindu Buddhist kingdom, to be precise during the Majapahit kingdom around the XIV century. The term Pancasila itself has long been included in the Negarakertagama book authored by Mpu Prapanca and in the Sutasoma book authored by Mpu Tantular.

Pancasila in Sutasoma’s book has another meaning which means “a stone that has five joints” (derived from Sanskrit) in full, the meaning of Pancasila in Sutasoma’s book is “implementation of five decency”. Then by Ir. Soekarno the term Pancasila was raised when he was formulating the basis of the Indonesian state and then Pancasila became the basic name of the Indonesian state.

Then according to Muhammad Yamin, Pancasila in Sanskrit has two different meanings. According to him, Pancasila comes from the word “panca” which has the same meaning, namely five and “syila”. And for the second meaning, it uses the word “syiila” whose pronunciation uses a long vowel “i” which has the meaning of rules that are in accordance with manners and adab, something important, and so on.

2. Definition of Pancasila Historically or Historically

Pancasila historically or historically can be interpreted as a moment where the process of formulating Pancasila as the basis of the Indonesian state took place. The formulation process cannot be separated from all the past and history that has shaped it. The process of formulating Pancasila as the basis of the Indonesian state began with the BPUPKI meeting for the first time. During the trial, a person named dr. Radjiman Wedyodiningrat raised a problem and the problem was discussed at the BPUPKI session.

The essence of the problem raised by dr. Radjiman Wedyodiningrat is about the formation of formulations that will be candidates to become the foundation of the Indonesian state. Then the three figures who were the speakers submitted their formulations to be nominated to become the Pancasila formulation.

The three speakers were Mohammad Yamin, Soepomo, and Ir. Sukarno. Right on June 1, 1945, Ir. Soekarno presented the basic formulation of the Indonesian state in the session directly or without text. Then everyone in the meeting agreed to raise the basic formulation of the state put forward by Ir. Soekarno as the foundation of the Indonesian state and Ir. Soekarno also decided on the term Pancasila as the name of the foundation of the Indonesian state.

August 17, 1945 the Indonesian state proclaimed their independence then the next day, the Indonesian nation ratified the 1945 Constitution in which there were five foundations formulated by Ir. Soekarno was named Pancasila. Since then, the term Pancasila has become a general term found in Indonesian.

3. Definition of Pancasila in terms or terminology

Pancasila in terms or terminology can be interpreted as the five principles used by the Indonesian people in the nation and state. After the events of Indonesian independence which occurred on August 17, 1945, the very next day, August 18, 1945, a PPKI meeting was held. The session is useful for completing all the components used to build an independent country. The content of the session was the ratification of the 1945 Constitution.

The 1945 Constitution contains five principles that form the basis of the Indonesian state. The following is the contents of Pancasila in the text of the 1945 Constitution.

1. Belief in the One and Only God.
2. Just and Civilized Humanity.
3. Indonesian Unity.
4. Democracy led by wisdom in Representative Deliberations.
5. Social justice for all Indonesian people.

The contents of the Pancasila formulation are contained in the fourth paragraph of the 1945 Constitution. In this way, Pancasila was made the constitutional basis of the Indonesian state.

The Functions and Position of Pancasila for the Indonesian Nation

As we explained earlier that Pancasila has a position as the basis for the Indonesian state, it turns out that Pancasila also has its own function. In the following, we will present the functions of Pancasila for the Indonesian nation along with an explanation for Sinaumed’s.

1. Reflection of the Personality of the Indonesian Nation

Pancasila has a role in showing the world how the personality of the Indonesian nation itself is. There are several personality differences that are owned by the Indonesian people listed in Pancasila, namely a strong mentality, good deeds, and polite behavior.

2. The Form of the Soul of the Indonesian Nation

The values ​​of life contained in Pancasila are an illustration of the values ​​of life that are owned by the Indonesian people. The translation carried out by Pancasila can be interpreted as an encouragement to live which is the hope and ideals of the Indonesian people to be achieved and adjusted to the breath of the Indonesian people.

3. Guidelines and Outlook on the Life of the Indonesian Nation

The founding of Pancasila became a form of condensation of all aspects which helped shape the mentality, attitude, nature, behavior, norms, and manners as a way of life for the Indonesian nation.

4. Sources of Law Formers

Because Pancasila contains all aspects of the life of the Indonesian nation, Pancasila is used as a source for making laws in Indonesia. Of course, all actions taken by the Indonesian people must be based on law.

5. Form of the Indonesian Nation’s Sublime Agreement

The existence of an agreement between the founders of the state and their ancestors when establishing the Indonesian state made Pancasila a form of noble agreement.

6. Form All Hopes of the Indonesian Nation

In a Pancasila, all the hopes and aspirations of the Indonesian people are listed, that is what makes Pancasila a guideline, outlook on life, and a pillar for upholding the unity and integrity of the Indonesian nation.

The Pure Purpose of Each Pancasila Precept

Pancasila is certainly formulated not because there is no specific purpose, purpose and reason. In the following, we will present some of the pure goals of each of the formation of Pancasila as the basis of the Indonesian state.

1. Creating a nation that has religious attitudes and characteristics, is always obedient and disciplined in carrying out its worship of God Almighty.
2. Creating a nation that upholds and always respects Human Rights.
3. Creating a nation that has a high nationalist spirit and instills feelings of love for its homeland, namely the Motherland of Indonesia.
4. Creating a nation that always prioritizes common interests and always behaves democratically.
5. To give birth to a nation that always upholds justice in both economic and social terms.

The Meaning of the Symbol and the Sound of the Second Precept

In the second precept which reads, “Just and civilized humanity” has the definition that the Indonesian nation recognizes and treats all human beings according to their dignity as creatures of God Almighty, who have equal and equal degrees, have the same rights and obligations. without any act of discrimination where an act discriminates against descent, religion, ethnicity, and race.

The second Pancasila precept which reads “Just and civilized humanity” has a gold chain symbol at the bottom right. The chain symbol has a number of chains of 17 chains and forms intertwined rectangles and circles.

The chain of this rectangular shape is the shape of a man, while the circle shape is a symbol of a woman. This symbol is designed with a picture of a related chain to symbolize humans, that basically all humans need each other, both women and men. When humans unite, it will produce unity and unity.

Attitudes Contained in the Second Pancasila Precepts

The second Pancasila precept has several attitudes that must be instilled in all Indonesian people. Here are some attitudes that can be taken from the second Pancasila precept.

1. Upholding the Attitude of Always Respecting the Rights of Others

As a human being who practices the second precept, we must not only think about our own rights without regard for the rights of others.

2. Always Behave Fairly

All actions that Sinaumed’s takes must be based on a just attitude in the sense of being morally just.

3. Politeness

Show courtesy to everyone regardless of their age, whether they are older or younger than Sinaumed’s.

4. Always Respect Other People’s Opinions

If you want to be respected, then Sinaumed’s also respects other people, right! Don’t force your opinions and desires too much, you also have to think about the opinions of others.

Examples of Application of the Second Precept in Various Environments

After knowing a little information about the second precept, now is the time for us to present examples of attitudes that are in accordance with the contents of the second precept.

1. Application of the contents of the second precept in the home environment

• As a child who practices the second precept in his life, he will always respect and obey his parents at home.
• Never spoke harshly and was always polite in the home environment, especially to my parents and older siblings.
• Instill the habit of always accepting opinions and respecting the opinions of family members at home.
• Never jail and take actions that can interfere with the activities of other family members at home.
• Love each other between family members.
• If there are family members who feel in trouble, they will immediately respond to help and never complain when asked for help by family members.
• Always be fair in treating siblings, both brothers and sisters.
• Never made a fuss, on the contrary, always created a harmonious and harmonious family atmosphere.

2. Application of the contents of the second precept in the school environment

• Never causes a commotion at school and always tries to create a harmonious school environment.
• Instill the character to always respect the human rights of friends.
• Uphold respect for all teachers, employees and all residents in the school.
• Always be light-handed when asked for help either by teachers, friends, or employees at school.
• Have a high sense of sympathy and empathy for friends who are sick.
• Always listen and respect the opinions of friends even if they differ from ours.

3. Application of the contents of the second precept in society

• Does not discriminate against religion, ethnicity, race, and customs in the community.
• Maintain attitude and always be polite in various conditions in any environment.
• Have the courage to admonish and tell the truth if someone makes a mistake in a public environment.
• Do not carry out activities or actions that smell of discrimination against a group or against anyone.
• Have the attitude to always balance the implementation of rights and obligations and avoid the occurrence of actions that can undermine the rights and obligations of others.
• Always foster a sense of love and affection in the community.
• Respect the opinions of others even though they are not in line with ours, and do not impose our will on others.

So, those are some examples of attitudes that reflect the contents of the second Pancasila precept that Sinaumed’s can learn and apply at home, school, and society in everyday life.

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Examples of Attitudes in Accordance with the 3rd Precepts of Pancasila – It is not surprising if we discuss about the country of Indonesia which is considered and known by foreign countries as a country that has a lot of diversity within it. The diversity that occurs in Indonesia is not only in one aspect, but the diversity that occurs in Indonesia is diversity such as religion, culture, race, ethnicity, regional language and customs.

Sinaumed’s can say or call all these differences in diversity as an abundance of wealth and sustenance that is legally owned by our country, the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia or what is commonly abbreviated as NKRI. It is from the above statement that many citizens from abroad travel far and wide to come and vacation in Indonesia just to see and feel the atmosphere of its diversity.

However, do you know Sinaumed’s? The existence of all aspects of diversity that are owned by our country, makes the country of Indonesia has high potential and is very vulnerable to problems or conflicts, both internal conflicts and external conflicts that can occur in the midst of Indonesian society.

The problems or conflicts that occur are predicted to make us as fellow Indonesians behave to hate one another. In fact, if a problem or conflict occurs in a prolonged or continuous manner, it has a great potential to cause division and civil war between fellow Indonesian citizens.

Now, in order to overcome and avoid the occurrence of all problems that will be more complex in the future, the Indonesian state decided to create or form a state foundation in the form of an absolute ideology containing the basics of precepts which are useful for overcoming all problems. The foundation of the state was formed with the aim that the Indonesian state can overcome and get answers in choosing which method is most suitable for use in tackling these problems.

This was done so that the Indonesian state was free from conflicts and divisions that occurred among the Indonesian people. The foundation of the state or the basis of the state is named Pancasila. Until now Pancasila is still the basis of the official state of Indonesia. The presence of Pancasila really helps Indonesian citizens to always live in harmony, peace and tranquility.

The basis of the state or Pancasila contains a symbol and a deep meaning in it. Sinaumed’s needs to know that one sentence of precepts can reflect various practices of his actions in daily life, that’s because each precept contains deep values ​​and has the potential to be explained more broadly. All the precepts contained in Pancasila have their respective roles and uses, including the sound and examples of the application of the third precept of Pancasila.

So, in this article, we will invite Sinaumed’s to get to know and know more about things related to the third precept? Sinaumed’s need not worry, because in this article, we will invite Sinaumed’s to deepen Sinaumed’s’ knowledge about the history of Pancasila and its functions for Indonesia. After that we will convey everything related to the third precept, starting with the meaning of the contents of the third precept, the meaning of the symbols of the third precept, and finally, examples of practice and application of the contents of the third precept in everyday life.

History of the Formulation and Birth of Pancasila

As the official ideology and guidelines for behaving in everyday life for the Indonesian people, Pancasila certainly has a past and history that shaped it into an ideology that is used as the foundation of the Indonesian state.

Right on March 1, 1945, Japan formed a body called the Investigating Agency for the Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence or BPUPKI. The investigative agency chaired and led by Dr. Kanjeng Raden Tumenggung (KRT) or who is often called by the name Radjiman Wedyodiningrat. He opened the meeting of the organization with a speech. In the speech, dr. Radjiman asked a question addressed to the members of the Assembly. Question asked by dr. Radjiman read, “What is the basis for the State of Indonesia that we are going to form?”

During the process of formulating the basic contents of the official state, members of the Investigative Body for Preparatory Work for Indonesian Independence or BPUPKI submitted all of their proposals that could help the formulation process run quickly. The following are some of the proposed Pancasila content proposed by BPUPKI members.

1. Five Basics by Muhammad Yamin on 29 May 1945

Exactly on May 29, 1945, a well-known Indonesian figure named Muhammad Yamin submitted his proposal regarding the Five Fundamentals as a form of formulation of the basic candidate for the Indonesian state. The following is the contents of the Five Basics formulated by Muhammad Yamin.

-Nationality
-Humanity
-Divinity Fairy
-Societal Fairy
-People’s Welfare

Muhammad Yamin revealed that the five foundations of the state that he formulated were based on the history that had occurred in the country of Indonesia, civilizations in the past, religions spread across Indonesia, and the constitutional system that had long been in effect and developed in Indonesia. It is quite unfortunate, because the formulation proposed by Muhammad Yamin was doubted by Mohammad Hatta.

2. Pancasila by Ir. Sukarno on June 1, 1945

At the BPUPKI meeting on June 1, 1945, an Indonesian proclaimer who was also an Indonesian president named Ir. Soekarno opened his mouth and conveyed his proposed basic state formula. He named the formula with the name Pancasila. In his speech, he mentioned the title of his speech spontaneously with the name Speech of the Birth of Pancasila. In his speech, Ir. Soekarno conveyed some of the foundations of the state which he formulated to later serve as one of the proposals for forming the basis of the state. The contents of the basics of the state conveyed by Ir. Soekarno is as follows.

-Indonesian nationality or nationalism.
-Humanity or Internationalism.
-Consensus or Democracy.
-Social Welfare
-Cultural Godhead.

In his speech which was also the moment where he named his formula Pancasila, he uttered several sentences which more or less read:

Currently there are many principles of life, such as divinity, nationality, internationalism, consensus, and prosperity, the five foundations. There are indeed five of them, but the name is not Panca Dharma, but I will give this name the name Pancasila based on the advice of my friend who is a linguist. Panca which means five, and precepts are the foundations or principles, and the five things that I have mentioned above are the foundations that make up the Indonesian state to be an eternal and eternal state.

After that the BPUPKI members decided to choose the basic state formula proposed by Ir. Soekarno at the same time made June 1, 1945 the birth date of Pancasila as the basis of the Indonesian state and dissolved the organization. however, Sinaumed’s needs to know, before the first session was disbanded, the members of the organization decided to form a Small Committee with the following tasks.

-Making a reformulation which will later be used as Pancasila as the official basis of the Indonesian state based on the formulations submitted by Ir. Soekarno as the basic proposal of the state submitted on June 1, 1945.

– Changing the basic formulation of the state proposed by Ir. Sukarno became a text to be read during the proclamation of Indonesian independence.

The members of the Small Committee were chosen by nine more people to form an organization called the Committee of Nine. The Committee of Nine is tasked with realizing all the tasks that have been formed by the Small Committee. The tasks and plans that had been prepared by the Small Committee were approved and the Committee of Nine started to carry them out. Right on June 22, 1945, the Jakarta Charter was born.

It was only on June 1, 2016, after all this time that one of the Indonesian Presidents who served at that time, namely President Joko Widodo, decided to sign Presidential Decree (Keppres) Number 24 of 2016 which contained the Birthday of Pancasila and at the same time designated this day as the national holidays and these regulations take effect starting in 2017.

Pancasila function

· Reference for the life of the Indonesian nation
· Distinguishing the character of the Indonesian nation from other nations
· Forming the personality of the Indonesian nation
· The basis of the official state of the Indonesian nation
· The source for the formation of all applicable laws in Indonesia
· Forms of the noble agreement of the Indonesian nation

The description of the points of Pancasila practice

We obtained these points based on MPR Decree No.I/MPR/2003

1. As an Indonesian citizen, you must be able to wisely prioritize common interests over individual interests or personal interests and certain groups. This reflects the attitude and attitude of the unity and integrity of Indonesia.
2. Able to sacrifice everything and be willing to sacrifice for the sake of the state and nation.
3. Able to uphold and develop an attitude of nationalism to love the motherland and the Indonesian nation.
4. Have a sense of pride because they have become Indonesian citizens and have an Indonesian homeland.
5. Preserving world order on the foundation of independence between countries, existence of eternal peace, and equitable social justice.
6. Preserving attitudes and characters that reflect the unity and integrity of Indonesia on the basis of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika.
7. Expanding associations and friendship networks to strengthen national unity and integrity.

The Meaning of the Symbol of the Third Precept

As Sinaumed’s knows, the third precept is symbolized by a large banyan tree. The following is the meaning of each part in the symbol of the third precept.

1. The symbol of the Great Banyan Tree

Sinaumed’s certainly already knows what a banyan tree looks like, right? Generally, the banyan tree itself grows to a very large size unlike the general size of other trees. This large banyan tree gives a sensation of beauty and has its own special power for those who see it. Or it can also be said, that this large banyan tree has its own meaning that the nation and state of Indonesia is a nation and state that is large in size. In other words, the Indonesian nation has a variety of cultures that are abundant in it and are very beautiful and special when shown to the outside world.

Not only that, this large tree also has various uses in it. The banyan tree can be used as a shelter for the people around it. The banyan tree brings cool and comfortable air, this feeling of comfort will not disappear and we will feel like taking shelter in the banyan tree again. In this case, the banyan tree can convey the meaning that Indonesian citizens who are abroad or not in Indonesia will certainly feel a longing just like the longing for shelter under a large banyan tree. These longings are in the form of a longing for comfort, peace, and serenity in Indonesia.

2. Background Color is White

The third Pancasila precept has a banyan tree symbol with white as the background of the tree. The white background color helps to clarify the symbol of the banyan tree in the third precept. With this description, we can conclude that the white background color means that the white color in Indonesian does not clash and collide with other colors.

Besides that, the white background color also gives the impression that it symbolizes a purity, a form of honesty, purity, cleanliness, and also authenticity. The things symbolized by the white color are the hopes and aspirations of the Indonesian people.

The Meaning of the Contents of the Third Precept

The third precept, which reads “Indonesian Unity” and has the symbol of a banyan tree, does indeed have the shortest precept sound. However, this third precept certainly has a very close relationship with the unity and unity that exists in the state of Indonesia as the precepts say. It is the sound of this that makes this third precept the basis of social life in Indonesia. This is done so that in social life, residents are always in harmony, remain intact, and there is not a single conflict or division that occurs

The country of Indonesia itself has a geographical form in which the country is a country in the form of islands spread all over the country. Each island in Indonesia itself has its own role which can influence the development of this Indonesian state. Without the help and encouragement of the people who live in the islands across Indonesia, the development of the Indonesian state will not be as fast as it is.

Due to the existence and willingness of the people who occupy these islands to help the development of the Indonesian nation, this country has developed rapidly. This will is certainly based on Pancasila, especially the third Pancasila precept. The presence of the third precept in Pancasila makes the hearts of the Indonesian people moved to support and help if there are residents from other areas who experience disaster. In conclusion, the three data principles encourage the Indonesian people to always work together.

Examples of Applying the Third Precept in Everyday Life

The precepts which have the sound “Indonesian Unity” occupy the third precept in Pancasila which is the basis of the state. The third precept means that it is an obligation for an Indonesian citizen to uphold the unity and integrity of the nation.

In addition, unity and integrity also play an important role in various aspects, such as political, social, cultural, defense, economic and security aspects. This union was developed with the aim of increasing the sense of unity among citizens in having cultural diversity in the country of Indonesia.

1. An example of the third precept at home is:

• Diligent and active in studying for the purpose of studying so that both parents can be proud.
• Always respect older family members and do not forget to always respect younger family members.
• Always helps family members who are doing housework.
• Always prioritize common interests (family) and ignore personal interests.
• Develop and create a harmonious atmosphere at home.

2. An example of the attitude of the third precept at school is:

• Always active and diligent in studying and instilling confidence to make the name of the school proud through achievement,
• Instilling mutual respect among fellow school members.
• Prioritizing common interests at school rather than self-interest or the interests of the group being occupied.
• Always instill an attitude to always maintain attitude and maintain harmony among school members.
• Always be solemn during ceremonies to show our love for the Motherland.
• Deepen historical knowledge in order to be able to learn all the sacrifices of the heroes and to increase the love for the motherland.

3. Examples of the third precept attitude in the community, namely:

• Consuming and buying domestic products.
• Always be tolerant and avoid belittling other indigenous tribes.
• Always instill a sense of always prioritizing the harmony and unity of the Indonesian nation compared to the interests of the group, oneself and the group.
• Always participate in various activities in the community that are held around the residence, such as Sunday community service or siskamling.
• Orderly and willing to pay taxes according to applicable regulations and time.
• Do not feel objection to sacrificing wealth, energy, and body and soul if necessary to be able to protect the sovereignty of the Indonesian nation and state.
• Always obey the rules that apply.
• Love all the cultural diversity in Indonesia.

Those are some examples of the application of the third precept in Pancasila that Sinaumed’s can apply in his daily life, as well as some other information regarding the third precept and the history of Pancasila and its functions. Hopefully this article helps Sinaumed’s in overcoming Sinaumed’s’ curiosity.

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Examples of Suggestion Sentences, Definition of Suggestion Sentences, and Characteristics of Suggestion Sentences – In Indonesian there are various forms of sentences that can be used to carry out conversations with one another. One of them is a sentence of advice that we often use in everyday life. A suggestion sentence is a sentence that is expressed by someone to another person which contains an opinion or hope for something.

Sentences of advice are often used by someone to express an opinion about something or submit a recommendation to other people.

In addition, suggestions are also often used in a literary work, where the writer provides a suggestion page to be used as a recommendation, review, editorial which is made in the form of an argumentative paragraph.

The following is an explanation of the sentence suggestions as well as their meaning, characteristics, and examples,

What is a Suggestion Sentence?

Sentences also end with a punctuation mark, either a full stop (.), an exclamation mark (!) which indicates a sentence as an imperative sentence, or a question mark (?) which indicates a sentence as a question sentence.

The word suggestion in the KBBI or Big Indonesian Dictionary is an opinion or suggestion, recommendation, or ideals put forward by someone to consider something. A suggestion sentence is a sentence that is expressed by someone to another person which contains opinions or hopes for something.

Everyone has the opportunity to give advice to others, regardless of age or gender. However, in giving an opinion or hope to someone in the form of a suggestion sentence, it would be better to convey it well without offending other people about our opinion.

Therefore, for those of you students who want to achieve these skills, buy and study this book right now.

The Difference Between Suggestion and Criticism

Often we cannot distinguish which is a suggestion and which is a criticism. Here’s the difference between suggestion and criticism.

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary or KBBI, criticism is a criticism or a form of response which is sometimes accompanied by good and bad descriptions and considerations given by someone towards a work, opinion, and so on. Criticism can also be regarded as a correction of actions or actions that have occurred.

Suggestions usually contain messages for improvement, so that the image will be more positive. While criticism, which describes the message in a more negative way, such as giving unfavorable remarks and negative comments.

An example of the difference between advice and criticism is as follows.

• Criticism: Your writing is terrible.
• Suggestion: It would be better if your writing changed the way of writing so that the message you want to convey can be well received by readers.

Characteristics of Suggestion Sentences 

To find out what distinguishes suggestion sentences from other types of sentences, you must know the characteristics of suggestion sentences. Following are the characteristics of suggestion sentences.

1. The first characteristic of suggestion sentences is that there is usually a marker word that is used, usually at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle of the sentence. The following are examples of marker words, namely should, preferably, better if, keep in mind that, try, should, my advice and various other similar marker words.
2. The second characteristic of suggestion sentences is that they are often used in everyday life and also in a literary work. Suggestion sentences can also be used for editorial text, reviews, or argumentative paragraphs.
3. The third characteristic of the suggestion sentence is that at the end of the sentence, the suggestion sentence does not use exclamation marks which describe it as an exclamation sentence or a prohibition sentence.

In this way, this book is here to meet the expectations of all those involved in learning Indonesian, from teachers, students, lecturers to practitioners who study and develop Indonesian language materials.

Examples of Suggestion Sentences

Here are various examples of suggestions sentences that can be used when you want to give opinions or hopes to other people:

1. You better focus on studying for tomorrow’s exam instead of playing so you can face the test.
2. You should complete the assignments given by the teacher so you don’t get penalized later.
3. You better not waste the time you have so you don’t regret it later.
4. I think you should apologize to him for what you did back then.
5. It would be nice if all of you got to know each other.
6. You should not watch too much TV because it can damage your eyes.
7. The government should be able to find a solution to control fuel prices which continue to rise.
8. You better clean your bedroom so mommy won’t be angry.
9. It would be better if you avoid debates that can lead to conflict.
10. You better not go anywhere in a situation like this.
11. You should change your attitude towards the parents who gave birth and raised you.
12. Try not to be a burden to others and work hard on your own.
13. Better fix your assignment now if you want to get good grades.
14. You shouldn’t sacrifice your time to play, and focus on studying for your future.
15. The SIM should be valid for life so that people no longer need to be bothered with matters regarding the renewal of a SIM every five years.
16. If you want to be a successful person, don’t stay lazy at home every day.
17. Respect your parents who have cared for and raised you, then you will be happy in this world and in the hereafter.
18. You shouldn’t cause problems in the office that can cause you to be fired from work.
19. As far as I know, it would be better if every employee was given the right to leave so that his enthusiasm for work would not be lost and maintained.
20. In my personal opinion, we can increase the company’s current profit by creating a new sub-business.
21. In my experience, new employees should receive initial employee training with a minimum of one month so that they understand the ways and work systems that exist in this company.
22. Schools should provide knowledge and space to develop talents for each student so that they can develop.
23. Everyone should be able to have integrity within themselves so that the problem of corruption in Indonesia can be reduced.
24. Subjects in schools should not burden students to study continuously so they can have time to develop their talents.
25. You better forget about the bad past that has passed and start moving forward with a clear mind and optimism.
26. The government should provide fair social security to every citizen because it is everyone’s right.
27. Every student at school should be able to respect their teacher as they respect their parents at school.
28. Roads should be given clear signs so that every vehicle driver can comply with applicable regulations.
29. The plane should not have waited for a plane that was late due to personal negligence which could cause the flight to be delayed.
30. The helmet you use should be washed and cleaned regularly so that your scalp is kept clean.
31. Parents should not yell at their children too often so that the child does not experience trauma.
32. To maintain the health of our teeth, we should brush our teeth every day at least twice.
33. Every existing hospital should have a regular patient visit schedule so that patients can rest in peace.
34. We recommend that we go early to the restaurant so that later we do not have to queue to order a seat
35. We better book plane tickets from now on so we’re not in a hurry and get more affordable prices and comfortable seats.
36. The government should think about the condition of the people by increasing the BPJS contribution rate, which has a high chance of being burdened by this decision.
37. Teachers as parents at school should be able to set a good example and role model for all their students.
38. We recommend that you bring your motorbike to a repair shop to be checked regularly so that the condition of the vehicle remains prime and there is no risk of an accident.
39. We recommend that you order cinema tickets from now so that you get seats a bit back and not too close to the cinema screen.
40. We should sell our old cellphones before they are completely damaged and there is no price on the market anymore.
41. It’s good for us to stop all the negative things that have all got here.
42. You should be able to think more maturely so that the existing problems don’t become as complicated as they are today.
43. You better take a day off today and calm your mind from all the problems that exist.
44. We should all exercise regularly so that we look fresher and our bodies become healthier every day.
45. It would be better if you determine the topic of the research title that you want to take first before determining the title of the research.
46. It’s better if you don’t rush to finish the job and think carefully to find the best solution.
47. Before exercising both light and heavy, it would be better to warm up first to stretch the muscles of the body.
48. It would be better if the spices were just crushed rather than blended so that the taste tastes better.
49. You should have completed the assignments given so that your grades don’t have problems at school.
50. You should not bring any electronic devices into the exam room when you go to school, so there is no risk of breaking the rules.
51. It’s a good idea to start preparing supplies for our trip later,
52. Try to be a better person by not doing bad things like that again.
53. Check and make sure all electronic devices are turned off before you leave the house.
54. It is recommended for everyone not to get too close to the computer screen so that eye health is maintained.
55. You should start obeying the rules in the office if you don’t want to get into trouble in the future.
56. Use a sharper knife if you want to cut through the meat more easily.
57. Make sure everyone gets their rights and obligations as employees in this office so that there is no discrimination.
58. Make sure all the spices are mixed thoroughly if you want to produce a good taste.
59. You should prioritize school first if you want to be successful.
60. Stop smoking if you want to have a healthy life and avoid respiratory diseases.

The book, which was compiled based on the revised 2016 edition of the 2013 Curriculum, will describe a method that includes attitude, knowledge, and skill competencies. Of course this book will really help you in the process of learning Indonesian.

Tips for Making Suggestion Sentences

Here are some tips you can do to make a good and correct suggestion sentence.

1. Make Constructive and Polite Sentences

The first tip is to make suggestions that are constructive and use polite language so that listeners can properly accept the opinion you give. Often people give suggestions to be seen and seen well by others and not the recipient.

So often people give too to the point, where when people are in trouble what they need is to think calmly and find solutions well. By using polite language, the suggestions you give will be easier to accept and maybe he will accept your suggestions well.

2. Create a sentence that provides a solution

The second tip is to make a suggestion sentence that provides a solution or a solution to the problem to the person receiving it so that the person can solve the problem.

When you give a suggestion, you should first position yourself as that person, so you can understand that the problem they are facing is not trivial.

3. Providing Advice in the Right Situations and Conditions

The third tip is to give advice at the right time and place to the recipient. What is meant is, you cannot directly give advice to other people in public where many people can hear, unless there is an urgent situation or you are asked to express an opinion.

Usually advice is given to people who are in trouble, telling it to the general public will not solve the problem. It will be more if you give advice personally and at the right time so that what you want to convey can be well received.

4. Make Suggestion Sentences without Patronizing the Recipient

The fourth tip is to make suggestions without patronizing the recipient. We all definitely don’t like it when someone suddenly patronizes us about the problems we have, that’s the feeling when people who are in trouble are approached by you who suddenly give suggestions for their problems. You can start with small talk so that the advice you give can be well received.

5. Make Logical Suggestion Sentences

The fifth tip is to make suggestions that are logical and can solve existing problems. When you want to give a suggestion, make sure the suggestion is logical and can overcome existing problems and show a better way. Don’t let the misleading advice you give actually makes the recipient’s problem even more heated and has a bigger negative impact.

With you having and reading this book, the writing practice that you are engaged in will be better and more organized according to good and correct Indonesian, including in making suggestions sentences.

Conclusion

Suggestion sentences are a word order that is used to give our opinions and hopes to others. By studying and understanding this, we will have a better way of saying things and the opinions we give may be accepted by the people we address.

Often people cannot distinguish between suggestions and criticisms, by studying the explanation above regarding the meaning, characteristics, and various examples of suggestions sentences, it is hoped that with this everyone will try to change their perspective and speak better and politely.

Well, that’s an explanation of the sentences of advice that we often use without awareness in everyday life. With the explanation above, we come to understand how we can give our opinion about other people’s problems properly.

If Sinaumed’s wants to learn more about this or understand how to use good and correct Indonesian, start looking for references both from internet sources and book references on how to speak good and correct Indonesian.

You can start reading books on how to speak good and correct words which are only available at sinaumedia as your #Friends Without Limits, as one example is the Advanced Indonesian Language e-book made by Puji Santosa and Muhammad Jaruki which explains how to hone skills using Indonesian is good, correct, and polite.

This e-book is here as a textbook for students in tertiary institutions that collect skills in using Indonesian properly and correctly and politely. Because by knowing and understanding the rules for using the Indonesian language which is good and correct as well as polite, it will shape the personality of a nation that is cultured, civilized and dignified.

Therefore, this e-book must be owned and read by students in tertiary institutions or anyone as learning material to be Proficient in Indonesian: Good, Correct, and Polite.

Author : Andrew

Rights and Obligations of Students at School – Friends of Sinaumed’s, in this discussion we will discuss the rights and obligations of students while at school. As a student, they still have rights and obligations, even though they are not yet adults.

Parents on the other hand also need to inform their children’s rights and obligations while at school. This is quite important to do because indirectly it is very useful to train children in discipline, order, and an understanding of responsibility.

As we know that rights are something that can be owned and accepted, while obligations are something that must be done according to applicable regulations. Rights and obligations must be carried out in a balanced way so that inequality does not occur. Rights are obtained after carrying out obligations.

Friends of Sinaumed’s, as a student or student, have you known the rights and obligations of students at school? Humans without exception by nature have rights which then give rise to obligations.

Everyone who has rights and incurs consequences receives similar rights from others around him. This is what causes rights and obligations. The right to get something that should be owned and the obligation to respect the same rights for others. 

These rights and obligations apply in all aspects of life. Interestingly, when in a certain place or organization, there are certain new rights and obligations that are more specific, for example the rights and obligations of a student who is at school will be different from his rights and obligations when he is at home, which must be accepted and there will be rights and obligations in both environments. What are the rights and obligations of these students?

Then, what are the rights and obligations of a student at school? Let’s look at the following explanation.

However, before knowing something that is the right of students when they are at school, it would be nice for us to first understand the meaning of rights and obligations put forward by experts.

Definition of Rights

As Sinaumed’s knows, the term rights are not foreign to hear and read in everyday life. When Friends of Sinaumed’s talk about rights, a statement will immediately arise that rights are a device that is universal, that has been inherent or exists within an individual or every human being since they were born into the world.

These universal rights or devices are very fair because they apply to everyone and regardless of any differences that are inherent in that human being, such as gender, religion, skin color, cultural group, nationality, caste, profession, and many more. Types of rights that have their own meaning and characteristics can be called Human Rights (HAM).

We will mention and explain the meaning of rights from various sides and the opinions of experts.

1. General

In general, rights are opportunities given to each individual to be able to get, do, and have something he wants.

An individual who gets the right has the potential to realize that they have the power and ability to get, do, and have something. In addition, rights can make an individual aware of their limits in what they may or may do and cannot do.

The right to take on an important role and position in various aspects of an individual’s life, for example the life of an individual in adapting to a society or a particular group. There are several factors that encourage the creation of rights, namely there are social, ethical, and legal boundaries.

2. Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI)

According to KBBI, a right is something that is right, belongs to, has authority, has the power to do something (because it has been determined by laws and regulations, right has power over something or to demand something, degree or dignity.

3. Soerjono Soekanto

Soerjono Soekanto divides rights into two parts, namely relative rights or which can be interpreted as unidirectional rights and absolute rights or which can be interpreted as rights which have a plural direction.

Relative rights or unidirectional rights mean that relative rights are a form of rights formed from an agreement or can be called the law of engagement. Relative rights can be exemplified by a person’s ability to collect their achievements or even the right to pay off their achievements.

Then, absolute rights or rights that have a plural direction are tangible like a right contained in a law regulated by the state. We can call it constitutional law. In addition, other forms of absolute rights are personality rights in the form of the right to life and the right to liberty; ownership rights to a non-material object in the form of brand rights and copyrights; as well as family rights in the form of child custody, husband and wife, and parental custody.

4. Srijanti

Srijanti argued that rights are normative elements that function as guidelines for behavior, protect freedom, immunity, and guarantee opportunities for humans to maintain their dignity.

5. Prof. Dr. Notonegoro

Prof. Dr. Notonegoro explained that rights are a power or ability of an individual to be able to carry out several activities such as receiving, doing, and possessing something that the individual should have accepted, done, and owned. Rights that have been assigned to an individual cannot be transferred or transferred to another individual. That is the reason each individual receives different rights according to their portion.

6. John Salmond

Salmond conveys the definition of rights by dividing them into several parts, namely:

• Rights in a narrow sense, namely rights inherent in a person as the owner of a right, rights that are directed to other people as holders of an obligation between correlative rights and obligations, rights that can contain obligations to other parties to carry out an action or not perform deeds, as well as the rights arising from the title inherent in the owner;
• The right to independence, namely the right to give freedom to someone in carrying out activities granted by law, but not to disturb, violate, and abuse, so that it can violate the rights of others and also liberation from the rights of others;
• The right of power, namely the right given to go through the streets and also legal means in changing rights, obligations and other responsibilities in legal relations.
• The right of immunity, namely the right to be freed from the power of the law of others.

7. RMT Sukamto Notonagoro

Prof. RMT Sukamto Notonagoro argues that rights are an authority when an individual has the authority to accept or do something he wants and that individual should have received or done.

This right cannot and cannot be given to other individuals, so that it cannot be exercised and accepted by other individuals. Rights and obligations owned by citizens have the power to be prosecuted by the parties concerned.

Through some of the opinions of several experts above, it can be concluded that rights are everything that is appropriate and absolute to be obtained by individuals as members of a citizen since they are still in the womb.

Definition of Liability

Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the meaning of obligation. Here are some opinions of experts about the definition of liability.

1. Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI)

According to KBBI, an obligation is (something) that is required or something that must be carried out and required. According to this understanding, it can be said that an obligation is a task or job that must be done and completed properly.

2. Prof. Dr. Notonegoro

Prof. Dr. Notonegoro stated that the obligation is a burden to provide something that should be left alone or given solely by certain parties, which in principle can be forced to demand by those concerned.

3. John Salmond

According to John Salmond, obligation is something that must be done by someone. If he doesn’t, he will be penalized.

4.Fredrick Pollock

Frederick Pollock said that an obligation equals a duty. In a legal sense, an obligation is something that can be legally binding between two or more people.

5. Curzon

Curzon explains the definition of liability by dividing it into five groups, namely:

• Absolute obligations, namely obligations that are directed to oneself and are not coupled with rights that involve other parties;
• Public obligations, namely the obligation of a person to comply with public rights and also civil obligations, which arise from agreements that correlate with civil rights;
• Positive obligations, namely obligations that want to be done well;
• Universal obligations, namely obligations addressed to all citizens or certain groups that arise from certain fields of law;
• Primary obligation, which is an obligation that does not arise from an unlawful act and is in nature to provide sanctions, for example the obligation not to defame.

Through some of the opinions of the experts above, it can be concluded that obligations are everything that must be done while in a place, region, and country. Rights then cannot be separated from obligations, and vice versa.

Examples of Student Rights at School

These are some of the rights that students receive when they are at school.

1. Obtaining Knowledge from the Teacher

The first right as a student is to gain knowledge. Parents send their children to a school with the aim of gaining knowledge. They are later expected to gain a lot of new knowledge from various subjects given according to their class level. Students have the right to be taught or guided by teachers who are competent in their fields so that they become smart and accomplished students.

2. Using School Facilities

To support the teaching and learning process, schools will provide various adequate facilities. The facilities provided include comfortable classrooms, sports arenas, prayer rooms, libraries, canteens, toilets, and so on. All students have the right to use the facilities provided according to their function. Even so, students must be able to maintain and care for all the facilities provided.

3. Get Protection and Security from the School

The next student right is the right to get protection and security from the school. Please note, if a child will spend a lot of time at school with teachers, friends, staff, and other school members.

This is what makes a student must get protection and security while at school and away from his parents. The school on the other hand must also guarantee the safety of all students regardless of ethnicity, religion and other backgrounds.

4. Ask Questions

School students also have the right to ask questions, both inside and outside the classroom if necessary, especially asking questions related to learning material that is felt to be unclear. It is through this right that students get even more in-depth explanations, even repeated more than once until they can really understand the material presented by their teacher clearly.

5. Express Opinion

Students in the school environment also have the right to express their opinions, especially those related to political activities. An example of this activity is participating in the election for the Student Council Chair, the election for class president, the election for Scout leader, and so on.

Examples of Student Obligations at School

Here are some of the obligations of a student that they must do while at school.

1. Obey the school rules and regulations

Every school has its own rules and regulations. The rules and regulations for each school may differ from one another. Well, the first task of a student is the obligation to comply with all the rules and regulations that apply at school. These rules and regulations are made with the aim that the teaching and learning process can take place in a conducive manner, make the school environment orderly, and train discipline.

2. Following Class Hours and School Activities

The next student obligation is to follow study hours and activities at school. Students must attend all lessons from the first hour to the last hour. This means students may not leave class without permission from the homeroom teacher, class teacher, and picket teacher. Students are allowed to leave class and school when the learning process is over. In addition, students must also take part in school activities such as morning exercises, flag ceremonies, scouts, extracurricular activities, and other activities.

3. Come to School on Time

Before the school bell rings, a student must have come to school. This means that students must come to school on time (generally at 07.00 am) or depending on each school’s policy. If a student is absent from school, the parent or guardian of the student must provide a letter of permission for not attending school or you can also contact the school staff or teacher.

4. Keeping the School Clean

A student is obliged to maintain the cleanliness of the school, so it is not allowed to litter. In addition, they also have an obligation to run pickets in their respective classes.

5. Support Learning Activities

A student at school is also required to support learning activities in class and outside the classroom, for example obeying instructions given by the teacher, not being noisy during class, entering class in an orderly manner, and so on.

6. Wearing School Supplies

The next obligation is to wear school supplies according to the rules imposed by the school, for example bringing textbooks, wearing uniforms, wearing shoes with colors according to the rules, and so on.

Well, that’s information about the Rights and Obligations of Students at School . The rights of students at school are everything that is appropriate and absolute for a student to get while at school, while the obligations of students at school are everything that must be done by students while at school. These rights then cannot be separated from their obligations as a student, and vice versa.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

• Benefits of Living in Harmony at Home, School, and Society
• Definition of Rights: Types of Rights and Examples
• Definition of Liability: Types and Examples
• Differences in School Study Hours in Other Countries
• School Goals: Types, Management, and the Concept of Effective Schools

Examples of Social Interaction Between Individuals and Groups – Humans are social beings who always need the help of others in their lives. Not only do they need help, but other people in every human being certainly become friends for the human himself. It is unimaginable if we only live alone without anyone, of course we will be bothered with problems in this world.

In this case the role of society is very important for us. They are the ones who will help us in all situations if we need someone else. This has also been explained in sociology. For example, if someone lives on a remote island alone then they won’t be able to last long, because humans actually still need interaction with other humans.

Interactions carried out between humans certainly provide benefits and knowledge. Every time we meet new people, we can also get new knowledge from that person. We can learn what he is studying or doing. Not even just with one person, we can also interact with community groups.

In sociology, interaction is understood as a process that may be unintentional or planned, repetitive, and occurs regularly. Social interaction also always involves two or more people or two or more groups. This interactive process is the basis for the formation of the social structure and culture of society. This is because social institutions and norms are formed through interactions between individuals and groups, and the system (society) in which people live is formed.

On this occasion, sinaumedia will discuss examples of social interactions between individuals and groups. For those of you who don’t understand, maybe your questions about this will be answered in this article. For more, let’s look at the following review.

Definition of Social Interaction

Homans defines interaction as an event in which an action taken against another person by a person is rewarded or punished by the actions of another person who becomes his partner. The concept put forward by Homans postulates that actions taken by one individual in interaction are a stimulus to the actions of other people who become partners.

On the other hand, according to Shaw, social interaction is an interpersonal exchange in which each person shows his actions in front of him and each action affects the other.

Thibaut and Kelly also said that social interaction is an event that influences one another and when two or more people are together they create results for each other or communicate with each other. Thus, in terms of interaction, everyone’s actions aim to influence others.

According to Bonner, interaction is a relationship between two or more people where individual behavior affects, changes, affects other individuals, and vice versa.

According to Anagoro and Widiyanti, social interaction is the heart of all social life. Because we cannot live together without social interaction. Unity of life occurs when people or groups of people work together. Talking to each other to achieve common goals, etc.

According to Walgito, social interaction is a relationship between one person and another and is reciprocal because one person can influence another and vice versa. Relationships can be person-to-person, person-to-group, or group-to-group relationships.

According to some of these experts, the notion of social interaction can lead us to the conclusion that interaction is a relationship between two or more people, with each person playing an active role in it. Interaction does not only include the relationship between the parties involved, but also influences each other.

Influential Factors in Social Interaction

Social interaction is influenced by several factors, including factors from other humans who are interacting or communicating. Here are the factors that influence social interaction.

1. Imitation Factor

Many social scientists claim that all social life is actually based on factors of imitation. Although this view turns out to be one-sided, the role of imitation in social interaction is not insignificant.

2. Suggestion Factor

Suggestion for someone is to express their point of view or attitude in a sentence and then be accepted by others. It is also true that suggestion plays a role in the formation of group norms, social prejudices, moral norms, and political norms. In their environment, parents, educators, or friends have taken them for granted without further consideration.

Suggestion is a psychological influence of oneself and others that is generally accepted without criticism. Therefore, in psychology, a distinction is made between suggestions which are suggestions from oneself and suggestions from the mind which are suggestions from others.

3. Factor Identification

Identification is a term coined by Sigmund Freud, a figure in the field of psychology. Identification is the desire to be identical with other people. Identification is carried out by other people and people who are considered ideal in one aspect in order to obtain norms, attitudes, and value systems that are considered ideal which are lacking in him.

This process occurs unconsciously, automatically, and objects of identification are not chosen rationally, but are selected based on subjective and emotional judgments.

Identification can be done in two ways. For example, children learn and accept social norms because parents consciously educate them, and children identify with their parents because they are a very important place for parents to identify with their children.

In psychology, identification means the desire to be identical or the same as another person, both physically and mentally.

4. Sympathy Factor

Sympathy can be defined as a feeling of caring for another person. Sympathy arises when the conscious human ego feels compassion for another person. Sympathy connects one person to another, whereas antipathy tends to suppress or completely exclude intrapersonal relationships.

Sympathy is the feeling of being attracted to one person by another. Sympathy is not based on rationalization, but occurs on the basis of evaluation and identification of emotions. People can also suddenly become attracted to other people because they like the way other people behave.

Definition of Social Interaction Between Individuals and Groups

The social interaction of an individual with a group is a reciprocal relationship maintained by a person with a group. This group includes a small number, for example three people or a larger group. Interaction between individuals and groups is the relationship that takes place between individual groups and people to achieve their goals. Interactions between individuals and groups can be formal, including rules, but there are also informal or uncontrolled, free interactions.

Examples of Social Interaction Between Individuals and Groups

• The chairman of the committee chaired the meeting of the national conference. In meetings, the chairperson provides additional directions, while meeting members can submit suggestions and recommendations.
• Mr. RT explained the government assistance to the surrounding community. Where Mr. RT acts as an individual, and the community is a group.
• A basketball coach determines the game strategy with the team he coaches.
• A teacher teaches students in class.
• A facilitator of the workshop conducts a question and answer session with the participants.
• A regent holds a working meeting with his subordinates.
• Company bosses negotiate with unions about wages.
• Ulama preaching to the congregation in recitation at the mosque.
• A defendant is tried in court.

Sinaumed’s, that’s the article about social interaction between individuals and groups. Of course interaction is needed by humans to establish friendship so that they always get knowledge or interesting things outside of themselves. In addition, humans also of course will always need the help of others, therefore interaction is very important.

If you want to learn more about social interaction or other sociology, you can buy books available at sinaumedia. sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits has provided a variety of quality books that you can have. Come on Sinaumed’s, buy the book now!

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Examples of Social Groups – As individuals who always interact with other people or are often referred to as social beings, the term “social group” is certainly not foreign to them. According to Soerjono Soekanto, social groups are associations or units where people live together because they are interconnected and influence each other.

Ordinary community groups are formed naturally by individuals or by accident. Proximity and similarity are the most important factors in the formation of social groups.

Apart from geographical location, everyone can communicate easily. Also, the person often interacts with others who have something in common with them. Eventually they form social groups.

Basically everyone is part of a social group. The role of social groups in human life is very important. There are many forms of social groups around us without us realizing it. A social group is usually formed for a common goal or just an ordinary association to spend free time and seek pleasure together.

So, from this explanation of social groups, we will further discuss the characteristics, types, and examples of social groups that exist in society in general.

Further discussion of these social groups can be seen below!

Definition of Social Groups

A social group is a group of people or a community that is structured and has a common goal so that they can form social institutions/organizations by not violating the laws and regulations in force in that country, whether established or not. Social groups function as a means for people to participate in the development of the nation and state.

Social institutions are procedures that are made to regulate the relationships of people in a group called the Association. Associations and social institutions have a very close relationship. Organizations that do not have permanent members have followers in a group called an association. In other words, associations are expressions of social institutions. Associations have charters, laws, membership and clear operational objectives.

Here are some definitions of social groups according to experts:

1. Soerjono Soekanto

According to Soerjono Soekanto, social groups are also called social institutions. The term social group is a foreign term for social institutions. However, there are people who use the term social organization to translate social organization. Indeed, social institutions refer to the factors that govern the behavior of members of a society.

2. Koentjaraningrat

According to Koentjaraningrat, a social group is a system of behavior and relationships that focuses on activities aimed at meeting the needs of a very complex community life. Another term is social construction, a translation of the German word soziale gebilde which describes the form and structure of these institutions.

3. Robert Mac Iver and Charles H. Page

According to Robert Mac Iver and Charles H. Page, explaining social groups as procedures or processes designed to regulate human relations within a community group.

4. Leopold von Wiese and Howard Becker

While Leopold von Wiese and Howard Becker saw social groups from their functional point of view, they interpreted social groups as networks of relational processes between people and between functional groups of people, the ability to maintain these relationships, and patterns, according to Humanity. flowers and lots.

5.Summer

In addition, sociologist Summer looks at social groups from a cultural perspective. Summer defines social groups as actions, ideals, and attitudes that are cultural devices, are permanent, and are intended to meet the needs of society.

Types of social groups

Social groups are social units consisting of two or more individuals who carry out social interactions and have division of tasks, structures, and existing norms. Here are some types of social groups that you can know:

1. Primary Group (Main)

A group in which social interaction occurs whose members know each other very closely and are closely related in life. Meanwhile, according to George Homans, a primary group is a group of people who are in regular contact with each other so that everyone can communicate directly (face to face) without intermediaries. For example: family, RT, playmates, church groups and others.

2. Secondary Group

Secondary organizations usually contain intellectual, logical, and contractual relationships. Organizations like this are not intended to provide inner satisfaction, but they have members because they can provide tools in the form of salaries or awards to their members. For example, an organization is a cooperation contract between an employer and a prospective employee in which they must agree on a salary.

If social interaction takes place indirectly, remotely, and is a bit of a kinship relationship. The relationships that are created are generally more objective. For example: political parties, trade unions, and other organizations.

3. Formal Groups

A formal/official group is a group formed by a group of people/society with a well-defined structure that explains the relationship of authority, power, responsibility and responsibility, duties and has legal force. The current structure also describes how channels are formed through which communication takes place.

It then displays specific tasks for each of its members. The hierarchy of formal organizational goals is clearly stated. Status, prestige, rewards, rank and position, and other requirements are simplified and controlled. In addition, formal organizations are long-lived and planned, and because they emphasize order, they are relatively rigid.

Within this group is marked by the existence of regulations or basic references (AD) that apply, and the Bylaws (ART). Its members are appointed by the organization. Examples of this group are all associations with AD/ART such as: Schools, Universities, Government Agencies etc.

4. Informal Groups

Informal groups are groups that appear within formal groups. The difference is, informal groups do not use binding rules. Examples of informal groups are play groups, study groups, and work groups. The formation of informal groups is carried out on the basis of similarities between members. For example, similarities in types of work, interests, gender, regional origin, ethnicity, and religion.

