Category: General

Definition of Legal Awareness – As a community living in a rule-of-law country, it is already a certainty for every member of the community to obey and comply with every applicable legal rule.

The design of social interaction has a positive effect on society, although the will and interests differ from individual to individual. Everyone has different desires and interests. These differences in interests can lead to conflict in social life.

This can affect environmental conditions that become dangerous. Therefore, to prevent conflicts or negative issues from occurring, it is necessary to have laws governing the development of attitudes towards legal awareness to create human relations in life. Instilling legal awareness in each individual increases compliance with applicable laws. Compliance and adherence to mandatory, regulatory and binding regulations or laws.

The granting of rules to persons or individuals who are trained to enforce the rule of law. Compulsory use has a deterrent effect for violators. Because there are strict sanctions from the authorities to solve the problem.

Legal awareness is needed by every community, from small children to adults. It aims to create order, peace, justice, and peace that can be realized in life or even interactions between communities. If you do not have legal awareness that has been embedded in every individual, then the desired goals will be difficult to achieve.

For this reason, to provide education for you about the importance of legal awareness in social life, in this discussion we will summarize various related information about legal awareness that you can learn at home.

You can see further discussion regarding legal awareness below!

Definition of Legal Awareness

Law is a rule of life created to achieve the values ​​desired by society. One of the values ​​sought by law is order. Order means obedience and obedience to behavior in carrying out what is prohibited and determined by law.

Concretely, we can take a simple example of setting traffic rules. The purpose of the laws and regulations issued in the field of transportation is to regulate the operation of transportation. It also serves to protect the interests and rights of others.

Promoting this type of legal knowledge is a challenge and a responsibility for all. A true culture of awareness and law abiding must be inculcated from an early age. Then the pedagogic element becomes the spearhead in introducing attitudes and habits to follow the rules that have been set.

Educational institutions are the main social media that greatly influence a person’s character in the future. If law-abiding attitudes and behavior are ingrained from an early age, then the attitude of respecting and following the rules will take root and take root in society in the future. Of course, this is done by providing correct information about what not to do and what to do.

The high level of legal awareness in the area creates a civilized society. Build legal awareness early on, you don’t have to wait until the violations and police action are over. Prevention is considered very important and can be started from the family as the smallest unit in society. We have to build this awareness in the family.

With the awareness of this law, we do not witness violations to find an ideal life. Formal, non-formal and informal educational institutions must be united to develop legal awareness and intelligence from an early age.

Legal education is not limited to formal schooling. But it can also be done outside of school. Children should be taught from an early age to study law. In time it gave them a sense of the need for the rule of law. Thus, legal awareness is formed from an early age.

Legal Awareness can be interpreted as a person or group of people who are aware of applicable rules or laws. It serves to achieve order, peace, tranquility and justice in human relations. Without high legal knowledge, this goal is very difficult to achieve.

This also happened to students, for example there were fights between students because students did not know the legal situation. As a result of weak legal awareness, people’s lives become restless and restless. Therefore we must develop a conscious approach to the law.

Awareness of rights must be instilled early on in the family environment, namely so that each family member can practice understanding their rights and obligations towards the family, respecting the rights of other family members and fulfilling their obligations before demanding their rights. If possible, he is used to applying awareness that already exists in the wider environment, namely society and even the state.

Definition of Legal Awareness According to Experts

• Wignjosoebroto

According to Wignjosoebroto, legal awareness is the will of the community to behave in accordance with existing laws. Legal awareness has two dimensions, namely cognitive and affective. Cognitive is knowledge of the laws that govern certain behaviors, both prohibited and prescribed according to predetermined laws. At the same time, effectiveness is a form of awareness that recognizes that laws must be obeyed.

• Abdurrahman

According to Abdurrahman, legal awareness is awareness of legal values ​​inherent in human life to submit and comply with applicable laws.

• Soerjono Soekanto

Meanwhile, according to Soerjono Soekanto, legal awareness follows law in various fields, including issues of knowledge, recognition and law enforcement. Legal awareness focuses on the existence of legal knowledge, from this legal knowledge arises recognition and respect for legal principles, then the law follows.

Factors Triggering Legal Awareness

• Legal Knowledge

The first factor influencing legal awareness is knowledge of legal awareness. The rule of law must be widespread and legally enforceable. Then the recipe spread by itself and quickly became known to the public. People who violate do not necessarily break the law. This is because the public does not understand and know the laws and regulations that apply in the law itself. According to Ahmad Ubbe in Several Aspects of Legal Awareness of the Peusangan Society (Study on the Institutionalization of Marriage Law in 1974) (1988), knowledge of the existence of legal regulations is an indicator of minimal legal awareness.

With legal knowledge, one knows what laws exist, what is prohibited and what is permitted. Law violations are often the result of a lack of legal knowledge. For example, there are people who hunt protected animals for their daily food. This happens because they do not know that these animals are rare animals that are prohibited by law from being hunted.

• Legal Understanding

The next factor affecting legal awareness is the public’s respect for the law. Thus, all the benefits of society depend on the provisions of the law itself. However, we also believe that compliance with the law stems from a fear of punishment or the consequences of breaking the law.

Legal understanding is an indicator of legal awareness, which means not only knowing that the law exists, but also understanding its contents. If you understand the law, you can understand its content, purpose, benefits, and also the consequences of breaking it. The definition of law does not only refer to written law, but also unwritten law, such as the norms that apply in society.

• Legal Attitude

According to Soerjono Soekanto in the book Legal Awareness and Legal Compliance (1977), legal attitude is a tendency to accept the law because the law is deemed useful or useful if the law is obeyed. Legal attitudes result from individual and citizen assessments of applicable law.

• Legal Conduct

Legal behavior is the most important indicator of citizens’ legal awareness. The pattern of behavior of law-abiding citizens means that the law really applies and is effective in society. However, in the case of many violations, the law does not apply or has no effect on society. Thus, legal behavior becomes an indicator of legal awareness, which can be read from the degree of legal compliance of its citizens.

• Strengthening Legal Awareness

The purpose of raising awareness about legal issues is for people to understand the law according to their needs. Advocates who are in charge of raising awareness of legal issues in society are in direct contact with the community.

Characteristics of Legal Awareness

When the sense of justice in society is high, there will definitely be peace in society. The characteristics of high legal awareness in society are as follows:

• Legal compliance or high legal compliance of all community groups.
• Light violation of the law is guaranteed.
• The community understands all their rights and obligations.
• High level of trust in law enforcement
• There is no discrimination in law enforcement.

 

Ways To Increase Legal Awareness In Society

All people need legal awareness, from small children to adults. This aims to create order, peace, justice and peace that can be realized in life or even in interactions between communities.

Without legal awareness that exists in every individual, it becomes difficult to achieve the desired goals.

The impact of weak legal awareness on people’s lives will be disorganized. Therefore, there are several ways to increase public legal awareness as follows:

• Increase legal awareness from an early age

The sense of justice must be realized since childhood, from the family environment. Each family member can educate himself to understand family rights and responsibilities.

Able to perform tasks properly before demanding rights that must be received. As well as respecting the rights of other family members. If this is successful, it will create widespread legal awareness. Promote compliance with applicable laws.

• Increasing legal awareness

Community legal knowledge of various provisions that exist and apply in society is the most important thing in relation to the provisions of the rule of law. Indirectly it can affect the level of one’s knowledge of applicable laws.

Regulations that are made and apply are automatically disseminated. Therefore, these rules can be quickly known by the public.

However, there are several groups of people who are not aware of the applicable regulations. This often happens because people’s knowledge of laws and regulations is inadequate.

• Increase legal understanding

Legal understanding means that the person knows the content that comes from the regulations. To understand each law, it is not necessary to know its content and rules first. But can understand someone’s response to the rules that apply.

• Conduct legal awareness dissemination

Legal awareness is an important issue in the life of every person or social group. Therefore, the government must socialize the meaning of applicable law. So that people do not understand how important law is in life.

• Increased legal compliance

Public compliance with the law must be increased by ensuring that all activities do not violate applicable regulations. Obeying the law will lead to an orderly life and avoid negative things such as conflict.