If the formal group is a group that is formed without affiliation, then the informal group actually has an emotional bond that exists. For example, production department workers gather after work. They gathered because they had a break or wanted to talk about matters other than work. These informal groups arise from the diverse needs of workers. This type of group arises from social needs such as friends, affection, training, and education

As a group that grows out of its interactions, attractions, and needs. Group membership is often irregular and membership is determined by mutual attraction between individuals and groups. This group has a clear but informal division of tasks and is based solely on kinship and interests. For example: fishing community, anime lover community, etc

Social Group Functions

Therefore, the existence of social groups is functional for social life. These functions include:

• Provide guidance to community members regarding attitudes towards community problems, especially those related to basic needs.
• Maintain the integrity of the community involved.
• Provide guidance to community members to monitor member behavior.

Thus, social groups are a series of procedural processes designed to regulate human relations in social life. Therefore, there are social institutions in all societies, simple societies as well as modern societies. That’s because every society wants an orderly life.

Characteristics of Social Groups

A group can be said to be a social group if it has the following characteristics:

• There are similar patterns among individuals. (leading to interaction or cooperation to achieve the same goal)
• There are consequences of different interactions between individuals (consequences depend on the preferences and skills of the individuals involved)
• There is a clear assignment and establishment of a group or organizational structure that includes the roles and positions of each person.
• There is an affirmation of norms that guide the behavior of group members that regulate the interaction of group member activities to achieve common goals.

Examples of Social Groups

1. Program/Event Committee

This type of group includes secondary social groups imposed on its members and does not apply to society as a whole.

2. Village Cooperative

Village cooperatives are formal social groups in society. This group interacts with each other to achieve common health goals.

Each member must follow the rules to join, deposit or borrow and be trained.

In addition, in craft village cooperatives there is a clear division of structures and tasks so that each member can carry out the role according to his position.

3. Combined RT/RW

The RT/RW association is an example of a social group in society. A social group whose members are part of the village community.

This type of social group includes social groups within groups that provide opportunities for all community members who are in a certain RT/RW area.

4. Student Association

Student associations are a form of social group in society on campus.

The task of this organization is to ensure that all elements incorporated in the set can easily achieve their respective goals. The structure of the student association usually includes the chairman of the association, the deputy association, the head of the field, and the members of the field.

5. School Alumni

Every graduate from an institution usually forms a group of graduates that we call alumni.

This Alumni Agenda can provide access to the lower classes of society and build relationships in the form of social networks with one another.

6. PKK women’s group

This group is a collection of women from the Empowerment and Family Welfare Movement (PKK).

Each member has the same goal, namely family happiness. Moms come together to share tips, share information, work together, and more. to achieve this goal.

7. Community

The association is called gemeinschaft. This social group is a social group that has close, intimate and harmonious ties to each of its members.

They have bonds and relationships that take place informally.

8. Patembayan (gesellschaft)

Patembayan is the main physical link for a short time, is imaginary and has a mechanical structure like that of a machine. Patembayan is only a form in the spirit. For example, the relationship between merchants, organization in factories, etc.

Requirements for Formation of Social Groups

A group can be said as a social group if it fulfills the following conditions:

1. There is interaction between members

The existence of social groups allows its members to interact with each other. A group without interaction cannot be considered a group, but only a collection of individuals.

2. Interdependence

Members influence the behavior and attitudes of others. Members of each other are also dependent on other members in the sense that they need each other’s help or assistance to achieve certain goals.

3. Self-awareness

Each member is aware of his participation in the group. A social group must realize its position in the members is to participate actively contribute instead of being a passive member who has no contribution at all in the social group.

4. There are similarities

The existence of similarities, be it fate, suffering, region, profession, etc., can strengthen the relationship between members. This similarity is the basis of the close relationships that are built within a social group that is formed.

5. Feelings and Perceptions

These feelings and perceptions must be shared by members of the social group. When a person feels part of a group, he can feel the benefits of belonging to a social group. The importance of having the same perception is also an important basis for the formation of a social group in order to avoid divisions within the social group itself.

6. Structure

The existence of a structure will guide members to carry out their roles and duties in the group so that the existence of a social group can be felt. In a clear social group there must be a membership structure in the social group so that the goals and roles of the members are also clearly channeled and each member’s position in the group is understood.

7. Have a system and continue to run the growth process

A social group also needs to have a system so that the group has clear directions and goals and has a sense of wanting to continue to grow and develop in the process of forming a social group so that each member of the group also gets benefits by joining themselves into a social group.

Reasons for the creation of social groups

It is human nature to interact with each other or in other words, humans really need one another.

Due to this natural reason, social groups can easily form.

With this interaction, they come together and feel the frequency. Then they will form groups and then create activities within them.

So, the longer someone interacts, the stronger their relationship will be. It’s like you and your best friend Sinaumed’s buddy.

Because over time your relationship with the people around you will find saturation if you don’t have a goal, therefore a social group is created to channel activities, ideas, creative ideas, hobbies etc. to be collected for positive and profitable common goals.

Conclusion

This is a brief discussion of the meaning of social groups. The discussion this time does not only discuss the meaning of social groups but also discusses the types, functions, characteristics and examples of several existing social groups.

Understanding the meaning of social groups can give us education that every human being needs other human beings in finding identity and channeling their activities. With the existence of a social group, each individual does not need to be afraid to be alone in channeling their talents because together with the group they will try to achieve common goals according to the vision of their respective groups.

Thus a review of the notion of social groups. For Sinaumed’s who want to learn all about the notion of social groups and other knowledge related to sociology, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Pandu Akram

Related articles Examples of Social Groups:

Social Groups: Definition, Types, Classification, Terms, Characteristics

Definition of Sociology of Law, Functions, Objects of Study, and Flow!

Understanding Kinds of Social Aspects and Physical Aspects of Existing Geography!

Concepts, Functions, and Kinds of Social Values

Social Exchange Theory: Definition, Principles, and Features

 

Examples of single substances – In this world consists of various kinds of substances, both single substances and mixtures. These substances become the support of human life. Like water which is a basic need and must be fulfilled in human daily life. Both daily needs and needs in the human body.

A pure substance is one of the purest substances provided by nature. It has not been mixed with other substances. So, what exactly is a single substance? Sinaumed’s can listen to explanations and examples of single substances in the following presentation.

Definition and Characteristics of a Single Substance According to Experts

A pure substance is a substance that is made up of the same kind of matter. In the Encyclopedia Britannica, a single substance is a substance composed of one type of atom or from atoms of the same kind. For example water, wood, salt, sugar, and 24 carat gold.

According to Petrucci, a single substance is a substance which in the process of changing the physical appearance of an object where its basic identity does not change. This is in line with David EG’s opinion regarding the grouping of a substance based on its form which is divided into two, namely a single substance and a mixture of substances.

While the characteristics of a single substance as follows.

• Pure substances have a constant composition
• Has the same properties
• Composed of only one substance or material
• Pure substances can be elements or compounds
• Cannot be broken down chemically
• Has no change in boiling point
• Has no change in melting point
• Its nature is pure, which is composed of one material and has not been mixed

Single Substance Classification

Pure substances are grouped into two, namely elements and compounds. The following is an explanation of the two categories summarized from the katadata.co.id page.

1. Elements

Single substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances even using chemical reactions are called elements. This is in line with the definition of element in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), which is defined as the smallest part of an object; parts of objects that cannot be divided by chemical processes; original material; original substance; element.

Meanwhile, according to David EG, elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances with chemical liquids. Meanwhile, Hendro formulated elements as the simplest pure substances.

It should be remembered that every substance is formed from a fixed arrangement and composition and has well-defined properties. The rules for writing the symbols of the elements were formulated by Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1813 as follows.

• Use the element names in Latin.
• The element symbol is taken from the first letter of the element’s name and written in capital letters.
• If there are elements that have the same first letter of their name, then the symbol of one of the elements is added to one letter written in lower case.

Examples of elements include hydrogen (H), iron or ferum (Fe), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), and so on. This element is further divided into several categories as follows.

1. Metal Elements

Metal elements are characterized by a shiny white color, are able to conduct electric current, can conduct heat or heat, have high boiling and melting points, and are malleable. It belongs to solids. However, there is one metal element in liquid form, namely mercury. Here are some metal elements in everyday life.

• Chromium (Cr), is used for car bumpers and can be mixed with steel to make stainless steel.
• Iron (Fe), is the cheapest metal and can be alloyed with carbon to produce steel.
• Nickel (Ni), this metal element is very resistant to air and water at ordinary temperatures. Therefore, nickel is used as a protective coating.
• Copper (Cu), copper is used in electrical wires, jewelry and coins.
• Zinc (Zn), zinc can be used as the roof of the house.
• Platinum (Pt), platinum is used in car exhausts, electrical contacts.
• Gold (Au), gold is a metal that is not reactive and is found in pure form. Gold is used for high-quality jewelry and electrical components

2. Nonmetal Elements

Non-metallic elements can be recognized by several properties including shiny, non-temperable, and poor conductors of electric current. Non-metals are usually solid, liquid or gaseous. It also has low boiling and melting points.

The following are examples of some substances that are included in non-metallic elements.

• Flour (F), this element can be mixed with toothpaste to strengthen teeth.
• Bromine (Br), this element is used as a nerve sedative and as a mixture of fire extinguishers.
• Iodine (I), this element is used as a wound antiseptic and additional iodine is used in table salt. Iodine can also be used as a starch test material in the flour industry.

3. Semi Metal Elements

Semi-metallic elements are also known as metalloid elements. It has properties in between metals and nonmetals. The semi-metallic element has the characteristic of being shiny or non-shiny. This is an example of a semi-metallic element.

• Silicon (Si), used in cutting tools, sanding, materials for making semiconductors, glasses, and ceramics.
• Germanium (Ge), can be found from coal and concentrated zinc rock. Germanium is a semiconductor material that functions as an insulator at low temperatures and as a conductor at high temperatures

2. Compound

Compounds are pure substances that can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions. It is composed of two or more elements. Therefore, compounds can also be broken down into their constituent elements. The properties of elements are different from the properties of compounds.

For example, water (H ₂ O) which is composed of a combination of hydrogen and oxygen in the form of gas to help combustion. However, when the two elements are mixed it will turn into water which is a compound to extinguish fires. The separation of elements from compounds is called electrolysis.

Here are some examples of compounds that can be found in everyday life.

• Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt.
• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), namely desiccant.
• Sucrose (C12H12O11) as a sweetener.
• Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as electrolyte.
• Urea (CO(NH2)2) is used for fertilizer.
• Hydrochloric acid (HCl) for cleaning floors.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refreshing drink.
• Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is used for building materials.
• Acetic acid (CH3COOH) as food vinegar.
• Ammonia (NH3) for refrigerant.

Single Substance Example

Examples of single substances are often found in everyday life, including the following.

1. Water

The first example of a single substance, Water is included in a single substance element with the chemical formula H ₂ O, which means that each molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Earth is composed of approximately 71% water or there are 1.4 trillion cubic kilometers (330 million mi ³ ) of water.

It becomes an important compound on earth, but not on other planets. However, water is also thought to exist at the north pole and south pole of Mars.

Most of the water is stored in the oceans and in the polar ice caps and mountain peaks. Not only that, water can also be found in clouds, rivers, rain, surface fresh water, water vapor, sea ice, and lakes. Water has its own cycle, it will evaporate, rain, and the flow of water above the surface (springs, estuaries and rivers) will go to the sea.

All living things on earth depend on water for their life. Water with its properties can cause reactions that can make organic compounds replicate. It is also a solvent which is important for the body in metabolic processes.

Water is also needed in the process of photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to separate hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen will be used to form glucose and oxygen will be released into the air.

When humans lack water it will cause chaos. For example, the monopolization and privatization of water can lead to conflicts or disputes. In Indonesia itself has regulations regarding water, namely Law Number 11 of 1974 concerning Irrigation.

2. Wood

The second example of a single substance is wood. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), the dictionary is a tree with a hard trunk; the hard part of the trunk (branches, branches, etc.) (which is usually used for building materials, etc.).

Meanwhile, in Wikipedia, wood is defined as the part of the trunk or branches and twigs of plants that hardens due to the lignification process (sitting). Wood is formed due to the accumulation of cellulose and lignin in the cell walls of various stem tissues.

Wood in everyday life is used for cooking, making furniture (chairs, tables, cabinets, etc.), building materials (walls, doors, windows, frames, etc.), paper materials, crafts, materials for making works of art, and so on. etc.

To learn more about wood, there is wood science, in which there are various materials regarding wood classification as well as its chemical and physical properties, wood mechanics in various handling conditions. Wood is selected according to their needs. Several types of wood were chosen because they have insulating properties, are easy to form, and are water-resistant.

Historically, woody plants are thought to have appeared in nature 395 to 400 million years ago. Humans have used it for thousands of years, primarily as a construction material for houses, weapons, industrial raw materials, and as fuel.

3. Kitchen Salt

The third example of a single substance, namely table salt, is a type of mineral that can make food taste salty. Kitchen salt available in the community is usually in the form of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) which is obtained from sea water. In its natural form, salt is rock salt or halite.

The body really needs salt. However, when consumed in excess or deficiency it will cause various diseases. For example high blood pressure. Kitchen salt is used for seasoning and food preservatives.

In general, salt is used to add a salty taste to food. However, not completely salt only gives a salty taste. He can also enhance the taste of food. For example adding salt to salty foods. In that case, salt acts as another flavor enhancer, such as the sweet taste of a food.

Salt is also used as an ice cooler, it serves to lower the freezing temperature of water. By adding salt to the sugar it will make the brine have a lower freezing temperature than normal. The colder water is used to make foods that require cold temperatures, such as ice cream.

As a food preservative, salt works by breaking down the water activity in food. Salt will dry out food by absorbing all the water. This is consistent with the growth of bacteria, which will be difficult to thrive in dry places. Not only that, salt also kills bacteria by drawing water from inside the bacteria to a drier environment.

Although salt has many benefits. However, it should be used wisely as recommended, which is approximately 5 grams of salt for adults every day. Consuming too much salt will result in high blood pressure, increased chances of heart attack, stroke, osteoporosis, and kidney problems.

4. Sugar

Sugar is an example of a single substance because it has a constant composition, is homogeneous, and has the same (consistent) properties in all its parts.

Sugar is a simple carbohydrate that is used as a source of energy and the main trading commodity. Sugar is most traded in the form of solid sucrose crystals. Sugar is used to change the taste to sweet in food and drink.

An example of a simple sugar is glucose (which is produced from sucrose by enzymes or acid hydrolysis), where energy is stored to be used by cells.

Sugar as sucrose is obtained from sap, sugar beets, palm sugar and sugarcane. Meanwhile, other sources of sweeteners are obtained from dahlia tubers, corn kernels, and grapes. The process includes an extraction (squeezing) step followed by purification through distillation (distillation).

In Indonesia, the source of sugar has been from the flower liquid (sap) of coconut or palm sugar, as well as juice from sugarcane stalks (plants native to the archipelago, especially the eastern part). When the Dutch came and opened a colony on the island of Java, monoculture sugarcane gardens were opened in the 17th century. The first gardens were around Batavia.

Indonesia had reached the peak of the glory of sugarcane plantations in the early 1930s. At that time, there were 179 processing factories and production of up to three million tons of sugar per year. However, this situation declined when the economic crisis occurred which forced many factories out of business. At the end of the decade, only 35 factories were left with a production of 500 thousand tons of sugar per year.

5. 24 carat gold

The next example of a single substance is 24-karat gold. The purity of gold is determined by its karat level. The higher the karat level, the purer (without admixture or impurities) the gold contains.

The maximum karat gold level is 24 karat. So 24-karat gold is included in a single substance and consists of only one single substance.

In the periodic table, gold has the symbol “Au” (aurum) and atomic number 79. Gold is a metal that is soft and malleable, its hardness is only between 2.5-3 (on the Mohs scale). Gold can be identified by its yellow, shiny and soft characteristics. Gold does not react with other chemicals, but is attacked by chlorine, aqua regia and fluorine.

Gold metal is found mostly in gold nuggets or dust in rocks and in alluvial deposits. Gold-bearing minerals are usually associated with associated minerals ( gangue minerals ). Associated minerals include quartz, carbonate, flourpar, tourmaline, and several non-metallic minerals.

Gold formed by magmatism or concentrating on the surface. Some of the deposits are formed due to contact metasomatism and hydrothermal solutions. The mechanical concentration produces placer deposits . Gold deposits are grouped into two, namely primary deposits and placer deposits.

Countries in the world generally use gold as a standard for finance, jewelry, and electronics. The use of gold in finance and monetary is based on the absolute monetary value of gold itself against various currencies around the world.

Even though it is officially listed on world commodity exchanges, the price of gold is listed in US dollars. In the monetary field, gold is usually used in the form of bullions or gold bars in various weight units ranging from grams to kilograms.

Examples of Simple and Complex Sentences – Language plays an important role in human life, it is not only used in everyday life, but is also needed to carry out all news, even to convey thoughts, views, and feelings. “Language is a series of sounds produced by the human speech organs consciously and that language is regulated by a system” (Parera, 2008:27).

Only with human language can communicate everything. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that language is the most important means of communication for human life, so that studying it in more depth will make it easier for someone to communicate with others.

Learning Indonesian on the other hand does require a lot of time. The reason is, there are many things that must be learned in Indonesian. One thing that must be learned is to make sentences with good and correct grammar. If you make a mistake in making a sentence, chances are that other people will not understand the subject being discussed. Therefore, a deep understanding is needed in studying grammar in Indonesian language lessons.

The sentence itself is the smallest unit of language that expresses the mind as a whole. So, each utterance can convey complete information. According to the online Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), a sentence is a unit of language that relatively stands alone, has a final intonation pattern, and actually or potentially consists of clauses.

Meanwhile, quoting a book entitled Indonesian Standard Grammar by Moeliono and Dardjowidjojo (1988: 254), a sentence is the smallest part of an utterance or text (discourse) which expresses a complete thought grammatically. Referring to the quote, a sentence is a group or arrangement of several words that express thoughts, both orally and in writing.

The main structure of Indonesian sentences is quite simple, namely only in the form of a subject and predicate (S–P). This core structure can be expanded into several basic sentence types. In general, there are four types of sentences in Indonesian that need to be understood, namely simplex, complex, compound, and mixed compound sentences.

In fact, we often encounter simple and complex sentences in everyday life and are often studied in grammar rules. Simplex sentences are sentences that consist of one main verb or one clause. This sentence is usually also referred to as a single sentence. In a simplex sentence, there are all the required elements. Meanwhile, complex sentences are sentences that have two predicates or two or more main verbs. Complex sentences are also often called compound sentences.

To find out more about simple and complex sentences, you can understand the meaning, characteristics, and examples below.

Understanding Simplex and Complex Sentences

Alwi (2003) says that a sentence is the smallest unit of language in spoken or written form, which expresses a complete thought. Traditionalists, who in Indonesian grammar were pioneered by Takdir Alisjahbana, limit sentences with the following formula.

• The smallest unit of linguistic form that expresses a complete thought.
• The smallest set of words that contain a complete meaning.

Expressions containing complete thoughts are characteristic of the opinion of the traditionalists because the main basis of their study of language is the content of language or philosophy. According to Mandang (2015: 163), sentences are syntactic units that are formed through basic constituents, and are equipped with final intonation.

1. Simplex or Single Sentences

Simplex sentences are also called single sentences, which are sentences that only consist of one clause or one predicate structure. The elements in a simplex sentence contain only one piece of information which is indicated by the function of the predicate. Simplex sentences are sentences that are formed from complete clauses (Kridalaksana, 1999:172).

According to Putrayasa (2006:1), a single sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause. That means there is only one predicate in a single sentence. The element is a clause marker. Subject and predicate elements are always required to be present in every sentence. Objects, complements, and adverbs of nature are not required to be present in sentences, including in single sentences. If the predicate still needs to be completed, then the complementary elements are presented.

Based on the type of word or phrase that fills the predicate, simple or single sentences can be divided into four types which are given additional names or labels according to the type of word or phrase, namely nominal, adjective, verbal, and numeral.

Example:

• We are UNIMA Manado students (nominal sentence).
• Mount Lokon often goes berserk (verbal sentence).
• The smart kid’s answer is very precise (adjective sentence).
• The cows are grazing (verbal sentence).
• The rich man’s car is eight (numeral sentence).

From the description above, it can be concluded that simplex sentences, which are also called single sentences, have the structure of a subject and predicate (O, K). That is, it only has one sentence predicate.

2. Complex or compound sentences

Complex sentences or multilevel compound sentences are sentences that have a main clause and a subordinate clause. The main clause is the main clause which is followed by subordinate clauses. The main clause can be a complete sentence but the subordinating clause needs the main clause to become a coherent sentence. The relationship between the main sentence and the subordinate clause in complex sentences is unequal (Kridalaksa 1999:173). According to Finoza (2008: 155), a compound sentence is a combined sentence of two or more single sentences. In other words, a compound sentence is a sentence that at least consists of a subject and two predicates.

There are two types of complex sentences, namely paratactic complex sentences and hypotactic complex sentences. Paratactic complexes are formed from combining two or more clauses that have parallel meanings. Meanwhile, hypotactic complex sentences are combinations of two or more clauses using conjunctions that create logical dependence in the overall complex clause or it can be said that the clauses in hypotactic complex sentences have unequal meanings.

Complex sentence forms are analyzed to describe the patterns or sentence systems. The form can be seen from the syntactic functions and syntactic categories. Syntax is the science that studies the formation of a sentence
(Markrub, 2014). Syntax is also part of linguistics which studies sentence structure (Hasanudin, 2018).

Characteristics of Simplex and Complex Sentences

Simplex sentences can be interpreted as a sentence consisting of one clause and one main verb. Simplex sentences are better known as single sentences. Simple or simple sentences have a subject and a predicate. However, in simplex sentences, complements, objects, and adverbs can also be added.

Compared to simple sentences, complex sentences consist of two or more clauses. In short, a complex sentence consists of a main sentence or what is commonly called a main clause and a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause functions as a complement to the main sentence which is interconnected. There are two types of complex sentences, including paratactic and hypothetical. Paratactic consists of two structures that have parallel meanings. Paratactic uses conjunctions and, but, or, and whereas . Meanwhile, hypothetical is a sentence that has two unequal structures. The conjunctions used in hypothetical are if, because, when, and so .

The following are the characteristics and examples of simple and complex sentences.

1. Characteristics of Simplex Sentences

Simplex sentences have the following characteristics:

• Simplex sentences contain one complete clause, which can be in the form of subject–predicate, subject–predicate–object, subject–predicate–object–adverb, or subject–predicate–object–adverb-complement.
• The sentence is simple because it consists of only one clause.
• Generally, simplex sentences contain only one incident or event.
• Simplex sentences do not use conjunctions or conjunctions.
• This sentence also does not use commas.

2. Characteristics of Complex Sentences

Complex sentences have the following characteristics:

• There are two events or occurrences in a complex sentence.
• Structures in complex sentences are separated using commas or conjunctions (conjunctions).
• Having two subjects and a predicate in a complex sentence.

Examples of Simplex and Complex Sentences

1. Examples of Simplex Sentences

The following is an example of a simplex sentence.

• Elfina is playing volleyball on the field.
• Nurwanto kicked the ball.
• Pina’s mother is a teacher at SMAN 21 Jakarta.
• Dhea washes the dishes in the kitchen.
• Mother sweeps in the yard.
• The teacher teaches his students to write.
• Juventus signed Cristiano Ronaldo from Real Madrid.
• Erna watched a horror movie at the cinema with her friends tonight.
• Avelin cleans up the trash behind his house.
• Ikhsan wears a new uniform on the first day of school.
• Said observed the plants around his house.
• The hunter shoots his quarry on target.
• The tiger pounced on its prey with gusto.
• Arman is going on vacation to Malaysia.
• Dina read the Whatsapp chat from Suci.
• Pambudi describes his younger brother a natural landscape.
• Pak Embo signed the agreement yesterday afternoon.
• PLN officers climbed the tower without any equipment.
• Mother bought her daughter story books.
• Meta was successful with his swimming championship in Karanganyar Regency.
• Shafira plays badminton.
• Rani looks at the natural scenery.
• Rina planted a tree.
• Reni is watering the plants.
• Randika is looking at the nature around.
• Rizal observed the plants around his house.
• Angga and Sinta draw a mountain.
• Little sister crying in the room.
• Mother sweeps in the yard.
• Sister cooking in the kitchen.
• Adi is writing bibliography.
• The driver hit a tree because the brakes failed.
• Meita buys vegetables at the market.
• Syifa cleans up the trash behind her house.
• Mbak Dira is making a cake.
• Uncle is reading the newspaper.
• Aunt is watching television.
• The teacher teaches his students to read.
• Nagita Slavina sang Indonesia Raya.
• Roman reads a book in the library.
• Feri and Udin go fishing in the river
• The farmer plants rice in the fields.
• Eki is watching a horror movie at the cinema tonight.
• The painter sold his paintings to rich people.
• The tiger pounced on its prey with gusto.
• Her grandmother died this morning.
• Jordi fell off the bike.
• They found the car parked at the edge of the forest.
• Nurwanto kicked the flower plant.
• Reza crossed very carefully.
• Aldi hit the bell very hard.
• Irvan wears a new uniform.
• Ainun wore red shoes during OSPEK.
• Paula turned off her computer five minutes ago.
• Nisa is learning to read and count at home.
• Jelita was drinking soda.
• Joko buys groceries.
• Ayana likes watching Korean dramas.
• Father is looking for a living.
• The police caught the gang of thieves.
• Liya sells some of her jewelry.
• Devina burst into tears.
• Nur found it on the street.
• Wanto turned on the lights in front of the house.
• Yasmin throws trash in the trash.
• My brother married his friend Enggar.

2. Examples of Complex Sentences

In contrast to the simplex, there are two types of complex sentences, namely paratactic and hypothetical complexes.

a. Paratactic Complex Sentences

Paratactic complex sentences are complex sentences that consist of two structures, but have equivalent or parallel meanings. Paratactic complex sentences use the conjunctions and, but, or, and whereas . The following is an example of a paratactic complex sentence.

• Aunt buys beef and mutton at the impromptu market.
• Linda was confused to choose between tongseng or young goat satay.
• Mom was shopping at Alfamart this afternoon, but not with dad.
• Saiful is always eager to help his mother, while his younger brother prefers to play.
• Agus is always eager to help his father, while Roni loves karaoke.
• Arya has learned to save, while Shafira is good at washing.
• I’ve tried very hard, while he just silent.
• Latif went to school, while Reno went to the fields.
• Nanda had a great effort, but the result was still the same.
• Mother cooks in the kitchen and Ani studies in the room.
• Bats sleep during the day and look for food at night.
• Dad likes iced drinks, while mom likes hot drinks.
• During the rainy season, floods and landslides often occur.
• Sukma likes fried chicken, while Ilyas likes grilled chicken.
• Acha ate meatballs and Darman only drank orange juice.
• Bagus goes to school by bicycle, while Roni walks.
• Verlina shopped at the market, but she set out on her own.
• Nurlita planted roses and she was very diligent in taking care of them.
• Father goes to work, while mother takes younger sibling to school every morning.
• Lilis bought toast and martabak at the Flower Market.
• Navira doesn’t have much money, but she saves diligently.
• Latif went to school, while Reno went to the fields.
• Father works as a security guard at a bank, while mother works as a clerk at a university.

b. Hypothetical Complex Sentences

A hypothetical complex sentence is a complex sentence that has two structures, but the meaning is unequal or not parallel. The two structures are combined into one sentence followed by the conjunctions if, because, when, and so . The following is an example of a hypothetical complex sentence.

• I want to go to Saudi Arabia if I have enough money.
• Fina didn’t go to school today because she was being treated at the hospital.
• Nisa was not at home when the earthquake was in progress.
• Eat and drink a lot to be healthy and stay strong.
• Do not throw garbage anywhere, including in the river because it can cause flooding during the rainy season.
• Erna watched a horror movie at the cinema with her friends tonight, so she didn’t do her schoolwork.
• Mother closed all the windows when it got dark.

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For more details in understanding examples of simple and complex sentences, consider the following table.

No.	Simplex Sentence	Complex Sentences
1.	Father goes to the office.	Father went to the office, while Mulyati went to school.
2.	The house is old.	The house is old, but looks good.
3.	Mother is sewing.	Mother sewed clothes and decorative flags.
4.	The book is old.	The book is old, but useful.
5.	Noni waters the flowers.	Noni watered the flowers, her sister helped her.

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These are the characteristics and examples of simple and complex sentences in Indonesian lessons. Hopefully the explanation above can help you learn Indonesian. Eager to learn!

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Examples of Short Papers – Every student or student must have received the task of making a term paper from the teacher or lecturers. However, a lecturer to a researcher must have also been given the task of writing a scientific paper in the form of a paper.

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), a paper is defined in two senses, namely official writing on a subject which is intended to be read in public at a meeting and which is often prepared for publication; as well as student or student writing as a report on the results of carrying out school or college assignments.

In simple terms, a paper is a scientific paper whose discussion is focused on a particular problem, which has gone through a correct and actual process of research, observation and field research. The discussion of the contents of the problem in the paper relates to a particular subject, course, or area of ​​specialization.

Compiling a paper is a tricky job because you have to pay attention to the rules of writing correctly. In addition, papers are usually used as assignments for self-development. Papers are scientific products written by someone. Writing a paper requires carefulness in looking at situations and conditions to be used as writing ideas.

Someone who will make a paper requires good writing skills based on the rules of paper writing. Therefore, this article will explain in detail about papers, starting from the definition, types of papers, structure, characteristics, and how to write good and correct papers.

The following is a complete explanation of the papers that have been compiled by the sinaumedia editor.

Paper definition

Paper is a scientific writing that discusses a particular topic, which is included in the scope of knowledge. A paper has a systematics which is divided into four parts, namely introduction, literature study, discussion, and conclusion or closing.

Papers are one of the requirements for completing studies or education. A paper usually has characteristics, namely the results of a literature review or report on the implementation of an activity, demonstrating an understanding of the theoretical issues being studied in the paper, demonstrating an ability to relate to content originating from various sources used, and demonstrating various sources of information from papers into one unit. intact.

The definition of papers according to experts is certainly different from one another. However, they all have the same meaning. The following are some definitions of paper according to experts.

1. Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI)

According to KBBI, the definition of a paper is divided into two, namely official writing on a subject which is intended to be read in public at a hearing and which is often prepared for publication; as well as student or student writing as a report on the results of carrying out school or college assignments.

2. Panuti Sudjiman

According to Sudjiman, a paper is a prose essay that is not fiction and discusses a certain topic. Papers will generally be published in magazines and newspapers, but can also be in the form of anthology books.

3. Cape and Ardial

According to Tanjung and Ardial, papers are written works on problems that are written systematically and through logical and objective analytical thinking.

4. WJS Poerwadar Minta

According to Poerwadar Minta, a paper is a written description that discusses a particular problem, which then obtains further discussion and explanation.

Based on the understanding mentioned above, we can conclude that a paper is a scientific work in a formal form with a specific topic of discussion. The requirements for a written work to be called a paper are if it is made based on your own ideas, is not plagiarized, has never been published before, and contains contemporary elements, for example, contains topics that are currently being discussed by the public and are scientific in nature.

Types of Papers

The following are types of papers based on the type of study, including:

1. Deductive Paper

Deductive papers are papers that are based on theoretical studies which are relevant to the problem being discussed.

2. Inductive Paper

An inductive paper is a type of paper written based on objective empirical data based on what is obtained from the field but still relevant to the discussion.

3. Mixed Papers

Mixed papers are types of papers that are prepared or written based on theoretical studies as well as empirical data. That means, this mixed paper is a combination of deductive and inductive papers. In mixed papers, there are six categories based on the subject of the problem formulation discussed, namely:

a. Scientific Papers

Scientific papers are basically used for writing the results of scientific studies that contain problems and discussions. You should note that when viewed from the point of view of scientific principles and procedures, a scientific paper will resemble a simple research report. Where scientific papers are generally written as a scientific problem solving suggestion. Certainly, writers of scientific papers will also need a library study and this can be seen in the revisions listed.

b. Working Papers

Working papers will usually be read at a working paper seminar. Where it will be conveyed in the form of arguments in a research result. In the working paper that is read out there must be a problem that is carried out. The presenter of the working paper has included assumptions and hypotheses to answer the problem. Based on the contents of such papers, a discussion will arise.

c. Study Paper

Research paper is one of the terms used for scientific writing in the form of suggestions for solving a problem that is currently controversial without the intention of being read in a seminar.

d. Position Papers

Position paper is a paper prepared at the request of a party that serves as an alternative solution to a controversial problem. The procedures used for discussion and writing are carried out scientifically.

e. Analysis Paper

An analytical paper is a type of paper that is objectively empirical. The data sources obtained are based on experience gained from inventions, experiments, and also observations that have been made.

f. Response Paper

Response papers are papers that are often used as coursework for students that contain reactions to a reading.

Characteristics of a Good Paper

A good paper should have the following characteristics.

• Is the result of a literature review and a report on the implementation of a field activity that is in accordance with the scope of the main problems of a particular field of knowledge or discussion.
• Distribute an understanding of the theoretical problem being studied or one’s ability to apply a procedure, principle, or theory related to the case study being studied
• Highlighting the ability to understand the contents of the various sources used
• Being a tool to measure the ability of a lecturer, researcher, student and student to be able to mix and match some information into one complete written work. As well as practicing focusing on the use of grammar, paying attention to puebi rules correctly and precisely, quoting ethics in writing and concluding the essence of the discussion.
• The contents of the paper must be systematic and not messy with scientific writing rules that have been regulated by the relevant educational institution.

Example of a Short Paper with a Good Structure

Paper Covers

THE PAPER

IF INDONESIA WITHOUT PANCASILA

[University Logo]

Lecturer: Dr. Made Pramono, M.Hum
Subject: Pancasila Education

FACULTY OF SPORTS SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND RECREATION EDUCATION
2017

FOREWORD

In the name of Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and Most Merciful, we offer praise and thanksgiving for His presence, who has bestowed His mercy, guidance and inayah upon us, so that I can complete a scientific paper on “If only Indonesia Without Pancasila” .

I have prepared this scientific paper to the maximum and get help from various parties, so that it can facilitate the preparation of this paper. For that I express many thanks to all parties who have contributed in the preparation of this paper.

Apart from all that, I am fully aware that there are still shortcomings both in terms of sentence structure and grammar. Therefore, we accept all suggestions and criticisms from readers with open arms so that we can improve this scientific paper.

Finally, I hope that this scientific paper on “If only Indonesia Without Pancasila” could provide benefits and inspiration to readers.

Surabaya, 16 February 2018

Abdulloh Faliqul Isbach

LIST OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD …………………………………………………. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………… iii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………. 4
A. Background ………………………………………………………. 4
B. Problem Formulation …………………………………………………. 4
C. Purpose ………………………………………………………………….. 4

CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION ……………………………………………… 5
A. The Benefits of Pancasila for Indonesia …………………………. 5
B. If Indonesia Without Pancasila ……………………. 6

CHAPTER III. CLOSING …………………………………………………… 9
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………………….. 9
B. Suggestions …………………………………………………………………… 9

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………….. 10

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Pancasila is the basic ideology of the Indonesian nation, the nation’s way of life. Pancasila consists of five precepts which are essentially a philosophical system. The system itself is a unit or parts that are interconnected, working together for a specific purpose and as a whole is a unified whole.

The loyalty, nationalism and patriotism of citizens to their nation and country can be measured in the form of their loyalty to the philosophy of their country which is formally embodied in the form of statutory regulations (the 1945 Constitution and other statutory regulations). The loyalty of these citizens can be seen in the attitudes and actions of living, practicing and securing these laws and regulations.

B. Problem Formulation

1. What are the benefits of Pancasila for Indonesia?
2. What if Indonesia is without Pancasila?

C. Purpose

1. Understand the importance of Pancasila for the Indonesian nation.
2. Understand the impact if Indonesia is without Pancasila.

CHAPTER II. DISCUSSION

A. The benefits of Pancasila for Indonesia

Apart from being a symbol of our country (Indonesia), Pancasila is the basic ideology for the Indonesian state. Pancasila is the formulation and guidelines for the life of the nation and state for all Indonesian people. Pancasila has extraordinary benefits and impacts for the Indonesian people.

1. Pancasila Becomes the Nation’s Viewpoint

Pancasila as a nation’s perspective functions so that the Indonesian people must be guided by Pancasila in everyday life. All forms of Indonesian culture and moral ideals must originate from Pancasila. This is done for the sake of achieving physical and spiritual well-being.

2. Pancasila Becomes the Soul of the Nation

Pancasila as the soul of the nation functions to keep Indonesia alive in the spirit of Pancasila. Every nation and state certainly has a soul. Pancasila in this case becomes the soul of the Indonesian nation. Pancasila itself has existed since the Indonesian nation was born, namely since the Proclamation of Independence.

3. Pancasila Becomes the Personality of the Nation

Pancasila as the person of the Indonesian nation has a function, namely as something that gives a distinctive style to the Indonesian nation and becomes a differentiator that distinguishes our nation from other nations.

4. Pancasila Becomes a Sublime Covenant

Pancasila as a noble agreement has been functioning and agreed through the meeting of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) on August 18, 1945. PPKI is actually just a body that represents the voice of the people. So, Pancasila is the result of an agreement with the people.

5. Pancasila Becomes a Source of Law

Pancasila as a source of law functions to regulate all applicable laws in Indonesia. All laws must be subject to and sourced from Pancasila. Every law must not conflict with Pancasila. Every precept in Pancasila is its basic value, while the laws are instrumental values ​​(the translation of the basic values).

6. Pancasila Becomes the Ideals of the Nation

Pancasila as the ideals of the nation has a function, namely to create a just and prosperous society.

7. Pancasila Becomes the Nation’s Philosophy of Life

Pancasila as the nation’s philosophy of life serves to unite the Indonesian nation. Pancasila is considered to have the most correct, just and wise values ​​that are expected to unite the nation.

8. Pancasila Becomes the Foundation of the State

Pancasila as the basis of the state has a function as a regulator of all things in Indonesian life such as the people, territory and government. In addition, Pancasila is also the administration of the state and state life.

9. Pancasila Becomes the Nation’s Ideology

Pancasila as an ideology has a function, which is to become the way of thinking of the Indonesian nation. Pancasila becomes material for reflection in everyday life.

B. If Indonesia Without Pancasila

We know that Pancasila is used as the basis of the state and cannot be contested. Pancasila is a joint formulation democratically and has been approved by many people at the time of its ratification, so it has a very strong position.

However, what if Indonesia without Pancasila? Everyone must have thought that Indonesia would be destroyed, chaotic, and so on, but not a few people also said that Indonesia could still exist without Pancasila, including myself, one of them.

We can see examples of the many countries out there that are still standing strong and advanced, even more than Indonesia without Pancasila, only Malaysia has Pancasila like Indonesia. Based on some of my analysis of Pancasila, Pancasila is only a social contract for Indonesian society. First of all, I would like to respond to the erroneous views expressed by many parties who state that Pancasila is an ideology. This is an erroneous opinion.

As revealed in the minutes of the Investigation Agency for Preparatory Efforts for Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI), the formulation of Pancasila is in the documents prepared in the process of forming a new state, namely the Republic of Indonesia (RI).

Thus, clearly, it is a political document, not philosophy or ideology. A political document in the process of forming a new state is usually a social contract, meaning an agreement or compromise between fellow citizens regarding the principles of the new state.

Based on the minutes of the preparatory body, it can also be seen that the course of the negotiations (deliberations) led to reaching a compromise. The principles of the agreement to establish a new state were then called Pancasila. It can be equated with the important documents of other countries, such as the Magna Carta in England, the Bill of Rights in the United States, Droit de l’homme in France, and so on.

If the principles contained in the social contract are violated, in essence the dissolution of the state occurs. Likewise, in fact, changes to Pancasila require the dissolution of the state first. The question is, if now ideas appear to make changes to Pancasila – a form of the right to express opinions guaranteed by Pancasila itself – doesn’t that mean it is a step towards dissolving the state?

The next question is, does the government have the right to enforce principles of political life other than Pancasila, such as the implementation of sharia in Aceh, or DI Yogyakarta proclaiming itself as a kingdom, or do other regions in Indonesia want to become Catholic regions and others?

What then happened to the regions that said they were outside of Pancasila or RI? The answer to this question is not within the authority of the author to answer, but is the authority of the Supreme Court (MA) or other constitutional bodies in Indonesia.

Based on the historical process, the embryo of the idea of ​​making Pancasila an ideology emerged in the 1950s. At that time, there was a conflict between the central government and Darul Islam/Indonesian Islamic Army (DI/TII). However, the process of interpreting Pancasila into a new ideology developed during the New Order era. During this period, Pancasila was transformed into the state ideology and became a slogan through the P-4 indoctrination process, followed by the commemoration of Pancasila Sanctity Day (beginning of the New Order = October 1).

By making Pancasila as an ideology, Pancasila automatically gains competition from other ideas in a pluralistic society like Indonesia, which of course has its own various ideologies. This is the trap that plunged the New Order regime into a trap, which turned the social contract into a state ideology. This makes Pancasila must compete with other ideologies in society. It would be a different matter if the regime were aware of history and continued to make Pancasila a social contract.

As a social contract, Pancasila deserves to stand above various ideologies because it is a contract for the formation of the state. If you really want to change, it means that the country must be dissolved first. Thus, if the social contract is still agreed upon, during that time the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) can stand upright.

History has proven that the principles of this social contract in most parts of Indonesia succeeded in uniting and consolidating the country against many underminings such as separatist movements and others. Based on the history of the formulation above, Pancasila provides extraordinary impetus with the values ​​and meanings in it.

CHAPTER III. CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Pancasila is an ideology that is compatible with Indonesia because it is able to accommodate Indonesia’s high heterogeneity with its diversity of religions, customs, cultures, and so on. Pancasila has an important meaning for Indonesia as a national identity, which then becomes the hallmark of the Indonesian nation which is different from other nations. However, that does not mean looking down on other nations, Indonesian citizens must continue to uphold world brotherhood. Pancasila in its development has also experienced various dynamics of interpretation from time to time.

If it is true that Pancasila is still in every one of us, God willing, the unity and oneness of this country will still exist. Apart from that, if it is true that Pancasila is still firmly attached to our souls and bodies, God willing, we will always want to be tolerant in a peaceful and beautiful life. If Pancasila does not exist within the Indonesian nation, this country will stray from the path of truth.

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Examples of School Short Stories – Short stories are one of the most widely used forms of literary work as reading material for entertainment. In the presentation, there are various kinds of themes that can be raised to be used as ideas for writing short stories with one of them being the theme of motivation. Writing motivational or school themed short stories must be accompanied by a complete structure so that the literary work is more interesting to read.

However, before that you must first know the meaning of short stories and their writing structure. Here are some reviews in full about school short stories. So, let’s get to know the discussion by paying attention to the information that has been presented below.

Definition of short stories

What the heck is that short story? Short stories are literary works in the form of short prose with a limited number of sentences. This short story length limitation is intended so that readers can finish it in a short time, which is around 30 minutes to 2 hours.

Meanwhile, the maximum length limit for short stories is 20 pages or no more than 10,000 words. The essence of the story raised in the short story contains only one main problem. Besides that, another characteristic of short stories is that they don’t involve too many characters in them. The storyline in literary works is in the form of short stories which are generally arranged in a network so that the reader does not take long to understand them.

Besides that, light plots can also be aimed so as not to make the conflicts told in them wider. Not only that, short stories are also interpreted as one of the right reading materials for those who like literary works in the form of prose, but do not like convoluted stories. So that the stories raised in short stories are generally directly at the main point of the problem from the main character.

The introduction presented in short stories to bring the main character to the point of problem is usually made not too long. This is intended so that the reader does not get bored with the conductor which can actually damage the path to the top of the problem.

In this regard, of course you also need to understand the language based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary or KBBI, stating that a short story is a story that presents a certain impression by focusing only on one main character. The story raised in the ball short story has its own meaning for readers with a relatively short writing size.

As you already know, short stories are short stories that have elements, such as theme characterizations, plot, setting, and also language style. In general, the short stories themselves only contain a congested course of events and background as well as lightning, both of which are alluded to casually.

Short Story Structure

When you want to make short stories, including works with motivational or school themes, the writer must be able to understand the structure of the short story first. There is a criterion in writing short stories where a writer must be able to understand the story so that the writer can arrange fictional stories coherently so that readers can easily accept them.

The author can understand each structure of the short story beforehand to later be developed based on the theme raised so that it can be continuous when read. The following is a review related to the structure of short stories or short stories that you must understand when you want to write the prose work.

1. Abstract

The first part in the structure of a short story or short story is the abstract. Where the abstract has an optional nature so that not all forms of literary work are required to include it. Abstract is part of a short story that contains the essence of a story or a short summary.

This abstract itself only consists of a few sentences as a short story opener or as an introduction. This section is useful for making it easier for the reader to understand the story or stories written in the short story because a brief summary has been presented.

In school short stories, this abstract section serves to attract the reader’s attention so that they can focus more on the story presented. Abstract will bring the reader to be able to think more broadly. So that it can catch the story raised in the short story.

It is okay for the short story text itself not to include an abstract section if it is thought that it is not necessary to provide a summary of the story. In this one part, patents are not required in writing short stories, but are used optionally according to the wishes of the author.

2. Orientation

Orientation is the introduction stage related to the emergence of characters and story settings. The introduction to the character relates to what events are being experienced by the main character. At this stage the introduction of this character is also shown how the character of the main character is.

Another part of the orientation is the introduction of the time setting and the atmosphere of the events in the short story. The function of the setting in a short story is useful to make the atmosphere more lively so that the reader can be immersed in it.

Next, the function of the orientation section is to show the character’s character, either psychologically or physically. Where, orientation is a part that must be in the short story, because the initial structure is to build an atmosphere. The orientation of the school short story contains everything that is being experienced by the main character at the beginning of the story.

In addition, it will also be shown how the characteristics of the character. This section will also show the beginning of the things that trigger problems that can happen to the characters.

3. Complications

The stages of the emergence of problems in a short story will be shown in the complication section. In this section, we will show how the main character in the short story will address the conflicts encountered in the story. This one structure stems from the emergence of seeds of problems experienced by the main character. Then, there will be an increase in conflict due to these problems until it reaches a peak or commonly known as a climax.

The emergence of conflict in the example of school short stories arises from the thoughts of the main character himself which are magnified by the involvement of other characters. This conflict will cause turmoil in the mind of the main character which is described through the setting of the atmosphere, so that it can make the reader feel carried away.

There are also other conflicts that directly connect the characters in the short story. There is this type of conflict, in general, a middleman shop will appear when the problem has reached a climax. The role of the intermediary figure is to help reduce the occurrence of conflict.

4. Evaluation

Evaluation is one of the short story structures that has a function to direct the conflict to a resolution. When the conflict has reached its climax, the writer begins to direct the plot as a silencer. He did this by showing a way out of the conflict.

This example of school short stories can use both of these evaluation methods depending on the setting of the atmosphere built by the author. This evaluation stage can be made only as a brief description of the clue that the conflict will soon find a resolution point.

5. Resolution

In this part of the resolution, the conflict in the short story will actually determine the point of resolution. The conflict in the short story will be solved as a whole so that it can find a settlement point. Where this resolution contains the disclosure of facts about the problems that occur to the solution to solve them. All the problems that have been experienced by the characters in the short story will end soon because the solution has been found.

This section is a quite dramatic stage in the short story after the conflict. This is because the readers will be played with their emotional side in order to respond to the solution to the conflict. Where, the reader will be affected by the atmosphere created when the conflict is in the solving stage. In making it yourself, the writer must be able to provide that atmosphere so that the story presented can influence the reader.

6. Code

The end of a short story will be marked with a bavian named coda. Where, the coda is the final structure of a literary work. Short story writers can convey the moral message of the story which is raised through the coda stage or in other terms known as reorientation.

Koda gives readers a treat of learning values ​​that can be learned from the short story. This section of the coda is optional, so it doesn’t always have to be included in the short story. Coda in a short story can be made based on the ending structure desired by the author. If the author wants an ending that hangs, then this coda does not need to be included.

However, if the reader feels that he has completed all the parts of the short story without further curiosity, then he really needs this part of the code. The basis used in a short story comes from imagination. Thus, the short story writer will be able to more easily understand the tricks used in constructing the story.

Examples of School Short Stories

The following is an example of a school short story entitled Mimpi Sang Dara, of course it can motivate and foster enthusiasm.

The Maiden’s Dream

It was early in the morning when a girl who is usually called Dara started cooking roots to make a glass of hot tea. Dara is a girl who lives with a million dreams in a house with high walls.

Dara is a girl who grew up in an affluent family, one might even say very rich. But unfortunately Dara could not support her own body so she needed to use a wheelchair. Because of that, Dara felt neglected even when she was in the luxurious palace.

Dara’s parents always ignored her because they felt that nothing could be expected from the girl in a wheelchair. Meanwhile, her sister might be embarrassed to have a sister with Dara’s condition.

Every day Dara just spends her time in the room and occasionally directs her wheelchair towards the garden. The 17-year-old girl is very happy to draw in the garden to get rid of bad thoughts that regret her situation.

One morning Dara fell from her wheelchair, but no one in the house came close to help her. Her disappointment at this made Dara have the strength to move her wheelchair towards the garden complex, intending to calm down.

While sobbing in the garden, suddenly Dara was approached by a girl her age with the same condition. The girl reached out to Dara and started saying her name. The girl’s name is Hana. they both get along very easily, maybe because they both understand each other’s conditions.

Suddenly Hana said, “Dara, remember that no one in this world is born wasted. Maybe we can’t stand straight like other humans. But, we still have the right to feel happy. Try to accept yourself, Dara.” then, finally the girl said goodbye to Dara.

Ever since her meeting in the park with Hana, Dara began to ponder the words the girl had said. Dara thought how could she fully accept herself when people around her didn’t support her at all.

Dara tried to digest Hana’s words slowly, although she often cried when she remembered the fact that she was just a girl who was being ignored. Dara’s only concern was how she could fulfill her dream in this condition.

Dara’s dream is to become a painter whose work can be displayed in a large exhibition. What Dara did to start with was diligently making paintings. Dara was also busy so she didn’t think about herself, who was always being ignored and started to understand Hana’s words.

Slowly, Dara’s dream began to come true when she secretly often posted her paintings on social media. Until one day someone came to Dara’s house to meet the girl to invite her to join a painting exhibition.

Both of Dara’s parents were stunned to hear the man’s words, because they did not expect that Dara, the wheelchair girl, could produce such beautiful paintings. Dara just smiled at the response of her parents and chose to accept the exhibition offer.

Various beautiful paintings were displayed in the exhibition entitled Dream of the Dara. Dara’s parents attended the exhibition and were touched by the achievements of their daughter who had been neglected for so long. While Dara felt relieved to be able to accept her physical condition and make use of what she had.

Thus the discussion of short stories and other related matters. Hopefully the above information can be useful and help others and readers.

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Examples of Public Economics – Economics as a science that studies various human activities in order to make ends meet. In order to achieve this prosperity, humans will then carry out various economic activities such as production, consumption, and distribution.

This will later raise various kinds of economic problems, namely the imbalance of unlimited human needs with an increasingly limited number of goods or production. In this article, we will discuss public economics and some examples.

In general, public economics introduces the function of government in terms of the economy. For example, starting from taxes, government budgets, levies, to the state debt. This public economics will usually be dominated by government officials as well as economic observers, because of their direct involvement.

What is Public Economics?

Public economics or what can be called State Finance is a branch of economics that analyzes the role of the government in the economy, and also the impact of government policies in the fiscal sector on an economy. The government here has an important role in ensuring the achievement of optimal social welfare and its policies must be aimed at correcting societal behavior that prevents the economy from achieving a more efficient allocation of economic resources.

Public Economics or more precisely Public Economics is a translation from English, namely Public Economics. The term public in the Big Indonesian Dictionary means the crowd or the general public, everyone who comes (watches, visits, and so on). Meanwhile, according to the Oxford Dictionary, the explanation regarding the term public is much longer, that is, the opposite of private, relates to many people.

So the reality is that we use public absorption words and do not find the original word in Indonesian as a public equivalent. This shows that this concept is relatively new for Indonesian society. For most people, it may still not be clear enough regarding the boundaries between public or public affairs and private or private affairs. This ambiguity can lead to chaos. For example, in the management of state money, which includes public affairs, it cannot be managed privately, so there will be no acts of corruption. And vice versa, when it comes to matters of one’s personal faith and beliefs, it is a personal or private matter, so the state should not interfere so that human rights are not violated here.

With the illustration above, we can interpret public economics as a branch of economics that examines public affairs, general affairs, the affairs of many people, government affairs, community affairs, and also state affairs. One of the experts in Public Economics, namely Richard A. Musgrave (Professor Emeritus in the Department of Economics, Harvard University, USA), argues that the government has three roles in the economy, namely stabilization, allocation and distribution.

In the first role, the government must ensure that the economy is in full employment or full employment and prices are stable. That is a topic in Macroeconomics. While the second role relates to various government efforts in allocating resources in the economy. The government can carry out this role directly, for example in spending on goods for defense or education needs, or indirectly, namely through taxes and subsidies to encourage certain activities and inhibit other activities.

Meanwhile, this third role concerns the government’s efforts to distribute products produced by the community to its members. This last role is related to equity issues and also the trade-off between equity and efficiency. Public economics is focused on examining the last two roles among the three roles of government according to Musgrave’s view.

Basic Concepts of Public Economics

In general, public economics can be interpreted as a science that studies the role of the government or the state in economic life. However, because what is studied is more directed to state finances, since the 1970s, it has been more commonly referred to as the science of state finances.

Why is it called the science of state finance? Because basically, public economics studies or examines state expenditure and revenue. As a branch of science, it means a study as well as an explanation based on certain methods and systematics. In this regard, the method used is the synthesis method as well as global analysis and special, general, as well as macro and micro analysis methods.

The theory of state finance, as stated, usually discusses public legal entities, which have been awarded public legal rights and can participate in the process of part of economics, state finance science which belongs to impure social sciences and specifically discusses related issues. finance from the government sector, among others, government revenues, government spending, government loans and debt, fiscal policy as well as other monetary.

According to Poole (1956) in Ilyas (1989), the science of state finance is closely related to the 4 main objectives of the government, namely determining the level and method of government spending, government loans, tax revenues, and also managing government debt. The purpose of this state finance science is to determine the allocation of resources and determine the effect of this placement on individual needs or the needs of society and government.

Then, according to Newman (1968) in Ilyas (1989), there are two main things which constitute the concept of state finance. The first is the scope and objectives of the government. In this case, there will be adjustments to the boundaries between the government sector and also the private sector in economic activities. Primarily in determining how the capabilities of various government activities are likely to affect levels of income and employment, the efficiency of resource allocation and economic growth and development in the private sector.

Then the second is related to discussions related to the formulation of state finance science in non-monetary terms. For example, an explanation may sound strange, where the word finance will certainly have something to do with monetary. So that in this case it will be able to analyze tax collection, transfer payments, and also other expenses to finance productive fields.

Scope of State Finance Science

Based on the understanding mentioned above, the scope of state finance can be divided into:

1. State Expenditure Theory

Through state spending, the government can try to develop the way finances in the economy are in accordance with the law of supply and demand, the ultimate goal of which is to increase economic growth and people’s welfare.

2. State Revenue Theory

This theory discusses several sources of state revenue, discusses and also analyzes the comparison of advantages or disadvantages from various types of income and discusses the principles that apply to various choices of sources of state revenue.

3. Financial Administration Theory

This theory concerns all activities in the financial sector, including issues related to the state budget, executing the budget and also monitoring the state budget.

4. Stabilization and Growth Theory

This theory usually discusses the economic policies of a government and its relationship with fiscal policies that are directly related to state revenues and expenditures.

Recently, related to the government’s large role in ensuring the achievement of optimum public welfare and government policies that must be shown to correct people’s behavior that prevents the economy from achieving a more efficient allocation of economic resources, redistribution of people’s income and also economic stability, the science of finance the country will become so complex, not only looking at the budget side, but also the direct and indirect effects of aggregate economic activity.

Therefore, the science of state financial economics is again popularized as public economics.

Relations between Public Economics and Other Social Sciences

The following are some of the relationships between Public Economics and other social sciences, including:

1. Relations with Economics

Public Economics is a part of economics, so the principles that apply in economics will also apply in state finance, although there are certain deviations and specificities.

Microeconomic issues such as demand and supply, price theory, markets, and also achieving maximum satisfaction, will also apply to state finance. It’s the same with macroeconomic issues such as saving, investment, government spending, and also national income.

2. Relations with the Science of Law

By looking at public economics as a definition, it is clear that this knowledge is related to the term state, which includes the term private or public law. This public economics science will relate to state institutions such as the government, BPK, DPR. In addition, this knowledge is also related to Constitutional Law, when it is related to budget preparation, tax determination, tax collection, aspects of the use of government resources, and others.

3. Relations with Political Science

The division of powers, supervision, and also the use will be related to the study of political science. Determination of budget distribution or budget allocation between departments, official institutions in its embodiment, namely the application of political science. Likewise with the establishment of new taxes, government loans, PMDN and PMD are political issues within the state framework to strengthen state finances.

This is an explanation of what public economics is, the basic concepts, and its scope. For Sinaumed’s who want to learn all about other economics, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books. As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Example of Psychological Test Questions – Psychological testing is one of the stages of job selection that is commonly used by many companies, both in large companies and in types of companies that are still in the startup category . Psychological tests are used to identify a person’s personality, such as attitude, personality, interests, and intelligence.

Psychological test results play an important role in determining whether you are suitable to join a company or not. There are no right or wrong terms when dealing with psychological test questions, only whether you are suitable for a particular company or position.

In general, there are seven types of psychological test questions that you must answer. These questions require sufficient concentration and time allocated for each type of psychological test. So, here’s an explanation of the types of psychological test questions and tips on how to do them for the job selection test that you should know so you can be better prepared when applying for a job.

Get to Know What Psychotest Matters Are

Psychological tests are one of the stages of job selection that is widely used by many companies, both large and pioneers. Psychological tests are a series of visual or verbal questions or written tests administered by a professional (psychologist) based on the needs of the client (individual or organization). This psychological test allows companies to determine the criteria and services they need to apply when recruiting employees according to their needs.

It is intended to assess a person’s cognitive and emotional functioning and to convey a comprehensive personality profile, especially in the later world of work. Psychological tests have the following functions to identify a person’s personality. Attitudes, personality and interests that may not be visible to the naked eye. The results of the psychological tests carried out by prospective employees will play a major role in determining whether the employee is fit to be employed by the company.

This psychological aspect can also be used by businesses to identify work motivation, aptitudes, emotional states, relationships with other people, attitudes and solutions to problems in everyday life. When doing psychological tests, there are no right or wrong terms. It’s just whether the employee fits the needs of the company or job and the position he is applying for. For some people, psychological tests are often regarded as an “uncertainty factor” and show a person’s logical potential. Academic ability does not guarantee that someone can pass a psychological test.

This is because in general this psychological test aims to measure not only academic abilities but also psychological aspects. Of course, human nature, characteristics, and academic abilities are different. Even those who have just graduated from a prestigious university can fail this psychological test. So make sure you study and understand examples of psychological test questions well before finally applying for the position you want. This will be very important and will be more likely to be accepted by your dream company. Does Sinaumed’s want to pass a psychological test? Come on, look at the reviews about the types and examples of psychological test questions along with tips on how to do them:

Kinds of Psychological Test Problems

1. Psychological Test of Verbal Ability or Language Proficiency

The Language Proficiency Test includes synonyms (same words), antonyms (opposite words), synonyms, and semantic context. This test is intended to determine your ability to overcome certain situations. In addition, language proficiency tests can help assess your ability to infer and understand the causes and consequences of problems. To take this verbal ability test, you need to learn as much of the vocabulary and its meanings as possible. Verbal ability tests usually consist of 40 questions, which include antonyms, synonyms, and word synonyms. This test requires you to be good at playing logic and focus in order to pass it successfully.

This psychological test is used to determine your ability to deal with problems and how you see cause and effect. In order to take this test, you will need to learn various vocabulary words and their meanings. The important thing is to use logic. Of course, you have to concentrate fully on this test. If you’re taking this test, you can try taking it from the one that’s easiest for you. That way, if you have time to solve problems that are difficult to solve, at least you will get the correct results from the problems that have been solved. The key to passing this exam is proper preparation.

2. Wartegg Psychological Test Questions

The Wartegg Psychological Test is the result of research by German psychologist Ehrig Wartegg. The Wartegg test is used to find out what character is in a person. For example, problem solving skills, tenacity, adaptability, and work motivation. In the Wartegg test, you will receive 8 squares of paper. Squares come in a variety of patterns, from curves to dots. Your task is to draw more patterns on the problem, of course, this should match your imagination and creativity. Don’t rush this exam. First, try to understand the pattern.

3. Arithmetic Psychology Test Questions

If you apply for a job that involves a lot of mathematical activity using mathematical formulas, such as data analyst, finance, software engineer, you will definitely encounter the psychology of arithmetic. This is because there are some patterns in the test that need to be understood. This series of numbers must be able to be solved by dividing, multiplying, subtracting, adding, dividing numbers, and passing percentages. So you have to be able to focus and concentrate in order to do this type of problem well.

In practice, you have to pay attention to the whole series of numbers by reading the shape of the pattern. The pattern in question is a form of grouping jumps or sequences, as well as grouping sequentially. Remember, don’t focus too much on the numbers in front of you. This is usually because the numbers are not represented correctly. Also, don’t focus too much on one question because it’s too interesting. You also need to keep in mind the set deadlines.

4. Picture Series Logic Psychological Test Problems

The Logic Series Psychology Test has a concept like the arithmetic logic test. A special form is the use of 2D or 3D image media. The key to this psychological test is paying attention to concentration and patterns. Don’t miss any of these details, such as spot placement or color swirls. This test consists of a combination of numbers and photos. In this logic test, one question is usually associated with another. One thing you should be aware of is that the examiner usually only gives instructions once. Hence, you should be very careful while dealing with this matter.

In addition, this psychological test can help you measure your understanding in understanding and carrying out orders, analyzing problems, and speeding up decision making. If you have difficulty taking this psychological test, then you have limited time and need to answer simple questions first.

5. Pauli or Kraepelin Psychological Test Questions (Newspaper)

Pauli’s Psychological Test is commonly known as the Koran Test. The Pauli test is a simple arithmetic test and looks very simple. The task in this test is to start with 09 and add up a series of numbers arranged vertically. But don’t get excited just yet because there’s just so much that needs to be added together. Pauli’s problem resembles a newspaper page filled with columns of numbers. It seems simple, but the Pauli Test is quite tiring and can lose concentration. Because the numbers need to be added sequentially and a lot.

Please note that this Kraepelin / Pauli test is intended to ensure speed, consistency and accuracy. Answering with several mistakes can reveal that you are a person with high pressure. There is another way to run the Pauli test. First, add the two numbers next to each other. Then write down the result between the two numbers added to the right. Third, if the answer consists of two digits, write down only the last digit.

If you make a mistake in the calculation, cancel the wrong answer and write the correct answer next to it. you mustn’t ignore the missed paths. Continue to the next path. Finally, underline the last number you added when there was a stop signal before moving on to the next question. One thing to remember is that you have to answer Pauli’s test questions in order from top to bottom. The examiner usually allocates 60 minutes for this test. In that one hour, you will be able to accurately count as many questions as possible.

6. Problem Drawing People or Drawing Trees

This type of test must be familiar to Sinaumed’s’ ears. In this test, the examiner asks you to draw a tree on A4 paper. However, you are not allowed to draw coconut trees or small plants. The tree image you need to make is a tree with branches. Likewise when drawing a person. In this test, the examiner will judge you not by your beauty, but by your personality and personality. When doing the human drawing test, draw the human in proportion. Make complete body components and balanced facial compositions.

This type of psychological test question is to find out how confident, stable and responsible you are at work. Don’t worry, you don’t have to be good at drawing to take this test. At work, you have to draw the full explanation yourself. For example, if you are a woman, you can describe yourself as a woman. Likewise, if it’s a man, try to draw in detail the complete body. If you want to draw a doctor, equip him with official clothes and activities that the doctor usually does.

7. Psychological test questions Edward Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)

Of the various types of psychological tests that exist, the EPPS Psychological Test is probably the easiest to do. The purpose of this psychological test is to find out more about your personality and what your personality is like. The test is very easy, but don’t answer randomly. What emerges from this test is consistency in answering the questions asked. You must try to answer all the questions in the question, even if it doesn’t suit your personality. This psychological test asks a lot of questions. It’s easy to see if you answered a question honestly. This phase is usually about your personality and suitability for the position you are applying for. Therefore, this test also helps to see what the workplace atmosphere is like both in terms of culture and the systems implemented in the office.

Examples of Psychological Test Questions and Tips on How to Answer Them

Based on the explanation of the types of psychological test questions above, here are some examples of psychological test questions that Sinaumed’s can look at along with tips for answering them:

1. Examples of Psychological Test Questions for Verbal ability

• An example of an equivalent word
  INSOMNIA = ?
  a. sad
  b. anxious
  c. in fact
  d. Can’t sleep
  Answer : Can’t sleep

• Examples of Opposite Words
  BONGSOR = ?
  a. Dwarf
  b. Shrink
  c. jam
  d. Accumulating
  Answer: Dwarf

• Examples of Car Analog Questions
  – Gasoline = Runner – ?
  a. track
  b. food
  c. Shoes
  Answer: Food
  Gasoline is a form of energy source for the car to finally be able to move. Then eat which is a form of energy for humans to be able to run.

Additional Tips: Try to do the easier questions for this type of question first. If time has passed to solve the problem and you can’t answer all the questions, at least you can make sure that the answers to the questions that have been answered are correct.

2. Examples of Wartegg Psychotest Questions

3. Examples of Arithmetic Logic Psychology Test Questions

1 24 20 16 12 = ?
a. 8b
. 2
c. 4d
. 6
Answers: 8
Explanation: In the series of numbers above subtract each number by 4, then the final result of the series of numbers is 12-4 = 8

Tips for doing this type of logic test require you to read patterns and look at whole sets of numbers. The pattern in question can be in the form of hopping groups , sequences , or sequence groups . These numbers are usually not well represented, so don’t focus too much on the next 2-3 numbers. Also, don’t focus too much on one question because it’s too cool to work on. Also, keep in mind the set time limit.

4. Examples of Picture Series Logic Psychological Test Problems

5. Example of Kraepelin’s or Pauli’s Psychotest Questions (newspaper)

6. Examples of Psychotest Questions Drawing People and Trees

7. Examples of Psychotest Questions Edward Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS)

So, that’s an explanation of several types of examples of psychological test questions along with tips on how to solve them. The examples of psychological test questions above are certainly not enough to familiarize yourself with psychological test questions. To be better prepared for this psychological test, Sinaumed’s can visit sinaumedia’s collection of books on psychology at www.sinaumedia.com , enjoy studying. #Friends Without Limits.

Knowing examples of economic activities in the form of production, distribution and consumption activities is very important so that we can distinguish the three.

In their daily activities, people carry out economic activities. These activities include buying, selling, and distributing a product or service. These economic activities are carried out to meet the daily needs of the community. Economic activity is an activity that is very close to the community, it can be said that news about economic activity will always be there every day.

For Sinaumed’s who want to see various other examples of existing economic activities, you can read the book 100 Basics of Economic Activity 1 which is below which provides material exposure through comics so that it is more fun to learn.

There are so many things that fall into the category of economic activity. But sometimes we don’t realize it. Economic activity includes three things, namely the production process, the distribution process and the consumption process. If Sinaumed’s doesn’t know examples of these activities, this article will explain and provide examples of economic activities.

A. Examples of Production Activities

Production is an activity to produce or create a service or goods. Goods created can be in the form of raw goods, semi-finished or almost finished goods, and finished goods or ready-to-use goods. In addition to adding value to an item, the production process in economic activity aims to seek maximum profit.

The objectives of production activities include the following:

•       Meet consumer consumption needs
•       Get maximum profit
•       Helping to increase the prosperity of society
•       Stimulating the opening of other production so that it can create jobs
•       Help increase the income of the state and society
•       Helping the country by producing goods that can be exported so that it becomes a source of foreign exchange

a. Example of Trade Production

Production in the field of trade is an economic activity that we often encounter. This production activity is the activity of reselling goods that have been purchased to consumers.

Examples of these activities include:

• grocery shop
• agent
• stall
• shop
• supermarket
• and others.

b. Industrial Sector

Production activity in the industrial sector is the production of material processing. Materials will be processed according to what will be sold.

Existing raw materials will be processed so that they become semi-finished, almost finished, or finished goods. In addition there is also the processing of semi-finished goods into finished goods.

Examples of production activities in this field are:

• Processing wood raw materials into furniture.
• factory produces leather bags
• the factory produces clothes
• restaurants produce food
• the factory manufactures motorcycles
• producing shoes

c. agricultural sector

Production in the agricultural sector is production done with nature. Processing of natural products to raise animals and plants.

Examples of production in the agricultural sector are as follows:

• plantation (garden of mangoes, durians, watermelons, melons etc.)
• animal husbandry (raising chickens, ducks, ducks, rabbits etc.)
• aquaculture (cultivation of carp, tilapia etc.)
• agriculture (growing rice, vegetables etc.)
• and others.

d. Extractive field

Production in the extractive sector is the production of an item with minimal processing. The point is that there is no processing of the materials needed in production. Items are taken directly from nature.

Examples of production in the extractive sector are:

• gold mining
• sand mining
• and others.

e. Service sector

Production in the service sector is indeed different from production activities in other fields. If production in other fields is to make goods, not with production in the service sector. Production in the service sector is production that produces a service for consumers.

Examples of this production are:

• hospitals that provide doctors for patients to treat,
• banking provides employees to assist the financial process,
• schools provide teacher services to educate their students,
• open a barber service
• provide graphic design services
• provide architectural services
• and others similar to the provision of services.

Examples of Producers in Indonesia

a. Food/Beverage Manufacturers

•       Indofood
•       Unilever
•       Nestle
•       Sido Appears
•       Kraft Foods
•       A B C
•       Akasha Wira International
•       Three Pillars of Prosperous Food
•       ETC

b. Service Producer

•       bni
•       BCA
•       BRI
•       Indonesian Telecommunications
•       Jasa Marga
•       ETC

As an example of a producer in Indonesia, Sinaumed’s can study the production process carried out in Walanda Bandoeng’s Producer Ontbijt book below.

B. Examples of Distribution Activities

Factors Affecting Distribution

There are several factors that affect the distribution process, including the following:

a. Product factors
Non-durable products, such as food and beverages, have a different way of distribution than durable products such as clothing. The distribution process will be seen from the product, such as the quality of the goods.

b. Purchasing factors
Another factor that also influences the distribution process is the purchasing factor. Distributors must be able to see what is needed by buyers or consumers. Like whether the need for intermediaries in the purchase.

c. Factor markets
Markets are places for people to buy and sell. Market factors that influence distribution are how consumers buy, the number of consumers, the number of orders and so on.

d. Company Factors
The company factors that influence the distribution process in question are regarding funding in the distribution process. In addition, the management of the company also influences the distribution process. If the company’s work is good, then product distribution will run smoothly.

Examples of Distribution Activities Based on the Type of Channels

a. Indirect distribution example

Indirect distribution is the distribution or distribution of a product or goods, which is done through intermediaries. In direct distribution activities, producers do not directly provide or distribute their products or goods to consumers.

Goods or products that have been produced are distributed through agents or other sellers before they can reach consumers.

An example of an indirect distribution is:

• a rice warehouse owner who does not sell his rice directly to the public, but through a rice agent.
• a factory exports wood to other countries such as Malaysia, China, and so on using certain agents
• a clothing factory sells its products using retail traders

With the development of technology in today’s world, intermediaries or distributors must also adapt to existing digital technology in order to survive. Learn about it through the Complete Distribution Management Guide book.

b. Semi-direct distribution

Semi-direct distribution is the distribution or distribution of a product or goods, which is carried out by someone other than the producer.

The difference with indirect distribution is that the person to whom the product or goods are distributed is part of the producer.

An example is a factory that produces goods or products and is distributed by a special team, which is still part of the factory.

c. Direct distribution

Direct distribution is the distribution or distribution of an item or product that is carried out directly by producers to consumers.

Examples of direct distribution are:

• sellers of Nasi Padang side dishes who immediately serve their customers when they come.
• Meatball sellers sell their meatballs directly to consumers by traveling around the village
• a shop that sells food and drinks in a village.

With intermediaries in the distribution process, various strategies are needed to prepare it. Sinaumed’s can use the Business Opportunity Book to Establish a Distributor Company to develop the right strategy to form a good distributor company.

 

C. Examples of Consumption Activities

Read more: Definition of Consumption

Characteristics of Consumption Activities

a. Consumption activities are carried out directly
One of the characteristics of consumption economic activities that must exist is that consumption activities need to be carried out directly. The point is that economic activity is carried out directly and aims to meet the needs of the community.

b. Goods or products obtained from purchasing activities
When consumers want to consume goods or products, the thing that must be done is to buy the product.

c. Products, goods or services used will be reduced.
An example of this characteristic is when a pencil is used for writing, over time the pencil will run out. This is an example of a product that used to be reduced. This happens because it is the consumption activity of consumers. If the product has been used, then the use value of the product will also decrease.

d. The product used is useful
The next feature in consumption activities is that the product or goods used have benefits or use value. Even though the value of the item that has been used is reduced, that means the item or product is useful.

There are two types of goods or products based on their value. First, products whose value runs out when used in one use. An example is food or drink. Second, products whose value will slowly run out when used continuously or repeatedly. Examples include notebooks, pencils, makeup, and others

Examples of Consumption Activities

There are three actors in consumption activities, namely household consumption activities, corporate consumption activities, and state consumption activities.

a. Examples of Consumption Activities by Households

Actors in household consumption activities can be categorized as the general public. Examples of these activities are:

• buy food at the stall
• buy clothes in the store
• buy staples in the market
• buy household items at the store
• use a haircut
• using netflix premium
• use paid internet

b. Examples of Consumption Activities by Companies

Actors of company consumption activities are goods or products needed to run the company. When a company produces an item or product, the company will need raw materials. This is what is called the perpetrators of corporate consumption activities, for the benefit of the company. In consumption activities carried out by a company, it is important to always manage both expenses and income, and this can be learned by Sinaumed’s in the book Managing Business Transactions Accurate+ CD.

Examples of consumption activities in companies include:

• Advertise on social media / internet
• Purchase office equipment
• Purchasing raw materials for production
• Hiring workforce
• Pay electricity rent, building rent, internet, telephone

c. Consumption Activity Actors by the State

A simple example of actors in state consumption activities are the things that the state needs to build people’s needs. Examples of consumption activities by the state:

• state infrastructure development
• personnel spending on salaries, benefits, meal allowances and other costs for civil servants
• spending on state goods for government administration
• spending by central government agencies
• regional shopping
• interest and debt repayments both domestically and abroad
• subsidies are expenditures for various kinds of government subsidies such as the community such as fuel and electricity
• construction of bridges in remote areas
• construction of places of worship
• and others.

Conclusion

Economic activity has three processes, namely production, distribution and consumption. These three processes are related to each other, when the production process is complete, distribution will be carried out to reach consumers. But before the production process takes place, producers certainly need raw materials to make a product, so that at this time producers act like consumers. This process will continue to rotate so that economic activity will run well.

That’s some information about economic activities in the form of production, distribution and consumption. Find other interesting information at www.sinaumedia.com. Sinaumed’s can find the right recommendation books to learn more about economics. sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always provide the best books.

Also read articles related to “Examples of Economic Activities” :

• Definition of Consumption
• How to Calculate Production Costs
• Monetary policy
• Definition of Economics
• Definition of Macroeconomics
• Definition of Microeconomics
• Definition of People’s Economy
• Types of Economic Systems
• What is an Economic Recession

Source: from all sources

Author: Wida Kurniasih

How about examples of popular articles? Popular articles are one of the readings that we often encounter, even though we are not aware of it. There are various popular articles scattered on the internet. How to tell the difference? Check out the following explanation.

What are Popular Articles?

Then, in the presentation of popular articles, they will use popular language. The popular language is a language that is easily understood by ordinary people, at one reading. This technique of writing popular articles is used more by people in presenting an article on a site or other media.

In principle, the way of writing is the same as an ordinary article. It’s just that, the process of making the article requires skills such as writing techniques, reasoning power, insight, foresight, as well as proper writing ethics.

Popular articles are articles that contain summaries of scientific articles. Delivered using light language. The purpose of this is to increase the number of visitors or readers.

This change in writing model is of course very useful in broadening the reader’s horizons, not a few of which include ordinary people. This is because not all article readers are academics.

Tricks to Make Popular Articles

1. Make a very catchy title
2. Pay attention to the length of the writing. Either every sentence, paragraph, or whole.
3. Write the opening of the article briefly and not rambling.
4. Pay attention to actuality.

Examples of Popular Articles 1

The following are examples of popular articles that you can use as references for writing:

Don’t Be Afraid To Meditate

By: Wida Kurniasih

Meditation is a way to practice and understand thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations so that we can understand them better. Meditation is not a religious ritual or worship, it can be done anywhere and anytime. Meditation trains to focus on one point, there we will get instructions or answers to what we are asking, besides that we will get positive energy that can help control emotions.

The purpose of meditation is to connect the conscious mind and subconscious mind, increase awareness, control breathing, result in calm relaxation, freeing the mind while focusing awareness on something that is being done, releasing all burdens or negative thoughts, and most importantly being relaxed.

Reporting from  alodokter.com  , there are many benefits of meditation that you need to know, including:

1. Manage stress

When things get difficult, the mind will definitely be disturbed, even if it’s not for a big reason. When your mind is disturbed and you don’t deal with it right away, it’s possible that you’ll get stressed because you keep thinking about it without facing it. Then if you are stressed, without you knowing it, other activities will be disrupted.

Therefore stress needs to be managed,  so this  meditation is one of the right ways to manage our stress  . One technique that can be tried is mindfulness meditation because it is believed to reduce high levels of the hormone cortisol when feeling depressed or stressed. In addition, you can accompany meditation with exercise because physical activity can produce endorphins which play an important role in managing stress.

2. Overcoming anxiety disorders and depression

Think about it now carefully, how is your mental health? Are you mentally healthy? Regular meditation is believed to reduce levels of cytokines released in response to stress, which can affect mood and eventually lead to mental disorders such as depression. So you can overcome problems with your mental health.

3. Control emotions

If you feel you can’t do your assignments or office work in a crowded place, that could be a sign that you don’t have good emotional control,  you know . One way to control emotions is to meditate. In addition to relieving anxiety disorders, becoming calmer, feeling happy, and thinking positively, meditation can actually improve brain performance which plays a role in the process of learning, remembering, and concentrating.

4. Maintain heart health

It turns out that excessive stress can harm your body  , you know , because if it’s excessive, blood pressure will increase, causing the heart’s work to increase. Such conditions can cause various problems in the heart and blood vessels, such as strokes or heart attacks. This can be overcome by doing meditation, because it makes you more relaxed and less stressed so that blood pressure will remain stable.

5. Strengthen the immune system

In addition to living a healthy lifestyle and exercising regularly, several studies have shown that people who regularly meditate are believed to experience an increase in antibodies or immune-forming substances. Regular meditation can also ward off disease and infection.

6. Reduce pain

There are many types of pain felt by humans, the most common is pain in the body. For example pain when there is a disease such as cancer that arises due to various things. In this case, meditation plays a role in relieving the pain that is felt. This is proven by a study which shows that the  mindfulness meditation method  can relieve pain in cancer sufferers.

Actually meditation can be done anywhere and anytime, done alone or with a psychologist. For example, when you are at the office, try to use your rest time to meditate by sitting comfortably and then controlling your breathing, trying to focus on your thoughts or things around you, do it for 3-5 minutes regularly.

Another example when you want to sleep, you can do it lying down. Empty your mind and try to relax, the right time to communicate with the subconscious is when you are almost asleep but still awake, usually the subconscious will give an image for about 15-30 seconds. In addition to mental health, meditation also has an impact on physical health, so let’s do meditation regularly.

Examples of Popular Articles 2

The following are examples of popular articles that you can use as references for writing:

Healthy Eating for a Strong Spirit

By: Wida Kurniasih

What is healthy food? Healthy food is food that is free of harmful ingredients such as preservatives, MSI coloring, artificial sweeteners and others. Apart from being free from harmful ingredients, healthy food should also contain nutrients and nutrients that are good for our bodies. Because every body has its own needs and every nutrient has its own function.

Like carbohydrates which are a source of energy, protein acts as a building agent and repairs damaged tissue, fat as an energy reserve and solvent for vitamins, minerals and vitamins functions to maintain endurance, and fiber which is useful for maintaining digestion.

Reporting from  halodoc.com  , there are many types of healthy foods that we can consume every day. Among them are vegetables, especially green vegetables such as broccoli, because they have compounds that can reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and some types of cancer. Then there is kale which contains vitamin C and vitamin K, and vegetables that have green leaves such as spinach can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and are good sources of vitamins A, B6, C, E and K.

Besides vegetables, there are fruits that are no less important. There are so many types of fruit and their benefits that can be consumed daily. Other healthy foods that also need to be consumed include meat and eggs, whole grains, nuts, fish and seafood, milk, and others. However, before consuming healthy food, we need to be smart in choosing healthy and good food ingredients when buying them.

For example, when buying beef, first pay attention to the color, choose beef that is fresh red in color (not pale and dirty). Second, look for a texture that is still chewy, by pressing the meat, if it returns to normal then the meat is still fresh. Third, the smell of the meat is irresistible. Fresh meat certainly has a distinctive beef odor and does not smell sour. Lastly, choose beef that is not juicy.

Just like beef, there are a number of ways you can go when buying healthy fruits and vegetables. First, choose fruits and vegetables that have bright colors and look fresh. Second, choose those that don’t use pesticides, marked by no white spots on the outside or to make it easier for vegetable leaves that have holes due to caterpillars, meaning they grow without using pesticides.

Also get to know the texture of the fruit or vegetable you are going to buy, especially fruit because each fruit. Fruit has a different texture, especially when it’s ripe. The last way is to buy ingredients at the morning market or directly to the farmers.

The benefits of eating healthy food are certainly not in doubt, which is good for our bodies. Like eating a lot of tomatoes will make healthy eyes but if excessive will cause hair loss. Eating avocados can protect the skin from UV rays and can speed up wound healing. Eating oranges can prevent colds, and many more.

Always remember, if we eat healthy food then our skin will also be healthy including facial skin,  wow  that’s great isn’t it!

To keep the body healthy and strong, we need to eat healthy food in the right portion, especially for those who are on a diet, it still has to be done in a healthy way too! There are several diets that are well-known among the public, but it turns out that these diets only last temporarily for weight loss.

The recommended diet is gradual weight loss such as 0.5 kg-1 kg per week which is considered safe for dieting. The way to start is to eat fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds as a substitute for calorie foods. However, what is no less important for a healthy diet companion is a lot of movement or exercise, so that the results are maximized!

Reproduction is carried out by plants and animals but the system that distinguishes the two. In plants there are various types of reproduction methods, namely generative and vegetative reproduction, but all of these things must be in accordance with existing regulations. Generative reproduction is a very common development carried out by living things. However, it cannot be denied that the reproduction between animals and plants has something in common, that is, they both use gamete cells to produce new offspring. Animals use egg cells and sperm cells, while plants use various methods. One example of many plants that reproduce by spores.

In general, plants reproduce to add new individuals so as not to experience plant extinction and to maintain the balance of the ecosystem. The balance of the ecosystem will be maintained depending on the use of plants, if the use of plants is disturbed, the balance of the ecosystem will also be disturbed.

A. Definition of Spores

Spores are a collection of several cells covered by a protective layer (haploid or diploid). In addition, spores are relatively small in size and difficult to see with the naked eye using a microscope. Spores themselves have a dormant nature in every type of plant. Dormant is a condition in which they do not develop and are not active. Therefore it can be concluded that dormant cells are only able to grow in an environment that meets the existing conditions or requirements will develop into new individuals.

Spores and seeds can be said to reproduce almost the same because the goal is to be disseminated to obtain new offspring. When viewed from the side of anatomy and evolution both can be said to be the same, because basically seed plants can be seen from the point of view of evolution which produces spores.

B. Types of Spores

After knowing the meaning of spores, let’s look at the types of spores. Many people say that spores are plants that do not have seeds, such as ferns and mosses. The types of spores can be distinguished based on several things, one of which is based on its function, including:

1. Spores are a common means of dispersal for plants that have non-seeds, such as mosses, fungi and Myxozoa. However, this section is also known as the diaspora.

2. Endospores and exospores are spores of certain bacteria that have been formed whose purpose is as a means of survival against extreme conditions.

3. Chlamydospore, also known as chlamydospore, has a function that is almost the same as the endospore, but what distinguishes it is the part that is produced in the form of function.

4. The zygospore is a haploid dispersal tool from the function of the Zygomycota, in which these spores have thick walls and are able to grow madas and become conidium (zygosporangium).

C. Examples of plants that reproduce by spores

Plants capable of spore reproduction include ferns, mosses, suplir plants, mushrooms, rane plants, azolla plants, water ferns, ferns, deer plants and algae. In general, the location of the spores can be seen on the leaves of the plant which are on the back, in the form of powder and stored in the spore city known as the sporangium.

In the process of propagating spores from ferns, there are two stages in their life cycle (metagenesis). The two stages are known as gametophyte and sporophyte. In ferns, the form of the sporophyte phase (plants with spores) will produce spores, while the form of gametophyte generation (plants with gametes) is called a prothallus or prothallium, which is a small plant in the form of sheets with a green color that is almost similar to liverworts, but does not have roots, stems and leaves.

In the process prothallium will grow from spores that fall from damp places. Then the prothallium will produce anteridium (male sex cells) and archegonium (egg cells) with a very small size that is difficult to see directly with the eye without the help of special tools. In the process of fertilization the egg cannot be carried out alone but requires the help of water as a medium for spermatozoids to move by swimming towards the archegonium to fertilize the egg. This will continue with the fertilized ovum which will develop into a zygote and then will grow into a new sporophyte.

Some examples of ferns such as the Selaginellales and Salviales groups have relatively very small male spores known as microspores, while female spores are known as megaspores or macrospores. This symptom is known as heterospory, but groups with the same spore size are known as homospores.

However, if one looks at or pays close attention that seed plants or Spermatophyta also have a life cycle like heterosporous ferns, but have evolved much further and lead to the conclusion that at the gametophyte stage they are unable to live independently and must be supported by life from the sporophyte. The spores produced will immediately grow into pollen (jatan) or embryo sacs (female).

1. Moss Plants

Moss plants are very small green plants that grow in damp places, such as growing on the banks of rivers, on bricks and on soil with high humidity levels. In breeding, continuing offspring to create new individuals is somewhat unique. Metaginesis is a way to continue offspring which is characterized by alternation between sexual and asexual generations. In the gamete-producing generation, the spore-producing generation is known as the gamtophyte to the sporophyte.

2. Nail Plants

Ferns are widely known by the public with various names, but in general they are known as ferns which are included in ferns. This fern is one of the plants belonging to the Tracheophyta or true vascular system which does not produce seeds as a continuation of offspring, but by releasing spores. In addition, ferns belong to the cormus group, which means that the real body parts consist of roots, stems and leaves. In this fern plant does not produce seeds, but is able to reproduce spores. In the sporangium for ferns it can be found on the underside of the leaves, if the leaves are turned inside out the sporangium will be visible on the edges of the fern leaves.

3. Mushroom Plants

Mushrooms or fungi are plants that have a single cell and those that have many cells and do not have chlorophyll. Basically fungi or mushrooms are eukaryotic organisms. Where fungal cells have walls consisting of several chitin. In addition, mushrooms do not have flowers and do not bear fruit and do not have seeds. Mushrooms generally reproduce in spores with various shapes and colors and often grow in moist soil, receiving little light and soil containing organic compounds that are useful as a food source. The mushroom body itself contains almost 90% water content. This spore-producing fungus can usually be found in damp areas, for example in dead plants and animals and stale food. In the tempeh mushroom itself, the location of the sporangium is at the bulging end of the hyphae. The hyphae will form threads which will then form the mushroom body.

4. Rane plant

Rane plants are classified as vascular plants which belong to the Semennellaceae tribe. In this rane plant reproduces in a free spore which is considered as part of the Pteridophyta plant. This rane plant has characteristics such as small and simple leaves called microphytes which resemble flat scales and are not stemmed, but this right is capable of producing two types of spores that differ in size. In the growth part, the branches and leaves are not in the form of open rolls or like true nails. In general, rane plants reproduce by means of spores, which are generally similar to mosses and mushrooms.

5. Water Ferns

In water ferns, this includes ferns. The habitat of this water fern can be found in areas that are drained by water, such as in rice fields and even river areas. This water fern is affected by the presence of water flow, if the water gets less or even disappears, the water fern will slowly die. In this water ferns reproduce spores.

6. Azolla plant

The azolla plant is included in the water fern plant which in its leaves floats above the surface of the water and its roots hang under the water. In the opinion of the community, the azolla plant is known as ganggeng, catfish eyes or springs. This azolla plant is often found in areas that are inundated by water such as ditches, ponds, rice fields, rivers or lakes. However, on the other hand, azolla plants are able to live in tropical areas, for example in American and Asian countries and even Indonesia. In general, the size of the azolla plant is very small, ranging from 1 – 2 cm with a glossy light green, red green and orange green leaf color on the leaves. Basically the azolla plant is a plant that is weak against cold temperatures which can cause the plant to die.

7. Suplir Plants

Suplir plants are included in the group of plants that function as decoration for a certain room or corner. Suplir plants are plants of the surname Adiantum. This suplir plant reproduces generatively through the spore stage which is located on the underside of the mature leaf. Suplir plants have a unique and distinctive shape and appearance which in general can be distinguished from other types of ferns. The leaves of this suplir plant are not elongated but tend to be rounded. Spores are protected by the sporangium which is protected by indusium. On the underside of the leaves on the edges there are groups of indisium (sorus) which are protected by leaf folds. On the stalk is black and shiny which has fine scales when mature.

8. Kiambang Plant

The kiambang plant is a type of water fern that can float on the surface of the water. In general, kiambang plants can be found in fish ponds and so on, in rice fields and in lakes or rivers where the water flow is calm. Based on several opinions, the kiambang plant includes plants originating from southeastern Brazil and northern Argentina. The common feature of the kiambang plant is that it has a horizontal rhizome which is located below the surface of the water and two types of leaves that float and submerge. In mature ferns, many will produce egg-shaped spore sacs which will naturally contain infertile spores. Kiambang plants do not have true roots, but the submerged leaves function as roots. Where there are three leaves that are coiled, meaning two leaves are floating and one is submerged. When the leaves are floating, their position is opposite to the others with a round to oval shape. If one looks closely, the upper surface of the leaves of the kiambang plant has rows of cylindrical papillae consisting of four hairs at the distal end.

9. Fern Plants

Ferns are classified as ferns. In this fern plant spore breeding can be seen on the back of the fern leaves. The color that appears is black dots, these spots are a collection of various spores that have coalesced and exist. However, for some time the spores in the form of spots will break and then the spores will come out which will then fly due to angina. When the spores fly, they fall to the ground and then grow and develop into new ferns. In addition to wind, spores can also be spread through water and carried by animals indirectly. However, spores carried by these animals are rare.

10. Algae

Algae is one of the plants that do not have roots, stems and leaves in shape. However, algae contain chlorophyll which is autotrophic, which means they are able to make their own food. Algae bodies consist of one cell or unicellular, but there are also many cells or multicellular. In unicellular algae they live as phytolactones, while for multicellular algae they can live as benthos, nekton and periphyton. The location of the spores or sporangium on the algae is located on the body of the algae itself, where each spore is equipped with whip hairs or vibrating bladders which function as a dai’s geral in water. In general, spores in algae are known as zoospores. The development of spores in this algae depends on the surrounding conditions, when getting a suitable and suitable place,

If we look again at the ten examples of these plants, there are several plants that can be consumed by humans, one of which is the fern plant, which many people use as food to make vegetables. In addition, the community believes that plants are safe for consumption if they are managed correctly and properly.

Spore Classification

The following is a classification of spores based on several categories such as function, life cycle, and mobility.

Based on function

a. Diaspora

Diaspora is a type of spore that functions as a means of dispersal for non-seed plants.

b. Bacterial spores (endospores and exospores)

Endospores and exospores are also commonly known as bacterial spores. This is because the formation comes from bacteria, in contrast to other types of spores which are produced through a process of division.

Bad environmental situation will change the surviving bacteria into cysts. When they turn into cysts, the bacteria enter a resting stage which is resistant to all environmental threats such as extreme dry or cold weather, even when the temperature reaches 120 degrees Celsius and for years. This cyst plays an important role as a protector. This ability is also called the defense function.

In this process, the bacteria will begin to form spores. Spores produced inside the cell are known as endospores, while spores formed outside the cell are known as exospores. If it can survive all the onslaught of the bad ecosystem, the bacterial spores will grow into the organisms from which they were formed, namely bacteria.

c. Chlamydospores

Similar to bacterial spores, chlamydospores also have a defensive function. However, the fundamental difference between the two lies in the origin of their formation. Bacterial spores originate from bacteria, while chlamydospores form from fungi. Chlamydospores have thick walls due to their ability to survive in unfavorable conditions.

d. Zygospores

Like diaspora, zygospora also has a function as a means of dispersal. Zigospores are a type of spore produced by the zygomycota fungus and function as a haploid dispersal tool.

Based on origin during life cycle

a. Meiospore

Meiospores are spores produced by meiosis. By this origin, meiospores are haploid organisms and are capable of growing haploid daughter cells or haploid individuals. Examples are the gametophyte precursor cells of seed plants found in flowers (angiosperms) or cones (gymnosperms), and the zoospores that result from meiosis in algal sporophytes such as ulva.

b. Microspore

Microspores are meiospores which produce male gametophytes or pollen in seed plants.

c. Megaspore

Megaspores or also called macrospores are meiospores that produce female gametophytes. In seed plants the female gametophyte is formed inside the ovule.

d. Mitospora

Mitospores, also known as conidia or conidiospores, are spores produced by mitosis. Mitospora is included in the characteristics of ascomycetes. Fungi that only have mitospores are called mitossporic fungi or anamorphic fungi.

Based on mobility

The following are types of spores that are categorized according to their ability to move.

a. Zoospores

Zoospores are a type of spores that move. Zoospores move by means of one or more flagella. Usually zoospores are found in some varieties of algae and fungi.

b. Aplanospora

Not all types of spores can move, some of them are not endowed with this ability. In contrast to zoospores, aplanospores are a type of spore that cannot move.

c. Autospora

Autospores are spores that are similar to aplanospores, which are spores that do not move.

d. Balistospora

Balistospores are spores that are expelled either forcibly or naturally from the fruiting bodies of the fungus as a result of internal forces, such as pressure buildup. Most basidiospores are also ballistospores and another important example is the spores of the genus pilobolus.

e. Statismospora

Statismospores are not much different from ballistospores, in that they are both released from the fruiting bodies of the fungus. If the ballistospores are ejected due to internal forces, on the other hand, the statismospores are ejected as a result of external forces, such as raindrops or passing animals. An example of statismospora is the puffball .

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Examples of Personal and Official Letters – Letters are one of the media used to communicate in writing. There are many types of letters that can be grouped based on their respective types of importance. According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), a letter is defined as written paper and so on (various kinds of contents) or a piece of paper and so on as a sign or statement; card. Letters are also interpreted as something written; written; writing.

Nurdjan (2016) in a book entitled Indonesian for Higher Education states that letters are a means of communication to convey written information by one party to another with the aim of informing the intent of the message from the sender. The information provided in the letter is in the form of an introduction, notification, assignment, request, agreement, order, order, report and decision.

Letters can be used for various purposes, namely:

• As a representative of the author or agency as the sender with the aim of communicating with other individuals, groups or organizations.
• As a basis and guidance in work.
• As written evidence that is authentic and clear, and has legal force.
• As a backup reminder or archive for certain purposes.
• As an important historical document in the past or a carrier of information about the development and changes of an organization.
• As a security guarantee for an activity.

Yustinah and Ahmad Iskak in a book entitled Indonesian Language (2006) write that letters are divided into four types, namely personal letters, government letters, commercial letters, and social letters. In addition, letters can also contain warnings, reprimands, and awards. Its function includes five things, namely a means of notification, request, thoughts, and ideas; written evidence; reminder tools; historical evidence; and work guidelines.

In general, postage and envelopes are needed as a means of paying for mail delivery services. The farther the destination of the letter is, the greater the value listed on the postage. However, along with its development, now letters do not only use paper media, but can also be delivered electronically, one of which is electronic mail (e-mail).

However, what will be discussed specifically in this paper are personal letters and official letters. This article will discuss the differences between official letters and personal letters, as well as the differences in their functions.

Letters in Indonesia

Correspondence in Indonesia has started since the days of the Kingdoms of Majapahit, Sriwijaya, and Tarumanegara in written form or correspondence. The script used is Pallawa. At that time, letters circulating among the monks and aristocrats were made using stone, wood, or paper along with the arrival of Hinduism and Buddhism in Indonesia. Paper here refers to materials such as thinly sliced ​​bamboo skin and using palm leaves.

The arrival of the Dutch in Indonesia then also influenced the development of correspondence in Indonesia. In 1596, came Cornelis de Houtman who brought letters to the kings in Jakarta and Banten. At that time, the letters in circulation were only intended for official officials and did not contain news about the company in Indonesia. The existing postal services also had not yet reached a regular stage, even though they were quite advanced at that time. This was because the mail service still depended on company ships that sailed from island to island.

Finally, on August 26, 1746, Governor General GW Baron van Inhoff built the first official post office in Jakarta. The purpose of establishing this post office is to facilitate and guarantee the safety of letters sent, especially for those outside Java Island.

During the reign of Daendels, the Anyer-Panarukan postal highway was built in 1809 which was completed within one year. This road stretches along the North Coast of West Java to East Java. This construction was inspired by the construction of a postal road from the Roman Empire under the name Cursus Publicus. Along the way, there have been various minor developments, such as the existence of tariffs for posts that cross the sea.

During the Japanese government, the Postal Savings Service was also known in the world of correspondence to mobilize money for the needs of the Japanese military. After Indonesia’s independence, there was a takeover of the Telegraph and Telephone Post Office (PTT) from Japanese hands on December 27, 1945. That day was later commemorated as Postel Service Day. Since then, there have been many reforms to the existing postal system, including regional expansions to cover hard-to-reach areas.

Types of Letters

In general, letters are divided into two types, namely letters that are reviewed in terms of form, content, and language (personal letters, official letters, and commercial letters), and letters that are reviewed based on their usage (personal letters, official letters, and official letters). . In the case of submitting an application to leave the position being held, it is also known as a letter of resignation.

1. Personal Letters

Personal letters are letters that are used for personal gain. This letter can be correspondence between friends or family. The characteristics of a personal letter include:

• Do not use letterhead.
• No mail number.
• Opening and closing greetings vary.
• The use of language is free, according to the wishes of the author.
• Free letter format.

2. Official Letter

Official letter is a letter that is used for official purposes, both individuals, agencies, and organizations. examples of this letter are invitations, circulars, and notification letters. The characteristics of an official letter include:

• Use letterhead if issued by the organization.
• There is a letter number, attachments, and subject.
• Use the usual opening and closing greetings.
• Use of various official languages.
• Include a stamp or stamp from an official institution.
• There are standard format rules.

Official letter parts include:

• The head or letterhead includes the name of the agency or institution written in capital letters, the address of the agency or institution written in upper and lower case letters, and the logo of the agency or institution.
• Letter number, namely the order in which the letters are sent.
• Attachments, namely other sheets that are included besides the letter.
• It, namely the outline of the contents of the letter.
• Date of letter (writing on the right parallel to the letter number).
• Address(es) (don’t use the word “to”).
• Opening or greeting (ending with a comma).
• The contents of the letter include a description of the day, date, time, place and so on which are written in lower case, except for writing based on enhanced spelling (EYD) which must be adjusted.
• The closing letter includes closing greetings, title, signature, and name (usually accompanied by the employee identification number or NIP).
• Copy of the letter, namely inclusion or notification to superiors about the existence of an activity.

3. Commercial Paper

Commercial letters are used by bodies that carry out commercial business activities such as industry and service businesses. This letter is very useful in building relationships with outsiders, so it must be prepared properly. Commercial papers consist of buying and selling, receipts and trade letters; and can be divided into internal commercial letters and external commercial letters. One example of a commercial letter is an offer letter and a billing letter.

4. Service Letter

Official letters are used for formal work purposes such as official agencies and office assignments. This letter is important in administrative management within an agency. The function of an official letter is as a document of written evidence, a reminder tool related to its function with archives, historical evidence on the development of agencies, and work guidelines in the form of decrees and instructions. The characteristics of official letters include:

• Using letterhead and the agency or agency concerned.
• Use the letter number, attachments, and subject.
• Use standard opening and closing greetings.
• Use standard language or official variety.
• Use the stamp or stamp of the letter-making office.
• Has a certain letter format.

Difference between Personal and Service Letters

1. Personal Letters

Personal letters are letters written for personal matters. In writing personal letters, it is not uncommon for a writer to refer to himself with the word “I”. Because of their friendly and relaxed nature, personal letters usually use casual or informal language. Meanwhile, quoted from a book entitled Be Smart Bahasa Indonesia (2008) written by Ismail Kusmayadi, personal letters are very dependent on the purpose of the letter to be sent.

However, based on its content, personal letters can be divided into two types, namely private letters that are private and private letters whose contents are official. Private letters that are private means letters sent to friends, family members, acquaintances, and so on. Meanwhile, an official personal letter is a letter sent to an official of an agency or to an organization, for example a job application letter.

It is also mentioned in a book entitled Indonesian Language Textbooks and Scientific Writing compiled by Sarmadan and La Alu (2015) that personal letters are a form of correspondence written by a person as a person and not related to officialdom. In general, personal letters are informal and contain personal matters.

2. Service Letter

According to Soedjito and Solchan, official letters are letters sent by government or private offices to government or private offices and vice versa. This letter must use standard language, language that conforms to the rules of the Indonesian language regarding spelling, choice of words, and sentences.

Official letters are also commonly referred to as official letters, which are sent for official purposes or for government administrative purposes. Official letters usually contain official or government matters. This letter is only made by government agencies and can be sent to all parties who have a relationship with the agency, for example meeting invitation letters and notification letters.