• Practicing legal actions

Model of legal behavior is an important topic in growing legal awareness. This model indicates whether the set rules are executed correctly or not. Otherwise, as a law-abiding society, we must behave according to the rules.

• Encouraging a legal attitude

The legalistic attitude is the tendency of society to accept the law. Because the law is considered as something valuable and useful when the law is obeyed.

• Improving public understanding The law protects the public

Everyone definitely needs protection from others. Therefore, the duty of law is to protect common interests. A sense of protection can be achieved if people are able to comply with the law properly. So that people can avoid various threats that are around them.

Various law violations in society are caused by several things. This often happens to certain groups of people who do not know or understand certain regulations.

Many people do not understand legal language. This reduces public awareness of the law.

When people know the content and purpose of legal norms, people know that the law exists. Community legal awareness is influenced by community legal knowledge of the applicable laws and regulations.

Therefore, the government’s role is needed to increase legal awareness. Making people understand the importance of legal awareness.

Example of Legal Awareness in Society

Although not all law-abiding people have good legal awareness (sense of law), it is certain that people who understand the law always uphold law enforcement in Indonesia.

Examples of good legal awareness behavior can be seen in the following examples:

• There is a birth certificate.
• Obey traffic rules.
• Success in elementary school is mandatory.
• Don’t do anything that violates the law.
• Pay your taxes on time.
• Maintain the good name of the nation and state
• Comply and obey the rules set by the state, such as paying taxes and obeying traffic rules on the highway.
• Mutual respect between citizens
• Maintain a good name in society
• Respect citizens
• Follow and obey the rules of society
• Act according to existing standards
• Maintain public order, security and tranquility at all times.

Conclusion

This is a brief discussion of the definition of legal awareness. The discussion this time does not only discuss the definition of legal awareness, but also discusses further the triggering factors, their characteristics, and examples of legal awareness that Sinaumed’s can take a good look at.

Understanding the meaning of legal awareness gives us additional knowledge about various regulations and applicable legal products that can have a good impact on ourselves and the surrounding environment to become obedient citizens and comply with applicable legal regulations.

Thus a review of the notion of legal awareness. For Sinaumed’s who want to learn everything about the notion of legal awareness. And other law-related knowledge, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Pandu Akram

Definition of Legal Aid – In the realm of law, a term is known to help someone who is exposed to legal problems free of charge without a penny as legal aid. Legal aid is given to anyone who has the right to receive legal aid with the aim of guaranteeing and fulfilling the rights of underprivileged people to get access and fair legal services without discrimination.

In addition, legal aid is also provided to recipients of legal aid to realize every citizen’s constitutional rights to obtain equality before the law. The provision of legal assistance is also carried out so that the implementation of the law can be accepted evenly and ensures that all citizens have the right to implement legal justice throughout the territory of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia in an effective, efficient and accountable manner.

For this reason, for the sake of realizing legal justice in Indonesia, there is a legal aid institution to realize all expectations of a fair law for all citizens and for friends of Sinaumed’s it is also important to know the presence of a legal aid agency if it is needed and requires legal assistance.

In this discussion, we have also summarized various information related to the notion of legal aid that Sinaumed’s friends can use as additional insight in understanding the implementation of legal aid in Indonesia.

You can see further discussion regarding the meaning of legal aid below!

Definition of Legal Aid

Legal aid is a guarantee of legal protection and equality before the law which is the constitutional right of every citizen. Because the constitution guarantees that every citizen has the right to equal treatment before the law, including the right to legal aid. Especially for people who have difficulty getting legal assistance, especially the poor.

Based on Law no. 16 of 2011 Legal Aid Article 1(1) states that legal aid is free legal services provided by legal aid providers to legal aid recipients. Recipients of legal aid are individuals or groups of poor people who are unable to exercise their basic rights adequately and independently and face legal problems. Meanwhile, in SEMA Publication No. 10/2010, Article 27 of the Legal Aid Guideline stipulates that people who cannot afford the services of lawyers are entitled to legal aid services, especially women and children and people with disabilities to receive legal aid in accordance with applicable regulations.