As reported from the website of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia , official letters are written communication tools that have a legal and formal character. This letter becomes official evidence that has legal force. In addition, official letters within the organization can also be used as historical evidence and remind the activities carried out by the institution.

Based on the provisions, official letters must be written following the standard provisions. The letter must also be made using the correct preparation technique, such as letterhead, attachment number and subject matter, date of letter, writing address, and paying attention to the form of writing the letter. In addition, the contents of the letter must also be stated concisely, clearly and explicitly.

The language used in official letters is also formal or standard according to the rules for using good and correct Indonesian. Official letters must be written effectively. That is, a language that can precisely achieve its goals. Effective language must fulfill the elements of simple, reasonable, concise, clear, polite and interesting.

—

Quoted from a book entitled A Practical Guide to Writing Official Letters written by Muhammad Hamzah and Andi Neneng (2017), the definition of an official letter is a type of essay or composition aimed at conveying the intent to be conveyed.

Official correspondence is a very important activity to support the implementation of the main tasks and functions of the organization. In addition, official letters also have several functions, namely as authentic evidence, reminders, historical evidence, work guidelines, and ambassadors or co-authors.

Unlike the case with official letters, quoted from a book entitled Definitely Can Complete Discussion of Indonesian Language Competence written by Agus Trianto (2007), personal letters are letters addressed to other people as individuals, not as representatives or envoys related to institutional/official/ official. Generally, personal letters contain invitations, requests and requests for explanations, acceptance and rejection, or expressions of one’s feelings that one wants to convey to others.

The difference between official letters and personal letters lies in the title of the sender, personally or institutionally. In addition, when writing an official official letter, you should use an interesting format, not too long, and use clear, concise, and concise language, while the rules of language when writing personal letters are not given too much attention.

Examples of Personal and Service Letters

After knowing the differences between official letters and personal letters, here are examples of each letter that you can use as reference material to make them.

1. Personal Letters

Example 1

Example 2

Jakarta, 28 April 2020

Defandra Ramadhan
Jl. Friendship No. 63
Dago Atas, Bandung, West Java

Hello Defan, how are you? I hope you are all well and always happy, even though you haven’t seen each other for a long time. I’m also here healthy and always happy, although some time ago I had a little chill. However, I have recovered and can play as usual again, really! Hehehe …

Oh yeah, have you heard the good news? After finishing this high school, I have plans to continue studying in Bandung! It’s great fun, we’ll be able to keep playing and see each other every day, just like we used to when we were little. I can’t wait! You also learn enthusiastically and more actively! Wait for me to catch up with you! Ha ha ha …

It’s been a while, Def, I’m waiting for a reply from you, okay! Don’t forget to eat and don’t play PS too much, your mother will scold you later, you know. Hahaha … Greetings to your mother and father, yes!

From Defan’s Beloved Friend

 

Alea Riviana

2. Service Letter

Example 1

Bogor, 08 April 2028

No : 08/OSIS/UND EX/V/28
Lamp : –
Subject : Invitation to PORSENI (Sports and Arts Week)

To the Dear
Student Council

With respect,
In connection with the end of the 2027/2028 academic year, we, as administrators of SMA Negeri 8 Bojonggede request the presence of school representatives to take part in various sports and arts competitions which will be held on:

Day/Date : Monday/28 April 2028
Time : 08.00 – Finish
Place : Field of SMA Negeri 6 Bojonggede
Event : PORSENI

Due to the importance of the event, we expect the school representatives to be present on time.

Knowing,
the Head of Student Council of SMA Negeri 8 Bojonggede

Henry Ramadhan

—

You can use this explanation of the differences and examples between personal and official letters as a guide for compiling and writing letters that are needed. Hope it is useful!

Examples of Fine Art – The types of works of art that Sinaumed’s can encounter everyday in homes, museums, art galleries, and public spaces are very diverse. So, what kinds of works of art do Sinaumed’s know?

Fine art is all forms of expression of aesthetic experience that are consciously carried out by humans through the media of dots, lines, shapes, colors, textures and spaces.

Various Indonesian Art Works

The following are examples of the various kinds of works of art that can be found in Indonesian regions, namely:

1. Art painting

Painting is a two-dimensional art which is also the oldest type of art in the world. Painting in each region has its own painting characteristics. Regional paintings generally symbolize the beliefs of the local community. Examples of painting in Indonesia are:

• Kamasan painting from Bali
• Wayang Semar painting from Yogyakarta
• Kalimantan Dayak Painting
• Glass painting from Cirebon
• Khombow painting from Papua
• Painting of Leang-Leang from Central Java
• Lampang painting from Borneo

2. Sculpture

According to Mikke Susanto in the book Diction of Fine Arts, Collection of Terms and Fine Arts Movement (2011), sculpture is a three-dimensional work that has a shape and is made by subtractive methods (reducing materials such as carving and cutting) or additive (adding such as printing and casting). . Examples of the variety of sculpture in Indonesia are:

• Sculpture of the Asmat Tribe of Papua
• Batak Sculpture Art (Batak Toba, Simalungun, Pakpak Dairi, and Karo)
• Batak mask art (Simalungun, Tapanuli, Pakpak Dairi, and Karo)
• Reog mask from East Java
• Nias sculpture
• Carving from Toraja
• Asmat Carving Art
• Miniature from South Sulawesi

3. Craft art

Craft art is art that has functional properties or has uses in human life. Crafts in every region of Indonesia are made by hand and also simple tools in accordance with the customs and culture prevailing in that area. Examples of craft art in Indonesia are:

• Batik from Yogyakarta
• Batik from Toraja
• South Sulawesi woven fabrics
• Batik Buketan from Bali
• Kris motifs from Yogyakarta
• Sasirangan fabric of the Banjar people of South Kalimantan
• Tanggui Woven from South Kalimantan
• Woven Bingga Central Sulawesi

Definition of Fine Arts

According to the book Basic Knowledge of Fine Arts (2015) by Sofyan Salam, and friends, fine art is a branch of art that forms works of art with media that can be captured by the eye and felt by touch.

The style of this fine art is created by processing the concepts of line, area, shape, volume, color, texture, and lighting with aesthetic references.

Broadly speaking, the translation of fine arts into English is fine art . However, in accordance with the development of the modern art world, the term fine art has become more specific for the notion of pure art.

The difference with other types of art, fine art is a work that emphasizes aesthetic values ​​or beauty. In this context, fine art has a function as a medium that aims to beautify a place or object.

Practically, fine art is used to show the side of beauty. However, this fine art is also very influential in the way of assessing, processing, and enjoying a work.

Elements of Fine Arts

There are several elements in fine arts, namely:

1. Lines

Line is the most basic element as well as the most important to create a work of art. The embodiment of a work of art generally begins with a scribbled line on the design.

Lines have 2 longitudinal dimensions and have specific directions and properties. For example long, short, horizontal, vertical, curved, straight, wavy and so on have their respective meanings.

2. Sharpen

The shape is the appearance of the piece or shape of an object. Where patterns can be formed from lines that cover a certain area size and form fields.

Then, expression can also mean the embodiment of an object or what is often referred to as a shape or field.

Buildings or fields, namely elements that always have a relationship with objects, both artificial objects and natural objects.

On the other hand, a plane can be a regular shape i.e. circle, quadrilateral, triangle or irregular. Apart from being solid, objects also have a plastic shape.

3. Space

Space is an element of a work of art that shows the dimensions of the work of art itself. That is, a two-dimensional space can only show size and dimensions of length and width. Meanwhile, space in works of art has a three-dimensional shape, because there is volume that can give a deep impression.

4. Texture

Texture elements or what is often called baric are the tactile qualities of a surface. Tactile means that it can be touched or has something to do with the sense of touch.

In addition, texture can also be interpreted as a description of the structure of the surface of an object, both rough and smooth.

5. Color

Color is an element that is basically an impression and is caused as a result of the reflection of light hitting the surface of an object.

In fine art, color can take the form of lines, spaces, planes, and dark or light tones.

Types of Fine Art Works

Types of works of art are divided into a number of categories, as quoted from the book ‘Basic Knowledge of Fine Arts’ by Sofyan Salam, Sukarman B., Hasnawati, and Muh. Muhaemin.

1. Types of works of art according to their forms

Based on its form, art can be divided into three, namely:

1. Two-Dimensional Artwork

Two-dimensional works of art or also known as two-dimensional works. Two-dimensional works are works that can only be enjoyed from one direction, namely the front. Because, this work only has dimensions of length and width. Examples of two-dimensional works are photographs, drawings, paintings, weavings and batik.

2. Three Dimensional Art Works

Types of three-dimensional works of art or also known as three-dimensional works. Three-dimensional works are works that have dimensions of length, width and height. Three-dimensional works have volume, so that their form can be enjoyed from various directions. Examples of three-dimensional works are buildings, sculptures, dolls, and various types of product designs.

3. Four Dimensional Art Works

This type of four-dimensional art work is also known as time-based art. These works include video art that can be projected onto walls, happening/performing art that involves art makers acting and being videotaped to become a work of art themselves, and new media art that has interactive characteristics.

Interactive new media art includes computer animation, digital art, robotics, and others that are intended by art makers to explore the potential of the latest technology.

2. Types of Fine Art Works According to Their Functions

Based on its function, art can be divided into two, namely:

1. Works of Fine Art

Fine Art Works are works of art made solely for the purpose of fulfilling needs and expressing an aesthetic or beautiful sense, without the intention of fulfilling a practical function or use. Examples of works of pure art are paintings, sculptures, tapestry, and other works of art intended solely for the expression of aesthetic feelings.

2. Applied Art

Types of works of applied art are works of art made with the main aim of fulfilling functions and uses that have a practical nature. Examples of works of applied art are types of design and craft works, such as posters, book cover designs, banners, logos, furniture, vehicles, and architectural works.

3. Types of Art Works According to Manufacturing Techniques

Based on the manufacturing technique, fine art can be divided into twelve, namely:

1. Fine Artwork with Color Stroke/Sweep Techniques

a. Picture Art

Drawing art is generally dominated by linear strokes produced from pencils, pens, or markers. However, this technical characteristic is less and less absolute because drawings can also be dominated by painting, like a painting. Drawing art or what is also known as drawing consists of several types according to its specific characteristics, namely as follows:

• Shape image
• Models image
• Illustration image
• Projection and perspective drawing
• Decoration picture
• Sketch drawing
• Imagination picture

b. Art painting

Technically, painting is dominated by color painting done in the medium. However, this feature is also increasingly not absolute, just like the art of drawing. Painting traditionally can be divided based on the field of painting into easel painting which can be supported by the easel and mural painting on the surface of the building.

Painting is also commonly categorized based on the coloring matter, such as acrylic painting, oil paint, gouache, watercolor, ink, pastel, tempera, mixed-media, and encaustic.

c. Calligraphy Arts

The art of calligraphy is a beautiful writing art that is used as a container for ideas and has an aesthetic function.

2. Fine Art Works with Printing Techniques

This type of work of art with printing techniques is usually referred to as graphic art or printmaking. The process of creating a work of graphic art begins by creating an image called a cliché, then printing is done. Based on the type of cliche, printmaking is distinguished by high or embossed print, translucent print, and deep print.

3. Fine Art Works with Carving Techniques

This type of work of art using measuring techniques is formed by incising or sculpting the part to be removed from the material to create the desired shape. Two-dimensional carvings are called reliefs, while three-dimensional carvings are called sculptures.

4. Fine Art Works with Woven, Weaving and Knitting Techniques

This type of work of art using woven and weaving techniques is a work technique by crossing over between the materials used. The art of weaving in Indonesia is a hereditary activity in tradition.

5. Fine Art Works with Embroidery Techniques

Embroidered works of art are made by sewing using decorative threads, sequins, ribbons, and various other materials.

6. Fine Art Works with Pasting Techniques

a. Mosaic Art

This type of mosaic artwork is a work of art made by gluing together pieces of material using the default color of the material to form an object as desired.

b. Collage Art

Collage art is a type of work of art that is made by sticking together pieces, pieces, or pieces of material such as glass, paper, shells, tiles, bark, and so on to become part of the shape to be depicted.

c. Montage Art

Montage art is a type of work of art that is made by gluing paper or sticky material containing photos or drawings.

7. Art Works with Shaping and Constructing Techniques

a. Sculpture Art

Sculpture is a type of three-dimensional work of art that is shaped according to the type of material used, such as clay, stone, wood, gypsum, cement, metal and fiber.

b. Ceramic Art

Ceramic art is a type of work of art in which the object embodiment uses non-metallic and inorganic materials in a solid form through a high-temperature combustion process.

c. Architectural Arts

Architectural art can be seen as a three-dimensional work of art in a large or gigantic size, because under certain conditions it can accommodate many people. Examples are airports, stadiums, bridges, and also houses of worship.

8. Artwork with Stringing and Knotting Techniques

a. Meronce Art

The art of meronce is the art of making handicraft objects by assembling or arranging hollow objects to make objects in new forms, such as bracelets, necklaces, and so on.

b. Macrame Art

Macrame art is an art that uses the technique of knotting objects such as ropes. Examples of macrame art are bracelets, key chains, necklaces, interior decorations, and fashion decorations.

c. Ikebana Art

The art of ikebana is the art of flower arrangement from Japan by paying attention to flower composition, type of flower, place, branches and placement.

9. Fine Art Works with Batik Techniques

This type of batik artwork is generally a type of work of art made from drawing techniques on cloth using canting and wax to cover areas where you don’t want to be colored. The art of batik then also includes batik with tie techniques and stamped batik.

10. Fine Art Works with Folding Techniques

The art of paper folding is a branch of fine art that uses folding techniques to create three-dimensional shapes such as animals, plants, houses, hats, and so on.

11. Computer Processed Art Works

Computer art refers to the use of computers to produce works of art. Computer art, among others, is related to multimedia art, digital art, and new media art.

12. Fine Art Works Arranged or Performed

a. Installation Art

Installation art includes the efforts of art makers to convey ideas by arranging objects and works on the ground, floor, walls, or hanging them up.

b. Happening Arts / Performing Arts

Happening art or what is also known as happening is a form of spontaneous improvisation by art makers in a designed environment.

4. Types of Art Works According to the Artist’s Inner Attitude

Based on the artist’s inner attitude, fine art can be divided into three, namely:

1. Traditional Fine Art Works

Traditional works of art are works of art whose way of making has been a tradition. The characteristics of traditional art are following the rules and forms that have been in the tradition, in the form of functional objects, and not attaching importance to the name of the creator. An example is the Toraja shroud, Javanese leather puppets, and so on.

2. Modern Art Works

Modern works of art are not attached to traditional norms and forms. The characteristics of modern works of art are that they highlight the creativity of ideas, ideas, techniques, have a future orientation, are universal, emphasize individuality, which makes the name of the creator important.

3. Postmodern Art Works

Postmodern works of art are works of art that emphasize contextual artistic expression, have a spirit of pluralism, eclecticism and contextualism. Postmodern art works do not distinguish pure art which is considered high art and applied art which is considered low art.

• Definition of Fine Art Criticism: Types, Stages
• Get to know montage artwork and how to make it
• Mosaic is a work of art, see history
• Contemporary Dance: Definition, Characteristics, Purpose
• Craft Arts: Definition, History, Functions and Types

Optimism is an Attitude of Never Giving Up: Find Out the Definition and Benefits – Optimism, as many people know, is an attitude of fighting spirit to the end, or it is called trying to the last drop of blood if it is put into words. In responding to this attitude of fighting until the end, we can find many positive benefits because basically as a modern human being living in an all-competitive era, we are required to strive to get the best results we want to achieve.

As living beings who need socialization, humans always have an optimistic spirit in living life. Optimism or optimism is the belief that future events will have a positive outcome. With this way of thinking, most people will continue to live life with gusto, despite all kinds of trouble. Optimism is a feeling that can be evoked by a person under certain conditions. But there are some people who struggle with having this trait. The causes vary, ranging from the surrounding environment or psychological problems encountered.

The tireless fighting spirit that is born from this attitude of optimism plays an important role in human life, but do we know what the true definition of optimism is and what are the benefits in life? Therefore, here we will try to discuss unyielding attitude, namely optimism and its various benefits in life.

Optimistic Definition

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), optimism is the feeling that someone has the same opinion or sees something with a positive mindset. Optimism can also be called optimistic, it is the image of an individual with good self-confidence. According to Robert E. Franken in his book Human Dynamics, explaining that optimism is a range of biological variables in which optimism is seen as the result of a certain explanatory style and leads to a certain way of explaining cognitive approaches.

In another sense, optimism is a form of hope that good things can happen, as well as the belief that problems are resolved with good results. An optimistic attitude can appear in people’s minds. This is in line with Daniel Goleman’s point in his book Working with Emotional Intelligence, which emphasizes that optimism is a strong hope that whatever is faced in life can be resolved properly, even when overwhelmed by problems and disappointments.

Meanwhile, another definition of optimism was put forward by M Daraei and AR Ghaderi in The Impact of Education on Optimism or Pessimism, published in the Journal of the Academy of Psychology. Indian Applied Studies. Both argue that optimism is a psychological component that is closely related to positive emotions and positive behavior. The positive effects can lead to health, a stress-free life, relationships and good social functioning. From all the explanations above, it can be concluded that a person’s optimistic spirit will bring a positive mental state. So he can handle the problem well. Furthermore, optimism is something that can spark new hopes for a better future.

Examples of Non-Renewable Natural Resources – Traffic jams at rush hour are commonplace. It seems we no longer feel strange with that sight. The number of motor vehicles has increased from year to year. If it’s like this, it’s as if the road is getting narrower and can never fit a number of vehicles.

What’s worrying about this condition? Besides inconvenience, pollution is definitely something that cannot be avoided. Moreover, try? Fuel use definitely increases. Even though fuel oil cannot be obtained within a year or two years.

It takes hundreds, thousands or millions of years for fuel to form. It’s sad that the longer the fuel runs out, even though fuel is one of the non-renewable natural resources.

What is a non-renewable natural resource? Let’s discuss it here.

Definition of Non-Renewable Natural Resources

Before discussing non-renewable natural resources, we must first understand what natural resources are?

Natural resources are anything that comes from nature that can be used to meet the needs of human life. Examples of natural resources are biotic components and abiotic components

Biotic components are components of living things such as animals, plants and microorganisms. Abiotic components are components that are not living things. The examples of abiotic components, such as petroleum, natural gas, various types of metals, water, and soil.

Well, while the natural resources are divided into two. There are renewable natural resources and non-renewable natural resources.

Let’s discuss it more deeply.

Renewable Natural Resources

Renewable natural resources are natural resources that are abundant in nature. We can easily obtain it because these natural resources can be readily available. As long as humans are wise in using it, these natural resources will always be available.

Examples of Renewable Natural Resources

Examples of renewable natural resources are:

1. Plants and animals

As long as agricultural land is still available and there are still many who want to process it, food is safe. Likewise animals, as long as there are still many breeders who want to survive with their livestock, the stock of meat will not disappear. We will still feel the pleasure of the piece of meat on the plate that mother cooked.

2. Water and air

Likewise air. As long as the air is not polluted, air can be a source of human life. However, if the air is unhealthy, besides bad breath, disease can also threaten.

Apart from plants and animals, water and air are also renewable natural resources. Nature provides abundance, as long as humans really take care of it.

Non-Renewable Natural Resources.

It is not impossible that this non-renewable natural resource will eventually run out. Even though our dependence on natural resources on this one is quite high, how about that? Examples of non-renewable natural resources are mining materials such as metals, petroleum, coal, fuel producers, and so on.

Nature of Non-Renewable Natural Resources

Non-renewable natural resources include:

1. It takes a very long time to form again, usually hundreds or tens of years. If it runs out, humans cannot get it immediately. If you order a pre order or PO, I don’t know when
2. The formation process depends on the surrounding environment. If the environment does not support it, it may not be able to form again.
3. The formation process depends on the geological environment which cannot be arbitrary. There are certain terms and conditions, so if the ad says yes.

10 Examples of Non-Renewable Natural Resources

1. Minerals 

The first example of a non-renewable natural resource is minerals. Mineral natural resources are natural resources derived from minerals in the soil and these minerals are very useful for human life.

This natural resource is included in one example of a non-renewable natural resource because it can only be used for a short time. In other words, there is a time limit, so it could run out at any time. Therefore, every human being must be able to use this natural resource wisely.

2. Gold

Gold or Aurum has the symbol Au. Gold is a metal commonly identified with wealth. It is said that only people with deep pockets hoard gold. The shiny appearance of gold can beautify jewelry and is loved by women. Besides being suitable for gold jewelry, it is also stored as an investment. The skyrocketing price makes gold suitable for making a profit.

Gold or aurum has physical properties that are soft, shiny, yellow and heavy. Gold is a metal that is soft and malleable. Gold is produced through a process of magmatism or concentration on the surface.

Some precipitates are formed from contact metasomatism and hydrothermal solutions, while mechanical concentration produces placer deposits .

Even though gold can be quite expensive, it can run out at one time. This is because gold is part of an example of non-renewable natural resources.

3. Iron

Iron is a metal that we often find. At home, on the street in buildings and other structures. Even iron plays an important role in the body of living things!

Iron along with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin and myoglobin; these two compounds are oxygen-carrying proteins for vertebrates or vertebrates.

Iron Facts:

• Iron has the symbol Fe which is taken from the Latin name ferum.
• Iron is the most common element found on earth by mass.
• Iron also forms a large part of the Earth’s outer and inner core.
• Iron is even the fourth largest element in the earth’s crust.

The abundant presence of iron is presumably due to the abundance of production due to fusion reactions in large-mass stars. As a result, radioactive nickel was the last element to be produced before the violent supernova collapse. The collapse scattered iron radionuclide precursors into space.

How terrible is that?

4. Aluminum

Aluminum is a metal that is no less popular than gold and iron. Aluminum is able to conduct electricity, so it is a good conductor of electricity. The nature of aluminum is also light and strong. Aluminum is a good conductor of heat as well.

Aluminum can be hammered into sheet, stretched into wire and extruded into bars of various cross-sections. Corrosion resistant aluminum.

Uniquely, aluminum is amphoteric or can be acidic or alkaline. Due to its fantastic nature, many products use aluminum. As in high voltage cables. It is also widely used in window frames and aircraft fuselage.

Want to find aluminum at home? It’s easy because in the kitchen we find it in a pot. It was also scattered outside the house, in soft drink bottles, milk bottle caps, etc. Aluminum is also used to cover car lights and compact discs.

5. Diamond

Diamond is a valuable mineral that chemically has a crystalline form, or allotrope, of carbon. Diamond is known for having special physical properties, especially its hardness and ability to disperse light.

Diamonds are from the bowels of the earth dug up. The mining process can be either manually or mechanized. Now even many diamond miners have used mechanization, namely with a vacuum machine to suck up the excavated soil. Because diamonds come from the bowels of the earth, so one day they may run out and humans can no longer use them. Therefore, diamonds are part of an example of a non-renewable natural resource.

6. Fossil Fuels

Until now, fossil fuels are still the prima donna in fuel consumption. Why is it called a fossil fuel, because this fuel comes from the weathering of fossils millions of years ago even when humans may not have existed. Fossil fuels can be said to provide many benefits as well as convenience for every human being in carrying out their daily activities.

So that fossil fuels don’t run out easily and humans can use them longer, every human being must use them wisely. That way, this example of a non-renewable natural resource, you can feel the benefits for much longer.

7. Petroleum

Petroleum was formed since time immemorial where the geological influence of living organisms that have been buried for millions of years with marine organisms called plankton.

The precipitate which continues to thicken under the influence of high temperature and pressure followed by biochemical activity eventually forms petroleum (oil). Crude oil is a mixture of various types of hydrocarbons with a little nitrogen, sulfur, with the largest components in petroleum, namely alkanes and cycloalkanes.

Separating crude oil into fuel through a multilevel distillation process, aka distillation. This petroleum consists of components that have different boiling points. In this way each component separates itself when its boiling point is reached.

Crude oil does provide many benefits for human life, but this natural resource has a time limit. In other words, oil is an example of a non-renewable natural resource.

8. Coal

The book entitled Encyclopedia of Coal by the tekMIRA Research and Development Center contains various origins of coal, exploration, mining, utilization, and the impact on the environment with the use of coal.

Coal is a sedimentary rock that can be burned, formed from organic deposits, mainly plant remains and formed through the process of coalification. The main elements are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and coal is an example of non-renewable natural resources. Even so, as long as it is used properly, coal can last much longer.

Coal itself consists of various kinds, and based on existing data 60% of coal resources in Indonesia have a low calorific value and high water content which requires special handling in its utilization. In the book entitled Indonesian Coal Utilization Technology by the Research and Development Center, tekMIRA will explain how to use coal optimally and also be environmentally friendly.

The formation of coal cannot arbitrarily require certain conditions and only occur in certain eras throughout geological history.

The Carboniferous Age, the most prolific formation period, approximately 340 million years ago, was when nearly all of the northern hemisphere’s economic black coal deposits were formed.

Coal-forming materials include:

• Algae occur from the Pre-cambrian to Ordovician and are single-celled
• Silophytes existed from the Silurian to Middle Devonian times, and are descended from algae.
• Pteridophytes from Upper Devonian to Upper Carboniferous. The main material that forms coal is Carbon. Plants without flowers and seeds, reproduce by spores and grow in warm climates
• Gymnosperms span from the Permian to the Middle Cretaceous. Heterosexual plants, seeds encased in fruit, such as pine, contain high levels of resin (resin).
• Pteridosperms such as gangamopteris and glossopteris are the main constituents of coal
• Upper Cretaceous Angiosperms to the present. Modern plant species, seed-covered fruit, male and female in a single flower, are less gummy than gymnosperms and so, in general, are less viable.

The process of forming coal

The process of turning plant residues into peat to coal is called coalification.

Briefly there are 2 stages of the coal formation process, namely:

Diagenetic or Biochemical Stage

This stage begins when the plant material is deposited until lignite is finally formed. The main components that play a role in this process of change are water content, oxidation level and biological disturbances which can result in decomposition and compaction of organic material which also forms peat.

Metamorphic or Geochemical Stage

This stage includes the process of changing from lignite to bituminous and finally anthracite.

9. Radioactive/nuclear material

Radioactive material is material that can emit radioactive rays by itself. Radioactive rays such as alpha beta and gamma. Material with radioactive elements found in the environment, such as uranium, thorium, and plutonium and their decay products, such as radium and radon.

In the earth’s crust radioactive material is very low, the amount is abundant when humans carry out oil and gas mining activities. So, this radioactive material is present as industrial waste, but it can be used again. This radioactive material is useful in many fields such as medicine or agriculture.

However, on the other hand, this radioactivity cannot always be used by humans because this natural resource has a time limit, so it is categorized as an example of non-renewable natural resources.

10. Aquifer Water

The tenth example of a non-renewable natural resource is groundwater stored in aquifers. An aquifer is a layer in the ground that is capable of storing and allowing water to pass through. Aquifer layers have rock formations that can release large amounts of water. Water that comes out in large quantities then forms springs.

Benefits of Non-Renewable Natural Resources

Basically, non-renewable natural resources are definitely useful for human life, it’s just that the amount is limited. From the examples of non-renewable natural resources above, there are several benefits that can be felt by humans, such as gold, petroleum and coal.

Gold

1. Can be used as jewelry
2. As an economic commodity

Crude oil

1. As a fuel for transportation, such as motorbikes and cars
2. Can be used as a raw material for Steam Power Plants (PLTU)
3. Can be used to make asphalt
4. As a raw material for making candles

Coal

1. Can be used as a raw material for perfumery
2. Beneficial as a raw material for electricity generation
3. As a raw material for making paint

How To Preserve Non-Renewable Natural Resources

After discussing examples of non-renewable natural resources and their benefits, the next discussion is protecting non-renewable natural resources. As many people already know that this non-renewable natural resource will run out, so we need to keep it from running out in the near future.

1. Make vehicle fuel savings. This can be done by using public transportation more often when traveling

2. Use electricity wisely

3. Recycle any used items

4. Wise in using any non-renewable natural resources.

Eternal Resources

1. Solar energy

For countries with tropical climates, solar energy is abundant. Recent research continues to develop technologies that utilize sunlight. From stoves to motorized vehicles.

2. Geothermal

The bowels of the earth have geothermal heat. Geothermal energy is abundant. As a result, the price is economical and of course environmentally friendly.

Indonesia, which has many volcanoes, is a geothermal-rich country. Geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity.

Therefore, in utilizing this geothermal resource, it must first be studied more deeply so as to get a detailed description and conceptual model of the geothermal area.

3. Wind

This energy is so abundant. The Netherlands even makes full use of the power of this wind through its windmills. When the wind is connected to a generator, or turbine, electricity can be generated

4. Water

Water is an abundant resource on this earth. Most of our earth instead consists of water. Water has potential energy that can be utilized as a source of electricity

5. Biomass

This energy utilizes living plants, dead trees or wood chips

6. Natural gas

Natural gas is more economical than gas produced from petroleum.

7. Tidal energy

Sea tides certainly occur, and it turns out that it is capable of producing more energy than electricity, but it’s a shame it’s expensive

So many discussions about examples of non-renewable natural resources, hopefully this will be useful information and remind us to always use energy wisely. Have a good study!.

 

Examples of Non-Military Threats – In an effort to defend the Indonesian state and its contents which include the population and natural resources, it is actually the duty of all citizens. Even though a country looks fine, there are no disputes that cause the parties to take up arms, but that does not mean that the country is not under threat.

This is because threats directed against a country do not only have to use weapons, but there are also threats that can intimidate the sovereignty, integrity and safety of the entire nation. Threats that do not use weapons are often referred to as non-military threats.

In general, these non-military threats originate from internal parties within the country and operate in an organized manner. The manifestation of this non-military threat is very diverse, ranging from robbery, smuggling and drug trafficking, illegal immigrants, to theft of natural resources and historical artifacts.

Then, what are some examples of this non-military threat? Can non-military threats later develop into military threats which can endanger state sovereignty? In what areas do these non-military threats usually occur?

So, so that Sinaumed’s isn’t confused, let’s look at the following review!

Examples of Non-Military Threats in Indonesia

Non-military threats that occur in a country are threats that do not use weapons. Usually, this threat uses non-military factors that are abstract in nature, but can endanger the sovereignty of the state, the identity of the nation, the territorial integrity of the state and the safety of the entire nation.

So, here are some examples of non-military threats that occur in Indonesia in several areas of life:

Socio-Cultural Sector

Non-military threats can also occur in the socio-cultural field, because they are directly related to social life. Usually, these threats are driven by several social issues, ranging from poverty, ignorance, injustice in society, to the backwardness of society. So, here are examples of non-military threats that occur in the socio-cultural field:

• The emergence of a westernized lifestyle

That is, people’s lifestyles are more inclined to western culture without any prior selection process. Western culture that is applied in this westernized lifestyle is usually contrary to the values ​​and norms that have been rooted in the Indonesian nation. For example imitating the minimal style of western clothing.

• The emergence of a consumptive lifestyle

Namely the lifestyle of people who always buy goods in excess, even though these goods are not necessarily going to be used. This consumptive lifestyle can also lead to waste.

• The emergence of hedonism

The nature of hedonism is almost the same as a consumptive lifestyle. The difference is that this hedonism is in the form of extravagance with things that violate norms, such as promiscuity, spree, to drunkenness.

• Individualism emerges
• The fading spirit of mutual cooperation, solidarity, and concern for other individuals
• The fading of religious values ​​in social life.
• Juvenile delinquency
• Public infrastructure is inadequate, especially in remote areas.

Technology and Information Field

The advancement of science and technology at the present time, of course, has both positive and negative impacts. If left unchecked, the negative impact of scientific and technological advances can of course develop into non-military threats in the form of cyber crimes and banking crimes.

Health

The non-military threats that have occurred in the health sector can be seen directly, especially in the last two years, namely the occurrence of a pandemic or a large-scale viral outbreak in the form of Covid-19. This non-military threat does not only occur in Indonesia, but also throughout the world community.

Yep, the emergence of global disease outbreaks can of course be a non-military threat that intimidates state sovereignty and its citizens.

Politics

The political sector, of course, will not escape the emergence of non-military threats, which have even broader sources, namely from outside and within the country. Non-military threats in the political field originating from within the country, for example:

• Coup action, namely an attempt to overthrow a government regime
• Civil War
• Provocation against several community groups
• Political blockade
• Separatism, the movement to break away from a region. For example, the region of East Timor.
• There was a clash of community groups

Meanwhile, non-military threats in the political field come from abroad, for example: international terrorism and attempts by other countries to interfere too much in domestic political affairs.

Ideology field

In Indonesia, there has not been and should not be any non-military threats in this ideological field. However, Sinaumed’s can see the example of the Soviet Union which underwent an ideological change from communist to liberal. This ideological change could also become a non-military threat which in fact caused the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Economics

The non-military threats that occur in the economic field are closely related to the socio-cultural field, because social life cannot be separated from economic activities. In this economic field, non-military threats can also come from within and outside the country. Examples of non-military threats that occur in the economic field are:

• The Indonesian economy began to be controlled by foreigners, whose profits were not shared equally.
• Free trade that is vulnerable to smuggling of prohibited goods.
• Unemployment, later can affect the crime rate.
• There is inflation, namely a general increase in prices that causes a change in the market mechanism.
• The economic system is less clear.
• Dependence on foreign parties, both in terms of trade and economic system.
• The use of goods is dominated by foreign products.
• Free investment.
• Increasing unemployment, poverty, and social inequality.

Public Safety Sector

Unknowingly, the increasing number of factories that dispose of waste carelessly can actually become a non-military threat to public safety. Yep, this non-military threat is caused by humans themselves, starting from the disposal of industrial waste containing chemicals to fires and transportation accidents.

Other non-military threats that occur in the field of public safety, but cannot be prevented are natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. While natural disasters in the form of floods and forest fires can usually be prevented and anticipated in advance by humans, it’s just that most of them neglect to protect nature.

The Real Strategy in Defending Indonesia from Non-Military Threats

Based on the Indonesian Defense White Paper in 2015, it revealed that there are three types of threats in a country, namely military threats, non-military threats, and hybrid threats. At this time, the Indonesian state was facing a non-military threat which actually intimidated the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

According to the Director of Strategic Policy at the Ministry of Defence, Brigadier General M. Nakir, expressed his opinion regarding non-military threats at the Coordination Meeting on Implementation of National Defense and Arrangement of Defense Areas in Aceh Province. He is of the opinion that non-military threats are sometimes even more dangerous, because they have a bigger impact and directly target society.

It should be understood that the existence of non-military threats that occur in Indonesia do not always have to be resisted by the TNI and police, but also all citizens. All citizens, including the smallest elements, must play a role in defending Indonesia’s sovereignty from these non-military threats, including those within the RT/RW.

Pecalang Strategy in Sukawati Bali Traditional Village

Pecalang is a designation for customary security whose job is to secure the course of customary activities in traditional village areas. Pecalang is usually carried out by residents who have a special assignment to look after and assist in organizing activities, both related to religious and customary ceremonies.

In Bali, the existence of this pecalang is of course very influential in efforts to secure its territory from non-military threats. We certainly already know that the Bali region has become the center of tourism for all tourists, both domestic and foreign. This of course makes Bali an easy target for several parties who wish to carry out this non-military threat, ranging from drugs, hoax news, hedonistic lifestyles, to human trafficking.

In fact, according to data for 2017, the number of drug addicts in Bali reached 61,353 people, which means around 2.01% of the total number of Balinese. The Bali Provincial National Narcotics Agency (BNNP) also emphasized that Bali is included in the drug emergency area.

Not only that, according to a report by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) showing that around 2014, around 6,651 people were involved in the practice of human trafficking (human trafficking) and this occurred in Indonesia. Indonesia ranks second in the practice of human trafficking and confirms that the government will close prostitution areas, including in Bali and Papua.

Starting from drug use to the practice of human trafficking, this is also included in non-military threats, you know… Therefore, the Balinese people agreed to revitalize pecalang to ward off this non-military threat. The main task of the pecalang, which was originally to look after traditional and religious activities, began to increase by assisting the police and military.

Challenges and Threats Pecalang Must Face

Currently, pecalang is not yet on the agenda of the state defense program because it focuses on the younger generation who are agents of change for the nation in the future. However, when linked to defense and security efforts, pecalang actually becomes a supporting component in the system’s defense system. In fact, to become a pecalang member, you must receive training and guidance from the Regional Military Command and the police.

Pecalang will act actively in matters related to culture, especially Balinese culture. Therefore, when carrying out this “security” program, pecalang encountered many threats from non-military to military threats. It is not uncommon for these pecalang to encounter threats in the form of terrorism and radicalism in Sukawati village. This is because Sukawati is a strategic location for such threats.

State Defense Education Strategy in Facing Non-Military Threats Covid-19

Previously, it was written that non-military threats in the health sector are when a pandemic occurs in the form of a disease outbreak or viral outbreak that attacks all citizens. This non-military threat is happening in all countries, including in Indonesia, namely the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic is a non-military threat because it is included as a disease outbreak that has never been predicted before.

In an effort to ward off non-military threats in the form of the Covid-19 pandemic, there is research which says that the implementation of state defense values ​​can be a strategy in efforts to deal with these non-military threats. One of the national defense systems in dealing with non-military threats is the existence of a reserve component. In the non-military threat of the Covid-19 pandemic, the front line is medical personnel.

The reserve component comes from a variety of different educational and professional backgrounds, so there is a need for a common understanding to achieve the same goal in order to safeguard state sovereignty. One of them is through state defense material which can provide a new perspective on the basics of the importance of loving the motherland and the spirit of nationalism. Especially for the younger generation, without realizing it, the feeling of love for the motherland and the spirit of nationalism is gradually disappearing under the influence of globalization that is happening at this time.

The existence of this state defense education will be an important component in empowering citizens, especially the younger generation, in dealing with non-military threats, which cannot be handled physically using weapons.

The implementation of state defense education in the face of non-military threats in the form of the Covid-19 pandemic is that as good citizens, we must not allow this pandemic to continue. Therefore, we must report the addition of positive patient cases and carry out jogo tonggo , which is an effort to look after and care for neighbors who are undergoing independent isolation by providing food to them.

So, that’s a review of examples of non-military threats in various areas of Indonesian people’s lives as well as the real implementation of the strategies implemented by its citizens in terms of counteracting these non-military threats. Even though this non-military threat does not attack physically or armed, it actually attacks the community directly and affects activities in social life. For this reason, as the younger generation, always be aware of this non-military threat and sort out western culture that enters this country according to the customs and norms that have been in force.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

Source:

Mandira, I Made Chandra, I Wayan Midhio, and Yusuf Ali. (2018). Challenges of Pecalang in Facing Non-Military Threats in Sukawati Traditional Village in Supporting the Universal Defense System. Defense Management, Vol 4(2). 

Widorekno, Reni Apriliani, Rena Apriliana Widorekno, and Supriyadi. (2021). Implementation of State Defense Values ​​in Facing Non-Military Threats (Covid-19). NUSANTARA: Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 8(4). 

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• Rights and Obligations of Citizens, What Are They?
• Definition and Types of Sovereignty Theory
• Definition, Functions, and Elements of the State
• Understanding What is National Commitment and Spirit
• What Are the Impacts of Corruption?
• Definition and Elements of National Identity
• Definition of Immigration and Its Role in State Sovereignty
• Definition and Systematics of State Science
• 5 Definition of State Defense According to Experts and the 1945 Constitution
• Understanding the Theory of People’s Sovereignty

Examples of Non-living Natural Resources– Natural resources, or abbreviated SDA, are everything that is produced by nature and can be used by humans to meet their needs. Based on the type, natural resources are divided into two, namely biological or biotic natural resources and non-biological or abiotic natural resources. Biological natural resources or biotic natural resources are everything produced by living things, such as plants and animals. Meanwhile, non-biological natural resources or abiotic natural resources are the opposite of living natural resources. If living natural resources are produced from living things, non-living natural resources are not produced from living things. Biological natural resources are produced from natural processes in life, without any elements of renewal or preservation. Here are the types, for example,

The following is a book on natural resource law in Indonesia which regulates how natural resources are used and utilized in Indonesia.

 

Differences between Biological Natural Resources and Non-Biological Natural Resources

The definition of biological natural resources is a natural resource originating from living things (biotic). While non-living natural resources are natural resources from non-living things (abiotic)

Types and Examples of Non-Biological Natural Resources

Non-biological natural resources can be in the form of fossil resources, soil resources, water resources, mineral resources, solar resources, and wind resources.

1. Fossil Resources

Fossil resources, also known as fossil fuels, are natural resources that contain hydrocarbons. These natural resources are produced by fossilized animals, plants, marine micro-organisms, and other organisms that died millions of years ago. These fossils produce natural resources in the form of coal, natural gas, and petroleum.

A more in-depth discussion of fossils and how fossils form on earth to become natural resources through the book Why? Fossils with various interesting illustrations that can help Sinaumed’s understand the existing information.

1) Coal

Coal is the world’s largest fossil resource, which is more than petroleum. Coal is used to generate electricity, which is the main source of energy for human life. The coal processing process can pollute the soil, water and air because it is done by clearing forests for mining. Coal is the dirtiest fuel because it produces a lot of black carbon particles. These particles can interfere with breathing if inhaled by humans.

The following is a book on coal utilization technology in Indonesia.

2) Petroleum

Petroleum is the raw material for making gasoline, diesel, kerosene, asphalt, wax and aviation fuel. Petroleum is a fuel that is widely used by humans. Types of petroleum can be divided into two, namely light crude oil and heavy crude oil . Light crude oil or petroleum is crude oil that contains hydrocarbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur compounds. This oil is removed from the earth through the drilling process. After drilling, oil is pumped up and flows through pipes. Meanwhile, heavy crude oilis oil mixed with water and contains a lot of sulfur. This oil is contained in rocks or oil sands. The oil extraction process is carried out by digging the soil and sand using heavy equipment. Oil management is done by mixing rock and oil sands with hot water and steam. After that, the bitumen contained in the rocks and oil sands is converted into crude oil and then processed in oil refineries. Crude oil can be used as vehicle fuel, raw material for oil stoves, and materials for making asphalt roads.

3) Natural Gas

Natural gas or natural gas is a gas that is formed from ethane, butane, methane and propane. Besides being formed slowly on the surface of the earth, natural gas can also be formed from the management of natural gas. Natural gas is released through the drilling process to form a well which is then given a pipe to drain the gas. The pipes used to transport gas are hundreds of kilometers long. Natural gas will be processed into LPG ( liquefied petroleum gas ) and LNG ( liquefied natural gas ). The two gases are used to light the stove or heater.

2. Soil Resources

Soil is one part that makes up the earth’s surface. Soil is a non-biological natural resource that is widely used to meet the needs of human life. Some of the benefits of land, namely as a source of biodiversity, as a support for agricultural and plantation production, as a place of activity for living things, as building materials, as well as water absorption and a provider of clean water.

Soil is produced from the weathering of rocks assisted by various organisms. Soil contains organic matter, gases, minerals, air, water, and a wide variety of organisms. The quality or level of soil fertility will greatly affect the development of plants. Soil types can be divided into three, namely clay , silt , and sand .

1) Clay (Clay)

Clay soil is soil produced from a combination of clay, sandy soil and silt. This type of soil is suitable for use as plantation land. Soil, which consists of fine particles, has a sticky texture and does not contain much organic matter. However, compared to other types of soil, this soil has more nutrients because it retains moisture well.

2) Soil Mud (silt)

Mud soils have medium-sized particles. These particles are much smaller than sandy soils, but larger than clay soils. Mud soil Mud is also quite good at holding water. This type of soil is commonly used for agricultural land, to increase soil fertility.

3) Sandy soil (sand)

Sandy soils consist of small particles of weathered rock. The content of nutrients or nutrients in this soil is very low so it is not suitable for growing plants. This type of soil also has poor water holding capacity, making it difficult for plant roots to absorb water which can cause plants to die. However, this sandy soil also has its advantages, which are good for drainage systems.

3. Water Resources

Water is the main requirement that supports the survival of every living thing. The need for water continues to increase along with the development of human life.

Water is used in almost every human activity, such as household activities, industrial activities, and agricultural activities. In household activities, water is used for cooking, washing, and bathing. With the importance of this one natural resource, its management becomes a matter of great concern, as is discussed in the Water Resources Management Reform book.

In industrial activities, water can be used as a base material or supporting material in the manufacture of a product. In agricultural activities, water is used to water or irrigate rice fields. In addition, water is also used to generate electricity as an alternative to petroleum.

The energy produced by water also tends to be non-polluting so it can reduce environmental pollution. Apart from the many excess water, water can also cause problems. Too much or too much water can cause floods and too little or too little water can cause droughts. To avoid this, various efforts need to be made to maintain water balance. Some efforts that can be done, namely reforestation, greening urban areas, and making infiltration wells.

4. Mineral Resources

Mineral resources are resources resulting from the mining process. Mineral resources have various benefits for human life, such as raw materials for jewelry, raw materials for making household appliances, and raw materials for making machines. Mineral resources have high economic value. However, due to the limited number, the utilization of mineral resources must be carried out efficiently.

Mineral resources are grouped into two, namely metallic minerals and non-metallic minerals.

1) Metal Mineral Resources

a. Base Metal

The base metals consist of zinc, copper, tin, lead, and mercury.

b. Precious metal

Precious metals consist of platinum, silver and gold.

c. Ferrous Metal and Iron Guide

Ferrous metals and ferrous metals consist of iron, manganese, tungsten, vanadium, titan, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, and chromite.

d. Light Metals and Rare Metals

Light metals and rare metals consist of aluminum, uranium, indium, beryllium, magnesium, cadmium, bauxite, gallium, tantalum-nibium, ytrium, zirconium, thorium, lithium and rare earth metals.

2) Non-metal Mineral Resources

a. Building material

Building materials consist of marble, andesite, ashtray, tras, dacite, granite, basalt, diabase, diorite, granodiorite, peridotite, sirtu, and gabbro peridotite.

b. Industrial Minerals

Industrial minerals consist of potassium rock, zircon, limestone, sulfur, bentonite, quartzite, diatomea, dolomite, pumice, phosphate, gypsum, calcite, gypsum, calcite, ocher, quartz sand, serpentine, talc, travertine, barite, ultramafic, iodine, zeolite , and quartz.

c. Ceramic Material

Ceramic materials consist of toseki, feldspar, perlite, ball/bond clay, kaolin, clay trachith, obsidian, pyrophyllite, and magnesite.

d. Precious Stone Materials and Decorative Stones

Precious and decorative stone materials consist of amethysts, diamonds, opals, jasper, gemstones, coral, chalcedony, onyx, topaz, chert, garnet and prehnit.

5. Solar Power

The sun is the center of the solar system which is the main source of energy for life on earth. The sun produces two types of energy, namely light energy and heat energy. Both of these energies can be utilized to support the survival of living things. For plants, solar resources are useful in photosynthesis. For humans, solar resources can be used to produce electrical energy. Electrical energy produced by solar resources has the smallest negative impact compared to the use of other energy sources. The use of solar electricity does not produce greenhouse gases and can prevent environmental pollution.

Here is a book about solar power generation systems.

6. Wind Resources

Wind is a resource that moves air. The function of the wind as an air mover has various benefits for human life. Wind is currently widely used as a source of electrical energy. Wind can produce a source of electrical energy using turbines which are generally placed on a plateau with a height of more than 30 meters. Sources of electrical energy produced from wind are more environmentally friendly because they are generally cleaner than residues produced by other fuels. In addition, the wind also has many other benefits, including moving clouds, making the air temperature cooler, helping pollinate plants, helping to move fishing boats, driving grain grinding machines, driving irrigation pumps, and others.

Example of Negotiation Text and Its Structure – Negotiation can be considered as a communication skill that is very necessary in everyday life. Skills in negotiating are not easy, so don’t underestimate these negotiation skills.

For some people, the negotiation process is common, especially for traders, be it fruit traders, vegetable traders, clothes traders, and others. When negotiating, it must be in accordance with a mutual agreement so that both are happy and both benefit. However, in some cases negotiation is also used by students who beg their teachers to be remedial.

Not everyone is brave and capable of negotiating for fear of misunderstandings, so fear of commotion. Therefore, so that the fear of negotiating disappears, we must often train ourselves in negotiating.

Definition of Negotiation

When you want to practice negotiation, you can start by getting to know what negotiation is. From this understanding, it will make it easier for you to get to know negotiations more deeply. The more you know about negotiations, the faster you will be good at negotiating. Even though, you know a lot about negotiation if you don’t put it into practice the result will be the same.

Although usually negotiations are carried out by both parties, in some cases negotiations are carried out by third parties. Third parties can be referred to as intermediary parties and usually third parties are known as mediator parties.

The interesting thing about a mediator is that he has skills in negotiating. In addition to good skills, he also has good business ethics.

According to Tommy Yuniawan in Skilled Rhetoric Speaking (2012) says that negotiation is an activity or process of communication between two parties.

According to the OJK (Financial Services Authority) negotiation is a bargain between parties to reach an agreement on quantity, price, quality, or requirements in accordance with the initial agreement.

Based on KBBI (Big Indonesian Dictionary), negotiation is a process of bargaining by negotiating to reach a mutual agreement between one party (group or organization) to another.

Based on the two definitions above, negotiation can be interpreted as a form of communication carried out by both parties with the intent and purpose of obtaining a mutually beneficial agreement.

Types of Negotiation

For some people, there is only one type of negotiation, that is, both benefit from an agreement. However, in reality negotiations have various types that need to be known. Here are the types of negotiations that need to be known.

1. Formal Negotiations

Formal negotiations are negotiations that can only be resolved in a formal way or in black and white. In this type of negotiation, to get a fair agreement, both parties must resolve it through legal channels. Usually formal negotiations are carried out by large companies that do not want to suffer losses when negotiating.

2. Informal Negotiations

In contrast to formal negotiations that must be resolved through legal means, informal negotiations can be completed anywhere, anytime, and with anyone. So, informal negotiations are negotiations that are carried out regardless of time, place, and person with the aim of getting an agreement.

3. Negotiations With Intermediaries

Negotiations with middle parties can be said to be negotiations carried out by negotiators with a total of two or more people, so that in order to get a fair and appropriate agreement a third party or mediator is needed.

A mediator must be neutral or impartial to one of the negotiators. The mediator’s duty is to make a fair final decision from negotiations that have been carried out by both or more parties. For example, negotiations that are resolved through legal channels.

4. Negotiations Without Intermediaries

Negotiations without an intermediate party are negotiations conducted by two or more parties to reach an agreement, but without the help of a third party. In other words, the agreement obtained from the negotiation is determined by the negotiating parties. You can see this type of negotiation when representatives of institutions or companies work with sponsors to get the right deal.

5. Collaborative Negotiations

Collaborative negotiations are agreements obtained thanks to which all parties can collaborate. In this case, the collaboration is in the form of all negotiating parties being able to express their opinions and wishes. Therefore, collaborative negotiations can be called win-win negotiations because all parties always get the best deal.

6. Domination Negotiations

Domination negotiations are negotiations where the results of the agreement are unequal or only in favor of one party, the other party only gets a loss. In short, domination negotiations only benefit one party.

Therefore, only some parties want to negotiate this domination. Thus, dominance negotiations can be said to be win-lose negotiations .