Legal aid is legal services provided free of charge by legal aid providers to legal aid recipients. Legal aid is organized with the aim of guaranteeing and realizing the rights of poor communities or groups of people to legal protection, so that the constitutional rights of every citizen are realized in accordance with the principle of equality before the law. The provision of legal aid is also intended to guarantee certainty in the implementation of legal aid evenly throughout the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. and the implementation of an effective, efficient and accountable judiciary.

History of Legal Aid

If legal aid is defined as charity, legal aid has existed in Indonesia since the 16th century with the arrival of the Portuguese, Spanish, British and Dutch. The practice of legal aid can be seen from the practice of mutual cooperation in social life, where people who are faced with several problems ask for help from ordinary leaders to solve some of the problems. If law is interpreted broadly, customary assistance is also legal assistance.

The history of legal aid shows that legal aid originally emerged from the generosity of the ecclesiastical elite to their followers. This generous relationship is also established between traditional leaders and local residents. Patron-client relationship model.

History slowly developed the concept of legal aid. The basis of “generosity” began to be changed to “rights”. Any disenfranchised customer can get legal assistance. There is also a growing emphasis on the concept of legal aid. Legal aid is increasingly linked to political, economic and social rights. In the last century, legal aid began to be associated with social and political welfare. Legal aid has developed into a social movement.

In daily practice, legal aid has also begun to spread its wings, not only in capitalist countries but also in socialist countries. Third world countries have also started to develop this legal aid. Conceptually, there is also a change from legal aid which was originally individual to legal aid of a structural nature (Lubis, 1986: 5-6).

In Roman times, Patronus legal assistance was only motivated by the motivation to gain influence in society. In the Middle Ages, the issue of legal aid received a new impetus from the influence of Christianity, namely the desire of the people to fight over alms in the form of relief for the poor and at the same time civic values. The people’s appreciation of nobility and decency grew. From the French and American revolutions to today. The motive for providing legal aid is not only humanity for those who can’t afford it, but also political rights or civil liberties that originate from modern constitutions.

• History of Legal Aid in Indonesia

In Indonesian positive law, legal aid is regulated in Article 250 HIR. This article clearly regulates legal assistance for defendants in certain cases, namely cases that are punishable by death and/or life imprisonment, although in practice this article favors the Netherlands rather than Indonesia. And the appointed legal experts are obliged to provide legal assistance free of charge.

Although limited, HIR can be interpreted as the beginning of the institutionalization of legal aid in Indonesian positive law. Prior to the procedural law, HIR regulations were still valid. In 1970, Law Number 14 of 1970 concerning Principles of Judicial Power was passed, Articles 35, 36 and 37 of which regulate legal aid.

The Professor of Institutions founded the Rechts Hoge School in Jakarta in 1940 in the form of the Legal Aid Bureau or Legal Advisory Bureau. Zeylemaker. This office was established to provide legal advice to underprivileged communities and also to improve the operation of the Legal Clinic.

In 1953, a kind of Office of Legal Counsel Sim Ming Hui or Tjandra naya was established at the Chinese school. This office was founded by Professor Ting Swan Tiong. Around 1962 Prof. Ting Swan Tiong proposed to the Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia that the Faculty of Law establish a Legal Advisory Office. This proposal was welcomed and a legal adviser’s office was established at the University of Indonesia. In 1968 the name was changed to the Consulting Institute and in 1974 to the Legal Consultation and Aid Institute.

In other fields, Prof. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja spoke about the history of legal aid in Indonesia being inseparable from the role of two important figures, namely S. Tasrif, HH and Adnan Buyung Nasution, HH. poverty is part of the ideals of a rule of law state. To implement his idea, S. Tasrif asked the head of the court in Jakarta for a room that could later be used by lawyers for legal assistance. Adnan Buyung Nasution, HH In the 1969 Peradin III Congress, the idea of ​​the need to establish a Legal Aid Institute was put forward, which at the Congress finally approved the establishment of a Legal Aid Institute in Indonesia.