7. Accommodation Negotiations

Negotiation of accommodation negotiations that can give the opponent more advantages and the party negotiating less or less profit than the opposing party or even suffer losses.

Therefore, accommodation negotiations are also known as lose-win negotiations . When conducting these negotiations, it is best if the negotiating party continues to try to keep making a profit because if it results in a loss, the negotiating party will find it difficult to replace the loss.

8. Negotiation Avoids Conflict

Just as the name suggests, this negotiation was carried out with the aim of not continuing the conflict or not creating a new conflict. Therefore, in order to obtain this negotiation, all parties will resolve it with a cool head.

This negotiation is commonly known as a lose-lose negotiation or can be interpreted as a negotiation that both yield to the common interest.

Negotiation Text Structure

In building a negotiating text, structures are really needed so that we don’t find it difficult to make a negotiating text. Below, we will explain the structures of negotiating text that you can learn, Sinaumed’s.

1. Orientation

Orientation can be our way of starting a conversation which can usually be started by greeting, saying hello, and so on. The beginning of a good conversation is a way for negotiations to get a good deal too.

2. Submission

After starting the conversation, the next step is submission. In this submission step we will submit a bid to negotiate. This submission is usually in the form of a desire to be agreed upon by both parties.

3. Offer

Bidding is an important part of the negotiation process because bargaining can determine whether the negotiation will be successful or not. What’s more, when making an offer there will be such a thing as a difference of opinion in the form of an offer from both parties.

4. Consent

After the bidding process is successful, it will proceed to the approval section. This agreement comes from an agreement obtained from a bargaining process between the two parties.

5. Cover

The end of the negotiation process is usually a thank you or a greeting.

Negotiation Text Examples

After discussing the definition of negotiation to the types of negotiation, now is the time to give examples of negotiating texts. Check out examples of negotiating text that you need to know.

1. Examples of Fruit Sale and Purchase Negotiations

Orientation

Seller: “Please fruit that is sweet and cheap.”

Buyer: “How much is it, bro.”

Submission 

Seller: “Cheap, ma’am, one kilo is only 15 thousand.”

Buyer: “Just 2 kilos 25 thousand, okay?”

Offer 

Seller: “Not yet, ma’am. If that’s the case, I haven’t made a profit yet.”

Buyer: “Wow, 15 thousand a kilo is too expensive, bro.”

Seller: “It can be less, ma’am, but not too much, I’ll lose later.”

Buyer: “How about 13 thousand a kilo, is that okay or not?”

Seller: “Raise again, ma’am. If that’s the case, I’m lucky I’m tight, ma’am.”

Buyer: “This is the last offer, brother, 14 thousand a kilo, okay?”

Seller: “Maybe, ma’am, do the math for today’s sellers.”

Agreement 

Buyer: “So, maybe 14 thousand a kilo?”

Seller: “Okay, for my mother just give it cheap.”

Closing

Buyer: Thank you, sir. Here is the money.”

Seller: Thank you too, ma’am. Come by again tomorrow, ma’am.”

2. Examples of Negotiations in the Family Environment

Orientation

Child: “Are you and Dad busy or not?”

Mother: “Mom is also just relaxing.”

Father: “Just relaxing too, what’s wrong?”

Submission 

Child: “Look, sir, tomorrow I will have tutoring, if after tutoring I can go straight to play?”

Father: “Don’t you have any homework from school?”

Child: “Yes, sir, but it’s been done.”

Offer 

Father: “Where are you going? It is far?”

Child: “It’s close. Just playing at a friend’s house, sir.”

Mother: “Who do you play with?”

Child: “Princess, Dinda, and Vina, mom.”

Mother: “How about it, sir, can Dea play with her friends or not?”

Child: “How sir, you can play with your friends, right?”

Father: “Yes, you can play with your friends, but remember not to come home late.”

Child: “Okay, sir. Later Dea won’t be back until evening.”

Agreement 

Father: “Remember, you can play but not late at night.”

Mother: “If you play, don’t forget to eat.”

Child: “Okay, sir. Okay ma’am.”

Closing

Father: “Dea, are you not sleeping?”

Child: “Yes, sir, I’m going to go to bed right away. good night.”

Father: “Good evening.”

Mother: “Good night.”

3. Example of Negotiation of Assignment Collection

Orientation

Teacher: “Good morning, children

Students: “Good morning, sir.”

Teacher: “Have you all done your homework?”

Steven: “I haven’t done my homework yet?”

Submission 

Teacher: “Why haven’t you done your homework yet?”

Steven: “I forgot, sir, that there is an assignment today.”

Teacher: “Then what punishment do you want to be given?”

Steven: “No idea, sir.”

Offer 

Teacher: “What if you are punished to be sun-dried in the field?”

Steven: “No sir. I’ll be hot.”

Teacher: “That’s your fault for not doing your homework.”

Steven: Yes, sir, but can the sentence be changed?”

Teacher: “Okay, how about you stand in front of the class during your subject?

Steven: “The time can’t be reduced, sir?”

Teacher: “No way!”

Agreement 

Steven: “Really can’t be less time, sir?”

Teacher: “No way!”

Steven: “Okay, sir. I will stand in front of the class during your subject.”

Closing

Teacher: “Next time, don’t forget to collect assignments.”

Steven: “Okay, sir. In the future I will collect assignments.”

4. Example of Money Loan Negotiation 

Orientation

Bank employee: “Good morning, ma’am.”

Customer: “Morning, ma’am”

Submission

Bank employee: “Can I help you?”

Customer: “I want to apply for a loan for business needs. Can it?”

Bank employee: “Yes, ma’am.”

 

Offer 

Bank employee: “In our bank there are two types of money lending.”

Customer: “Both are equally good, ma’am?”

Bank employee: “Yes, ma’am, both are good. For A, the money that can be borrowed is 5 million. While for B, the money that can be borrowed is 10 million.”

Customer: “If it’s A, what are the requirements needed?”

Bank employee: “Only motor vehicle BPKB, ma’am and the interest is 2.5%.”

Customer: “For guarantees, can it be other than the motor vehicle BPKB?

Bank employee: “Not yet, ma’am.”

Customer: “How many months is the installment period?”

Bank employee: “For the installment limit of 5 months.”

Customer: “Thank you for the information, ma’am. Maybe next time I can borrow money.”

Agreement 

Bank employee: “Are you absolutely sure?”

Customer: “I’m sure, ma’am.”

Closing

Bank employee: “Thank you for coming, ma’am. See you again.”

Customer: “Okay, ma’am. Once again I thank you.”

5. Example of Compensation Negotiation

Orientation

Andi: “You broke my cellphone?”

Agus: “Yeah, sorry, I accidentally dropped it when I borrowed it.”

Submission 

Andi: “LCD glass is like this, it must be expensive.”

Agus: “If it’s expensive, it means I can’t replace it.”

Offer 

Andi: “How are you doing? If I don’t replace it, I’m afraid my parents will scold me.”

Agus: “If I change it will take a long time because I have to save first.”

Andi: (calling parents)

Andi: “Earlier I called my parents, they said there was no need to replace it, it’s okay.”

Agreement 

Agus: “Thank God. Once again, I’m sorry.”

Andi: “Yeah, it’s okay.”

Closing

Agus: “Let’s play football together later in the afternoon.”

Andi: “Okay, come to me okay.”

6. Examples of Sales and Purchase Negotiations in Narrative Form 

Orientation

As usual, every morning, mother will definitely go to the market for daily shopping. The motor vehicle that is at home is always used to deliver it to the market. Mother already has a regular shop which she thinks is cheaper than other shops.

Long story short, mom’s regular shop was closing, so mom moved to the next shop. Mother started looking for ingredients to cook today and tomorrow. Mother was confused because she forgot to bring shopping notes. After recalling it, Mother wanted to buy a kilo of chicken, ingredients for vegetable soup, ingredients for chili sauce, and spices.

Mother greeted the seller by asking the prices of some vegetables to find out whether they were very expensive or not.

Submission 

Before buying these materials, mother asked the traders the price of these materials. Mother just found out that the price of chicken is a little more expensive than the shop she frequents. Without thinking twice, my mother immediately put forward a price according to her regular shop.

The seller responds with a relaxed answer, so this proposal is continued with a bargain typical of housewives and traders.

Offer 

Mom is well known when she bargains never loses. Mother began to bid back the price of the chicken, which was originally 35 thousand to 32 thousand. The traders rejected the mother’s offer and asked to raise prices.

Mother also refused because she thought the price of the chicken was too expensive. Seemingly not wanting to lose money, the trader again asked to raise the price of the chicken. Then, mother raised the price of the chicken to 33 thousand. The trader felt that he was still losing, so he offered a price of 34 thousand, but the mother considered that price.

In the end, my mother stopped buying chicken at the shop next to her customers and moved to another shop.

Agreement 

The negotiation process did not find common ground, so an agreement was not reached. Merchants are disappointed because they have to lose customers. Meanwhile, mother was tired because she had to move to another shop.

Closing

Then the mother did the right strategy by pretending to leave so that the merchant would call her back. But what power, it turns out the merchant did not call mother back.

Also read: 

• Definition of Command Sentence
• Examples of Suggestion Sentences, Definitions, and Characteristics
• The difference between Effective and Efficient
• Scientific papers
• Example of a book review
• Definition of short stories
• Meaning of Poetry
• Definition of Non-Fiction Stories
• Characteristics of short stories
• Definition of Poetry
• Ineffective Sentences

Conclusion

Negotiations can be said to be good when both parties have reached an agreement that is mutually beneficial or a win-win solution . However, in reality, there are types of negotiations that only benefit one party. Therefore, we must be good at determining what type of negotiation suits our needs.

 

Examples of Natural Resources Derived from Plants – Living natural resources and also their benefits for the life of living things cannot be doubted. Humans, animals, and also plants cannot live without living natural resources. Where basically, living natural resources have a large enough function to meet the needs of human life.

Thus, we must pay attention to the existence of these natural resources in terms of their management so that they are not damaged. We need to understand natural resources and their benefits for the survival of humans and other living things so that they can be used optimally and effectively. In this discussion, we will review examples of natural resources derived from plants, as well as the meaning of natural resources and their extraordinary benefits for our lives.

What Are Natural Resources?

Before discussing more about natural resources and their benefits for life. This time we will first discuss what natural resources are and the types of natural resources. Based on their nature, natural resources are divided into two types, namely renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

First, renewable natural resources are a type of renewable natural resources which are natural resources that will always be available in nature and will never become extinct or run out. For example, animals, soil, water, plants, sun, and also microorganisms. Even though it will not become extinct or run out, we still have to pay attention to how to manage it so that these natural resources do not end in damage.

While the second is non-renewable natural resources. Different from the previous types of natural resources, this one has a limited amount in nature. This happens because the process of forming this one natural resource requires a very long and long time, even up to millions of years. If it is used regularly and continuously, it is feared that it will run out quickly. For example, natural resources that can be renewed, namely mining and quarrying materials such as gold, petroleum, coal, and others.

Natural Resources Derived From Plants

In addition to the types of natural resources above, there are also other types of natural resources which are usually referred to as biotic natural resources and abiotic natural resources.

Examples of biotic and abiotic resources are plants or plants. You need to know that the potential of natural resources derived from plants is high, not inferior to the potential of natural air resources. This happens because the two sources are classified as examples of renewable natural resources.

For understanding the natural resources of plants themselves, namely natural resources derived from various kinds of plants. Where its existence can be used by humans to support survival. As previously explained that plant natural resources are included in the types of renewable natural resources. Because, plants are living things that are always developing and growing. The following are some examples of natural resources derived from plants and their benefits. Listen to the end if you are interested in learning this.

Types of Plant Natural Resources

The types of plant natural resources can be categorized into three, namely forests, plantation land, and also agricultural land. For more details, see the full discussion below:

a. Forest

Forests store a lot of biodiversity which has various potentials. There are various types of plants that thrive in the forest. Plants and trees in the forest are a place to live and also a place to find food for the animals that live in it. The existence of a beautiful forest has indirectly provided benefits for human life and the living things around it.

The trees that grow in the forest will produce oxygen that we breathe every day. In addition, forests also play a role in maintaining clean air conditions. Within the forest itself there are lots of springs that can be consumed and also used by humans and other living things for their daily needs.

Indonesia itself has various types of forests consisting of tropical forests, homogeneous forests, savanna forests and mangrove forests. The potential of forest natural resources is quite a lot, can be in the form of wood or non-timber. Forest products in the form of wood can be obtained from trees whose wood parts can be utilized. Meanwhile, examples of non-timber forest products are usually sap, honey, rattan, and so on.

b. Agricultural land

Agricultural land is an area that stretches wide and is deliberately used by humans to grow crops. As for some plants or plants that are usually planted are types of plants that have economic value for sale or self-consumption. Generally, we can find agricultural land in lowland areas.

Even so, residents in the highlands can also cultivate using special techniques such as terracing techniques. Types of plants that are usually planted on agricultural land are corn, rice, glutinous rice, soybeans, green beans, vegetables, and many more.

It should be understood that agricultural land must also be supported by an irrigation system or a good irrigation system. It is intended that the yields obtained can be abundant and of good quality. In addition to a good irrigation system, agricultural technology such as seed selection and fertilization must be carried out properly. In order to obtain quality agricultural products and can be exported to various countries. The quality and quantity of agricultural products should always be improved so that they can help achieve food self-sufficiency in their own country.

c. Plantation Land

Plantation land is an area in the form of a large expanse that is deliberately used by humans to serve as a medium for the cultivation of certain plants. Types of plants that are usually cultivated here are coffee, tea, oil palm, sugarcane, and various types of fruits.

Not all types of land can be used as plantation land. The land that is used as a plantation must first be adjusted to the type of plant to be planted.

For example, for tea plantations, where the land used must be in the highlands. Meanwhile, for sugar cane plantations, it can be planted on plantation land in the lowlands. There are already various kinds of plantation products in Indonesia that have become export commodities. In fact, Indonesia is one of the countries that export the largest palm oil and coffee.

Benefits of Natural Plant Sources

All parts of plants are included in plant natural resources. Almost all parts of the plant can be used by humans. The following are some examples of natural resources of plant origin:

1. Food and Beverage Ingredients

Examples of natural resources derived from plants are the use of natural plant resources as food and beverage ingredients. Some types of plants that can be used as types of food are seed plants, vegetable plants, and trees that have fruit suitable for consumption. As for examples of plants that can be used as beverage ingredients are coffee, tea, and also sugarcane.

2. As a Building Material

Plant natural resources that can be used as building materials are tree species that have strong and sturdy wood. Wood that comes from tree trunks is initially oval or elongated. Then cut and processed into various forms of building materials.

Some are formed into pillars, tables, doors, roofs, and so forth. There are even several types of wood that are carved with certain motifs to be used as decoration. The types of trees that are usually used for wood are mahogany trees, teak trees, and acacia trees.

3. As Fuel

Examples of natural resources derived from plants are biogas or wood which are used as alternative fuels. Usually, the raw material used as biogas is the remains of plants or plants in the swamps. In addition, the export commodity plants used as fuel are oil palm. The fuel obtained from the processing of palm oil is known as biodiesel.

Where the spread of oil palm covers almost all parts of Indonesia, parts of Java, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, and also Sumatra. The high economic value of oil palm makes business owners flock to open new mustard fields by cutting down existing forests. That way, it has made the forest ecosystem unbalanced.

4. Raw Materials for Herbal Medicines

The next benefit of natural resources derived from plants is that they are used as raw materials for herbal medicines. As we know that the land in the territory of Indonesia has been overgrown by various kinds of plants that have properties as herbal medicines or traditional medicines that have been used since ancient times. Some examples of plant natural resources that can be used as herbal medicine are binahong, ginger, ginger, and crown of the gods.

5. Industrial Raw Materials

The benefits of natural plant resources are then industrial raw materials. Usually the plants used as industrial raw materials are cotton plants and also rubber trees. For the rubber tree itself, the sap is usually taken alone to be used as a material for making vehicle tires and also other equipment that requires elastic properties.

As for the cotton plant, the fiber is usually used to serve as raw material for the textile industry. The process that must be carried out to make a cloth using cotton fiber is spinning cotton fiber into a thread. Then weave the yarn until it becomes a whole cloth. In the process of weaving the yarn, it can be done manually or using modern machines.

Benefits of Biological Natural Resources

The following are some of the benefits of biological natural resources that you can get. For more details, see the discussion below:

a. Benefits in the Economic Sector

One of the biological natural resources originating from animals is fish, such as skipjack tuna, tuna, and also types of seafood such as shrimp. All of these natural resources have high economic value because they can be exported to generate a lot of foreign exchange for the country itself.

In addition, the economic value of forests in the form of wood and rattan can also be exported abroad or can be used within the country itself. Then, there are several types of plants that can produce sap products, for example resin trees, rubber trees, and pine trees.

Later the sap will be used as an oil ingredient. Not only that, medicinal plants and food plants also have high economic value. Some medicinal plants and food products can be resold in local or international markets if they are of good quality.

b. Benefits in the Field of Biology

From a biological point of view, the benefits of living natural resources are to support the life of living things, such as humans, animals and plants. One example is plants that can produce oxygen needed by human respiration and other living things.

Plants can also produce food for other living things. As for the plants in the forest, they can protect the soil from landslides and erosion and can also store water reserves for the survival of humans and other living things.

Meanwhile, agriculture and animal husbandry have used a lot of biological natural resources. Where various kinds of food and clothing come from the cultivation of plants and animals. Plants and also animals that are cultivated usually come from forests where until now there are many types that can be used to improve human welfare. Various kinds of plants and animals in the forest are a source of germplasm.

Where germplasm is a superior and distinctive trait that is passed down from generation to generation. The following are examples of several types of plants and animals that have superior characteristics, among others, resistance to drought and also pests and can produce medicines. If wild plants and animals that have superior characteristics are crossed with similar plants and animals, it is likely that superior seeds will be obtained.

c. Benefits For The Environment

In this case, natural resources are a biotic component in an ecosystem. Where green plants act as producers because they can produce food for themselves and other living things. In the process of making food carried out by green plants, it is usually called photosynthesis. These activities can reduce CO2 levels and increase O2 levels in the air.

Meanwhile, animals act as consumers, where they will release CO2 into the air when they breathe. Meanwhile, microorganisms act as decomposers whose job is to convert organic substances into dissolved inorganic substances that can be absorbed by plant roots and used to make food.

Trees in the forest can also prevent erosion and landslides. If the trees on the mountain slopes are cut down illegally, then the flowing rainwater will carry the soil surface particles into a stream of mud.

That way, as a result, during the next rainy season, more water will flow down the mountain slopes because the absorption capacity of the soil becomes less. If it’s like that, then this will turn the land into arid and the trees in residential areas will further lower the air temperature.

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Examples of Minor Human Rights Violations – Does Sinaumed’s know what human rights are?

Yep, HAM which stands for Human Rights are the basic rights that every human being has as a form of God’s gift since they were born. This basic right must be applied to all human beings without discriminating against ethnicity, religion, race, or certain groups.

In our country, the process of upholding human rights or human rights is carried out based on the national ideology, namely Pancasila. Especially in the 4th precept which reads Just and Civilized Humanity , so of course it puts forward human values.

In fact, juridically, these human rights have been regulated in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, which states that if human rights are violated either intentionally or unintentionally, then the perpetrators will receive the punishment they deserve.

These human rights violations can be grouped into two forms, namely minor human rights violations and gross human rights violations. With regard to the punishment, of course it has been regulated in the 1945 Constitution.

Then, what are the examples of mild human rights violations in our environment? What is the punishment for this type of human rights violators?

Let’s look at the following description!

Examples of Minor Human Rights Violations

In the Community Environment

1. Acts of violence or beatings
2. Defamation
3. Preventing someone from expressing an opinion
4. Mistreatment of others over trivial matters
5. Not getting social justice in society
6. Slap other people
7. Committing theft
8. Obstructing someone’s worship
9. Sound the exhaust brong that can disturb the public peace
10. Burning garbage carelessly
11. Setting up loudspeakers to disturb public peace
12. Slandering others
13. Environmental pollution
14. Use of hazardous substances in food and drink
15. Comment maliciously on other people’s social media posts

In the School Environment

1. Not getting equal education and health services
2. Involved in fights
3. bullying
4. The teacher punishes his students in the form of physical punishment, such as twisting or kicking
5. The teacher discriminates his behavior towards students based on wealth and intelligence
6. Disturbing friends who are praying
7. Giving empty vaccines to students (especially in the midst of a pandemic like today)
8. Harassing friends
9. Forcing students to buy books that are not related to the lesson
10. Teachers are lazy to teach and explain material to students
11. Bullying friends
12. Disturbing friends while listening to teacher material

In the Family Environment

1. Not getting equal education and health services
2. Parents force the will of college majors on their children
3. Parents torture their children
4. Employers act arbitrarily towards household assistants and each other
5. Parents force their children to work
6. Children torture parents
7. Children do not want to care for sick parents
8. Parents do not allow their children to do refreshing activities
9. Parents do not provide nutritious food to children
10. Children commit acts of lying to parents

Punishments for Light Human Rights Violations

Every year, cases of human rights violations continue to relatively increase, both minor human rights violations and serious human rights violations. This indirectly shows the low awareness of respecting human rights in most Indonesian people. In fact, human rights themselves are clearly regulated in the 1945 Constitution Article 28.

So, in an effort to uphold human rights in Indonesia, public support is needed. In addition, society must also play an active role in respecting human rights. In order to be implemented, it is necessary to have a punishment that is a deterrent effect for violators.

What are the penalties for these minor human rights violations?

1. Imprisonment

This punishment is in the form of imprisonment for a period specified in the Criminal Code. In the Criminal Code, there are regulations that determine which actions or violations of human rights are included in criminal acts, so that the sentence regarding the number of years of imprisonment imposed can be adjusted according to the violation.

The prison sentence is divided into life imprisonment and temporary imprisonment. The minimum prison sentence is 1 year and the maximum is 20 years. During this sentence, convicts who commit minor human rights violations must stay in prison and are obliged to do work inside and outside prison, and convicts do not have the right to release a fist.

It should be noted that the right of vistol is the right of the convict to change his destiny by paying a certain fee

Then, there is also life imprisonment. This sentence is usually imposed on convicts of gross human rights violations. In life imprisonment, the sentence is calculated based on the entire remaining life of the prisoner, but in various jurisdictions the period varies.

2. Fines

This criminal penalty is in the form of a penalty involving a certain amount of money to be paid in court. There are two types of fines, namely monetary fines with a fixed amount, and daily fines that are paid according to the income of the convict of minor human rights violations.

Criminal Law Resources:

• Criminal Law, among others:

1. Book I Concerning General Provisions (Articles 1-103).
2. Book II About Crime (Articles 104-488).
3. Book III Concerning Violations (Articles 489-569)

• Laws that regulate special criminal acts made after independence include:

1. UU no. 8 Drt of 1955 concerning Immigration Crime.
2. UU no. 9 of 1967 concerning Drugs.
3. UU no. 16 of 2003 concerning Anti-Terrorism, etc.

So, those are some examples of minor human rights violations in Indonesia. Indirectly, the behaviors that we often encounter in everyday life are in fact a form of minor human rights violations, right… Has Sinaumed’s ever seen these minor human rights violations directly?

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Reference source:

• https://tribratanews.kepri.polri.go.id/
• Randang, Imelda Irina Evangelista. (2018). Protection of the rights of suspects/defendants who commit crimes of serious human rights violations according to the Criminal Procedure Code. Lex Crimen, Vol VII, No.3

Examples of main ideas that we can easily find are from books, novels, articles, to news. These four things are basically built with various main ideas in each paragraph. For example, when you read a news story, you will get the most important part of each paragraph. The most important part is usually referred to as the main idea or often also said to be the main idea.

Learning and understanding the main idea is basically a difficult thing that is difficult and easy. In determining the main idea of ​​a paragraph, you need to read and pay close attention to each sentence of the paragraph. Apart from that, questions about examples of main ideas also often come out during UTBK, especially about TPS General Knowledge and Understanding (PPU). Therefore, understanding the main idea is very important to you.

This article will explain to you examples of main ideas and how to determine the main idea of ​​a paragraph. However, before discussing examples of main ideas, it is better to review what the main ideas or main ideas mean. The following is a discussion of examples of main ideas that have been successful in a concise sinaumedia. Come on, look at the discussion of the following main ideas, OK?

A. Definition of Main Idea

Broadly speaking, the main idea can basically be understood as an idea or ideas that become the subject of the development of a paragraph. This is what makes many people also call the main idea the main idea. The main idea is usually in the main sentence of a paragraph. In addition, each paragraph will have only one main idea.

The existence of the main idea in a paragraph will greatly assist the reader in understanding and also determine the main ideas that the author wants to convey. Not only that, the main idea will really help the writer to develop his writing. The existence of explanatory sentences in a paragraph is the author’s way of developing his ideas.

Another thing to note from the main idea or main idea is that the main sentence is not always located in the first sentence. The various forms of paragraphs result in the main sentence being in the first sentence, the last sentence, or even in the first and last sentence.

B. Main Idea Characteristics

After knowing about the meaning of the main idea and its function, this section will explain the characteristics of the main idea that need attention. The following main idea characteristics will really help you in determining the main idea when reading examples of main idea questions. Some of the key features of the idea include:

1. Contains the main issues or core issues.

2. The core problem is conveyed explicitly in the main sentence.

3. The main idea has an explanatory sentence or a supporting sentence from the main sentence.

4. Explanatory sentences or supporting sentences are conveyed more specifically or explanatory.

C. How to Determine the Main Idea

After knowing about the meaning and characteristics of the main idea, here’s how to determine the main idea in a paragraph. How to determine the main idea is actually not too difficult, it’s just that you need to focus and be careful when reading each paragraph. Well, here’s a complete way you can do in determining the main idea in paragraphs.

1. Read Entire Paragraph Carefully

The first way you can do to determine the main idea of ​​a paragraph is to read the paragraph carefully and thoroughly. However, if you are working on a problem, it would be nice for you to first read the questions or instructions from the problem. It can make you more effective when reading and determining the main idea of ​​a paragraph.

If the question or order from the problem requires you to determine the main idea of ​​the entire text. After that, you can only read the text carefully according to your needs in answering the question. When reading each paragraph in a text carefully basically to make it easier for you to determine the main sentences as well as explanatory sentences effectively and efficiently.

2. Look at the First Sentence to the End

The second way you can do in determining the main idea of ​​a paragraph is by looking at the first sentence to the last sentence. The paragraph itself usually has a sentence structure consisting of several sentences that you need to pay attention to when reading it. This is done so that you can minimize sentences in paragraphs that are missed or can also be forgotten to read.

3. Read Every Sentence

The third way you can do in determining the main idea of ​​a paragraph is by reading each sentence. In some examples of existing paragraphs, the main idea is usually located at the beginning, at the end, or it could also be at the beginning and end of a paragraph. By reading carefully and thoroughly the entire text, you will be able to prevent any sentences from being missed.

4. Mark the Main Idea in Main Sentences

The third way you can do in determining the main idea of ​​a paragraph is to mark the main idea. The main idea is often in the main sentence. The main sentence itself can be understood as a sentence that contains a description or represents the contents of the entire paragraph. In addition, the main sentence consists of general statements that are detailed and studied and followed by other sentences. One of the signs of a sentence that has a main idea is a sentence that does not contain reference words such as that, those, and their endings. The main sentence uses keywords more often, starting from like is, in essence, so, the most important, in principle, as a conclusion, thus, and so on.

5. Highlight Important Information in Paragraphs

The last way you can do in determining the main idea in a paragraph is to mark important information in paragraphs. Important information from a paragraph basically contains keywords. For example, in the main sentence “Waste can cause many problems and diseases for the people around it”.

Based on the analysis of important information from the main sentence, namely garbage that can cause many problems. This information can be important for you when determining the main idea in a paragraph. Therefore, you are required to match the answer choices that best suit this information.

D. An example of how to determine the main idea in a paragraph

After understanding the meaning, characteristics and five ways to determine the main idea in a paragraph. The following will present an example to determine the main idea in a paragraph, including:

Please pay attention to the following paragraphs:

People who are about to retire need not stress. Retirement means not working, but getting a salary. Being out of service means they have less to worry about at work and more free time for leisure. If free time can be optimized with positive and productive activities, then people will not be stressed.

In this paragraph, the main idea is in the first sentence. The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is “No need to stress when facing retirement”.

Based on the analysis that has been done on other sentences. In addition to the first sentence or the second sentence and so on basically has a function as an explanatory sentence for the main sentence (first sentence). This can be seen in the following example, namely in the sentence, “Being out of service means they don’t have to worry about work and have lots of free time to relax.” This sentence has the role of referring to the main sentence or can be said to provide “reasons” regarding the question “Why do people who retire do not need to stress.”

Now, after you can understand the analysis example above, here is another example.

The mud flood disaster caused by the collapse of the Situ Gintung embankment in South Tangerang has caused various diseases. Some of the diseases that will arise after the disaster are diarrhea, typhus, leptospirosis and dengue fever. Health problems for victims and the community around the disaster site must be anticipated immediately. Some of these diseases arise because the environment is dirty and clean water sources are polluted by mud.

This paragraph basically has the main idea in its first sentence, namely “The mud flood disaster caused by the collapse of the Situ Gintung embankment in South Tangerang caused various kinds of diseases”.

If you have read carefully and thoroughly the paragraph, you can definitely see that the second sentence and so on only have a function to explain and describe the disease from the mud flood disaster. The next sentence presents more specific information, so it doesn’t show a sign as the main idea. For example, in the second sentence of the paragraph contains an example of the disease caused. In addition, the last sentence in the paragraph also explains the causes of the emergence of the disease, does not explain the causes in general.

E. Examples of questions about main ideas of paragraphs

After you can understand examples of main idea analysis in a paragraph, the following is an example of main idea questions that you can use to practice.

1. Example Question 1

Example paragraph text looking for main ideas quoted from ‘Definitely TOP Success in SD/MI 2016 Exams’ published by Duta Publisher

Turning Used Goods into Works

Recycling is the activity of reprocessing unused items into new works. Used goods that can be recycled, including drink bottles, newspapers, and rags. Recycling is done to prevent many items from being wasted.

There are many benefits of recycling used goods, one of which can increase income. We can sell recycled handicrafts. In addition, recycling used goods can be a useful activity for children. Used items that children can recycle, such as old newspapers. The way to recycle used newspapers is quite easy, namely by soaking used newspaper that has been torn into a bucket filled with water for a day and a night. Then, the newspaper is blended and mixed with glue. The results of recycled newspapers can be formed into various creations.

Leftover fabrics or rags can be made into dolls or multipurpose storage containers. Various ways of making dolls from patchwork can be found on the internet. You won’t have any trouble making items out of the patchwork.

Quoted from Koran Berani, 6 November 2015, with changes

1. The main idea of ​​the third paragraph in the text ‘Turning Used Goods into Works’ is…

A. the benefits of recycling used newspapers
B. the benefits of recycling rags
C. how to recycle used goods
D. collecting rags

Answer B

Discussion:

The main idea of ​​the third paragraph in the text is contained in the first sentence. The first sentence explains the benefits of patchwork that can be used to make dolls or multi-purpose storage.

2. Sample Question 2

The text of the paragraph is quoted from the book ‘Collection of Questions and Discussion of the 2009 STAN Entrance Examination’ published by Kawan Pustaka

The focus of the driver in a moving vehicle is to look ahead through the windshield, not the rearview mirror. Focusing on the mirror will affect the speed of the vehicle and it is not impossible to cause an accident. The use of the rear view mirror is only occasional and every time it is used only for an instant, not for long (Kompas, 9 July 2007)

2. The main idea of ​​the paragraph above is

A. the driver’s main task is to look at the windshield
B. the use of the rearview mirror is sufficient at times
C. the effect of the rearview mirror on vehicle speed and accidents
D. the driver must look ahead

Answer A

Discussion:

The main idea of ​​a paragraph is the subject matter or subject matter. The main idea is general in nature and explained by specific explanatory ideas.

3. Sample Question 3

The text of the paragraph is quoted from the book ‘Definitely TOP Success in SD/MI 2014 Exams’ published by Duta Publisher

The Jakarta – Merak Toll Road Section is Uncomfortable

As a user of the Jakarta – Merak, Banten toll road, especially the Cikupa-Cilegon section, I really feel uncomfortable. Every day there are sections of the road that are repaired, then half of the roads are closed. As a result, traffic jams and long lines. For those who go with high punctuality, don’t expect to be on time.

For the Cilegon-Cikupa direction, there are currently seven location points where the road sections are being repaired. The repair length varies between 1 and 2 kilometers, namely at Kilometer 74, Kilometer 65, Kilometer 56, Kilometer 51, Kilometer 49, Kilometer 44 and Kilometer 31.

Toll roads really need to be repaired so that toll users can be comfortable, safe, without obstacles. However, the problem seems to be that the repair never ends. In the last two years there have been toll roads that have been repaired. Sometimes those that were repaired were about 100 meters, but roads that were closed were more than 0.5 kilometers. The funny thing is, the road that had been repaired a few months later cracked again.

Is it possible for toll road repairs to be arranged in such a way so that traffic jams do not occur at multiple points at the same time? As a toll road user who has paid a high price, of course we hope that by using the toll road, the trip will be smooth.

3. The main idea of ​​the second paragraph in the text is…

A. the number of damaged roads
B. the direction of the repaired roads
C. the location of the damaged roads
D. the length of the repaired roads

Answer C

4. Sample Question 4

Fuel oil has a variety of uses. Motorcycles use pertalite fuel. Diesel-engined vehicles use diesel fuel. Airplanes use avtur as fuel. Housewives use kerosene as fuel for oil stoves.

4. The main idea of ​​the paragraph is ….

A. uses of fuel oil
B. various types of vehicles
C. household fuel
D. benefits of pertalite and kerosene

Answer key: A

5. Example Question 5

Traffic accidents on the highway are caused by various things. Many road users do not obey traffic rules. For example speeding, violating traffic signs, and wanting to win alone. In addition, many vehicles are not equipped with mirrors. If all road users obey the rules, then traffic accidents can be reduced.

5. The main idea of ​​the paragraph is ….

A. observance of traffic on the highway
B. awareness of traffic on the highway
C. causes of road accidents
D. reduce road accidents

Answer key: C

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Examples of loanwords – loanwords have many forms and origins. Indonesian itself has a large number of loanwords. When examined based on history, the Indonesian language was originally derived from the Malay language. The characteristics of an open language make an open language so that it can always develop.

In everyday life, there are many examples of this absorption word, both those we are used to and those we have never heard of. Indonesian quite a lot absorbs several other cultures, for example Javanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch, Hokkien or Chinese, Portuguese, English, and so on.

Well, this article will show you examples of loanwords in Indonesian. However, before heading to the example of absorption words, it’s a good idea to go back to discussing the meaning of absorption words first.

A. Definition of Loan Words

An absorption word can basically be defined as a word that is absorbed from another language, but it’s still based on the rules of the recipient’s language. This ultimately creates an example of an absorption word in Indonesian which is actually a word that has fulfilled the main linguistic conventions of Indonesian, both from spelling, speech, to writing.

The absorption word itself can be caused by many factors that influence it. For example, in Indonesian, borrowed words that appear in society and enter Indonesian are usually influenced by factors of community interaction. However, in several examples language absorption was found to be influenced by scientific and technological developments from various fields and life.

In carrying out absorption, Indonesian has several ways, starting from adoption (collection in its entirety), then adaptation (adjustment to spelling and speech), and collection or translation (adjustment of a foreign language according to phonology and morphology). As stated above, Indonesian is an open language, so it will be very easy to develop.

The language has many examples of loanwords, many words that are absorbed come from Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch, Hokkien, Portuguese and English. There are thousands of examples of loanwords in Indonesian which are formed to make it easier to understand a particular term.

B. Examples of loan words from Javanese

It’s easy to find Indonesian which actually comes from Javanese. This is of course influenced by the factor of the population of the country of Indonesia. Not only that, Javanese is also referred to as the largest language among other regional languages ​​native to Indonesian society.

The following is an example of an absorption word from Javanese:

1. Completed = completed = finished

2. Easy = easy = not heavy/not difficult

3. Burnt = charred = burned to the ground

4. Big = big = more than medium size

5. Joget = dance = rhythmic body movements

6. Anyar = new = never existed

7. Dasa = ten = 10th after 9th

8. Warsa = year = a period of 12 months

9. Besan = parents-in-law = family by marriage

10. Son-in-law = son-in-law = marrying off a child

11. Bude = big mother = mother’s/father’s older sister

12. Bindeng = nasal = nasal

13. Snub = flat nose = flat nose

14. Literacy = not sleeping = awake

15. Gingsul = misaligned teeth = growing teeth irregularly

16. Andong = gig = rented horse-drawn carriage

17. Manut = obey = like to obey

18. Resign = step down = no longer hold office

19. Manners = small talk = customary manners

20. Event = event = organize, invite

21. Caraka = caraka = envoy, ambassador.

22. Bandha = object = wealth

23. Wiyata = wiyata = teaching, lesson

24. Kanca = konco = friend, friend, helper, accomplice

25. Alum = alum = wither, languish

26. Bablas = bablas = to go on, vanish, die

27. biting = biting = a pin made from a stick to pin the wrapping leaves

28. Glenik = glenik = speak slowly about small things, empty promises

29. Joglo = joglo = typical Javanese building style

30. Palagan = palagan = war, battle, battlefield

B. Examples of loan words from Sanskrit

Sarujin in his work says that Indonesian has two ways of absorbing Sanskrit, either directly or indirectly. Sanskrit itself can be said to be the language that entered Old Javanese first. There are lots of old words that were commonly used in the Old Javanese era until they were finally absorbed and entered into Indonesian.

The following is an example of loanwords from Sanskrit:

1. religion (āgama): din; sacred tradition

2. script (akṣara): letters

3. various (assorted): all kinds

4. read (vaca): interpret writing

5. like (bhāga): similar

6. language (bhāṣa): accent

7. chili (cavi): chili

8. story (carita): story

9. manner (ācāra): conduct

10. thirst: thirst, resistance to the government

11. funds: money

12. suffering (dhṛta): tribulation

13. eka: one

14. double: two

15. style: style

16. graha (gṛha): house, building

17. treasure (artha): money, material wealth

18. despicable: low

19. cubits: hand

20. rhythm (virama): rhythm

21. palace (āsthāna): the king’s residence. See palace

22. special (āstām eva): special

23. jagat (jagat): world

24. prosecutor (adhyakṣa): the prosecutor in a court of justice

25. soul (jīva): spirit

26. district (from the word bhūpati): the area of ​​government of a regent

27. because (kāraṇa): cause

28. karma (karma): result

29. profit (labha): profit

30. song (laghu): chant

31. cross: cross

32. honey (madhu): a sweet liquid bee product

33. young (mūḍha): not old

34. partners: Friends, colleagues

35. name (nāma): designation or nickname

36. country: part of the country

37. hell (naraka): hell

38. lotus: flower

39. five (pañca): five

40. post (paścat): after

41. body: body

42. Rupiah (rūpya): Indonesia’s currency

43. willingly: willingly

44. sabda (sabda): word, word

45. sakti (śakti): supernatural power

46. ​​ocean (ocean): a large sea

47. bear (tyaga): don’t care

48. tuna: To lose (from having to not having) / not having.

49. farmer: farmer

50. air (air): a substance in the earth’s atmosphere

51. camel (uṣṭra): a type of animal that lives in the desert

52. effort (upāya): power, stratagem

53. discourse (vacana): discourse

54. vehicle (vāhana): medium, vehicle

55. citizen: clan

56. foundation (based on yaśa): institution. See also services.

C. Examples of loanwords from English

The following are examples of loanwords from English:

1. Access = access = entrance

2. Accommodation = accommodation = something that is provided for needs

3. Actor = actor = cast of the story

4. Ballpoint = ballpoint pen = filled pen

5. Balloon = balloon = large coffers of rubber

6. Bus = bus = public transportation vehicle

7. Bomb = bomb = bullet-shaped weapon

8. Calm = calm = not in a hurry

9. Calendar = calendar = list of days and months in a year

10. Campus = campus = college

11. Career = career = position

12. Coffee = coffee = coffee fruit

13. Department = department = government agency

14. Detergent = detergent = material for cleaning clothes

15. Dilemma = dilemma = a difficult situation to make a choice

16. Design = design = form framework

17. Ethnic = ethnic = custom, ethnicity

18. Evacuation = evacuation = rescue from disaster

19. Fashion = fashion = style of dress

20. Feminine = feminine = dealing with women, being female, resembling women

21. Innovation = innovation = income, introduction of new things, updates

22. Insecticide = insecticide = chemical compound to kill insects

23. Instant = instant = directly drinkable or eaten

24. Juice = juice = fruit juice

25. Keeper = goalkeeper = goalkeeper

26. Landscape = landscape = layout outside the building, the total number of aspects of each area

27. Legislative = legislative = authorized to make laws

28. Marginal = marginal = related to the limit, not very profitable

29. Nuance = nuance = very subtle variation or difference, sensitivity to

30. Science = science = science in general, systematic knowledge about nature and the physical world, botany, physics, chemistry, geology, zoology, and so on.

D. Examples of absorption words from Arabic

The following is an example of an absorption word from Arabic:

1. century (ابد century) = 100 years

2. nature (عالم `ālam) = world

3. alphabet (ابجد alphabet) = script

4. chapter (باب bāb) = chapter, sargah

5. body ( body) = body

6. inner (bāṭin) = deep

7. propositions (dalīl) = evidence, thesis points, arguments

8. prayer ( du`ā’ ) = pray

9. world ( dunya) = universe

10. spell (هجأ hijā’) = how to write, set characters, spelling

11. benefit = makma

12. understand = understand

13. dawn = early in the morning

14. occult (unseen) = lost; invisible

15. robe ( qamīṣ) = long dress

16. passion ( ghaira) = desire

17. Hebrew = the language of the Jewish nation, ratio to the descendants of the Prophet Abraham

18. Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Fitr = Muslim holiday

19. Schedule = schedule

20. Friday = the fifth day of the week

21. corpse = corpse

22. content (قدر) = size

23. Worried = Hesitating

24. Doomsday (قيامة) = Resurrection Day

25. usual = common, usual, usual

26. dialect = accent, dialect

27. Proficient (ماهر) = One who is clever or clever

28. Lazy from mallets (ملت) = tired, weary

29. Paper = maqalatun

30. prophet = God’s messenger to mankind

31. Naughty = abuse

32. Christians = followers of Christianity, from Nazareth absorption

33. person = someone

34. Pas = Bas which is usually interpreted as enough

35. Al-Qur’an = holy book of Muslims

36. people = citizens

37. Official (رسمي) = official

38. Fortune = fortune

39. Moment = hour (time)

40. Saturday = the seventh day of the week

41. satan = devil

42. soap = sobuun

43. Ta’jil = a dish for breaking the fast, especially sweet foods such as compote, dates, etc.

44. Sufism = the science of Sufism

45. Divorce = divorce = divorce between husband and wife, release of marriage ties

46. ​​horizon ( ufuq) = firmament, horizon

47. scholar (علماء ulamā’ ) = religious teacher

48. umma (أمة umma) = religious community

49. plague ( wabā’ ) = an infectious disease that spreads quickly

50. died ( wafāh) = died

51. face ( wajh) = face

52. Jew (يهودي Yahūdī) = a nation in the Middle East

53. believe (ياقين yaqīn) = believe

54. namely (يعني ya`nī) = namely

55. olive (زيتون zaitūn) = a type of fruit or tree from the Mediterranean or Mediterranean region

56. penis = penis, male genitalia

57. pilgrimage = pilgrimage of worship

E. Examples of loan words from Dutch

The following is an example of loanwords from Dutch:

1. absence

2. academy (academie)

3. ballad (ballade)

4. bankrupt (bankroet)

5. chocolate (chocolade)

6. dance (dansen)

7. tie (das)

8. service (dienst)

9. egotisch

10. echelon (echelon)

11. invoice (factuur)

12. function

13. alley (alley)

14. free (free)

15. stop (stop)

16. almost (amperes)

17. idea (idee)

18. break even (break even)

19. jamboree (jamboree)

20. suit (suit, overjacket)

21. turkey (chalcoene)

22. office (office)

23. labile (labile)

24. duct tape (plaque band)

25. realtor (broker)

26. absent (mankeren)

27. pineapple (ananas)

28. dapper (netjes)

29. oil (oil)

30. omg (oom)

31. factory (fabriek)

32. initial (paraphrase)

33. exactly

34. parsley (parsley)

35. rack (rack)

36. raid (razz)

37. screen printing (sjabloon)

38. sanctie

39. appraise (taxeren)

40. pliers (pliers)

41. vandel (vandel)

42. rims (rims)

43. default (default)

44. sink (sink)

F. Examples of loanwords from Portuguese

The following is an example of loanwords from Portuguese:

1. Acta = deed = letter of evidence containing a statement

2. Fleet = fleet = group of one unit

3. Banco = bench = board and so on

4. Bataco = brick = made from a mixture of sand and cement

5. Garfo = fork = shaft

6. Janela = window = vent

7. Jornal = journal = daily record

8. Caldo = broth = stewed meat

9. Campo = village = village; hamlet

10. Leilao = auction = sale in front of many people

11. Manteiga = butter = condensed fat

12. Falso = false = fake

13. Pen = pen = tool for writing with ink

14. Saco = pocket = pocket on a shirt, skirt, pants

15. Escola = school = building for learning

16. Trigo = flour = wheat flour

17. Mandador = foreman = supervisor of work

18. Dona = miss = unmarried daughter

19. Onda = waves = movement of sea water up and down

20. Ink = ink = colored liquid

21. Tent = tent = camp

22. Pen = pen = tool for writing with ink

23. Lace = lace = openwork made from crocheted threads

24. Wheel = wheel = wheel, wheel

25. Natal = christmas = the birth of someone, the birth of Jesus Christ

G. Examples of loanwords from Hokkien (China)

The following is an example of an absorption word from Hokkien:

1. Angpao = red envelope = small envelope where money is placed

2. Anglo = brazier = small stove with charcoal

3. Noodles = noodles = noodles

4. Grass jelly = grass jelly = cold drink

5. Dim sum = dimsum = traditional Chinese dish

6. Encang = uncle/uncle = brother of mother/father

7. Encing = aunt = sister of mother/father

8. Lipstick = lipstick = lipstick

9. Soy sauce = soy sauce = processed soy bean liquid

10. Lou-cheng = attic = ceiling of the house

11. Lun-pia = spring rolls = snacks made from flour dough

12. Mihun = vermicelli = fine noodles

13. Bishou = knife = thin and sharp iron blade

14. Tauhu = tofu = food made from white soybeans

15. Teh-ko = teapot = earthenware kettle

16. Wushu = wushu = martial art

17. Luck = hockey = luck; fate

18. Chinese New Year = Chinese New Year

19. Marry = marry = form a family

20. Noodles = noodles = food ingredients made from wheat flour

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

Examples of Less Commendable Traits – Basically, humans have two characteristics, namely commendable traits and less commendable traits. Both are naturally human. Humans can do commendable or dishonorable things.

When people make mistakes, they should correct them. Especially mistakes that harm others. If you don’t want to be harmed, then you shouldn’t belittle or even harm others.

As a human being can not always do good or commendable. Commendable itself in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) is interpreted as very good; famous for its goodness; very noble; sublime. Praiseworthy traits should be carried out by all human beings without exception. Although it’s hard to stay consistent.

Examples of Praiseworthy Traits

Launching from the Bobo.grid.id page , here are examples of commendable traits that can be practiced in everyday life.

1. Be Responsible

Being responsible is a serious action and accepting all the risks. Being responsible will make Sinaumed’s able to carry out his obligations properly and become one of the laudable traits. For example, after every meal, Sinaumed’s has to wash the dishes as a form of responsibility for the dirty dishes used for food.

2. Be honest

Honest is an action that is in accordance with the facts or truth and does not hide anything. Being honest can save Sinaumed’s and avoid lying. For example, when taking an exam, you have to be honest and you can’t copy other people’s answers.

3. Trust

Trust means trustworthy. Sinaumed’s must be a person who can be trusted both in words and actions. The nature of trust can be a provision to become a leader for yourself or others. For example, we must be trustworthy when carrying out tasks or responsibilities that have been given and completed properly.

4. Humble

Humility is an attitude that is aware of one’s own abilities and is not arrogant. By having humility, we can realize our mistakes and correct them. For example, friends still have to be humble about what we have even though other people see this as an advantage.

5. Please Help

Please help is an attitude of helping others who are in trouble and lighten their burden. The attitude of mutual help must be maintained because in principle humans as social beings still need the help of others. For example, when a friend is in trouble, he must be helped as much as we can.

6. Tolerance

Tolerance is an attitude that respects fellow human beings from wherever they come from and from any background. We as humans must tolerate each other and respect the differences that exist around us.

Differences are not an obstacle to making friends and relating to anyone. For example, when we have friends of different religions at school, we have to be friends regardless of their religion and ethnicity.

7. Generous

Generosity is an attitude that gives some of what we have to others who need it more. For example, when a natural disaster occurs, Sinaumed’s can help with donations in the form of money, groceries or clothes.

8. Not wasteful

Not extravagant attitude should be owned by all humans. Not wasteful means spending something on the right things and needed. For example, don’t buy things on the market place if you don’t really need them. So, the money that is owned can be right on target and not wasted in vain.

9. Keep Promises

When we make a promise, we must keep it. Thus, people will believe in us and maintain a good relationship. For example, when you promise to go to the night market, you have to keep it, not just walk away with a thousand excuses.

10. Be patient

Patience in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) is defined as being resistant to trials (not easily angry, not easily discouraged, not easily broken hearted); stoic; calm; unhurried; not impetuous.

Simply put, patience is an attitude of holding back desires that have not been achieved. For example, if others treat us badly, we must always be patient and not reciprocate with badness either.

11. Respect for Elders

When we meet older people, we must respect them. When talking to parents, you should use polite language and behave appropriately in front of your parents.

12. Not Envy

Not jealous today is a commendable trait that must be instilled in oneself. Envy is a bad trait because it wants what others have and harbors hatred. For example, Sinaumed’s should not be jealous when a friend or neighbor buys something. We should not be jealous of achievements or things that others buy.

13. Confident

Confidence in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) is interpreted as believing in one’s own abilities or strengths. This trait is certainly part of a commendable trait because it can positively influence other people and makes us not hesitate in taking action.

For example, when answering questions the teacher must remain confident even though the answers given are not quite right or even wrong. In addition, this self-confidence is also needed in daily activities such as dressing. When getting dressed, you have to walk confidently even if you mix and match the wrong colors.

14. No Profanity

Profanity occurs when someone says something inappropriate. For example swear words, swear words, or other bad words. By keeping his word, Sinaumed’s has done a commendable deed.

15. Not Doing Persecution

Persecution in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) is defined as cruel acts (such as torture, oppression). Not doing wrong to others is included in a commendable character because it does not harm others.

Examples of Less Commendable Traits

As humans, we must avoid traits that are less than commendable. Launching from various pages on the internet, the following are traits that are not commendable that may not be done on purpose.

• Littering.
• Being impolite and unfriendly to family, neighbors, and friends.
• Wasteful in using water and electricity.
• Ignoring other people who are in trouble (not giving help to those in need).
• Do not participate in community service activities in the environment.
• Say rude and hurtful to others.
• Not doing assignments.
• Throwing plastic bags.
• Burning plastic waste.
• Do not like cleaning and tidying up the room.
• Reckless cutting of trees. Hunting for rare animals.
• Lying or not telling the truth and committing slander.
• Disobeying the regulations in force in Indonesia.
• Breaking the law.
• Take away the rights of others.
• Breaking the law or using the law at will.
• Do not carry out development that does not pay attention to nature and oppresses others.

Bad Attitudes That Should Not Be Tolerated

Everyone must have bad attitudes, but there are some attitudes that should not be tolerated. Launching from the Hallosehat.com page, here are some bad attitudes that should not be tolerated or given concessions.

1. Manipulative

Someone who has a manipulative attitude will control the people around him to get what he wants. Manipulative people can do various ways to make Sinaumed’s the victim feel guilty and suspect themselves.

When the victim knows the bad character of someone who is manipulative, he will insist on denying reality and reverse the accusations against Sinaumed’s. In this case, the perpetrator will change Sinaumed’s’ perception that he is the real victim in this situation.

2. Like Underestimating Others

As humans, we need criticism as learning material. However, some of the criticism that came in seemed to belittle, ridicule, and even drop the character with unpleasant remarks. This behavior is not an attitude that needs to be tolerated.

Speeches that are longer will reduce the trust and self-esteem of those who receive them. Disdain can also be seen from someone’s absence from promises made or not paying attention to what Sinaumed’s said.

3. Don’t Want To Listen

Sinaumed’s certainly has met or had contact with people who would not listen and refused to discuss the problems that occurred in the relationship. This behavior should be avoided.

This attitude is included in the less commendable and manipulative nature. People who don’t listen tend to think that they are always right and the other person is always wrong. Such people should be avoided.

4. Making Sinaumed’s helpless

Making Sinaumed’s powerless is almost the same as gaslighting, but it is more done to make Sinaumed’s powerless, to stop Sinaumed’s from speaking, and to put Sinaumed’s under his control.

This method is done to take advantage of various things he knows about Sinaumed’s. Someone who makes other people helpless will make nervous when angry or show Sinaumed’s weakness to others.

At first, this behavior is difficult to see and detect. However, this attitude becomes a pattern that persists throughout the course of the relationship. Therefore, this attitude is a bad attitude that should not be tolerated.

5. Likes to insult

Laughing, making fun of, and showing bad physical gestures such as rolling the eyes with the aim of insulting others are included in bad behavior that should not be tolerated. In every relationship, whether romantic or family, there must be mutual respect and appreciation.

Insults through words and attitudes have shown that Sinaumed’s is worth avoiding. Especially if the Sinaumed’s couple does this, then the relationship should be ended.

6. Venting Emotions on Sinaumed’s

Dr. Craig Malkin wrote a book called Rethinking Narcism which states that venting emotions is one of the ways that narcissistic people often do. Narcissistic people try to show their emotions and anger to others.

The method is quite diverse, one of which is by clenching your fists and tightening your jaw muscles until your face turns red. In this way, he will try to make other people angry and dominate other people’s feelings.

7. Ignoring Sinaumed’s’ Thoughts and Feelings

Don’t ignore or suppress Sinaumed’s’ feelings and thoughts. Either by laughing at it or not attaching importance to what Sinaumed’s said. Because, every relationship must respect each other’s opinions and feelings. If the opposite happens, then Sinaumed’s needs to rethink this relationship.

8. Often pressures Sinaumed’s to do something

Closest friends or even relatives can pressure him into complying. They can pressure and even force them to do things that Sinaumed’s don’t want. For example using drugs, drinking alcohol, having sex, signing contracts, and so on.

These pressures can be expressed implicitly or explicitly. For example, “Come on, just try one. Everyone here has tried it too, really.” Some people will probably want to do it because they feel shy and afraid of not having friends anymore.

However, this attitude is not good because it will make you do unwanted things. Friends or environment like this should be shunned and abandoned. Such people should not be accompanied or maintained a relationship.

 

 

Examples of Invertebrates – The number of animals is basically a lot. With a very large number, animals are divided into two groups based on their backbone, that is, animals that have a backbone are included in the vertebrate group. Meanwhile, animals that do not have a backbone will be included in the invertebrate group.

Invertebrates themselves can be understood as a group of animals that do not have a backbone. Basically, the spine is a row consisting of several vertebrae and stretches from the neck to the tail. This group of invertebrate animals is also known to be found in almost every habitat on earth.

Apart from not having a backbone, there are several characteristics that can be used to distinguish between invertebrates and vertebrates, starting from the nervous system, how to reproduce, to the structure of the organs.

For those of you who want to learn more about invertebrates. The following is an explanation of the characteristics and examples of invertebrate animals. Not only that, this article will also discuss the classification or division of the invertebrates themselves. Let’s see in full until the end!

A. General Characteristics of Invertebrates

As previously stated, the main characteristic of invertebrate animals is that they do not have a backbone. However, the main characteristics of invertebrate animals are not only that. So, here are some of the main characteristics that distinguish invertebrate animals from other animals or organisms, including:

1. The body skeleton of invertebrate animals is usually found outside the body or exoskeleton.

2. Excretory organs in lower invertebrates have never been found. Meanwhile, for higher invertebrates, it is known that they have not focused on an organ.

3. The nervous system of invertebrate animals is still simple and there is no central nervous system. However, this does not apply to several types of animals that have a nerve center in the form of a collection of nerve nodes or ganglions.

4. Invertebrates reproduce generatively and/or vegetatively.

5. Invertebrate animal blood circulation is open. Blood that comes from the blood vessels will enter the heart and some will continue to circulate through the veins to enter other parts of the heart.

B. Classification and Examples of Invertebrates

After knowing the two groups in the animal world and the differences between the two, in this section we will discuss the classification for the invertebrates themselves. Invertebrates can be grouped into six phyla, namely porifera or porous animals, vermes or worms, coelenterata or hollow animals, arthropods or book animals, molluscs or soft animals, and echinoderms or animals with thorns. The following is an explanation of the six groups of invertebrate animals, including:

1. Porifera

As the name implies, sponges are a group of animals whose entire body surface has pores. This animal has a body that is almost the same as the shape of a sponge, with a skeleton made of horn substance. Porifera are usually known to have irregular or asymmetrical bodies.

The shapes of the sponges vary, ranging from those that are shaped like tubes, flower vases, bowls, and some even have a branched shape like a plant with very diverse body colors. These animals basically live in water and can still reproduce, either by mating or not mating. Unmarried reproduction can occur by forming a bud.

In everyday life, you can use several types of sponges such as Spongia and Hippospongia as bath tools, bath sponges, and scrubbing tools.

Examples of sponge animals include the following:

a. Scypha

b. Euspongia

c. potion

2. Coelenterata

Coelenterata is a type of animal that lives in water with cavities in its body. The body of the coelenterata has two types of shapes, namely the polyp shape and the medusa shape.

Coelenterata with polyps are known to have a tube-like shape. In addition, these animals live by sticking to their place of life. Meanwhile, medusa has a shape like a bell or an umbrella. Medusa itself has arms or tentacles that surround it floating in the water.

The tentacles of the medusa can be used to catch prey. If there is prey that sticks to or approaches the tentacles of the medusa. Poisonous cells contained in the medusa tentacles will secrete poison so that it can paralyze the prey.

Examples of coelenterata include, namely:

a. Obelia

b. Hydras

c. Jellyfish

d. Anemone

3.Vermes

Vermes or commonly called the term worm is a type of animal that has a small size with an elongated and soft body shape. Like the skeletons of other invertebrates, vermes lack a skeleton and have no legs. However, the body of the vermes is bilaterally symmetrical or can be understood as a worm’s body which can be divided into left and right halves.

These vermes or worms can be further grouped into three groups based on their body shape, namely, from flat, elliptical without segmented to round and elongated and segmented love-shaped.

a. Platyhelminthes, namely worms that have a flat shape. Examples of this type of worm are tapeworms and heartworms.

b. Nemathelminthes, which are worms that have a non-segmented elliptical shape or can also be called roundworms. Examples of this type of non-segmented round worm are stomach worms, pinworms, roundworms, and hookworms.

c. Annelids, namely worms that have a long round body shape and are segmented or can be included in the roundworm group. Examples of this roundworm group are earthworms, pacet, and leeches.

4. Arthropods

Arthropods have a segmented body shape consisting of a head (caput), chest (thorax), and abdomen (abdomen). Arthropods are also equipped with a bilateral symmetrical body shape and have a protective substance in the form of chitin on their outer skeleton.

Meanwhile, arthropods have a complete body organ system, starting from the circulatory, digestive, nervous, respiratory, excretory, reproductive systems, to sensory organs that are able to respond to touch, heat as well as smells.

Arthropods also have compound eyes or can be understood as an eye consisting of thousands of small eyes with a hexagonal shape. These eyes are known as facet eyes.

Arthropods are known to be one of the largest phyla compared to several other animal phyla. The phylum of arthropods itself can be grouped into 4 classes, including the following:

a. Insecta (insects), with examples: nerds, butterflies, grasshoppers, ladybugs, and beetles;

b. Crustaceans (crustaceans), with examples: prawns, crabs and crabs;

c. Arachnoidea (spiders), with examples: spiders, scorpions, fleas, ticks;

d. Myriapoda (centipedes), with examples: centipedes, millipedes.

5. Mollusca

Molluscs are basically a type of invertebrate animal that has a soft body, contains a lot of mucus, and is wrapped in a mantle. Molluscs themselves generally have a shell made of limestone and can be used to protect their bodies.

Molluscs live in various regions of the earth so that they can be found both on land, sea, fresh water, to hot and cold areas. Molluscs are also animals that already have digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory, nervous, muscular and reproductive systems.

Just like other invertebrate animals, molluscs can also be divided into 3 groups, namely:

a. Pelecypoda or clams

b. Gastropods or squid

c. Cephalopods or slugs

6. Echinodermata

Echinodermata is a type of invertebrate animal that has a skin of thorns. The skin of this animal consists of several limestone plates with many small spines on the surface. The body of Echinodermata also has a shape like a star, round, flat, elongated round, some even have a shape resembling a plant.

Echinoderms are able to move using ambulacral legs. Ambulacral itself can be understood as a tube equipped with a suction device. The digestive system of Echinodermata itself also consists of a mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and anus. Meanwhile, its nervous system consists of a ring of nerves with a circular shape around the esophagus and its various branches that lead to each arm.

Echinoderms reproduce by sexual means or mating. Not only that, this type of animal also has the ability to regenerate, such as the ability to regrow severed body parts.

Examples of animals that belong to the echinoderm group include:

a. Starfish

b. Sea urchin

c. Sea cucumbers

C. Examples of Invertebrates

After knowing the characteristics and classification of invertebrate animals, this section will explain examples of invertebrate animals that are around us. So, here are some examples of invertebrate animals that you need to know, including:

1. Butterfly

Butterflies are an example of an invertebrate animal equipped with six legs, two antennae and three body parts. There are also types of butterflies that have wings, but some are wingless. Butterflies can be said to be a type of insect that undergoes a complete metamorphosis.

The Smithsonian Institution states that there are about 17,500 species of butterflies in the world. Butterflies can live in all regions of the earth, except for the Antarctic region. Butterflies reproduce in a variety of habitats, from salt marshes, mangroves, sand dunes, lowland forests, wetlands, grasslands, to mountains.

2. Ants

Ants are an example of an invertebrate animal with a body consisting of three main parts, namely the head, chest (where three pairs of legs are attached), and stomach (where vital organs are located).

Quoted from the National Geographic report, there are currently more than 10,000 species of ants in the world. Ants themselves are very easy to find in tropical rain areas with structured nests located underground, mounds on the ground, even trees.

3. Bees

Bees are an example of an invertebrate animal that has a thin exoskeleton. The body of the bee can be divided into three parts, namely the head with two antennae, the chest with six legs and the abdomen. The body of the bee itself is equipped with two pairs of wings and only the female bee has the ability to sting.

Based on The National Wildlife Federation, there are more than 20,000 species of bees spread throughout the world. Just like ants, bees usually live on every continent on earth, except Antarctica. In a region like North America, about 4,000 species of bees occupy different ecosystems, whether in forests, deserts, and of course grasslands.

4. Star of the Sea

Sea stars are one example of invertebrate animals that live in water areas. Starfish themselves are generally known to have a central disc which is divided into five arms. Although some other species have more arms. However, the starfish’s arms would be covered with pincers and suction cups that could be used along the ocean floor.

According to a report published by National Geographic, it is known that there are about 2,000 species of starfish that live throughout the world’s oceans, both in tropical habitats and in low-temperature ocean floor habitats. The most common species of sea star is the five-armed one. In addition, there are species of starfish that have arms reaching 10, 20, and even 40 pieces.

5. Jellyfish

Just like starfish, jellyfish are examples of invertebrate animals that live in the sea and belong to the phylum Cnidaria. Phylum Cnidaria is a phylum that is not equipped with a brain, bones, heart, and even eyes. The body of the jellyfish generally consists of a soft and transparent to immobilize prey before eating it.

The structure of the jellyfish itself consists of three layers, namely first, the outer layer or epidermis, second, the middle layer which is made of a thick elastic substance similar to jelly or mesoglea. Third, the inner layer or commonly called the gastrodermis.

6. Spiders

Spiders are an example of an invertebrate animal with an exoskeleton consisting of a cuticle and made of chitin. This animal has a body divided into two main parts, namely the cephalothorax and abdomen. Most spiders have eight eyes and a mouth known as chelicerae. Inside the chelicerae are equipped with fangs that can be used to inject poison into their prey.

Quoted from the Encyclopedia Britannica, there are more than 43,000 species of spiders in the world. These spiders live in almost all parts of the earth, except for the polar regions, the highest mountains and the oceans.

7. Snail

Snails are invertebrate animals with soft bodies and heads that have tentacles to feel their surroundings. Snails themselves have a mouth made of a radula or a tool that can be used to scrape food from most surfaces.

Snails are known to have strong, muscular legs and thick slime. This will be very helpful for movement on rough surfaces. Mucus owned by snails can also prevent it from drying out. However, the mucus can also harden to form a blockage.

8. Squid

Squid is an example of an invertebrate that belongs to the Mollusca phylum. Today, there are hundreds of species of squid scattered throughout the world’s oceans, from the shallowest waters to the deepest.

Squids also have a tubular body, a small internal shell like a rod, and are equipped with two tentacles that are much longer than the arms. In addition, squid can change color and swim backwards. This is done by utilizing the thrust of water that comes out of his body.

9. Worms

Worms are examples of legless invertebrates with flat or round bodies with heads and tails. Worms themselves are known as animals that do not have a hard skeleton. Worms are usually found in water or wet soil, they can even be in other, larger animals.

Worms are animals that can live in a variety of habitats, such as parks, hydrothermal vents, deep ocean, toxic environments, to the cold waters of Antarctica. The size of the worms themselves varies greatly, ranging from small worms such as microscopic sizes to very long worms.

10. Leeches

Leeches are an example of an invertebrate animal that belongs to the phylum Annelida. The leech itself has a bilaterally symmetrical shape and thick muscles. The shape of the leech itself is almost the same as a worm, it’s just that there are many leeches that have a shape similar to a pear and are wide.

Most leeches spend their habitat in fresh water. However, there are some juha leeches that can live on land and sea. Land-dwelling leeches are especially easy to spot on the ground or low leaves in wet rainforests. Leeches are known to be unable to swim in water, but they can live by immersing themselves in water.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

Examples of Invertebrates – Broadly speaking, the kingdom animalia can be grouped into two groups, namely the class of vertebrates (animals with backbones) and the group of invertebrates (animals without backbones). The following will explain the characteristics, body layer structure, and classification of the kingdom Animalia Invertebrata Sinaumed’s!

DEFINITION OF INVERTEBRATES (Invertebrates)

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone or vertebral column. Most of the animals are invertebrates. The term Invertebrata itself is an early form of ‘Vertebra’ which comes from the Latin word. ‘Vertebra’ generally means joint, the specific meaning is ‘vertebral joints of the spine’. This word is added with the prefix “in” meaning not or without, which means ‘those who are not veterbrae’.

Porifera Invertebrates or Invertebrates is a term expressed by Chevalier de Lamarck to designate animals that do not have a backbone. Invertebrates include almost all animals except vertebrates (reptiles, birds, fish, amphibians, and mammals). Invertebrates are the most diverse group and have about 12 million living species. Most of the animals on earth are invertebrates. They are cold-blooded animals with a body temperature that depends on the temperature of the atmosphere.

In learning more about invertebrates, Sinaumed’s can read the book Invertebrate Zoology (Theory and Practice) by Adun Rusyana which provides all information about invertebrates.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INVERTEBRATES

The main feature that separates invertebrates from other organisms is the absence of a spine and backbone. They are multicellular organisms, they really don’t have a cell wall:

• Animali Invertebrates do not have a hard endoskeleton due to the lack of a complex bone system, some invertebrates tend to be slow and small in nature. Due to the lack of a backbone and a complex nervous system, invertebrates cannot inhabit some environments, although they are found in harsh environments.
• Invertebrates’ bodies are divided into three parts – head, thorax and abdomen. They do not have lungs for respiration. Respiration occurs through the skin. Several groups of invertebrates have a hard exoskeleton of chitin. Most of them are networked, with a certain cell organization. Most also reproduce sexually by the fusion of male and female gametes. Some invertebrates such as sponges are sedentary, but most organisms are motile. Most invertebrates are arranged with a symmetrical body organization. They are unable to make their own food or
• Invertebrates are the most diverse organisms present on earth. Almost 95% of the animal population from invertebrates. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2009, more than 1.3 million invertebrates were identified. Invertebrates make up about 75% of the known species on the Planet. The actual number of invertebrates is unknown, there are some predictions that there may be tens of millions of invertebrates, mostly insects. Invetebrata includes all animals that do not belong to the phylum Chordata. Common examples include clams, slugs, spiders, cockroaches, worms, star fish, octopus, the following are some of the Sinaumed’s class of Animalia invertebrates:
• Porifera – Sponges, Sycon (scypha), Spongilla (freshwater sponges) and Euspongia (bath sponges).
• Cnidaria – Aurelia, Adamis, Hydra, sea anemone, Physalia (Portuguese warship), Pennatula, Gorgonia, Meandrina.
• Ctenophora – Pleurobranchia and Ctenophora.
• Platyhelminthes – Taenia (tapeworm), Fasciola (liver worm).
• Aschelminthes – Ascaris (round worm), Wuchereria (filaria worm), Ancylostoma (hookworm).
• Annelida – Nereis, Pheretima (earthworms) and Hirudinaria (bloodsucking leeches).
• Arthropods – Apis (honey bee), Bombyx (caterpillar), Laccifer (lac insect); Mosquitoes – Anopheles, Culex and Aedes; Locusta (grasshopper); Limulus (crab).
• Mollusca – Chaetopleura (Chiton), Loligo (squid), Pila (apple snail), Pinctada (pearl oyster), Sepia (cuttlefish), Loligo (squid), Octopus (devil fish), Aplysia (sea hare), Dentalium.
• Echinodermata – Asterias (star fish), Echinus (sea urchin), Antedon (sea lily), Cucumaria (sea cucumber), Ophiura (brittle star).

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES

Animalia Invertebrates are the most diverse organisms on earth. Nearly 95% of the animal population falls into the category of invertebrates. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature 2009 more than 1.3 million invertebrates were identified. Invertebrates make up about 75% of the species on Planet Earth, until their actual number is unknown. The following is the classification of Animalia Invertebrata Sinaumed’s.

ORDER ASTERIODEA

The order Ateriodea is also called the starfish, has a star-like shape with five arms, short and blunt spines, has a mouth and anus, very high regenerative power, and locomotors in the form of ambulacral legs. For example: Astrias vulgaris (large starfish).

ORDER OPHIUROIDEA

Order (class) Ophiuroidea Its body is in the form of a pentagonal disc with 5 long arms. The ambulacral lobe apparatus has a mouth but no anus. For example: Ophiothix fragillis (sea star snake).

ORDER ECHINOIDEA

The Echinoidea class is also called the sea urchin class, the body is round, without arms, has movable spines, a locomotion system with ambulacral legs, some species have poison glands in their spines, and have a complete digestive tract, namely the mouths. anus. For example: Echinocardium cordatum (sea urchin).

ORDER HOLOTHUROIDEA

The order (class) Holothuroidea has an elliptical body, smooth ossicles, has a mouth and anus, and around the mouth there are movable tentacles (pulled and extended), ambulacral locomotores. For example: Cucumari planci (sea cucumbers).

ORDER CRINODEA

Order (class) Crinodea has a body shaped like a lily, attached to the seabed, lives in the deep sea and has high regeneration power.

INVERTEBRATES phyla

PROTOZOA phylum

Protozoa are single-celled animals that live in water, protozoa eat plants and animals, protozoa reproduce by unsexual or vegetative reproduction by dividing and by sexual or generative conjugation. Phylum Protozoa is divided into several classes:

• Vibrating-haired animal class (cikata)
• Pseudo-legged animal class (rhizopoda)
• Class of spores (sporozoa)
• Class of animals with whips (flogellato)

 

phylum porifera

Porifera are aquatic animals and live in the sea, their body shape is like a plant attached to a seabed, so they can move around freely, Porifera’s body is like a tube that has many pores (small holes on the sides and has cavities on the inside) Porifera can develop reproduce by generative and vegetative ways. Porifera consists of three classes, here are some of them:

• Corcorea class: Consists of spicules and lives in shallow seas, for example seghpha SP, charsarina SP
• Class hexactinelida: Consists of a gritty substance and lives in the deep sea. For example pnerorepa SP
• Class demospangia: Soft bodies don’t even have a skeleton, for example spongia SP

Phylum Coelentrata

Coelentrata comes from the words coilos (hollow) and entron (intestine). Coelentrata has two forms, namely the passive form which attaches to a base and does not move. Coelentrata consists of 3 classes Anthozoa Class, Hydrozoa Class and Scyphozoan Class. The characteristics are as follows:

• Multicellular, and radially symmetric (cutting a plane through the center creates identical segments, they have a top and bottom but no sides)
• It has a tube-like shape
• Surrounded by tentacles around the mouth. The body layer of the coelenterata consists of the outer tissue (exoderm), inner tissue (endoderm), and the longitudinal and crossed muscle system (mesoglea).
• Has a cnidoblast, which is an exoderm cell that contains a thorny poison called a nematocyt.
• Live in fresh water, sea water, in solider (attached to the bottom of the waters) and colonize.
• Have stinging cells (nematosis)
• Is a carnivorous animal (eats small invertebrates)
• Has no organs or organ systems
• They have no brains, but only nerve impulses that travel through their bodies and can detect signals in their environment.

PLATYHELMINTHS PHILUM

The word platyhelminthes comes from the Greek words plays (flat) and hemlines (worms). Platyhelminthes berate also has plates. This group of animals has a bilaterally symmetrical body (both sides are the same). Platyhelminthes is divided into three classes, namely Class turbellaria (vibrating hair worms), Class trematodes (sucking worms), and Class cestroda (tape worms). General characteristics include the following:

• Bilaterally symmetrical body
• Body shape flat and soft
• Body unsegmented except Cestoda
• Acoelomate Triploblastic body layer
• The excretory tool uses a flame cell
• Have eyes
• Hermaphrodite
• Does not have a means of respiration
• Digestive system via Gastrovascular
• The nervous system is a ganglion
• Free-living in fresh water and damp places

phylum MOLLUSCA

Mollusca (in Latin, molluscus = soft) is a soft-bodied animal. The soft body is protected by a shell, although some are not shelled. These animals are classified as coelomate triploblastic. As the name implies, soft animals have a soft body that is protected by a shell of calcium (lime) material. Molluscs are hermoporite, have a digestive system, respiratory system and excretory system. Molluscs are divided into 4 classes: Class lamilli brancuiata (corals and oysters), Gastropods (snails), Cephalopods (squid) and Amphineura. The characteristics are as follows:

• The body is bilaterally symmetrical
• The body wall is triploblastic
• The short body is protected by the graft which is composed of a calcified substance produced by the mantle substance. Mollusca head structure is growing
• Digestive apparatus is fully developed Except for cephalopods, the blood circulation is open, the heart consists of a dorsal part surrounded by a pericardium
• Breathing is done by pulmonum, epidermis, gills or mantle
• Excretion tools in the form of kidneys Sexual reproduction
• The nervous system consists of three pairs of nerve nodes (ganglions), namely the cerebral ganglion, visceral ganglion, and pedal ganglion, all three of which are connected by nerve fibers.
• The genitals are generally separate (dioesus), but some are hermaphrodites. The sexes are separate, fertilization is external

PHYLUM OF ENCHINODERMATES

Echinoderms (in Greek, echino = hedgehog, derma = skin) are a group of coelomate tripopoblastic animals which have the characteristic feature of a spiny endoskeleton that penetrates the skin. The phylum echinodermata consists of five classes, namely the starfish class (asteroidal), the sea urchin class (echinoidal), the sea star class (opiuroidal), the sea wax class (crinoidal) and the sea cucumber class (holothuroidae). With the following characteristics:

• Has three embryonal layers (triploblastic)
• Bilateral body symmetry in the larval phase and radial in the adult phase
• There is an anterior and posterior division of the body
• Euseelomata or coelomate
• Has no body segments
• The digestive system is perfect, with some species lacking an anus
• Does not have a circulatory system
• The respiratory system is in the form of small gills or papulaedan. There are also those who use ambulacral feet (tube feet), or sea cucumbers
• Does not have an excretory system
• The nervous system is formed by ring nerves, radial nerves and mesh nerves
• Reproduction asexually (regeneration) and sexually.
• In general, have separate sexes, but some types are hermaphrodite
• Body support in the form of an internal framework (endoskeleton), in the form of plates and under the skin.

ANTHROPOD phylum

Arthropods or book organisms. Phylum Arthropoda has the largest species, which is 75% of all animals in the world. Arthropoda comes from the Latin: Arthra means segment, book, segment, and Podos means leg which means an animal with jointed, jointed or segmented legs. Arthropod bodies are bilaterally symmetrical and coelomate triploblastic. This phylum has the largest number of species compared to other phyla. Body and legs segmented and bilaterally symmetrical, exoskeleton contains chemicals. Anthropods have blood circulation, but their blood is colorless, their growth takes a long time to undergo metamorphosis (change in shape). Phylum Anthropoda consists of:

• Insect class (insecta)
• Spider class (arachoidae)
• Class crustaceans (erustacea)
• Centipede class (mynapoda)

To find out more clearly about what belongs to invertebrate animals, you can read the book Aves Invertebrates – Exploring the Animal World by Genevieve De Becker which presents various examples of invertebrate animals with pictures so they are easier to understand.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN INVERTEBRATES

Digestive system in Invertebrate Animalia For example in amoeba which is a single-celled animal, all of its life activities occur within the cell itself. Likewise the digestion of food takes place in the cells, it is called the digestion of the senses of the cells. When an amoeba gets food, it immediately forms a pseudo foot which leads to the next food, which is surrounded by pseudo legs, then the food is carried to the protoplasm. In the protoplasm that contains food that produces digestive enzymes. In the food cavity occurs digestion of food. Digested food is in the form of food essence which is absorbed from food residues and excreted from the body.

Digestive system in the hermes group For example in earthworms with a digestive tract consisting of a mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine and anus. The front part of the esophagus is slightly enlarged, called the pharynx, which functions to suck food from the mouth and moisten it with mucus. The food of earthworms is in the form of humus which is found in acidic soil, surrounded by an esophagus with three pairs of glands which produce lime which can neutralize the acidic nature of their food.

The digestive system in insect or insect animals, for example grasshoppers, has a cache that functions to temporarily store food. At the bottom of the crop there are salivary glands which drain through the main duct into the oral cavity. From the cache the food enters the gizzard and in the gizzard the food is destroyed, then the food is passed on to the stomach. At the front of the stomach are six pairs of appendixes which function as digestive glands. Undigested food is absorbed in the stomach. Leftovers from the intestine through the pelletum are removed through the sewer or anus.

 

BENEFITS OF INVERTEBRATES

• For the Environment:
  • The roles of invertebrates in the environmental area are: Creation of diversity (biodiversity) at the biosphere scale. The number of invertebrates is huge, especially in the Animalia kingdom.
  • Symbiosis with other organisms, for example ready to protect other organisms, such as coral populations, sponges and sea anemones can act as a home or nest for fish and other marine animals.
  • Participate in the food chain. It is not only as consumers that there are species that also act as agents of decomposition. Some members of the annelids such as Lumbricus SP. Is a destroyer in the food chain. While in marine ecosystems, some Echinodermata species can also act as decomposition in water.
  • Ecotourism attractions, such as coral reef ecosystems with various corals, anemones and other invertebrates as protection for invertebrates can be a tourist attraction. In addition, some National Parks can also have an abundance of invertebrate species such as populations of different species of Butterflies in the NP. Bantimurung, which is called the Butterfly kingdom. In Indonesia there are also tourist attractions that have stingless jellyfish.
• For Health: In the health sector, some members can act as medicine and also act as parasites and cause dangerous diseases for humans, especially members of Phylum Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes:
  • Manufacture of bioactive compounds for medicines, can be found in Porifera members in symbiosis with bacteria.
  • Wellness Therapy, such as Leam application and acupuncture with bee stings.
• For Agriculture: Helps pollinate agricultural crops as bees, butterflies and other insects do. Help maintain, galvanize, ventilate the floor, as earthworms do. As a pest plant destroyer, as occurs in fruit flies, stink bugs, grasshoppers and Mollusca members such as slugs.
• For Livestock: As a honey producer. Honey bees and several other species of Insecta members that can produce honey. Manufacture of silk materials, where silkworms can be cultivated to be taken from their cocoons as materials made of silk thread. Several species, such as earthworms and several types of insects, are deliberately grown for use as raw materials for Asian medicine, food, cosmetics and animal feed.
• For Education or Research: The simple body structure makes invertebrates an object of research. For example, fruit flies are often used as objects of genetic research, monitoring of embryonic development with sea urchins as objects, and invertebrates can also be used as a review. In addition, several types of insects are also used as an important source of information in the forensic field.

Thus the definition, characteristics, classification, phylum, digestive system, and benefits of animalia invertebrates in Sinaumed’s’ daily life. Hope it is useful!

Examples of intransitive verbs, definition of intransitive verbs, and generic structures of intransitive verbs – Hello Sinaumed’s, how are you guys? During the Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions or what is often referred to as PPKM, what activities did you do?

So, instead of being confused, let’s learn together, come on! We will both explore our insights, especially those related to foreign languages. This time we will learn a foreign language, namely English.

Sinaumed’s, we often hear about day and night, morning and evening, black and white, ups and downs. In everyday life, words like that often appear and we hear, because there are things that are opposite to each other.

After some time ago, we discussed about verbs or verbs, and transitive verbs,  or transitive verbs, now we will discuss about intransitive verbs or which are more popular, often called intransitive verbs . Intransitive verbs are verbs that are not followed by a direct object, or what is often known as a direct object, so that they become complete sentences and have meaning.

How is it different from transitive verbs ? More curious? Come on, let’s look at the following reviews.

Definition of Intransitive Verb

Intransitive verbs are verbs that are not followed by a direct object, or what is often known as a direct object, so that they become complete sentences and have meaning . This happens because the object does not function as a recipient of the action because the action that occurs does not involve a direct object. In other words, even though it is not followed by a direct object, this verb already has a meaning that is easy to understand.

Unlike transitive verbs, intransitive verbs don’t need to be followed by an object because their meaning can be understood properly even without an object. In other words, even though it is not followed by a direct object, this verb has meaning and is easy to understand.

Let’s look at the following example sentences!

She is tired.

An example of a sentence that uses the intransitive verb if translated reads he is tired . Even though it is not followed by an object, the sentence already has meaning, and the reader can understand the meaning conveyed. In this sentence, is tired is referred to as an intransitive verb.

In English, we also know linking verbs, or also called linking verbs, linking verbs are also included in the intransitive verb group. Why is that? Because this connecting verb does not need to use an object.

Use of Intransitive Verbs

Gramed, you need to know that the use of intransitive verbs has a difference, where a verb can become a transitive verb if it is used in a sentence. But it can also be an intransitive verb in other sentences. To make it clearer, let’s look at the two examples of the form of the sentence below.

1. He drank coffee and chocolate milk. (He drinks coffee and milk chocolate) transitive verb
2. He drank a lot today. (He drank a lot today) intransitive verb

In the sentences above, the two sentences both use the word drank as a verb . The difference is, in the first sentence, the word drank is used as a transitive verb , because it is followed by an object, while in the second sentence, the word drank is used as an intransitive verb.

Well, next we will learn about how to distinguish these sentences including intransitive verbs or not? What you can do is, you can use question words to provoke an answer that leads to a transitive or intransitive sentence, the question word is usually what or whom to differentiate between the two.

If the sentence cannot be used to bring up an answer from one of the question words above, then the verb used is definitely intransitive. For example, in the two sentences above, we use the question word what (what do you drink?)

In the first sentence, can you are used to answer the question, while in the second sentence, cannot be used to answer the question. So, it can be concluded, if the verb in the first sentence is a type of transitive verb while in the second sentence it is a type of intransitive verb .

Intransitive Verb List

For more details, here is a list of words that are included in the type of intransitive verb. You can start to understand, so you can use it verbally or in writing, this list is complete and easy to understand because it is equipped with its meaning.

No.	Intransitive Verb List	It means
1.	Adapt	Adapt
2.	arrived	Arrive
3.	Agree	Agree
4.	Admit	Confess
5.	Appear	Appear
6.	Become	Suitable
7.	bark	Barking
8.	Belong	Owned by
9.	Consist	Consists
10.	cost	Price
11.	come	Come
12.	Cough	Cough
13.	Cry	Cry
14.	depend	Depends
15.	dreams	Dream
16.	die	Die
17.	Disappear	Disappear
18.	emerge	Appear
19.	Eat	Eat
20.	exist	Life
21.	Expand	Expand
22.	Explode	blow up
23.	fast	Fast
24.	fall	Fall
25.	Fly	Fly
26.	grow	Grow
27.	Go	Go
28.	Have	Have
29.	happened	Happen
30.	Jump	Jump
31.	left	Left
32.	learn	Study
33.	Listen	Hear
34.	Look	See
35.	live	Direct
36.	leave	Permission
37.	laugh	Laugh
38.	move	Move
39.	march	March
40.	Party	Party
41.	Pause	Pause
42.	panic	Panic
43.	pray	Pray
44.	relax	Relax
45.	read	Read
46.	Respond	Respond
47.	Roll	Rolls
48.	Results	Consequence
49.	run	Road
50.	Shakes	Whisk
51.	Shout	cheers
52.	sing	Sing
53.	Skip	Miss
54.	sleep	Sleep
55.	Slides	Glide
56.	Spit	Spit
57.	sprints	Run
58.	Stay	Stay
59.	swing	swing
60.	Swim	Swim
61.	stands	Stand
62.	Twist	twist
63.	Travel	traveling
64.	Vanish	Gone
65.	Wait	Wait
66.	Walk	Road
67.	wanders	Wander
68.	wave	Waving
69.	Work	Work
70.	Yell	scream

General Structure of Intransitive Verb / Generic Structure of  Intransitive Verb

Referring to the notion of an intransitive verb, which means a verb in a sentence or conversation that does not need to be followed by the object behind it to be able to bring out meaning in a written sentence or in a complete line of conversation.

Now, instead, to complete the meaning in this intransitive sentence, various kinds of information will be added, such as adverbs of time, place, person, manner, and so on.

Examples of Using Intransitive Verbs 

Unknowingly, in everyday life, you actually often use sentences with intransitive verb types. In intransitive verbs, this example sentence is often used for notifications when carrying out activities. To make it clearer, let’s look at the following examples:

The various examples of sentences that will be presented in the points below have been completed with translations, into Indonesian, so that it will be easier for you to understand them. For the part of the word in Bold in intransitive verbs, it is also used so that we can see clearly the part of the emphasis on intransitive verbs which we will study this time.

Meanwhile, for words that are underlined, they are used for various types of information that follow behind the intransitive verb.

Here are some examples of sentences accompanied by explanations that emphasize the intransitive verb form.

I felt anxious upon knowing that my dog ​​had died . (I felt tense after knowing my dog ​​died).

Explanation : Look at the example sentences above! After the word dies, there are no other words or phrases that follow behind it, Dies is an intransitive verb . Wait a minute, intransitive verbs can also be added with the letter s or the affix es , as in dies , in the example sentence above, which comes from the word die (die) plus the affix es .

Yudhis said to me that he wanted to leave. (Yudis told me he wants out).

Explanation: In fact, the word leave in the example sentence above can be an object verb , or a transitive verb . However, because there are no other words or phrases behind it, the word leave becomes an intransitive verb.

My uncle sneezed when we were in that icy place . (My uncle sneezed when we were in that icy place).

Explanation: The development of intransitive verb sentences can also involve the verb twoo or the past tense, such as sneezed (sneezing) which comes from the basic word sneeze (sneezing) in the example sentence above. In addition, the adverb used in the sentence is an adverb of time, which is shown in the word starting with when (when) in when we were at that icy place (when we were in that icy cold place).

She went to work.
Meaning: He goes to work.
Even without a more detailed explanation, this sentence is quite understandable and does not make this sentence confusing, because you already understand its meaning, that She (she is a woman) goes to work.

He cried .
Meaning: He is crying.
Without further explanation, this sentence is also enough to provide an explanation, that He (he is a man) is crying.

The next example is a sentence that has a similar meaning flow, namely:

Toto go late.
Meaning: Toto left late.

Kuspriyani often coughed .
Meaning: Kuspriyani often coughs.

My teacher is running.
Meaning: My teacher ran.

Tido will go to school.
Meaning: Tido will go to school.

Uncle will arrive at home tomorrow.
Meaning: Uncle will be home tomorrow.

Sani often smiles .
Meaning: Sani smiles often.

Bowo took the book in the drawer.
Meaning: Bowo takes a book in a drawer.

Wahyu left yesterday.
Meaning: Wahyu left yesterday.

Wahya eats with his friends.
Meaning: Wahya eats with his friends.

She leaves when it’s hot.
Meaning: He goes when the weather is hot.

Marco feels happy today.
Meaning: Marco is feeling happy today.

My bird sleeps at night.
Meaning: My bird sleeps at night.

We laugh together.
Meaning: We laugh together.

My eraser fell from the table.
Meaning: My eraser fell off the table.

They swim someday.
Meaning: They swam on the same day.

She acted so sweet this evening.
Meaning: she was acting cute last night.

Waryo lies when wrong.
Meaning: Heru lies when he is wrong.

He works at a university.
Meaning: He works at a university.

Examples of Questions and Discussion of Intransitive Verb

After we have explored and understood the explanation, as well as examples of using intransitive verbs, in sentences, now test your skills by practicing using some of the following practice questions.

1. If you …… late, I’ll go to the party without you.
(If you arrive late, I will go to the party without you.)

a. arrived
b. arrive
c. have arrived
d. arrived

Answer: b. arrive

If translated, this means: If you arrive late, I will go to the party without you.

2. Aaron often ……… while cleaning her room.

a. sneakers
b. sneezed
c. snooze
d. is sneezing

Answer: a. sneezes

Translated, this means: Aaron often sneezes while cleaning his room.

3. They must …… through the jungle before dark.

a. running
b. run
c. run
d. is running

Answer: b. run

Translated, this means: They must run through the forest before dark.

4. Edwin looked annoyed when his friends ……. to her house.

a. come
b. came
c. comes
d. coming

Answer: b. came

If translated, means: Edwin looks disturbed when his friends come to the house.

5. To lose her weight, Stephanie doesn’t ….. after 7 pm
(To lose weight, Diana doesn’t eat after 7 pm.)

a. eaten
b. eatingc
. eat
d. ate

Answer: c. eat

If translated, means: To lose weight, Stephanie does not eat after 7 pm.

6. The students ……. on the grass.

a. sit
b. sitting
c. is sit
d. Is sitting

Answer: a. sit 

If translated, it means: The students sat on the grass.

7. He is ….. because of a love letter from his girlfriend.

a. smile
b. smiling
c. smile
d. smiled

Answer: b. smiling

If translated, it means: HE smiles because of a love letter from his girlfriend.

8. She …… weird this morning.

a. act
b. acting
c. acts
d. acted

Answer: d. acted

If translated, means: He was acting strange this morning.

9. The books are ….. from the rack.

a. falling
b. falls
c. fall
d. fell

Answer: a. falling

If translated, it means: The books fell from the shelves. 

10. I ….. my money in my wallet.

a. putting
b. put
c. put
d. putted

Answer: c. put

If translated, it means: I put my money in my wallet.

Sinaumed’s, after so many minutes of taking the time to read this article to the end, how do you feel? Now you know the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs ?

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There are various examples of stakeholders within the scope of a company itself. When asked about a party that has an interest in the establishment of a company, none other than stakeholders. Stakeholders can be said to be one of the factors a company can run well or not.

Stakeholders in a company itself can be divided into two, namely internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. A complete explanation along with examples of each stakeholder can be read by Sinaumed’s below.

A. Know Stakeholders

Stakeholders can be said in Indonesian as stakeholders. Stakeholders are generally found in business companies and even organizations and institutions. Stakeholders are counted as an important part of a company. Stakeholders have an active and passive role in efforts to develop the goals of a company.

The existence of stakeholders is needed in the continuity of a company. That is because stakeholders can become supporters in moving forward or developing business activities of a company. Basically, stakeholders are a group of people who fulfill a role in the company. For example, the role of a stakeholder is as a shareholder or provider of capital. This role is very important because it can help companies run their business smoothly and grow.

As quoted from the Corporate Finance Institute, stakeholders or stakeholders are a group of parties from individuals, groups or communities who have an interest in the existence of an organization or company. Stakeholders here have a very influential role regarding business continuity.

Stakeholders are actually divided into two types, namely internal and external stakeholders.

B. Types of Stakeholders

1. Internal Stakeholders

Internal stakeholders are a group of stakeholders within a company. These internal stakeholders have a direct interest in the company as well as greatly influence the running of a business.

These internal stakeholders also have ownership and have a role in determining the company’s decisions in carrying out its functions. That important role in a company is what makes them referred to as internal stakeholders. The parties included in the ranks of internal stakeholders are such as business owners and employees.

2. External Stakeholders

By definition, external stakeholders are the opposite of internal stakeholders. If internal stakeholders are parties who have an interest in a company, then external stakeholders are parties who have part of the business stakeholders outside the company. Stakeholders from outside the company do not have a structural relationship of ownership or job responsibilities with the company.

The role of external stakeholders is actually the same as that of internal stakeholders, namely mutual impact on the company. External stakeholders have a role that can influence the decisions of internal stakeholders of the company, both from owners of capital to employees.

Parties that are included in external stakeholders or as company stakeholders from outside the company include customers, suppliers, investors, competitors, banks, government, and so on.

C. Examples of Stakeholders and Their Roles and Functions

Stakeholders or stakeholders in a company actually have different roles, it is adjusted to the functions and responsibilities they carry out. However, the two stakeholders from the company have the same goal in an effort to develop the company, both in terms of business-related needs to economic needs.

After understanding the two types of stakeholders, from internal to external stakeholders. The following are examples of internal stakeholders and examples of external stakeholders and their roles and functions.

1. Example of Internal Stakeholders

a. The company/organization itself

The first example of internal stakeholders, namely companies or organizations included in the part of stakeholders who have relationships related to the interests of all stakeholders. The company itself plays an important role in terms of managerial decision making.

Managerial decisions made by the company will provide a number of useful information both mandatory and voluntary.

b. Shareholders or Owners

The second example of internal stakeholders, namely these shareholders act as investors who provide capital to run the company. These shareholders also carry out a supervisory function within the company in order to monitor employee performance and the company’s financial condition.

c. Employee

The third example of internal stakeholders, namely the performance of a company will also depend on the performance of its human resources. In a company, employees certainly have an important role where they are the people who interact directly with the production process.

Comfortable and at the same time harmonious conditions for employees will result in good cooperation, regardless of their interests.

2. Example of External Stakeholders

a. Supplier

The first example of an external stakeholder, namely a supplier or commonly called a supplier is a party responsible for providing raw materials or basic materials that will be used for the production process in a company. That’s what makes suppliers become external stakeholders of a company.

On the one hand, suppliers benefit because the products sold already have certain customers. However, if suppliers encounter problems that cause delays in providing raw materials. So it will result in the production process of a company being disrupted so that it hampers the marketing and distribution process. This will also indirectly affect the supply chain or supply chain management (SCM) to be late.

b. Consumer

An example of the second external stakeholder, namely consumers, is a party that uses or uses products from a company. In this case, consumers are not only as users, they are also observers or observers of the products being marketed. Whether or not a product is used by consumers becomes a parameter in the final sales process. In this case, the success of attracting as many consumers as possible is the key in making progress and development by the company.

The development of a company is largely determined by the interest of consumers. That should be the basis for the company to always provide products that match the wants and needs of consumers, both from product quality to the purchase value of the product. Therefore, consumers have a very important role so that they enter as one of the external stakeholders of a company.

c. Banks (Creditors)

The third example of external stakeholders, namely in an effort to set up a company, it will be difficult if you do not have very large capital. It has become a common way in doing business to use debt in developing, or even expanding a company. Therefore, banks or natural persons or financial institutions enter into the list of external stakeholders of a company.

Creditors are parties that have an important role for the company. However, creditors don’t just lend money easily. There are many processes that a company must go through in order to get a loan, of course this can be seen from the company’s ability to return the money at a predetermined time and interest, whether by means of installments or in cash.

d. Competitor

The fourth example of external stakeholders, namely competitors become one of the external stakeholders of a company because they have a role as competitors. Competitors are companies that produce the same products or services in a particular industry. A company must realize the importance of competitors, because competitors can encourage companies to be more innovative in creating products or services.

For example, the competition between Honda and Toyota. The two automotive companies from the country of Sakura have long competed in Indonesia to win market interest. A competition in any business world can increase the demand or demand for an item to increase.

e. Government

The last example of external stakeholders, namely the government is one of the external stakeholders that has an important role for a company. The government is directly the party that has the power and authority to issue development permits to the operation of a company. As policy actors, companies must build good relations with the government in the areas where factories operate because this can determine the long-term sustainability of a company.

Well, internal and external stakeholders have the ability to influence the various economic resources used in operating a company. Of course, this makes the strength of the function of each stakeholder, from internal stakeholders to external stakeholders within the company, to be determined based on the large or small amount of power they control over these sources.

In determining stakeholders, the company will choose based on the interests and impacts that can be given. As a result, the company can take actions that can create a harmonious relationship between the company and its stakeholders.

D. Stakeholder Social Responsibility

After understanding the meaning and examples of stakeholders to their functions and roles, the following will discuss further about corporate social responsibility to stakeholders. To create a balance between the roles and relationships of each stakeholder. Companies should take action as a form of social responsibility. The concept of social responsibility is usually known as Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR. This social responsibility needs to be carried out by a company if it wants to get guaranteed sustainability in operating for the long term, this is of course one way to maximize profit.

So, here are five forms of corporate social responsibility to its stakeholders, including:

1. Social Responsibility towards Employees

A company can run optimally if it has employees who work according to procedural provisions. Therefore, in carrying out work in a company, business actors must provide social responsibility to employees.

Forms of social responsibility that must be given by companies to employees, such as providing comfortable and proper facilities for company employees, providing certainty of wages in accordance with work contracts, and not discriminating.

2. Social Responsibility towards Consumers

In the development of the business world, companies must not make consumers only as buyers who use products or services. Now, companies must view that consumers are partners of the company. This is done so that companies value consumers better, not only take advantage of consumers’ purchasing power.

Companies can use a Customer Relationship Management or CRM approach so that they can provide good profits and customer loyalty by selling products or services in the hope that they can be reordered.

3. Social Responsibility towards Suppliers

Collaboration between companies and suppliers must be carried out fairly in pricing and right to sell, encourage tolerance to build long-term business relationships, always exchange information with suppliers and make timely payments to suppliers.

4. Social Responsibility of Shareholders

In making a decision, the company must involve all shareholders. Because the company is responsible for investor satisfaction, and all decisions taken by the company are in the interest of investors. This relationship must be maintained so that the company runs according to the desired goals.

5. Social Responsibility towards the Environment

Social responsibility here refers to environmental sustainability. Some common things that companies do are to provide benefits to the surrounding community, such as in the fields of education, health, public facilities, and welfare.

That is the explanation that Sinaumed’s needs to know along with the functions and roles of internal stakeholders as stakeholders from within the company as well as external stakeholders as stakeholders from outside the company. Knowledge or insight about stakeholders will be very useful in understanding how the process of establishing a company, operating a company to the social responsibility given by the company to its stakeholders.

Book & Article Recommendations Related to Stakeholders

Examples of inorganic waste – There are lots of human activities that produce waste in the form of residual materials that are not useful and are discarded by humans. This material will continue to grow every day as long as humans are still carrying out their activities.

If this condition is allowed to continue, the remaining material will accumulate and cause serious problems for the earth. The remaining material is then referred to as waste.

Garbage accumulation in nature must be handled properly, because if not it will have a bad impact on all aspects of life such as animals and plants, including humans. Not to mention that waste that cannot be decomposed will exacerbate pollution.

Garbage is the result of disposal of living things that are no longer wanted or needed. Garbage is always present in the midst of human life, both as inorganic and organic waste.

Based on the material, waste is divided into two types, namely organic waste and inorganic waste. Organic waste is waste that comes from natural materials while inorganic waste is waste that comes from unnatural or non-natural materials. Sinaumed’s, this article will discuss the meaning of inorganic waste along with examples and types. Come on Sinaumed’s friends , see the explanation!

Definition of Inorganic Waste

Inorganic waste has characteristics that are opposite to organic waste. This type of waste is waste generated from materials that do not originate from nature (biological materials) but from man-made materials or synthetic materials (unnatural waste) .

Most of this synthetic waste comes from certain manufacturing facilities or product processing techniques.

Quoted from the Journal of Service Dynamics 1, inorganic waste is waste from natural resources and industrial processes that cannot be renewed. Examples of non-renewable natural resources are oil and minerals. Industrial processes that are a source of inorganic waste include plastic and aluminum.

Another definition of this type of waste is also written in Formative Journal 4. Inorganic waste in this article is defined as waste produced by non-biological materials in the form of synthetic products or the results of processing of mining materials technology.

The problem of inorganic waste has not yet found a bright spot. Although various efforts have been made, the amount of waste in Indonesia is still very high. According to data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) in 2019, the amount of waste reached 67.8 million tonnes, consisting of 57% organic waste, 15% plastic waste, 11% paper waste and 17% other waste.

Based on data reported by the Minderoo Foundation, every Indonesian citizen produces inorganic waste or the equivalent of around 9 kg of disposable plastic waste. Indonesia is even the country that disposes of the most disposable plastic waste per capita in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is ranked sixth.

Examples of Inorganic Waste

Examples of inorganic waste we can easily find in everyday life and in the surrounding environment. For example, covering the household environment in the form of plastic bags, styrofoam , cans, plastic bottles, broken pots and pans, etc. Meanwhile, non-organic office waste includes unused stationery, plastic book covers, leftover plastic folders and others.

In contrast to soft waste, inorganic hard waste has characteristics that are not easily destroyed because it contains strong material. This waste can only be disposed of by certain disposal methods such as incineration or heating. In particular, the categories of non-organic waste are as follows, namely:

1. Plastic Waste

Plastic is generally used to pack goods. Plastic is also used as a raw material for home furniture or household appliances. Plastic products have several advantages, such as not rusting and being durable.

However, if the item is made of plastic, if it no longer functions it will become plastic waste. This type of inorganic waste is difficult to decompose naturally or takes a long time.

2. Metal Trash

This waste is waste that comes from metal materials. Examples of inorganic metal waste are iron, cans, aluminum, tin and other types of metals. Cans are the most commonly found and recycled metal with good economic value.

3. Garbage Glass or Glass

This non-organic waste is made of glass. An example is a glass or plate that has been broken and can no longer be used.

4. Paper waste

Paper waste is a type of inorganic waste. Even though paper is made from natural materials, because this waste can be recycled like other non-organic waste such as (glass, cans and plastic), paper is classified as non-organic waste.

5. Battery Junk

Batteries and lamps are electronic waste containing hazardous substances. If the battery is dead or has been used up, it is disposed of in a landfill or landfill. Then the battery will rot and leak. When batteries corrode, the chemicals seep into the ground and contaminate the soil and surface water.

Citing the Technical Aspects of Waste Recycling, the many variations and sizes of batteries make recycling relatively difficult. Battery waste should be chosen because it has something in common, because each type of battery has a different recycling technique. Car lead-acid batteries are often recycled for the recovery of a metal.

Apart from the five examples of inorganic waste mentioned in the previous point, there is also inorganic waste in the form of gas or wind that cannot be touched by humans. Examples of this waste usually come from the chimneys of production factories which are very dangerous for health and can cause the earth to get warmer.

Types of Inorganic Waste

Non-natural waste consists of various shapes and types. The following are explanations and examples of common inorganic types that are often found in society, namely:

1. Soft Inorganic Waste

Soft inorganic waste is a type of unnatural waste that can be easily generated or processed. The waste material consists of a flexible material. Various soft inorganic waste, including plastic waste, packaging, textile waste (eg patchwork).

2. Hard Inorganic Waste

Hard inorganic waste contains materials that are difficult to decompose and are stronger than soft waste. Most of this waste is difficult to recycle. Recycling this waste requires more sophisticated technology and tools. Various hard inorganic waste, including cans, glass or glassware, and scrap metal.

Characteristics of Inorganic Waste

The characteristics of inorganic waste, among others:

1. Hard to Unravel

The main characteristic of unnatural waste is that it is difficult to decompose. Inorganic waste is not fully biodegradable at all, but it takes a very long time to decompose and decompose naturally. Some types of inorganic waste take up to ten years to decompose into smaller components, for example plastic waste in the sea.

2. Made of factory materials

The next feature is that it is made of manufactured or synthetic materials. An example is styrofoam which is classified as unnatural waste. Styrofoam is made from a mixture of synthetic materials such as polystyrene and CFC gas (Freon) which can damage the ozone layer.

3. Can be recycled

Even though it is difficult to decompose, the advantages of inorganic waste can be processed again. Either processed for other needs, or reprocessed into new items that are more useful. For example, plastic bottles that can be used for crafts, potted plants, and more. In addition, the collected plastic bottles can also be processed into new plastic bottles with new shapes and packaging.

Principles of Inorganic Waste Processing Method

Inorganic waste often causes various problems because it is difficult to decompose. Therefore, waste management is needed to reduce the problem. Below are the principles of non-natural waste treatment that can be applied, namely:

1. Reduce

Reduce or reduce, is the simplest waste management principle. This method is easy to apply, but public awareness is the obstacle. The more people who are environmentally aware, the more reliable this reduce principle is. Some examples of how to reduce inorganic waste in daily activities are:

• Don’t use a straw to drink from. Even though it looks small, straw waste is waste made of plastic and is waste that is difficult to decompose.
• If you buy food, it’s a good idea to bring your own lunch box to reduce the use of food packaging.
• Bring your own shopping bag to reduce plastic waste in the form of shopping bags.
• Bring your own water bottle and don’t buy bottled drinks.

2. Reuse

Another principle is reuse or called reuse . We sort inorganic waste that can still be used for other purposes. Reuse items that are still fit for use can be reused.

• Refill pen ink that has run out so that it can be reused and does not become inorganic waste.
• Use cans for plant pots.
• Use a large paint can for the bathroom water tank.
• Use an old plastic bottle to fill in dishwashing liquid or liquid detergent.
• Use food containers to store small items or children’s toys

3. Recycle

Recycle or recycling is one of the principles of inorganic waste management that has been widely discussed lately. The mechanism is to recycle leftovers that can still be used into new goods with a higher selling value and use.

Here are some examples of applying the principle of recycle or recycling, namely:

• Make patchwork crafts.
• Beautiful lantern made of plastic bottles.
• A trash can that can be converted into a cafe chair.
• Unique and creative pots or tables can be made from used car tires.
• Packaged food packaging that can be used as a material for making bags, brooches and other fashion items.

4. Replace

The principle of replace or replace, is a principle that can be used to process inorganic waste. Synthetic waste is sent back to the factory to be processed into new products. For example plastic bottle waste that can be recycled back into new plastic bottles.

Negative Impact of Inorganic Waste

All types of waste have a negative impact on the environment and people’s lives. However, large amounts of inorganic waste are certainly more dangerous than organic waste. Then why? Because this type of waste is not easy to decompose or takes years to decompose. Of course, this can have long-term effects. Not to mention the amount of waste that continues to grow from year to year.

1. Causes Health Problems

Who says inorganic waste only pollutes the environment? It also turns out that its presence can increase the risk of health problems both from physical waste and from the production process itself.

For example, inorganic waste such as cans and plastic bottles can be filled with rainwater and become a breeding ground for mosquitoes. It is no exception that mosquitoes that breed in the area are dangerous mosquito species such as dengue fever mosquitoes.

Another example is the material and manufacture of cans and the plastic itself, plastic contains synthetic materials that are unsafe for humans. One of them is dioxin which can cause various health problems, ranging from nervous disorders to cancer.

Odors from the disposal area can also impede a person’s breathing. Especially those who live near landfills.

2. Causing Environmental Problems

Environmental issues are very important. In addition to global warming, the waste problem is a topic that is often discussed.

The first example is the increase in natural disasters caused by the accumulation of inorganic waste. Call it the flood that occurs almost every year. The reason is none other than the accumulation of rocks that block the flow of river water. As a result, the increasing stream of water overflows because there is no other way to flow.

Another example is that it can cause water pollution. Like it or not, every waste that enters the water pollutes the water. When water is polluted, the purity and health of the water is no longer maintained.

Not to mention the trash that spoils the aesthetic appearance. Starting from dirty and dirty city spaces to slum areas due to piles of garbage.

3. Causes Problems for Other Living Beings

Inorganic waste not only disturbs the environment and humans, but also disrupts the survival of other living things such as animals and plants. There are many cases of water pollution that enters the oceans from inorganic waste.

Worse, this sea water pollution causes many fish and other marine biota to die from poisoning. There have been other cases occurring on other continents. Garbage on the ground can become a trap for animals in the area. So many of them died because they were trapped in the ruins.

Benefits of Inorganic Waste

Even though inorganic waste has many negative impacts, this waste also has many benefits. Here are some of the benefits of inorganic waste, namely:

1. Craft Materials

In accordance with the principles of waste management, inorganic waste is widely used as handicraft materials. In fact, many schools also provide training or education to their students in making handicrafts from waste materials. This is certainly a new breakthrough in the world of creative industries in developing new innovations to reduce the negative impact of inorganic waste

2. Recycled Materials

As explained above, one of the principles of waste management is recycling . Waste can be processed into goods with a higher use value.

Inorganic waste can be used as recycled material which will certainly be beneficial for people’s lives.

3. Reusable

Inorganic waste is waste that takes a long time to decompose, and of course it is very possible to reuse this waste. Other simple items can be made from household scraps. Such as paint tank to water tank and so on.

4. Children’s Toys

Another advantage of inorganic waste is that it can be used as a material for children’s toys. If we want to train children’s creativity, invite them to make their own toys at home from inorganic waste.

No need to use complicated tools, just use the devices that are at home. Besides being able to produce something, this method is also beneficial for the growth and development of children. We hope that children will be more creative and care more about the environment.

5. Increasing Economic Income

Make money from trash, why not? This is one of the benefits of garbage that many people forget. Even though inorganic waste that is processed properly can help increase economic income.

Especially when someone succeeds in running a special business in the waste recycling sector, job opportunities are increasing.

A small waste collection business is a simple form of business that generates additional income. The collected inorganic waste is then sold to be reprocessed into new goods that are more marketable.

In addition, waste can be used as a steady source of income for creative industry players. For example recycling used tires into unique cafe chairs. In addition, this business requires experts in making chairs, in order to create jobs and opportunities to increase personal income.

Closing

Well, Sinaumed’s is a review of examples of inorganic waste and how to process it so it doesn’t pollute the environment too much. We must be diligent in selecting waste so that it can be processed properly. That way, our environment will be cleaner and healthier and avoid several kinds of diseases.

Hopefully all the reviews above are useful as well as add insight to Sinaumed’s . So, do you know what are the examples of inorganic waste and how to process them?

If Sinaumed’s wants to read about books about waste or other books, then Sinaumed’s can read and buy his books at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s have information and insights #MoreWithReading.

Author: Ziaggi Fadhil Zahran

Also read:

Get to Know the Different Types of Waste that Are Hard to Decompose and the Time!

Get to know examples of organic hard waste and how to process them

Get To Know Organic And Inorganic Waste

Understanding 3R in Overcoming Waste & Managing Waste at Home

Definition & Examples of Inorganic Waste

Examples of Indonesian cultures – Culture is a term that is very familiar to the people of Indonesia. However, there are still many people who do not know about the meaning of culture itself.

Basically, culture can be said to be a material that is quite interesting for us to discuss more deeply. Because even though it only has one word, culture has a very interesting meaning.

It should be understood that culture itself has a very broad influence and will even be passed down from generation to generation. A culture can influence aspects of religion, politics, traditional buildings, clothing, customs, and also language.

So, by trying to get to know the culture in more depth is the right thing for us to do.

In general, the term culture is a lifestyle that develops within a group or society and is passed down from generation to generation. Thus, culture itself is a lifestyle that has been carried out since birth or even since it was still in the womb until it died.

Generally, this culture creates a custom, which will later be applied by the community to all aspects of life. Then these customs must also be obeyed by the people in the group even though there is no written law regarding its application. All elements and forms of culture will be conveyed orally.

Title: 70 Unique Tribal Traditions in Indonesia

If we want to go deep into the meaning of culture, then of course we will understand very well about how this culture can survive and can continue to be passed on. In addition, when discussing culture, we will also discuss the inclusion of various kinds of culture in a community group. For example, in Indonesia, they have started to recognize western culture, Korean culture, and also cultures from other countries.

Examples of Indonesian Cultures

The following are some examples of Indonesian cultures that you need to understand.

1. Traditional Ceremonies

Traditional ceremonies are a form of customs or habits of the people who still adhere to tradition and still have relevant values ​​for life and also the needs of the surrounding community.

This is believed to be a form of human effort to be able to communicate with the spirits or spirits of the ancestors and also a form of the ability of the surrounding community to harmonize with nature and the wider environment.

Generally, traditional ceremonies are known as one of the ancestral legacies originating from their respective regions which have been guarded and preserved for generations. Even though the times have become more advanced and sophisticated, traditional ceremonies have not been forgotten by some Indonesian people.

Especially for people who are still thick with customs. This is because this traditional ceremony is considered to have a philosophical value and also its own strength by some people.

In Indonesia, traditional ceremonial traditions are mostly carried out by people in various regions, where each region has its own traditional ceremonies. The following is an example of traditional ceremonies in Indonesia.

Traditional Ceremonies in Aceh

The traditional ceremony in Aceh is known as Peusijuk. Peusijuk is known as a tradition that has been carried out for generations and is generally carried out by the people of Aceh as a manifestation of gratitude for the gifts that have been given by God. Usually, this traditional ceremony is held at births, weddings, pilgrimages, and so on.

2. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Society Debus

This debus art comes from Banten, where the name is taken from Arabic. The meaning of the word debus itself is a sharp weapon, has a sharp shape, and the material for which it is made is iron.

This art was introduced in the 16th century. When Islam first entered Indonesia as a means of preaching. So that people want to follow these teachings. The performance of this martial action is generally accompanied by reading a prayer to ask God for salvation.

It should be understood that in doing this attraction, it should not be done by just anyone. However, those who have performed special rituals are prohibited from stealing, drinking alcohol, having sex, fasting, and also praying.

This art was born from the beliefs of the people of Banten, which at that time were animism and dynamism. Therefore, the guardians try to change this habit by showing a debus performance.

3. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Society Karapan Sapi

After discussing the culture of the Banten area, we will now turn to the Madura area. Where this salt-producing area has a tradition that is very exciting and also fun, namely Karapan Sapi.

This tradition is usually held once a year. Generally it will be held in August or September until the final match in October. This tradition is a competition where cows are used as animals to pull carriages made of wood.

The race track is about 100 meters away. Uniquely, this competition will also raise the owner’s name if he can win. It’s no wonder that those who participate in the Cow Race will prepare their favorite animal before competing. By caring for and training it, it is fed high nutritious food.

In fact, usually for food that must be prepared, you can spend up to Rp. 4 million. Before participating in the competition, the animals will be paraded and accompanied by Madurese gamelan music.

4. Interesting examples of culture in Indonesian society

Merarik is a culture originating from the Sasak tribe, Lombok. This tradition is usually carried out before the wedding. Where there is a play to be done first. The bride must make an escape before being made a wife.

In the process, generally the bride and groom have promised to meet at a place. Then, the groom and his family will bring the bride home for three days.

After that, local community leaders will come to the woman’s house. The community leader will inform the woman’s family about the escape.

This example from regional culture will be followed by a discussion of pisuke, namely money that will be used to pay for thanksgiving. If it has been agreed by both parties, the new contract can be implemented. Lali, the man will give offerings to the bride.

But it’s just that, recently, this culture is often abused as an attempt to marry underage children. Although at this time, the practice has been discontinued.

5. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Society Makepung

If Madura has a culture in the form of bull races, then when we go to Bali, we can enjoy the culture of buffalo racing or what is commonly referred to as makepung.

In the beginning, this competition was just a game while plowing the fields. So this activity feels very fun.

However, as the times progressed, eventually local residents turned the competition into a mandatory activity. Historically, this tradition has been carried out since 1925.

An example of this traditional culture is usually done once a year. This tradition will be followed by participants from all walks of life. The implementation will be carried out from June to October and generally held on Sundays.

It is recommended for those of you who are interested in seeing it, try to come earlier. This is because there are relatively many Makepung enthusiasts. Arriving early will give you the opportunity to get the best seats to see this race up close.

6. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Melasti Society

Still in Bali, you can also see another Indonesian culture, namely the Melasti ceremony. This tradition is a sacred activity carried out for the process of self-purification. Where the ceremony can be done anywhere.

Generally, the Melasti ceremony will be held a few days before Nyepi Day. The implementation procedure will be carried out at Melasti Beach.

In this event, many people who wear white clothes come in droves and bring niskala, which is a Parung to be cleaned.

The main purpose of this ceremony is to purify oneself and ask God for strength. In order to be able to carry out worship on Nyepi Day solemnly. So that perfection will be created in accordance with His teachings.

7. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Society Saman Dance

As we know, Aceh is known as Veranda of Mecca which has the strongest Islamic law in Indonesia. It is not surprising that the Saman Dance tradition originating from Aceh has gone global. In the 17th century Sheikh Muhammad As-Saman used it as part of his da’wah. He is a Sufism teacher who was born in Medina. Many of his students claim to be happy with his learning style.

Until finally, he asked all his students to do ratib saman. This one culture will sound like combining dance movements with the chanting of ancient Malay poetry that mentions the name of Allah. In its development, this Saman Dance no longer contains praise to God or the prophet. But more mention of figures who have contributed to the struggle for independence,

8. An example of culture in Indonesian society is the Stone Burning Party

Not only the finger-cutting tradition, Papua also has several other very interesting traditions to discuss. One of them is the Bakar Batu party. They will carry out the tradition as a form of gratitude.

Although at first it was done on a whim, its development continues to be preserved. Especially by people who are still in the interior tribes. The ritual is generally carried out by first burning the stone until it is hot. Then it is used as a place to burn pork.

It’s just that now the meat used is no longer pork, but replaced with chicken. This is a form of tolerance for Muslims in Papua.

Title: Nusa Jawa Cross Culture

Values ​​and Elements in Culture

Apart from the definition of culture itself, there are other important things that we must understand about culture, namely the values ​​and elements of culture. The value of a culture can be said to have an abstract form. Where the value is stored in the minds of the people who are used to solve general problems to big problems.

Cultural values ​​are then used as a way of life from the behavior of people in a group. For the value that is in the mind, it will be difficult to describe or explain in more detail later. However, when it is explained and tried to do it directly, then of course we will understand very well about the value of the culture itself.

Cultural values ​​that have a character like this will make the culture deeply embedded in each individual. Then this culture can last a very long time and remain, then be passed on to the next generation. Also through this trait, culture is not easily replaced by other cultural values.

Even so, there are several factors that make a culture change due to the inclusion of values ​​from outside cultures. For example, related to the interest of moving house or place of residence, then where the earth is stepped on there the sky is upheld.

As immigrants, of course we are obliged to follow the local culture. Except for a few things, for example, the culture inherited from their own ancestors which must be carried out personally.

In addition, related to religious issues, which often occurs in someone who persists in one religion even though he has physically moved to an area or residence with a different culture and religion.

Meanwhile, regarding the elements in culture, there are several elements that play a role in building a culture. This is still related to the notion of culture that we have discussed above. The following are some details of the cultural elements in question, including:

1. Knowledge

Culture has a scope related to knowledge, namely everything that is understood by a certain group of people. This knowledge is very important to support their survival. Starting from knowledge about the types of plants, time, animals, behavior, and so forth.

2. Living Technology Equipment

The next cultural element is living technology equipment, namely all types of goods or equipment used for survival. Through technological equipment, a community group will understand how to process food ingredients into food, how to process yarn into cloth to then make clothes, and so on.

3. Societal

The third element is society, because culture itself is very synonymous with society. Sometimes culture is used by a group of people to survive, build customs, patterns of behavior, and so on. Then culture is also able to form a society with distinctive characters and habits.

4. Language

The next element is language, because culture will form a special or distinctive language used by a community group. Thus, language is also included in the form of culture. Indonesia itself has many regional languages. This proves that culture can influence the language of a group of people.

5. Religion or Religion

As culture develops, it influences the religion or religion that is believed by a group of people. Culture in this aspect of religion then creates a pattern or action that is often logical. The scope of this religious element includes communication of religious ceremonies, beliefs, views of life, and so on.

6. Livelihoods

Livelihoods are also included in the cultural element. This is because all human ways of fulfilling their daily needs are strongly influenced by local culture. For example, people’s habits for hunting, gardening, trading, farming, and others.

7. Art

All things related to human desire or desire for beauty is a form of art. This art is then included in the cultural elements which include dance, literature, and also fine arts. That is what makes people in other areas have a distinctive dance art.

These are examples of Indonesian cultures that should be preserved. Sinaumed’s can read various books related to Indonesian culture at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products for Sinaumed’s.

Author: Siti Badriyah

Also read:

Example of Implementation – The word “implementation” is generally related to how something is implemented in human daily life. That is, this implementation must be carried out by real humans and work in various aspects of any life.

Even though implementation and application have the same definition, the word “implementation” is more likely to be used in scientific matters, especially in the academic and professional world.

Before it can be implemented in life, of course, the existing plan must be prepared in advance so that it is finally able to achieve the desired goal. That is why, the implementation process will generally be planned by institutions or organizations related to the community at large.

So, what are examples of implementation that can be found easily in everyday life? Come on, look at the following reviews so that Sinaumed’s won’t feel confused for too long!

Examples of Implementation in Various Aspects of Human Life

Examples of Implementation on Citizenship Aspects

Pancasila Precepts 2nd

An example of implementation on the aspect of citizenship can be seen through the existence of Pancasila, one of which is in the 2nd precept. The precept reads: “Just and Civilized Humanity” which is of course related to human rights and the freedom to exercise their rights and obligations as citizens of this country. So, here are some examples of the implementation of the 2nd precept of Pancasila on the aspect of citizenship.

• Treating other individuals according to their nature and dignity as creatures of God Almighty.
• Appreciate the differences of religion with other people.
• Against human trafficking .
• Does not discriminate between friends who have different ethnicities and races.
• Don’t hurt a friend’s feelings.
• Respect other people’s opinions when negotiating.
• Pay attention to the teacher when he is explaining the subject matter.
• Develop an attitude of helping each other to people who are in need of help.
• Develop a mutual cooperation attitude.
• Recognizing that Indonesian society is pluralistic in nature, consisting of various ethnicities, races and religions.
• Not bullying someone who is weaker.
• Participate in social service events.
• Do not cover up the existence of a crime.
• Imitating the attitude of the heroes who fought for Indonesian independence.
• Be proud of the achievements of Indonesian athletes.
• Participate in international activities, for example student exchange.
• Dare to defend truth and justice.
• Love one another human.
• Do not make malicious comments on other people’s social media posts.
• Perform account reporting actions if there is fraudulent information on social media.
• Appreciate the fun and hobbies of others.
• Participating in gotong royong events in the village or housing complex around it.
• Carry out daily pickets at school.
• Cooperate with other nations as a form of mutual respect.
• As a doctor, you must treat patients as best you can without discriminating against their social status.

The 4th Pancasila Precepts

Furthermore, it is still an example of implementation on the aspect of citizenship which refers to the 4th Pancasila precept. The 4th precept reads: “Populist Led by Wisdom in Deliberation/Representation” , of course, will be closely related to democratic culture and deliberation activities. This deliberation activity is not only carried out by adults with high positions, but can also be carried out by school children to learn the meaning of democratic culture. So, here is an example of the implementation of Pancasila precepts-4.

• Choose the student council president at school by way of general elections.
• Choose a candidate for class chairman by deliberation and choose it by general election.
• Conduct deliberations to negotiate homework that must be carried out by each family member.
• Receive and consider the opinions of the deliberation participants.
• Always be prejudiced against deliberation participants when they are submitting opinions.
• Utilizing any differences in views or opinions to enrich knowledge and thoughts, so that one can choose the best views or opinions among the various views that arise.
• Accept the decision together with a big heart.
• Carry out joint decisions.

Examples of Implementation on Public Policy Aspects

When discussing public policy, it will definitely be related to regulations that have been set by the previous government regarding general problems in society. Starting from education to health issues, it must have been regulated in laws and regulations and all Indonesian citizens must comply to implement them. So, here is an example of implementation on the public policy aspect.

• Provision of KIS (Healthy Indonesia Cards) especially for every underprivileged family so that they get health facilities.
• The company provides facilities to employees in the form of BPJS guarantees.
• Provision of BOS funds (School Operational Assistance) especially for every underprivileged family so that they get adequate facilities and means for learning.
• Providing scholarship assistance to underprivileged students along with pocket money with specified conditions.
• Innovative replacement of the curriculum with the aim of improving the quality and quality of Indonesian education.

Examples of Implementation on Aspects of Children’s Moral Education

In this aspect of children’s moral education, it tends to be carried out by the school in the form of mandatory activities for all students at the school. This moral education is of course not only related to matters of citizenship, but also to matters of religion and the spirit of literacy. Well, here is an example of implementation in the aspect of children’s moral education.

• Make it a habit to greet the teacher both inside and outside the classroom.
• The implementation of literacy corner activities with an agenda for one week must read one literary work and record it in each other’s notes.
• The implementation of worship activities every hour ishoma, especially for Muslim students.
• Tadarus Al-Quran is carried out every Friday.
• The spirit of literacy culture is carried out with the teacher reading a short story and all students must listen and record what the moral advice is from the short story.

Examples of Implementation of Basic Competence in Subjects

Implementation is not only related to “abstract” aspects of life that are lived daily, but also as a form of written learning process, especially in subjects. Generally, subjects must have Basic Competencies that must be followed by teachers in teaching students. So, here is an example of implementation of basic competencies in Indonesian language subjects.

Basic Competency Class VII : 3.15 Identify information about local fables/legends that are read and heard.

Technique Used : Close-Reading Technique

Technique Implementation on Students :

1. Students apply reading skills to the text given.
2. Students try to understand the content of the text given.
3. Students remember the information contained in the text, about the characters, setting, plot of the fable/legend text.
4. Surveying the contents ( survey : S),
5. Asking questions that can guide us in reading activities ( question : Q),
6. Read the contents ( read : R),
7. Telling the contents of the reading in our own words ( recit : R),
8. Reviewing the contents of the reading, whether what we tell through our own words is in accordance with the actual content or not ( review : R).

Examples of Implementation on Cultural Aspects of Local Wisdom

Reporting from the education magazine , culture, especially local wisdom, which is currently being displaced by technology, can be realized again through educational institutions. Examples of implementation on aspects of local wisdom culture that can be done.

• Holding exhibitions on the theme of Indonesian local wisdom culture and students are asked to participate directly.
• Organize extracurricular activities related to culture, such as dance clubs and drawing clubs.
• Organize cultural art exhibitions.
• Introducing traditional games that are almost extinct, such as tops, engklek, gobak sodor, and others.
• Holding a traditional game competition on Indonesian Independence Day.
• Invite students to routinely speak local languages ​​on special days, for example Thursday.
• Running the Regional Thursday program in regional clothes and using the regional language.

Examples of Implementation on Economic Aspects

Next is an example of implementation on the economic aspect which of course aims for the prosperity of the country. So, here’s an example of implementation on the economic aspect that can be done by young people, especially to fill Indonesia’s independence.

• Support local products by continuing to buy local branded products.
• Proud to use local branded products.
• Empowering cooperatives in the people’s economy.
• For the government, it should improve the anti-monopoly law and unfair competition in the economic field.
• Carry out export and import cooperation to improve the country’s economic level.

Re-understanding What is Implementation

After listening to examples of implementation, especially in several aspects of human life, does Sinaumed’s understand the definition of implementation? If not, let’s see the following review!

Definition of Implementation

If you look at KBBI (Big Indonesian Dictionary), the word “implementation” means ‘implementation’ and ‘implementation’ . The use of this term will usually relate to the existence of an activity that must be carried out or implemented in order to achieve predetermined goals. In short, this implementation becomes an activity or concrete action from a previously detailed plan to achieve a goal. Therefore, the implementation process can only be carried out if the planning is really mature.

According to the theory put forward by Jones, implementation includes a definition in the form of: “Those Activities directed toward putting a program into effect” (The process of realizing the program to show the results). That is, this implementation becomes an action taken after a policy has been established and is the main way so that the policy can achieve its goals.

Meanwhile, in a book entitled Implementation Context Based on Curriculum , there is a definition of implementation put forward by Nurdin Usman, which reads: “Implementation is based on activities, actions, actions, or the mechanism of a system. Implementation is not just an activity, but an activity that is planned and to achieve the objectives of the activity. ”

Then, according to Webster’s Dictionary, put forward a definition of the term “implementation” briefly, namely ” to provide the means for carrying out ” alias cause a certain impact or effect. That is, an implementation in any aspect of life must be accompanied by supporting facilities so that it can have an impact or effect on the target community.

So, based on these definitions, it can be concluded that:

“implementation is not just an action or activity, but also part of a planned activity that must be carried out in earnest and based on references according to plan, so that it can have an impact on the target community.”

That is why this implementation cannot stand alone, of course it must be influenced by other objects, namely the plans and objectives of a program. Implementation is usually carried out by an institution or organization that has many participants.

Implementation Stages

Previously, it was explained that this implementation action must definitely go through the planning stage in advance to achieve the desired goals. According to Van Meter and Van Horn (2008: 67), implementation in any aspect of the field must have 3 stages namely planning, exemplary, and implementation.

In the first stage, planning ( planning ) becomes the process of setting goals, developing strategies, and breaking down tasks and schedules to achieve more systematic goals. Then, in the second stage, exemplary ( exemplary ) is a requirement for commitment in setting the best example and not making it up. That is, at this stage requires a person to address a problem more wisely and with full awareness. Finally, in the third stage, implementation becomes an implementation process in the form of actions from plans that have been prepared previously.

Well, that’s a review of what are the implementation examples and their definitions according to some experts. Can Sinaumed’s mention examples of other implementations in this aspect of life?

Source:

https://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/6411/4/BAB%20III.pdf

https://sc.syekhnurjati.ac.id/esscamp/resetmhs/BAB214111410004.pdf

Also Read!

• Definition, Principles, Objectives, Functions, and Implementation of the Archipelagic Insight
• Implementation: Definition, Purpose, and Types
• IMC Definition, Elements, Process, and Implementation
• Factors Occurrence of Diversity and Its Implementation
• Management Theory: Definition, Types, and Implementation
• Humanistic Learning Theory: Definition and Implementation

Examples of If Clause Type 0, 1, 2, 3 – There are many types of text that you need to know about their uses and functions. One of them is conditional sentences. Conditional sentence is a form of sentence that is used to express wishes, suppositions or even the possibility that will happen. Then, what is the relationship between if clause and conditional sentence? if clause as one of the clauses used to form a conditional sentence. Check out the more detailed explanation below:

Definition of If Clause

If Clause or also known as conditional sentence is a form of conditional sentence, wish, or possibility in Indonesian-English. Before getting to know more about the if clause, first get to know the conditional sentence.

Conditional sentence is a form of sentence in Indonesian and English used to express supposition, wish, or even possibility.

Examples of If Clause Sentences

1. If Clause Type 0

If Clause Type 0 is the type of the first if clause. This type then shows a fact, as well as certain events that produce a certain thing. If clause type 0 itself is often used in reverse with type one, if in type one the if clause and the main clause use the straightforward tense. In this type the tenses used are simple present tense. Here are some examples:

• If you’re hungry, go get some food/Go get some food if you’re hungry | Meaning: If you are hungry, go look for food
• If you combine blue and red, you get purple color / You get purple color if you combine blue and red | Meaning: You will get purple if you mix blue and red
• If I’m late to get up, don’t watch for me/ Don’t watch for me if I’m late to get up | Meaning: Don’t wait for me if I wake up late

2. If Clause Type One

If Clause Type 1 is often used when you want to express an event that is happening now and in the future when a certain condition then meets. Using a clause as a conditional, then this conditional occurs in the future. In this type, the simple present is used for the if clause and the simple future for the main clause. Examples of If Clause Type 1, including:

• If I don’t study, my mommy can get angry and ground me/ My mommy can get angry and ground me.
• My mother will be angry and punish me if I don’t study | If I don’t study, My mother will be angry | Meaning: My mother will be angry and punish me if I don’t study
• If she doesn’t leave me, everything is okay / Everything is okay if she doesn’t leave me | Meaning: Everything will be fine if he doesn’t leave me
• If I pass the communication, my mommy can get a dress on behalf of me / My mommy can get a dress on behalf of me if I pass the communication | Meaning: My mother will buy me a dress if I pass the exam

3. If Clause Type Two

The form of if clause type two is often used in an event or situation that is unlikely to occur. This form is usually used when imagining something that is unrealistic. Meanwhile, the tense used in the if clause is the straightforward past. In the main clause, use conditional gifts that use would, could, should, and may. Example :

• If I had cash, I’d get a bag for my sister / I’d get a bag for my sister if I had cash
• If I were a cook, I’d cook delicious food everyday / I’d cook delicious food everyday if I was a cook
• If she visited South Korea, she would see the Namsan Tower / She would see the Namsan Tower if she visited South Korea

4. If Clause Type Three

This form of if clause is used in events that have ended. If clause type three is used when imagining activities that are different from reality. The perfect tense is used in the if clause. Example :

• If she brought her phone, she might need to be known as her mother/She might need to be known as her mother if she brought her phone
• If you had served on behalf of me a lot of, you’d have incomprehensible the train/you’d have incomprehensible the train if you had served on behalf of me a lot of
• If Steve had married with her, she would be the luckiest girls in the world/she would be the luckiest girls in the world if Steve had married with her

English Grammar Skills Booster is a complete module for self-taught practice in English. It contains simple steps to understand tenses and grammar, thousands of the most frequently used vocabularies, situational conversation packages, also equipped with practice questions, and much more.

The If Clause formula

1. If Clause as Reminder

If Clause as Reminder Conditional sentence is a conditional sentence that is generally used when reminding the consequences that must be done if you want something to happen. The following is the formula for a conditional sentence as a reminder

If + straightforward gift, S + have to/must/has to + V1

Example:

• If you wish to win the competition, you need to study onerous | Meaning: If you want to win in a competition, you have to study hard
• If she wants to form fixings, she must get tomatoes | If you want to make tomato alimentary paste, American state, of course, must buy tomatoes
• If I would like to get up at five o’clock, I have to sleep early | If I want to get up at five, I have to sleep earlier

2. If Clause as Suggestion

The if clause as Suggestion is used when giving suggestions about an action that must be taken if you want something to happen. The following is the formula for the conditional sentence as a suggestion. The following is the formula for the Iranian conditional sentence as a suggestion:

If + straightforward gift, S + should/ought to/had higher + V1

or
If +simple gift, Why don’t + S + V1?

Example:

• If you wish to but the most recent novel, you ought to attend a shop | Meaning: If you want the latest novel, you have to go to the bookstore
• If you wish to be slim, why don’t you stop eating at night? | Meaning: If you want to be slim, why don’t you stop eating at night?
• If he wished to enhance his English skills, he had higher be a part of an honest English course | Meaning: If military intelligence wants to improve its English Indonesian skills, the American state should go to a good English Indonesian course

3. If Clause as Imperative

Conditional sentence is a conditional sentence that is used to invite someone to take various actions when they want something. The following is the formula for the conditional sentence as imperative:

If + simple present, V1 + Object/Adverb

Example :

• If you don’t want to be late, get up early | Meaning: If you don’t want to be late, get up early
• If she comes, tell me immediately | Meaning: If he comes, let me know right away
• If you want to win this competition, be passionate and work hard! | Meaning: If you want to win this competition, be passionate and work hard!

4. If Clause as General Truth

Same with type 0, conditional sentence is a conditional sentence which is generally used in stating a fact or general truth. Unlike type 0 which is used to express a habit, this if clause can only be used to state facts. Here are some formulas for conditional sentences as general truth:

If + simple present, simple present/future

For example:

• If you want hot water, you need to boil water | Meaning: If you want hot water, you need to boil water
• If you are thirsty, go get a cup of water | Meaning: If you feel thirsty, take a glass of water
• If the strawberries are ripe, they will turn red | Meaning: When the strawberry is ripe, it will then turn red

5. If Clause to Show a Dream

Conditional sentences are generally used to show someone’s dreams or goals in the future if he succeeds in having or doing something. The following is the formula for the conditional sentence to show a dream:

If + simple present, simple future

Example :

• If she graduates from high school, she will continue her study to America | If he graduates from high school, he will continue his studies in America
• If I get the prize, I will buy a car for my dad | Meaning: If I get a present, I will buy a car for my father
• If I have free time, I will meet you there | Meaning: If I have free time, I will meet you there

This book is very useful in guiding you to speak English fluently in the context of very diverse situations. By reading this book, for example, you will understand what to say when you are in a souvenir shop or asking someone else to show you the way when you get lost in someone else’s country. There are many examples of other conversations with the use of various expressions.

Practice If Clause Problems

Answer the Multiple Choice Questions regarding the If Clause below correctly. Listen carefully to each question:

1. i’ll visit your town you have known
A. If I come back to Paris.
B. If I came to Paris.
C. If i’ll come back to Paris.
D. If i’d come back to Paris.

2. If I had had liberal to
A. I’ll watch the motion picture along with my friend.
B. I watched the motion picture with my friend.
C. I watched the motion picture along with my friends.
D. I’m looking at the motion picture along with my friends.

3. What’s the very fact of the previous sentence? (question no. 2)
A. I didn’t have free time. Therefore, I didn’t watch the motion picture with my friend.
B. I don’t have free time. Therefore, I don’t watch the motion picture with my friend.
C. I used to not have free time. Therefore, I used to not look at the motion picture along with my friend.
D. I’m not having free time. Therefore, I’m not looking at the motion picture along with my friend.

4. If I were you,________
A. I’ll obtain that edition iPhone.
B. i’d obtain that edition iPhone.
C. I’d have bought that edition iPhone.
D. I’m shopping for that edition iPhone.

5. What’s the very fact of the previous question? (question no.4)
A. I’m not you
B. I wasn’t you.
C. i used to be not you
D. I actually have not been you.

6. My mom would obtain ME a replacement bike
A. If I passed the state university entrance check.
B. If I pass the state university entrance check.
C. If I actually have passed the state university entrance check.
D. If i’m passing the state university entrance check.

7. What’s the very fact of the previous sentence? (question no.6)
A. I didn’t pass the state university entrance check.
B. I didn’t pass the state university entrance check.
C. I wasn’t passing the state university entrance check.
D. I’m not passing the state university entrance check.

8. What’s the very fact of question no. 8?
A. I don’t go along with my folks 5 hours ago, so one is alone right away.
B. I failed to go along with my folks 5 hours ago, thus I’m alone right away.
C. I used to not go with my folks 5 hours ago, thus I’m alone right away.
D. I’m not going with my folks 5 hours ago, so I’m alone right away.

9. If Maria had obeyed her mother’s recommendation to simply accept the scholarship
A. She would have graduated from a renowned university.
B. She is going to graduate from a famous university.
C. She graduated from a renowned university.
D. She graduated from a renowned university.

This book is presented to help you master the ability to converse in American English as well as understand the daily habits of the people. Trust me, you will no longer be busy speaking English and you will be free from ‘culture shock.’

If Clause Answer Key

The following is the answer key to questions No.1-9 above:

1. The answer key to question no. 1 is A. If I come back to Paris.
2. The answer key to question no. 2 is C. I watched the motion picture with my friends.
3. The answer key to question no. 3 is A. I didn’t have free time. Therefore, I didn’t watch the movie together with my friend.
4. The answer key to question no. 4 is B. I would buy that limited edition camera.
5. The answer key to question no. 5 is A. I am not you
6. The answer key to question no. 6 is A. If I passed the state university entrance check.
7. The answer key to question no. 7 is A. I don’t pass the state university entrance check.
8. The answer key to question no. 8 is B. I did not go with my parents five hours ago, so I am alone right now.
9. The answer key to question no. 9 is A. She would have graduated from famed university.

This is an explanation of If Clause: Definition, Example Sentences, Formulas, Practice Questions and Key Answers, enjoy learning!

Source: from various sources

Examples of Ideological Threats – The state is not always in a state of peace and control. Sometimes there are disturbances that even threaten the integrity and sovereignty of the state. One of them is the threat of ideology that can completely change the order and perspective of society. Before examining more deeply about ideological threats, it is better for Sinaumed’s to first pay attention to the meaning of threats.

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), threats are defined as efforts made conceptually through political acts and/or crimes that are expected to endanger the order and interests of the state and nation.

An expert named Treats argues about threats as the occurrence of important situations that exist in a company or others where it is not profitable. Another expert gave his views on threats.

For him, a threat is any activity or effort, whether carried out abroad or within the country, which is considered to endanger the sovereignty of the state and the territorial integrity of the country as well as the safety of the entire nation and state.

The purpose of the threat, namely to change the order of a nation and a state that was initially fine became messy and destroyed. Therefore, there is a need for unity and unity in solving various problems that occur so that they do not pose a significant threat.

After understanding about threats in general. The following will explain the ideological threats that have been summarized from various sources on the internet.

Understanding Ideology

Etymologically, ideology comes from the Greek, namely idea and logic. Idea comes from idein which means to see. Idea is also interpreted as something that exists in the mind as a result of the formulation of a thought or plan.

Meanwhile, logia means science or theory. Meanwhile, “logical” comes from the word logical from the word legein which means “to speak”. Meanwhile, in language, ideology means the utterance or expression of something that is formulated in the mind.

To better understand the definition of ideology, Sinaumed’s can listen to the following expert opinions which have been summarized from the Katadata.co.id page.

• According to Francis Bacon, the notion of ideology is the synthesis of fundamental thoughts from a concept of life.
• Gunawan Setiardjo argues that ideology is a set of basic ideas about human beings and all realities that are used as guidelines and ideals of life.
• Karl Marx defines ideology as a false consciousness because ideology is a product of thought created by its owner who is determined by his interests.
• Nicollo Machiavelli argues that ideology is knowledge about how to hide the interests of obtaining and maintaining power by utilizing religious conceptions and deception.
• Descartes revealed, ideology is the core or principal of all human thought.
• The etymology of ideology according to John B. Thompson in the International Grandbook of the Studies in the Theory of Ideology, notes that the term ideology is a derivation of ideologues, which emerged after the French Revolution. Thompson noted, ideology is thinking about others, thinking about people other than himself. To assess an ideological view, one must be critical because ideology is not a neutral term.
• Soerjanto Poespowardojo in Philosophy of Science defines ideology as a concept of knowledge and values ​​which, as a whole, provide the basis for a person or group of people to understand and determine the earth and universe, the basic arrangements for solving them.
• According to Erich Fromm in Revolution of Hope , ideology is ideas that are formulated for public consumption, satisfying everyone’s need to lift his guilt in the belief that he acts according to something that seems good or desirable. F
• Rans Magnis-Suseno explains that in a narrow sense, ideology is an overall idea or theory about the meaning of life and values ​​that will absolutely determine how humans should live and act. Ideology in this sense is called “closed ideology”.
• In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), ideology is interpreted as a collection of systemic concepts that are used as the basis of opinions (events) that provide direction and purpose for survival; the way of thinking of a person or a group; understand, theory, and goals which constitute a socio-political program.

It can be concluded that ideology is belief, doctrine, and symbols that are used as a reference for the state by the community to achieve national goals or those that have been formulated together. Ideology is also a characteristic of a particular group of people. Usually, ideology contains ideas or ways of thinking based on philosophy.

After understanding the meaning of ideology, here are the characteristics of ideology in the Citizenship Education book.

• Ideology has a high degree as the value of national and state life.
• Ideology embodies a spiritual principle, a world view, a view of life, a way of life, a way of life that is maintained, developed, practiced, preserved for the next generation, fought for and defended with a willingness to sacrifice.

Ideology Type

Ideology has various kinds, along with an explanation of several types of ideology that exist in society.

1. Liberalism

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), liberalism is interpreted as a constitutional and economic genre that wants democracy and personal freedom to do business and trade (the government must not interfere); struggle for freedom.

Liberalism itself comes from the Latin language, liber and ism. Liber which means free and not a slave or a condition in which a person is free from the possession of another person. Meanwhile, ism means understanding. Free, then developed so that it has a variety of meanings.

John Locke considers that a tradition based on a social contract, arguing that everyone has the natural right to life, to liberty and property and that the government must not violate those rights.

The freedom referred to consists of the freedom to reside. The right to oppose oppression, personal liberty, and the right to protection of person and property. Launching from the Tirto.id page, Dwi Siswanto mentioned five characteristics of liberalism as follows.

• Democratic form of government is the best.
• Society has complete intellectual freedom.
• Government regulations are limited.
• One’s power is interpreted as a bad thing in life.
• Individual happiness is the ultimate goal.

Meanwhile, Heru Susanto classifies liberalism along with its characteristics as follows.

• Politics: The emergence of democratization.
• Social Sector: Freedom of opinion, equal opportunity in business, social reform, and feelings of egalitarianism.
• Arts and Culture: Freedom of expression, such as painting, drama, art, music, and others.
• Economics: A democratic market economy.

2. Capitalism

Capitalism in the view of Karl Marx is a system in which prices of goods and market policies are determined by the owners of capital to achieve maximum profit. Adam Smith also gave his views on capitalism, namely a system that can create prosperity for the people of the country if the government does not intervene in market policies and mechanisms.

Meanwhile, Max Weber argued about capitalism as an economic system that applies to a market and is driven to generate profits by exchanging activities in that market. Indonesian proclaimer Soekarno also gave his views on capitalism as a social system in society that arose because of the mode of production that separated the workers from the means of production.

Meanwhile, JM Romein gave his opinion on capitalism as an economic system that has the aim of carrying out production activities with the aim of making a profit. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), capitalism is a system and economic understanding (economy) whose capital (investment, industrial activity) comes from private capital or private company capital with the characteristics of competition in a free market.

Capitalism can be identified through several characteristics as written on the Quipper.com page, as follows.

• Recognition of the personal rights of each individual.
• Ownership of the means of production by individuals.
• Individuals are free to choose their own work or business.
• The economy is governed by market mechanisms.
• The government has a very small role in economic activity.
• The motive that drives the economy is to make a profit.
• Humans are seen as  homo-economicus , namely individuals who always pursue their own profits.
• The notion of individualism is based on materialism or hedonism (an inheritance from the ancient Greek era).

3. Socialism

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), socialism is defined as the teachings or understanding of the state and economy which seeks to make property, industry and companies belong to the state. Socialism was born as a critique of capitalism that developed in Europe at the end of the 18th century.

Launching from the Tirto.id page, socialism is an economic-social system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and self-management of workers. This ideology includes the theories and political movements associated with it.

Meanwhile, well-known figures in the ideology of socialism, namely Simonde de Sismondi, Lauderdale, to Karl Marx. This thinking focuses on class differences between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. In the view of socialism, the capitalist economic system is considered only to make the proletariat exploited by the bourgeoisie.

Countries that adhere to the ideology of socialism can be identified through several characteristics listed in the State Education book as follows.

• Put the power and interests of the state first.
• The interests of the state are more important than the interests of the citizens.
• The interests and freedoms of citizens are defeated by the interests of the state.
• Religious life is separate from the state, so that citizens are free to have religion, not diverse, and are free for anti-religious propaganda.

Ideological Threat Concept

Ideological threats are disturbances that have the potential to cause threats to the mindset or ideological basis adopted by a country. There is no single ideology in the world, there are various types, including socialism, liberalism and capitalism.

Ideology becomes something that is fundamental and actual in a country. Indonesia has the ideology of Pancasila which is contained in IV of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. When Indonesia experiences an ideological threat, there are a number of consequences that will occur, as stated in the book “Pancasila and Citizenship Education” for class X SMA/MA as follows.

• The weakening of people’s understanding of the nation’s ideology so that the behavior of Indonesian citizens is not in accordance with the values ​​contained in Pancasila;
• Bringing up separatist or separate movements due to ideological differences;
• The nation’s ethics and morals are damaged because of attitudes and behavior that are inconsistent with ideology.

Ideological threats do not just appear. There are various factors surrounding it as stated in Detik.com as follows.

• There is widespread spread of ideologies other than Pancasila.
• Inequality in the demographic field.
• Gaps in natural resources in various regions.
• Unstable political conditions.
• Slow economic development.
• Reducing the level of tolerance between community groups.

Examples of Ideological Threats

Indonesia has experienced ideological threats, but failed. The threat is the emergence of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). GAM is a separatist organization that has appeared in Indonesia. The goal is to separate Aceh from the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI).

The conflict occurred because of differences in goals or desires between the Indonesian government and the Indonesian Aceh Movement. Therefore, GAM activists want to separate themselves from the Republic of Indonesia.

The conflict has several consequences as listed in Kumpaaran.com, as follows.

• Weak public understanding of the nation’s ideology, namely Pancasila. This resulted in people’s behavior not in accordance with the values ​​of Pancasila.
• Emerging various separatist movements due to ideological differences.
• Damage to the nation’s ethics and morals due to attitudes and behavior that are not in accordance with the values ​​contained in Pancasila.

Strategies for Handling Ideological Threats

Ideological threats must be prevented and crushed if they grow. Handling it should not be haphazard because it involves the ideology of a nation. Indonesia has several strategies for dealing with ideological threats which have been summarized from the Detik.com page, as follows.

1. Strengthening the Nation’s Mentality Based on Pancasila

Strategies for handling ideological threats can be carried out by strengthening the beliefs and truths of Pancasila as an ideology. The goal is to unite Indonesia as a whole and thoroughly.

This is done by providing insight into the meaning of Pancasila to every student starting from the lowest level of education. Not only that, Pancasila can also be used to crush separatist movements and instill Pancasila values ​​in people’s lives.

2. Instilling the Pancasila National Insight

Insights about Pancasila must be spread, encouraged, and applied to society in public life. Thus, it will not be easily influenced by the thoughts of other nations whose ideology is different from the Indonesian nation. This is because Indonesia adheres to ethics and morals that have been passed down from generation to generation and are not the same as other countries.

3. Layered Defense Concept Strategy

Strategies to deal with ideological threats can be carried out by using the concept of layered defense as follows.

• The front layer is non-military defense elements such as ministries and government and non-ministerial agencies that control the field of ideology.
• Ministries and elements of government in the field of domestic politics to mobilize all political power and strength to face threats in the field of ideology.
• The government element in the information sector has national power to carry out “counter information operations”, so that the public receives information that can ignore various foreign influences that have the potential to divide national unity.
• The government element in the education sector organizes the learning process and raises awareness among students about the importance of Pancasila and Citizenship education.
• Government elements in the field of religion partner with religious leaders to synergize strategies against foreign ideologies that endanger the life of the nation and state.
• The layered role carried out by the military in maintaining security through the TNI’s service implementation program in accordance with its work area. This program can improve TNI’s social communication and awareness to defend the country, both in education, employment and housing.

Examples of Figure of Hyperbole – Consciously or not, Sinaumed’s must have used examples of figure of speech hyperbole in everyday life. For example, when you are working on a UAS in Indonesian and then say a sentence like this:

“My eyelids felt heavy, as if they were being pressed down with 50 kilograms of iron, while reading the UAS Indonesian assignment.”

If you think about it, that sentence sounds exaggerated, doesn’t it? But that’s what hyperbole is, exaggerating something. Even though you really don’t have to be exaggerated either, with a figure of speech you can convince your interlocutor.

For example, you can just choose the sentence “The Indonesian UAS question made you sleepy, didn’t you”. When compared to the first sentence, the second one feels normal and doesn’t really describe your situation.

In Indonesian lessons, there are many figures of speech that you can learn. Well, in this article you will study hyperbole in particular. Starting from the definition, characteristics, functions, to examples.

Definition of Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that describes something exaggeratedly, even when the depiction doesn’t make much sense or is difficult to understand further. This is because the hyperbole figure of speech uses words that are not in accordance with reality. Even so, compared to other figures of speech, hyperbole is the most unique and interesting.

As explained by Yettik Wulandari in the book Collection of Indonesian Proverbs, Figures and Expressions.

This figure of speech is quite often used in everyday life, especially to attract attention and give a dramatic impression to readers or listeners. Therefore, not a few people think of it as an exaggerated figure of speech. Some say it is a beautiful figure of speech.

Gorys Keraf in his book Diction and Style of Language (2010) reveals that a figure of speech is a style of language that contains exaggerated statements by exaggerating something to make it appear dramatic.

From the past until now, both writers and poets have used hyperbole in literary works to beautify and convey messages in shorter language. More than that, depending on how it is used, figure of speech can also give a certain impression to the reader or listener.

Maybe Sinaumed’s has come across the phrase “never mind, don’t cry all the time, your room will flood with tears” in books, movies, or even in real life. This sentence is an example of hyperbole.

Why is that? Because no matter how great a person cries, his tears will not be enough to cause a flood. In other words, too much to be true.

Characteristics of Hyperbole

Just like any other figure of speech, hyperbole also has its own characteristics. With the help of these characteristics, it will be easier for Sinaumed’s to distinguish hyperbolic figures of speech from the others. Well, here’s an explanation.

1. Nonsense

The first characteristic of a hyperbole figure of speech is using language that doesn’t make sense. When you find words, phrases, or sentences that feel redundant or even difficult to make sense of, you can be sure that this is a hyperbole.

2. Exaggerating (exaggerated)

Yes, in KBBI, exaggeration means exaggeration, so this word is very appropriate to describe the figure of speech of hyperbole. After all, this one figure of speech often exaggerates something so that it seems bigger than it actually is. But, exaggeration here doesn’t only apply to the style of speaking or writing, huh. Not appearance or anything else.

3. Dramatic

Besides exaggeration, hyperbole is also often conveyed in a dramatic way. And this is closely related to the previous characteristics. And if you pay close attention, in fact, Sinaumed’s will find lots of hyperbolic figures of speech in everyday life.

4. Able to influence readers or listeners

The last feature of hyperbole is that it is able to have a big influence on the reader or listener. Usually, this influence will be followed by certain effects. Like sad, angry, annoyed, or something else.

Hyperbole Functions

Hyperbole is formed to fulfill certain functions. One of them is influencing the reader or interlocutor. For example, as used in poetry. Just imagine, what would happen if poetry used sentences that felt flat and heavy like scientific writing.

Does the poem make the reader feel sad or touched? Of course not, bro. If poetry only contains flat and heavy words and sentences, the message and feelings of the writer will not be properly captured by the readers

Figure of speech can indeed be a medium for writers, writers, and poets to convey an idea. With hyperbole, they can use language that is more aesthetic and interesting. Not only that, there are three other functions of the hyperbolic figure of speech, including:

1. To give a dramatic impression

Hyperbole is generally used in a literary work to give a dramatic impression. The main goal is to get the attention of other people and realize the interests of the creator of the literary work.

2. Embellish sentences

Writers, poets, or speakers often use hyperbole in their works to embellish sentences. This method is considered effective in giving a good impression on connoisseurs of literary works.

3. Give emotional emphasis

The last function is to give emotional emphasis to a sentence. In fact, readers or listeners tend to more easily feel sentences that have emotion. Perhaps, it can also display a certain imagination and impression.

Sinaumed’s can find hyperbolic figures of speech anywhere, from novels, film dialogue, advertisements, newspapers, or comics. To make it easier for you to understand this figure of speech, here are some examples of hyperbole and their explanations.

To understand the function of hyperbole further, Sinaumed’s can read the Complete Collection of Pantun & Majas Proverbs written by Ernawati Waridah.

Hyperbole Example

1. Examples of hyperbole in poetry

Figure of speech, when used in a poem, will make it easier for the poet to convey certain effects to his readers. On the other hand, readers will also enjoy poetry using this figure of speech more because it is more interesting.

Although it takes more effort to feel these effects because they are usually only implied in the words chosen by the author. Therefore, a connoisseur of literature must have the ability to grasp this implied message.

In terms of aesthetics, hyperbole in poetry serves to attract the attention of the reader or listener. In Indonesia, there are many prolific poets who produce amazing poems every year. One of them is Goenawan Mohamad.

The poetry written by GM was so interesting that Septiani used it as material for the research he conducted in 2020. GM’s poem researched by Septiani is entitled “Mishima”, a poem consisting of seven parts.

Septiani conducted research with the aim of finding out what figures of speech were used by GM in the poem. As a result, Septiani found several figures of speech, namely repetition, simile, litotes, personification, polyidentical and asindenton, metaphor, rhetoric and hyperbole. And the hyperbolic figure of speech is in the seventh chapter.

Here is the full text of the seventh part of the poem “Mishima”:

Through the sliding door, Mishima seemed to see them,
in the smoke: The defeated sailors
hidden
in the time box. 

This unagi restaurant doesn’t want to disclose it.
On the second floor, guests are frozen. Frozen bottles.
On the walls are canvases: Guadalcanal jungle,
sand untouched by war,
bunds heaving,
brides carried into the bush
with almost drunken songs. 

But there have always been people like me, says Mishima,
who don’t want alternative stories.

Day is only one narrative.
God named it death.

And Mishima lay, staring at the ceiling,
from the season-gilded mats.

The sentence “on the second floor, the guests are frozen” expresses the state of complete silence of the guests. The word “frozen” is used to describe a cold and silent atmosphere because the guests are silent. So guests aren’t completely frozen or lifeless.

2. Examples of hyperbole in television commercials

Television (TV) has a crucial role in disseminating information and providing entertainment to the wider community. That is why, from year to year, the Indonesian television world never stops developing.

To make this development, of course, a lot of funds are needed. Television station managers utilize various sources to collect the necessary funds. One of them is commercial advertising.

The symbiosis of mutualism between commercial advertisements and television stations has brought endless innovations that we can all enjoy today. For television stations, commercial advertising is a source of funds that must be carefully guarded. As for the world of advertising, television is the right medium for promotion.

Television can affect and put a strong pressure on people’s sight and hearing. In order to achieve this goal, advertisers compete for creativity in combining words and images into a visual display that appeals to all walks of life. The combination must also be able to convey important information about the goods or services they have. Especially for new products and superior products.

Because there are so many commercials that appear during breaks in television shows, it feels like the phrase “no day without commercials” is an appropriate description. Slowly but surely, television audiences are being influenced by persuasive language styles and visual designs in advertisements.

After all, the main purpose of an advertisement is to attract as many partners or customers as possible. Therefore, advertisers must use various strategies to convey their products well. Even if you have to exaggerate.

This is where the role of hyperbole is needed by advertisers. With this figure of speech, they can convey messages briefly but still look attractive. More than that, hyperbole can also affect potential customers.

Try Sinaumed’s to imagine, advertisers have to realize all of that in a relatively short time. Not to mention the increasingly fierce competition. Without hyperbole, advertisers cannot attract the attention of television audiences and lose to their competitors.

This is what made Sitompul interested in conducting research on 26 commercial advertisements that had aired on television. To find out what words were most prominent in 2014. Of the 26 advertisements studied, one of them was an advertisement for ABC coffee products.

In the ad there is a sentence that reads “The perfect blend of coffee and milk makes life more stable”.

The phrase “the more steady” is included in the figure of speech hyperbole because it is too exaggerated. Because after all, it’s impossible for someone’s life to get better just by drinking coffee.

3. Examples of figurative language hyperbole in song lyrics

Not only novels and poetry, hyperbole is also used by songwriters when creating their own works. Song lyrics can be categorized as a literary work because they are the result of human composition.

In addition, song lyrics are also compiled based on the songwriter’s personal experience. Most importantly, there are a lot of lyrics that contain aesthetic, socio-cultural, and life teachings values. In short, through literary works, it will be easier for people to understand the customs, beliefs, values ​​of life, and views of other people’s lives.

As a literary work, a songwriter definitely needs creativity in expressing the ideas he has. He also has to pay attention to the right style of language so that the lyrics are written short but contain.

Just like poetry, song lyrics require figurative language hyperbole to bring out certain effects for listeners. After all, song lyrics must be made interesting and beautiful so that you don’t feel boring when you listen to them repeatedly.

Without beauty and certain effects, song lyrics only function as a complement to the musical arrangements being played. There is no emotion and soul in it at all. A song like this definitely wouldn’t last long.

The role of hyperbole in a song lyrics is so important that it made Nadiah interested in doing research on the 10 song lyrics on Slank’s album “Kissme” in 2020 yesterday. From the research she has done, Nadiah found 17 figures of speech hyperbole in several Slank songs. One of them is the song “Alami”, to be precise in this section:

The wind blows slowly.
Insects shout.
Black butterflies fly
. Don’t know what kind they are

The sentence “insects shouted” is a hyperbolic figure of speech that describes the boisterous sound of insects. Even so, in reality, only humans can shout.

4. Another example of hyperbole

Some examples of other hyperbolic figures of speech are as follows:

1. Tono ran as fast as lightning
2. My head was like being hit by lightning when I heard the news
3. The germ across the ocean is visible, the elephant in the eyelid is invisible

The first sentence uses a figure of speech of hyperbole to describe Tono’s running speed which is very fast, so that it seems to match the speed of lightning. In fact, Usain Bolt, who is nicknamed the fastest man in the world, cannot even match the speed of lightning. Usain Bolt holds the record for the fastest 100 meter run with a time of 9.58 seconds. While lightning has a speed of 670,000,000 meters per second.

In the second sentence, hyperbole is used to describe the strong shock experienced by the speaker. But the phrase “like being struck by lightning” is too much because it is impossible for humans to survive a lightning strike.

Meanwhile, for the last sentence taken from proverbs, the words “germs”, “across the sea”, “elephants”, and “in the eyelids” are figures of speech hyperbole. Germ, is used to indicate a small mistake. Across the ocean describes a great distance. Elephant for a very big mistake. And in the eyelids for human vision distance. So it can be concluded, hyperbole is used to describe the size of abstract objects (errors) and the size of distance.

You can find other examples of figurative language hyperbole in the Smart Book of Poetry and Poetry, written by Ulin Nuha Maruchin.

How’s Sinaumed’s? Of course, now you understand better after reading the various examples of hyperbole in this article. Hopefully Sinaumed’s will continue to look for more complete information from books written by its experts, ok!

Sinaumed’s can also read books related to examples of hyperbole and other Indonesian material by visiting sinaumedia.com. sinaumedia always provides the best products so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Household Waste: Impact, Type, Example, and Management – Humans in carrying out their daily lives have various needs that must be met. In fulfilling these needs, residual materials or waste will be produced which are called household waste.

Household waste is residual material resulting from household activities

Household waste is now growing along with the development of population and the number of increasingly dense settlements. The existence of this household waste has become a concern for the community and the government because it can cause various negative impacts.

Examples of Household Waste

• water left over from washing clothes
• dishwashing water,
• smoke
• food waste
• vegetable waste
• plastic waste

The Impact of Household Waste on Society

Household waste is often disposed of carelessly without prior sorting or processing, causing pollution and environmental damage, from water, soil to air. Pollution and environmental damage caused by household waste disposal is not something that can be underestimated because in the future it will be able to disrupt the health and comfort of the community. The following are some of the impacts that will be felt by the community due to the disposal of household waste indiscriminately or without management.

1. The Impact of Household Waste on Health

Indiscriminate disposal of household waste can have a negative impact on the health of the surrounding community. Some diseases that can be caused by this waste are diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, fungal diseases, and intestinal worms.

2. The Impact of Household Waste on the Environment

Careless handling of household waste will result in damage and pollution to the environment. This environmental damage and pollution will have a negative impact on the community, such as causing flooding and causing an unpleasant odor.

3. The Impact of Household Waste on Social and Economic Conditions

Careless handling of household waste will have a negative impact on the social and economic conditions of the community. Household waste can cause many diseases which can result in high health costs. Dirty and polluted environmental conditions due to waste will ultimately have an impact on the social life of the community.

Types, Examples, and Methods of Household Waste Management

Efforts to manage household waste properly really need to be done to overcome the impact of pollution and environmental damage that occurs. Household waste management can be done according to each type. Types of household waste are divided into three, namely solid waste, liquid waste, and waste originating from human waste. The following is an explanation of the types of household waste and how to manage them.

1. Solid Waste (Garbage)

Solid waste or garbage is produced from various materials that are left over or no longer needed to meet household needs. Solid waste that is disposed of carelessly will cause problems, in the form of pollution and disruption to the sustainability of the environment. Solid waste or household waste is divided into two types, namely organic waste and inorganic waste.

A) Organic Household Waste or Garbage

Organic waste is waste generated from food waste, such as fruit, vegetables and rice. Organic waste will decompose and decompose by itself. Disposal of organic waste containing protein can cause various impacts, namely causing a bad smell and causing the waters to become very fertile or eutrophication which will increase the amount of algae and phytoplankton rapidly so that they will compete with each other for light which is useful in the process of photosynthesis. .

Here is a book on an easy way to make organic fertilizer.

B) Inorganic Household Waste or Garbage

Inorganic waste is waste generated from leftover or used materials that are difficult or even cannot be decomposed through biological processes, such as glass, plastic, synthetic cork (styrofoam), aluminum and iron. The accumulation and disposal of this type of waste will greatly impact the environment, ranging from disturbing the view and comfort to causing the soil to become polluted.

Management of solid waste or household waste can be done using various methods. The following are some recommended processes for managing solid waste or household waste.

Solid Waste Management Process

1) Sorting

Segregation is one of the most common ways of managing solid waste. This method is carried out by sorting or separating organic waste (wet waste) and inorganic waste (dry waste) by each household actor. Organic waste (wet waste) can be processed into organic fertilizer or compost by household actors who own crop or agricultural land. Meanwhile, inorganic waste (dry waste), such as cans, bottles, plastic and bottle caps, can be sorted again to be given to scavengers or recycled so that they become valuable items.

Here is a book about various unique creations made with bottle caps.

2) Container

Container is an independent temporary waste storage activity before being transported or transferred to a Temporary Shelter (TPS) or Final Processing Site (TPA). In this method of waste management, household actors need to provide containers, which will separate inorganic waste based on type or material, in the yard or on the side of the road to facilitate the collection and transportation of waste and its subsequent processing. To avoid odors and leakage in the container, waste containers need to meet several requirements, namely being closed, made of non-perishable and watertight materials, easy to empty or transport.

3) Collection

The process of collecting solid waste or household waste is carried out by cleaning workers who visit each house and transport or move the waste to the Temporary Storage Site (TPS). The process of collecting solid waste or household waste can also be done in another way, namely through direct communal. Direct communal is the process of taking solid waste or garbage at each communal point to be transported directly to the Final Processing Site (TPA) without being moved first.

4) Freight

The activity of transporting solid waste or household waste in the communal collection process is directly carried out using a compactor truck type transport vehicle , which has a capacity of 6 m3, and an arm roll truck , which has a capacity of 4 m3. The two vehicles for transporting solid waste or garbage are equipped with a hydraulic pull arm which is controlled by the driver so that they can move automatically. With the hydraulic pull arm, loading or unloading of waste can be carried out more easily without direct contact with the waste. Compactor truck type transport vehicles have the advantage of pressing solid waste or garbage so that it can increase its capacity.

5) Temporary Shelters (TPS)

Garbage that has previously been collected and transported will be brought to the Temporary Storage Site (TPS). TPS is a storage place before waste is moved back to the processing and recycling site or Final Processing Site (TPA).

6) Final Processing Site (TPA)

Solid waste or waste that has arrived at the Final Processing Site (TPA) will be safely isolated or stored so as not to cause disturbance to the environment. In addition to isolating or stockpiling waste, the TPA will also process waste by sorting waste, recycling inorganic waste, and composting organic waste. Handling this waste is expected to reduce the amount of household waste and the disturbance it causes.

7) Waste Management with the 3R Concept

Another effort that can be done by the community to reduce the amount of solid waste or household waste and its impacts is to apply the 3R concept, namely reduce , reuse and recycle .

Reduce is an activity to reduce the amount of waste by reducing the use of materials or goods for daily needs. Reducing the number of materials or daily necessities can be done in six ways, namely: (1) using materials or necessities that can last a long time or are durable, (2) reducing the use of disposable items, (3) reducing the amount of groceries that are not too needed, (4) maintain and repair existing toys, household appliances, clothing, and tools, (5) use the same plastic bag for shopping several times, and (6) use eco-friendly shopping baskets or bags.

Reuse is an activity of sorting various items or materials that can be reused and avoiding the use of disposable items. By applying this concept, the usage period of goods will be longer so that the amount of waste will be reduced. There are three forms of reusing used goods that can be done: (1) reusing packaged goods, such as bottles and cans, with the same function; (2) using packaged goods as a place to store something, such as using old newspapers to wrap vegetables or other goods and using used bottles as containers for plant seeds; and (3) choosing to use goods or materials that can be used repeatedly, such as rechargeable batteries.

Recycle is an activity of recycling used goods or materials that are no longer useful. Currently, more and more formal industries are carrying out recycling activities by utilizing used goods or materials into valuable goods. Some inorganic household waste that can be recycled, namely paper, glass, bottles, plastic, cans, and cloth scraps. These items can be collected to be given away or sold to people who collect waste for recycling activities.

Here is a book on waste management to produce valuable goods.

2. Liquid Waste (Wastewater)

Household waste water is produced from various activities or daily needs of household actors, such as water used for bathing, water used for washing clothes, water used for washing cutlery, and food waste in liquid form.

Household waste water needs to be managed to avoid environmental pollution. One of the ways that can be done to manage household waste water is to make sewage channels or impregnation tanks. Some things that need to be considered in making sewerage channels or impregnation tanks, namely:

• It should not cause clean water sources in the environment to be polluted
• Do not get dirty on the ground surface.
• Prevents the spread of hookworms on the soil surface.
• Prevents the breeding of flies and other insects.
• Must not cause bad odors that will disturb the surrounding community.
• Make construction simply by using materials that are cheap and easy to obtain.
• Water sources and infiltration tanks have a minimum distance of 10 m.

 

3. Waste from human excrement

Human waste is one of the causes of pollution in the environment. Waste from this dirt, including feces and urine. This waste can disrupt the balance of ecosystems in soil, water and air. Therefore, this waste disposal site needs to be managed properly to prevent environmental pollution.

One way that can be done to reduce pollution from sewage is by using a Bio Septic Tank . Bio septic tanks can be used to decompose sewage from household wastewater which can cause pollution to the environment. This tool has a good filter so as to reduce the smell of sewage and avoid soil contamination. Bio septic tanks are made of thick fiber to prevent leakage so that they can hold water and dirt with a large enough capacity.

Examples of greeting words – Every language in the world must have greetings, including Indonesian. However, it turns out that you also have to learn greetings, you know Sinaumed’s, of course in learning Indonesian greetings there are examples of greeting words along with their meanings and types.

Examples of greeting words are used by individuals to groups. In addition, there are also greeting words that use formal and non-formal language. So, to understand and make examples of greeting words in Indonesian, you must understand these greeting words.

Definition of Greeting Words

According to Roger Brown and Albert Gilman (1960), greeting words are pronouns used to greet the second person. Then according to Abdul Chaer (1998), greeting words are words that can be used to greet, admonish, mention a second person or anyone who does not want to be spoken to.

So, the word of greeting is the second person pronoun used in the communication process. Unknowingly, the word greeting is an important word because it is used in almost every daily conversation.

In addition, greeting words are also used by oneself to communicate in groups. In its use, there are those who use formal and non-formal language. Greetings are words that are used to greet someone or both singular and plural.

Greeting sentences are often used in the delivery of news sentences or radio broadcasts. However, greeting words are also used in Sinaumed’s’ daily activities. Greetings are divided into several types according to close relationship, position or respect to personal pronouns.

Types of Greetings

Before Sinaumed’s makes examples of greeting words, he must know the types of greeting words first. The type of greeting itself is distinguished by various things such as close relationships, position or respect, names, to personal pronouns. There are several types of greeting words that Sinaumed’s can use in everyday life. There are nine types of greetings, including:

1. Personal Pronouns

This personal pronoun is a type of address that replaces the role noun in a group. There are three charm pronouns, namely singular, second and plural personal pronouns. Examples of personal pronouns:

• Singular personal pronouns: I, me and me.
• Second personal pronoun: you and you
• Plural personal pronouns: he and she

2. Personal name

Proper name as a greeting word which is a person’s name. For example, like Adi, Budi, Chandra, Dewi, Galih, Hasna, and other personal names.

3. Kinship Terms

Examples of kinship terms are mother, father, brother, grandmother, sis, mas and sister. The term kinship does not always refer to families with blood relations that are used generally in communicating with other people,

4. Titles and Ranks

Greetings based on a person’s title and rank. For example doctors, giri, captains, commanders and trainers.

5. Said the Doer

The actor’s word is a type of address that has the form pe + verb. For example, readers, viewers and listeners.

6. Nominal Form

Nominal forms of greeting have the form N (nominal) + ku. For example, my God, my darling and also my lover.

7. Word Index

The index word is a greeting word in the form of a hint word. An index word is a word whose referent moves or alternates depending on who is the speaker, the time and place it is spoken. Examples of index words as greeting words are there and here.

8. Other Nominal

The next type of address is a nominal address, for example, sir and madam.

9. Zero feature

Zero or zero feature greetings are greetings that are no longer accompanied by the form of the address. For example, the sentence “do you want to go?”. This sentence is used to ask someone, but there is no greeting form in the sentence.

In addition there are also other types of greetings, including:

1. Greetings that show the relationship of relatives such as grandfather, grandmother, father (father), mother, uncle, aunt, brother, brother, sister, ananda, mas and miss.
2. Addresses in the form of pronouns such as you, you, brother, you, sir, madam, miss and so on.
3. Greetings that show respect such as your majesty, honorable and others.
4. Greetings followed by names such as Hasan’s brother, Susanto’s father, Amir’s mother and so on.

Examples of Greeting Words

Greeting is greeting directly both when face to face (face to face) or through media such as telephone or other media. This direct greeting activity only occurs if the person we greet is the second person (the other person, the person being spoken to), not the first person (the speaker) or the third person (the one being talked about). Here are some examples of good and correct greeting words:

1. Kaka asked “What time will you come home from piano lessons?”

The word sister is a greeting word that is useful for greeting the second person you are talking to. This greeting word must be written using capital letters.

2. Dad said, “Tell mom, daddy will buy grilled chicken for dinner.”

The greeting word father in this example sentence is used to greet the first person (himself) so it is not included in the greeting. In greeting the mother which refers to the third person / being discussed may not use capital letters.

3. We must respect the services of the heroes who have fought for the independence of this nation.

The hero greeting above refers to the third person being talked about so it is not considered a greeting. It does not need to start with a capital letter.

Apart from being a greeting, greeting words that are used as initial references must also be written in capital letters, as in the following example:

1. They went to the sub-district head’s house.
2. Tomorrow we will visit Mrs. Saniah who is sick.

Example Sentences of Greeting

Already know the types, definitions and examples of greeting words. So that Sinaumed’s can find out more about greetings, it is also necessary to know the following examples of greeting sentences:

Examples of greeting sentences

1. Welcome to our restaurant. Please order your favorite menu here.
2. Welcome ladies and gentlemen. On this occasion, we would like to thank you for your presence at our event today.
3. Welcome ladies and gentlemen. On this occasion, let us give thanks to God for all His gifts to all of us.
4. Good afternoon, miss. Sorry to interrupt his lunch break.
5. Welcome, gentlemen. Come on, please taste the dishes we have provided.
6. Good morning, Mayor. Sorry, we are here asking for your signature for this proposal letter.
7. Welcome, Mr. Handoko. Come on, I’ll take you to the meeting room.
8. Good morning ladies and gentlemen. Let’s just have a meeting this morning.
9. Good afternoon, madam. Come on, I’ll take you to the hall.
10. Good afternoon, sir. Can I help you?

Examples of Usual Greeting Sentences

1. Good night all. See you again.
2. Excuse me, guys. Can you guys help me?
3. Hello brothers and sisters. Are you ready to play?
4. Hi all. Sorry, I came late.
5. Hi all. This time we will give you tips on how to recycle bottled waste around you.
6. Good morning all. Meet again with us on today’s morning broadcast program.
7. Hi, friend. Have you had breakfast this morning?
8. Hello viewers. See you again at the Greet Greeting Morning event.
9. Hi everybody. Been waiting a long time huh?
10. Hi, Karli. How are you? It’s been a long time we didn’t meet.

Examples of Informal Greeting Sentences

1. Hello buddy. Have you had breakfast this morning?
2. Hey, Jo. You want to come with us on a picnic, right?
3. Hey dude, what are you doing here?
4. Hey, Rin. Where are you goin?
5. Hey, man. Did you see Rose?
6. Hey, Jack. Do you know the latest news from Sophie?

Writing Examples of Greeting Words

Already able to use greeting words in everyday life, of course you also need to understand how to write them. What needs to be remembered in this case is the way of writing kinship words that are used as greeting words, which are written with the initial capital letter.

Writing examples of greeting words:

1. What grade are you in?
2. Good morning Mr Mayor.
3. Where is the captain on duty today?
4. After arriving in Yogyakarta, where will you be staying?

Function of Using Form of Address

The function of this greeting is related to the factors that influence the use of greetings. For example, someone who is older, has a higher social status than greeters and conversations occur in formal situations, so he will be more respected.

Likewise for people who are easier will still be respected because the relationship between the two is not familiar or they don’t know each other. This is done so as not to be considered impolite. Usually a sign of respect is marked by the use of kinship greetings that are attached to certain greetings. Following are the functions:

As a Mark of Respect

This function is characterized by an age that is considered older or a higher social status, so that the greeter will respect the greeting more. For example, a student greeting the teacher/miss teacher at school.

As a Marker of Familiar Relations

This function will be found in personal greetings, charm pronouns, kinship and titles. The greeter and the addressee in this case have the same age and status and both of them already know or are familiar with each other. So this situation will lead to an informal situation.

As a Marker of Affectionate Relations

This is indicated by the use of the greeting Dinde and Nune as a sign of affection between parents and children. Greeting Dik as a sign of affection between brothers and sisters or older people to younger people. In addition, greetings of affection / yang or other forms are also a sign of a lover or husband and wife relationship. Thus, this function shows the affection, closeness and attention given by seniors to juniors.

As Affirmation Function

This function is marked by the repetition of the form of greeting, for example, is that right, Miss Lely? This is to confirm to whom we are talking or to whom our attention is directed. This function is usually found in personal greetings and kinship greetings.

As for other functions of the use of greeting words, among others:

• Rebuke or greet the interlocutor.
• Attract the attention of others.
• Demonstrates decency and social class.
• Expresses the social relationship between the speaker and the interlocutor.

Greeting form

The following forms of greeting words according to Mansur Pateda , include:

1. Forms of Greetings from the Side of Gender

This form of address refers to the gender of the other person or person being addressed. Examples of the use of greeting forms for men, for example, father, mas, cak, kang, and others. While greetings for women, for example mother, miss, aunt, yu, neng, and others.

2. Forms of Greetings from the Side of Age or Age

The next form of greeting is a word of greeting that shows the age of the other person. Examples of this form of greeting are brother, sister, mas, miss, teteh, brother, brother and so on.

3. Forms of Greetings in terms of Social Status

Another form of greeting is a word of greeting that indicates social status in terms of position, title, occupation of a person or his interlocutor. This form of address usually involves a job or position or role in a society. For example, such as Mr. President, Mrs. RT, Mr. Ustadz, and so on.

4. Forms of Greetings in terms of Kinship

The next form of greeting is in terms of kinship which shows the relationship between the speaker and the person he is talking to, for example father, mother, sister, brother and so on.

Factors Influencing the Use of Address Forms

The use of greetings in communication will be influenced by several factors, both factors related to social and situational issues. Factors related to social problems such as age and gender.

While situational factors include who the speakers of the language are, to whom the greeting is addressed, when and where. The factors that influence greetings, among others:

1. Situation

This situation is when a speech event occurs. The situation is both formal and informal. Formal situations place speakers in an unfamiliar position, while informal situations vary greatly in the choice of greeting forms.

2. Age

When viewed in terms of age, the use of greetings will be adjusted to the age or age of a person. Is the person being greeted older, the same age or younger. This is because the accuracy of the selection of greetings will also affect the relationship between greeters and being greeted.

3. Social Status

A person’s social status also determines the use of greetings. For example in various criteria such as power, wealth and intelligence.

4. Kinship Relations

Kinship relations also determine or influence the choice of greeting words in acts of communication. When greeting relatives with a higher kinship status, he must use certain kinship terms.

5. Familiar Relations

Familiarity is a relationship in which the speaker is well acquainted with his interlocutor, which can be either familiar or not. The use of greetings indicating close relationships can be indicated by choosing the second personal pronominal form, such as you, you, you can also use the form of address, nicknames and personal names.

Closing

Those are examples of greeting words along with the types and meanings that you can find out. Hopefully, with the examples of greeting words above, you will understand better how to use Indonesian properly and correctly, Sinaumed’s. I hope this article inspires you!

If Sinaumed’s is still confused, still needs references related to greetings along with their complete types and meanings, you can visit the sinaumedia book collection at sinaumedia.com .

Author: Rosyda Nur Fauziyah

Also read:

Examples of Rules at Home – Family at home is the figure that is first encountered when an individual is first born into this world.

The family at home usually has a father, mother and siblings. However, it is also undeniable that in a house there is a complete family with grandfathers, grandmothers, aunts, nephews and others.

Wherever we are, be it at home, school, or in the public environment, there must be certain rules. The rules in a house are usually not the same as in other houses, but in general, the rules are the same.

These rules are made so that family members at home feel comfortable with each other and do not cause certain problems. These rules must also be obeyed by all family members.

Examples of House Rules

Here is an example of the rules that exist in a house:

• You can’t waste electricity. When finished using an electronic device that requires an electrical connection, turn it off immediately. During the day, there is no need to turn on the lights, unless it is necessary.
• If you want to enter another family member’s room, knock on the door first.
• You have to get up early and make your own bed.
• Can’t waste water. Use water sparingly.
• Helping clean the house, for example sweeping, mopping floors, washing dishes, cleaning window panes, and so on.

• Do not speak in a high and harsh tone.
• If the child is baligh, teach him to wash his own clothes.
• You can’t insult other family members.
• Must ask permission first if you want to use the belongings of other family members.
• Return the item to its original place.
• Study hours start at 19.00 (optional), so other family members must respect.
• For Muslim families, the five daily prayers are obligatory and must be performed on time by all family members.
• Don’t sleep too late because it can disturb your morning activities.
• It is mandatory to have breakfast before your daily activities.
• Throw garbage in its place. On certain days, the trash in the bins must be disposed of in an environmental trash can so that it can be picked up by the cleaning staff.

• Cannot scribble on the walls.
• If you want to leave the house, get permission first from your parents or other family members who are at home.
• Put shoes on the shoe rack, not in front of the door.
• If there are serious problems in the family, discuss them with other family members and give each other opinions regarding these problems.
• Make it a habit to brush your teeth after eating and before going to bed so that your teeth are well cared for.
• Schedule washing dishes can be done alternately. If there are family members who are unable to do so, talk to other family members.
• Must do homework by yourself. If something is not understood, immediately ask a parent or sibling.
• Always say thank you after getting help from others.
• Always say the word “I’m sorry” when you are guilty of someone else.
• Must love and respect each other family members.
• Make it a habit to say hello when you come home.
• Maintain the good name of the family by not acting and behaving recklessly.
• Manage pocket money wisely. If there are additional needs that are considered important, immediately talk to your parents.
• If you come home late, tell other family members so they don’t worry.
• Say the word “please” when you want to ask for something or help from other family members.
• Always wash your feet and hands after coming home.
• After school, the uniform is immediately hung if it is still being used for the next day. If the uniform is dirty, immediately put it in the wash.
• After eating, the food on the dining table is immediately covered with a serving lid so that flies don’t fly.

• Hold a special time to tell stories or share among family members about how activities are today. For example on Saturday night.
• If you feel sick, immediately talk to your parents to get the right help.
• You are not allowed to wear sandals inside the house because it can cause dirty floors. Use special slippers that are provided in the house.
• After bathing, towels should not be placed on the bed. Dry immediately.
• After using the toilet, try to dry your feet on the mat first.
• Put unused items in the warehouse. Don’t just throw it away. Who knows, it can still be used someday.
• Do not interfere with the activities of other family members.
• If there are guests, must greet and be polite.
• Always lock doors and gates at night.
• Provides a curfew with a maximum of 9 p.m.
• Make it a habit to exercise to keep your body healthy.
• Can’t pick and choose food. When you cook, you are not allowed to order food from outside the home.
• Making instant noodles is allowed a maximum of three times a month.

• When homework is finished, you can play cellphones or play with friends.
• Do not make noise because it can disturb other family members or even other neighbors.
• If you have a tree on the terrace of your house, when the leaves fall, you must alternately sweep and clean the yard between family members.
• Sharing with other family members, both in terms of food and today’s stories.
• Giving friends’ contacts to parents so they can be used in conditions or emergencies.
• Teach children from an early age to understand parents’ names, parental telephone numbers, and home addresses. If there is an emergency, the child can report to the authorities.
• If you have pets, you must routinely feed and drink them. Don’t forget to provide a cage as well as a place to defecate.

• Must help mother cook and clean the house, when she is free.
• Do not eat in bed because it can cause ants and other animals so that sleep will be disturbed.
• Always thank Mom for the food she has made.
• Must close the toilet door after use.
• It is not allowed to make litter carelessly or tuck it in certain places.
• If you have a guitar instrument, after use, put it in its original place or hang it on a special hanger.
• Must respect the privacy of other family members.
• It is not permissible to ridicule or ridicule other family members.
• For Muslim families, when Maghrib time comes, leave activities beforehand to fulfill the obligation to pray. After that read the holy book Al-Quran.

• Obey parental orders.
• It is forbidden to steal the belongings of other family members.
• Can’t lie. Whatever happened, tell the truth to your parents and other family members.
• Help each other with other family members.
• Do not watch television until late at night.
• Prepare for school needs at night.
• It is not permissible to issue bad opinions towards other family members.
• You have to come home from school on time.

Well, in educating children to become good personalities, it must start early. By having rules in the house, it will train them so that when they grow up, they can be useful for this nation and state.

Dear children, don’t be lazy and angry if the rules in the house seem “limiting”. Your parents don’t mean to curb you , they just want you to be a disciplined individual.

Book & Article Recommendations

• Definition of Education
• School Goals
• Definition of Curriculum
• Legacy of Islamic History in Indonesia and Photos
• Definition of Tolerance in Islam
• Explanation of the Pillars of Faith and the Complete Pillars of Islam
• Figures of Islamic Scientists (Muslims)
• The Pillars of Buying and Selling in Islam and the Conditions
• Recommendations for Islamic Children’s Stories to Be a Good Example
• History of Islamic Economic Thought

Examples of Javanese Geguritan – Geguritan in the Java region developed from tembang, so that several different forms of tembang are known. At first, the songs were in the form of songs and had certain rhymes that were made by poets to be presented to the ruling leaders.

This is what causes the classic Javanese literary work in the form of poetry to be anonymous. In general, poets who compose songs do not want to highlight themselves and their works are considered to be shared property.

The definition of geguritan in Java then developed and has the synonym of free poetry, namely poetry that does not bind itself to the rules of metres, rhymes, and songs.

In the following, an example of Javanese geguritan will be presented with the theme of life or the surrounding environment, which is taken from the book Geguritan Kidung Karangkitri Anthology published by the Department of Culture for the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2020.

Example of Javanese Geguritan

The following are some examples of Javanese language geguritan that you can read related to the theme of life and the surrounding environment, see the following information.

Prambanan Temple (Nurlistiyati)

Prambanan Temple

Panggah jejeg ing the land of Mataram

Sansaya is endah and heartbreaking

Kawentar sinawang rina klawan wengi

Prambanan temple

Nut simbah said

Sela kang pideksa willing

Minangka sexy

Bandhung Bandawasa and Roro Jonggrang

Sih tresna kinalang satru

Hamung palastra sulaya kang mungkasi lelakone

Genti madeg candi kang sulistya

Fairy tales just press simbah’s words

Actually, everything is just a made-up story

Minangka rerenggan nggo ngenthenngi sanggan

Dadi fairy tale kanggo paesing interrupted

Prambanan Temple

Time synchrony

Be the go-to for foreign people

Gumun anyekseni sulistyane

Mugiya sustainable ing salamiya

Sega Gudheg Sepincuk (Tri Wahyuni)

This little boy just manthuk

Aweh sasmita, without swara

What dheweke wanuh?

Yen ing Tanah Klairane iki Duwe Macapat song

Kang mbabar sakehing guidance

This little boy is very eager for parikan books

Sinambi ngaba marang biyunge

Yen wetenge kluruk njaluk filled

Sega gudheg pinincuk kanthi writing paper

“Urip is like dene gudheg, ndhuk, the various flavors of dadi siji. Pralambang yen urip iki ora mung sawarna. Wedange also tastes. Curry chooses endi, I want tokcepi. Kabeh wants to hang on to your crew. Prosperous and miserable life, ginaris ing your cheeks. Nanging everything you want, can Mbok Pulasi hold on to anchor swinging sakehing papadhang ing your behavior is just too hot?”

Oseng-Oseng Mercon (Triwik Darmayanti)

Pedes…. tambane body kang again gumreges

Nyos… nyulaki gom broke mom plain

Hoh huh… slenget garba twist gurah

Ah wuh… Riwe collapsed and was excited dadi ewuh

Lombok kethok ngasadani gurung ngethok

Kenyil kikil sandhung, caslamur, sega mawur

Onion brambang anjamoni chronic pain

Blimbing tomatoes are fresh, salira karumat

Greetings from Laos, Andudut Mrentul Siing Raos

Dhong lemongrass, samadya oranges, just dry

Sarem soy sauce lerema jaganen pang say

Beringharja Fiber (Purwadmadi)

Banarawa binarung pedestal Bering gung

Pacethokan merdusun siniti ratapun

Binale wake up build up

Sitihinggil srantun mucuki took a step back

Mangku wengkon bumine Hyang Manon

 

Bering, reja swamp

Kurug siti’s pillow flat bawera

Kandhang lodhang pepulung sandhang food

Patrap tuna satak bathi relatives

The practice of soul ngayogya is luru leluri larasing kartya

Titi tata calming praja raharjane kawula

 

Beringharja

Mustika tandha

Linambaran siti toya

Jejeg adeging Sri Narendra

Mangku mengku kumumala

Memayu hayuning bawana

 

Beringharja

Peken Pancawara

Pasar gedhe nagari gung binathara

Paningset jumbuhing Gusti-Kawula

Ngrenggo ngayogya koncar kuncara

Carita Kutha Ngayogyakarta (Eko Wahyu Nugroho)

Kababar sawijing story

Story of Kutha Ngayogyakarta

Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat kang Kaloka

Kaloka is full of culture

Grapyak sumanak wargane

Alus sublime bebuden

Prasaja tuminda

Gandhes supple and pantes agemane

Kabeh sarwa ginambar wela-wela

Gawe tourist guests interest

Nalika nancik Ngayogyakarta

The karta raharja ayem tentrem board

Pinggir Progo ing Wayah Afternoon (Margaret Kusalamani)

Wayah afternoon to go to Kali Progo

Prawan sumengit slowed down amarikelu

“Ngger, my daughter is a beautiful child, rahayu satekamu”

Priyagung sepuh iket wulung mbagekake

The prawan was shocked, sumungkem null the pitakon

“You punika sinten, grandma?”

Priyagung wants to mesem banjur ing sandhinge

“Grandmother, wonten coffers patilasanipun Eyang Wanabaya?”

“What’s wrong Ngger, kowe nggoleki?”

“Kula mundhi dhawuhipun mother swarghi”

The prawan banjur pitakon maneh

“Punapa leres Eyang Wanabaya mbalela dhumateng Mataram?”

 

Banjur ing mripate kang liyep lindri cumithak image

Mangir bedhah, a descendant of the Wanabaya breed

Oncat, sumingkir saka kinasih earth

Ora marga wedi taker ludira, nanging ana petung seje

Kelebu ancestor, ngawa baby sibling durung genep eight dina

Kedharang-dharang rises to the mudhun mountain, a ravine, crossing the river

This baby of the Wanabaya breed must be saved

 

Lan dheweke, what kind of baby do you want

Teka ing bumi Mangir ngruru ancestor

 

Priyagung wants Kanthi to stroke Sirahe the virgin

Mesem pait banjur pitutur,

“Ngger, manebna think you, sumendhe mring Gusti

Binareng lakuning urip, you will manage it

What’s the difference between building the earth, Kang Wis Menehi Panguripan?

Karo mbalela lan wants to take care of other darbeking”

 

Sawise pitutur priyagung wants to be gone

The prawan was shocked, she was fussing over the mripat and being observant

“Grandmother… Grandmother… You won’t have a purse?”

……….

“Do I want to just dream”, pangudharasane

Tedhak Sinten (Kartika)

Weak kang kokpi not follow or not act

Setya was dumbfounded

Ora nate splice to the bushes

Nanging hands are fierce

The rhyme is less graphic

It can be just as damaging

 

Weak, …..

Mbokmenawa ana kang wrong

Anggone padha polah

Nupadi tukon uyah

Kamangka

Wejange simbah tan will owah

Marang relatives sometimes putu wayah

In order to keep worshiping

Lord Kang Maha Mirah

 

Tedhak siten

Want to listen to Kowe Saiki?

Menawa sleep, just cry wedi

Ah, sometimes I don’t understand

Head to Bali

Like you promised

Sadurunge mudhun ing siti

 

Wernane is an asshole who is not here

Durung’s rhymes are well established

Ana ati kang funny

Nggegem paugerane kanthi kebak

Dalan wis ambyar kasampyuk gumerlape wedhak

Kang ambune smells good

 

Siti, …..

I hope you are still at ease

Dadya punjering fortune

Marang kang is happy to cook

Ngebekti mring Gusti

Hamemayu hayuning bawana

Katetepi pinangka promise

Baladha Mbokdhe Setra (Nita Nuryanti)

Mbokdhe Setra basket tela Soga Market

Tomorrow, you will have krekat-krengket talking about the old pit

gabions kiwa tengen contents have continued life

nyuwak pedhut ngipatke adheme hawa

the sadawane behavior of ndalidir is cute, the pinangka rowang song

dhemit ora ndulit satan ora hooked

Mbokdhe Setra tan wedi nadyan dhewekan

 

Press the trade market set sinambi ura-ura

Tembang Pangkur otak-athike when you are unemployed

Mbakyu-mbakyu is totally dead

niki tela is soft, delicious tuwin legi

fluffier nyamleng yen den ulu

amirasa legend

tela kaspa, tela pendhem, tela purple

complete pack of sarwa ana

mangoes samya mriki

 

Mbokdhe…., Mbokdhe Setra

why are you so adventurous?

ura-ura dadi means

fortune mara anyaketi

kang passing padha stop by

kang krungu melu payu

tela rong gabion entek entek

 

Mbokdhe…., Mbokdhe Setra

nembanga maneh no video huh

the longish boy hates the cellphone

Mbokdhe Setra was recorded at the Bawane school

great Mbokdhe Setra!

top markotop Mbokdhe Setra!

Mbokdhe Setra kondhang sapasar Soga

 

Grimis riwis-riwis

Mbokdhe Setra is in pain

ngonceki tela kulakan ka village

thanks to Mr. Kang Kuwasa

wis borrowing in catering

 

Mbokdhe…., Mbokdhe Setra

kemlenyer theka car

noman dashing pideks

nuduhake video kang jare viral

Mbokdhe Setra was asked to record

Mlebu tipi, ura-ura, sleepy load

Mbokdhe Setra Kaloka and Numpuk Bandha

 

Mbokdhe Setra basket tela market Soga

kudune is happy, gumyak, happy

geneye mbrebes milli caranta

son of putu ana ngendi

let’s discuss Javanese culture

Sometimes the Basket of Bantul Market (Dalle Dalminto)

Bagaskara ing brang wetan durung methungul

Ngatonake praupan and sunare njedhul

Bun tomorrow, fill pating grandul

Ing poking godhong lan grumbul

 

The baskets of cancut are sometimes entangled

Mecaki in oil kandele pedhut

Gumregah looked up

Gumbregut bent his knees and elbows

 

Cool air nicoki epidermis

Kadya pointed and landhepe eri

Ora will do giggrige ati

The spirit of kadhung anjenggirat

Planned intent

Hunt thanks to the sumebar ing universe

 

Ing Pasar Bantul

The baskets sometimes bake the wakul

Jumangkah nyadhong blessings

Kanthi ati surrenders sumarah

Love Spell (Suwarsidi)

Sun wateg compassion mantra

Sih asih asah foster

The love will be sleepy

Sing asah tansah antuk landheping galih

The foster care will be happy with the rocking sakehing

 

This is a mercy spell

daktamakake mring sasama ing saindhenging donya

dimen raharja is more than sadaya balak pikolehing tumindaksing

the act of dur will melt

the main follow-up will be by begja

the prawira will be dhuwur in rank

 

This spell is the Prince’s wisiking compassion spell

My prince, your prince, is worshiped by my subjects every now and then

I feel sorry for you tresna-tinresnanan

I’m sorry

Tentrem, tram tram mrih ati rasa ayem

Suh, suh, suh…..

just don’t mess up

the riotous act is hard to see wayah-wayah

 

Hmmm…

kuwat slamet, najan katone just grumbled

Naning Ngango Petung Sarwa Memet

met-met-met slamet

kanthi mripat memem dhipet

nora Nyayang ngiwa, Nyayang Nengen, Nyayang Muntung Tuwin Mudhun

PANDULU only goes forward

 

forward-forward-ju-ju-ju

heck-hell

compassionately cured

sing compassion mantas because of anxiety

sing tresna atine tansah rena

 

Hmmm…

Handsome Mantra of Mercy

mugi Prince paring kasembadan

Pure (Albertus Sartono)

it’s not easy to beat the knights

but galihe asura

what is the use of pandhita papaya

if the truth is evil

 

endi gunane esem guyu

but all of them want to be fake

sweet words and exchanges

missing tegese but tenane just lamis

 

gedhe rumangsa ndaku wong prawira

without pakra if you are saberere culika

Pepacak is full of irons

nyingidake the crew is confused

wedhakan kandel katon funny

maybe you can cover kadhas and phlegm

 

the fires engkak-bent becik

Mung Merga carried Melik

ubeg rowang noisy fires

tundhane mung arep mbebidhung

 

wasis micara teteh ngethuprus

jebul isine just sucks

but conscience is impure

mawohe duraka, pageblug, utawa pepati

sliramu choose sing endi

Jathilan (Agus Suprihono)

Screaming cumether ing ear

Kasadran nerve inlusup

Skip the ruddy steps

Ing sirah nyawiji ing rah

 

Swara bendhe curvy

Invite sakabehing to flower

Nundhung sakehing dredah

Ingsun lilani sira angslup ing body

Kareben padha surak mawuran

Lan panjeriting virgins

 

This is God’s paringane body

Dakpepetri murih aja duwe misbehaved

Iki sukma just change the summisih give in

Ing’s time, Kang Padha asked me to lose

Sinta Obong (Agus Suprihono)

Dakdilat shooting agni

Dakgendhong destiny pepesthi

Tan winates heartless

Lir gumanti kumlebating papaya

 

Dhuh God of heaven and earth

Hopefully kaseksenana iki kasyaning ati

Kang ora kendhat tansah mbanyu mili

Dakuji kanthi ngrungkebi kobaraning geni

 

Dhuh gurulaki kang daktresnani replaced my heart

Nadyan katresnanmu durung my pocket irenge Rahwana

Kang ora mredhuli najan wis ora Suci

Geneya kowe is tidha-tidha sad because of his life

Kang must do the sawise uwal saka Rahwana

Mbuktekake my chastity is really hot?

Language Without Ukara (Dwi Winarno)

Tan needs to speak up

Kanggo lare kang subasita hell

The tumindak lacks trep, it misses the incoherent clutter

Sangarep guest, elder Utawa Pangarsa praja

 

Caterpillars and highlight nets can’t you like them

Without lingsem kanggone lare

Krasa and banjur rumangsa

methany missingsun,

Banjur must be kepiye

Kanthi tlaten paring wewarah uga tuladha

This pinangka real picture

You have to protect your noble cultural etiquette

Kemis Pahing (Christina Sri Purwanti)

Gedhe-little, enom-old

So dhusun in our reason

Waradin ing tlatah Ngayogyakarta

Mring sadaya’s office and law

Miwah’s sister, Putri Kapatah Sami

Tan Miwang was asked to be nuri-uri

Raytan raos handarbeni

Sesarengan anadi Jawi fashion

The legacy of the noble kang ancestor

Pri Putri Angagem sided with Rikma Ginelung

Bebed surjan iket blangkon kakungipun

Mrih tan supe wosing fashion nanipun

 

Kemis Pahing chose samya

Ginayut hadeg of Kraton Ngayogyakarta

Swasana bombong tumekaning nala

Sinawang recipe and perfect

Nyamping and bebed batik gagrag Ngayogyakarta

Mbayak ugi surjan sumangga kersa

Pinareng angagem various colors

Abang, green, yellow, plain, casumangga pattern

Kewes gandhes supple woman

Pambeg is dashing and pideksa kang shy

Sangsaya is like a recipe for ping PANDULU

Layang Kanggo Mother (Mulyati)

Mak, sliramu anyeksèni kridhaning aji the culture of manungsa Jawi

tansah also cinathet sesuluh hamemayu hayune nagara iki

Wiwit from the Kartini era

kenceng ancas ing nguni:

sluman-slumun yasa dadi ramu

valley manah tansah dadi sangu

“Don’t knock on the neck, the gifts, and the room

Don’t get confused, don’t get confused, don’t be surprised, just calm

just so pisan-pisan angadhepi mompyoré nowadays

just getun jroning panemu kang becik

just be surprised if it’s just a pethingan

aja aleman ginayuh nyandhak sesawangan kerepan”

Mom, I’m wong dhusun

wiwit little tansah miserable and getun

my expert is just tandur karo matun

naning ora kendhat my anggon dikon kèri

sabab akèh sawan manis sing tansah mbebayani

Mom, the small level of soft food, urip needs to be served

sing kudu kasinau, chapter bakuné kadewasan dhiri

dadia wong kang piguna

rawé-rawé pait bitter with rantasi

ngadeg jejeg or pijer miyar-miyur

sarwa ndedonga kabèh kaagungane Ingkang Maha Widhi

Mak, worship prostrate plus pangèstu

I’m really saderma

don’t be reckless, bro

kabèh iku merga ati rinasa prungsang

the barrel of the sacred seagrass

kanggo benchmark gesang

order of peace of mind of the inner foe

Nglembah Manah (Suyati)

Ngger, I wish you were talking about managing it

Tatane tembung kang rinakit duwe meaning

Miliha tembung kang becik dirungokake

Get rid of rough and sarcastic lines

Kareben adoh saka panacad also panyendhu

Kang nuwuhake doesn’t feel good at heart

Utawa makes Rinasa grisi ears

Winedhar ing ukara say ing suwara

Kanthi’s words are soft and slow

Don’t get excited

Sinartan patrap kang pray

Netepi werdining subasita

Datan snuggles with the etiquette

Ngger, sanaja mung saklimah tembung

Efforts pure ora gawe confused

Sakecap tembung kang kawedhar

You can make Greged, ask me to eat

Can aweh panglipur kang nandhang branta

Can dadi pamuji urip raharja

So, that’s a brief explanation of the Javanese Geguritan Example . Sinaumed’s can visit sinaumedia’s book collection at www.sinaumedia.com to obtain references about literary works apart from examples of Javanese language geguritan.

The following is a recommendation of sinaumedia books that sinaumedia can read to learn about beliefs in Java so that they can fully understand them. Happy reading.

Find other interesting things at www.sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always present interesting articles and recommendations for the best books for Sinaumed’s.

• Biography of Ir. Sukarno, the proclaimer of Indonesian independence
• Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa Biography: His Life History and Struggle
• Biography of WR Supratman, the creator of the song Indonesia Raya
• After the Proclamation, Why Should the Indonesian Nation Defend Independence?
• History and Meaning of the Proclamation of Independence for Indonesia