This was followed by the establishment of LBH Jakarta, which was followed by the establishment of other LBHs throughout Indonesia. Not to mention, political organizations, trade unions and universities also participated in the formation of LBHs such as LBH Trisula, LBH MKGR, LBH Kosgoro etc. While LBHs existed throughout Indonesia, the Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation (YLBHI) was established with the aim of administering LBHs and functioning as its umbrella organization. YLBHI makes program guidelines that are carried out jointly in one coordination so that legal aid activities can develop nationally and even more concentrated in one coordination.

• History Legal aid after the Second World War

The Second World War caused important social changes in different societies, regardless of whether they were involved in the war or not. The war also led to the development of pre-war ideas.

There have been changes in the field of law, especially legal aid. As a result, new policies emerged. When the state has an obligation to seek equal rights to legal and extrajudicial assistance. This policy was first implemented in England after the Second World War.

Problems encountered during the war led to the consideration of new regulations to solve social problems faced by both civilians and the military.

The military requested the creation of a Disputes Department, which became part of the Law Society. Where Lawyers Fund Divorce Proceedings. Sociologically, legal aid became a social problem after World War II when certain symptoms began to appear in society. These symptoms include:

• When a new social group or class emerges in society that requires legal protection for its position.
• When new laws are made, rights and obligations and agendas are created.
• If social change is fast and widespread, the effect or consequence.

Scope of Legal Aid

Legal aid is given to recipients of legal aid for legal issues, both civil, criminal and state administration, both inside and outside the court. Provision of legal aid includes the use of lawyers, billing, representation, defense and/or the implementation of other legal actions that are in accordance with the legal interests of the legal aid recipient.

Right to Legal Aid

Based on Law no. 16 of 2011 Legal Aid Article 1(1) states that legal aid is free legal services provided by legal aid providers to legal aid recipients. Recipients of legal aid are individuals or groups of poor people who are unable to exercise their basic rights adequately and independently and face legal problems. Meanwhile, in SEMA Publication No. 10/2010, Article 27 of the Legal Aid Directive stipulates that people who cannot afford to pay for the services of a lawyer are entitled to legal aid services, especially women and children as well as persons with disabilities. applicable laws and regulations.

Legal aid includes the use of power of attorney, collection, representation, defense and/or other legal actions that are in accordance with the legal interests of the legal aid recipient, the objectives of which are:

• Guarantee and fulfill the rights of legal aid recipients to justice.
• We exercise the constitutional rights of all citizens based on the principle of equality before the law.
• It is ensured that the implementation of legal aid is carried out evenly throughout the territory of the country of Indonesia.
• Building an effective, efficient and accountable judiciary.

Article 25 SEMA No. 10 of 2010 states that legal aid services that can be provided by Legal Aid Institutions are information, advice and counseling as well as the provision of free attorney assistants to defend the interests of Legal Aid Institutions. the suspect/defendant if the defendant is unable to afford his own legal counsel.

Rights and Obligations of Legal Aid Providers

Legal aid providers are entitled to:

• Recruitment of lawyers, assistants, lecturers and law faculty students;
• Providing legal assistance;
• Organizing legal advice, legal advice and other program activities related to the provision of legal aid;
• namely obtaining a budget from the State for administering legal aid according to this Law;
• Make statements or statements in court in accordance with statutory regulations to defend a matter that is his responsibility;
• To obtain information and other information from the government or other authorities for the defense of cases; And
• You are guaranteed legal protection, safety and protection when you provide legal assistance.

In addition to rights, legal aid providers have obligations in the form of:

• Report to the Minister about the Legal Aid Scheme;
• Report every state budget used for legal aid provided under this Law;
• Organizing legal aid training for advocates, advocates, lecturers,
• Law Faculty students who have worked according to Article 9 letter a
• Maintain the confidentiality of information, data and/or information obtained from legal aid recipients in relation to the case being examined, unless otherwise stipulated by law; And
• Providing legal aid to recipients of legal aid according to the terms and procedures specified in this law until the case is finished, unless there is a strong reason for that.

Legal aid providers cannot be prosecuted, both civilly and criminally, for providing legal assistance which is their responsibility in good faith, both inside and outside the courtroom, in accordance with Legal Aid Standards based on laws and regulations and/or the Advocate Code of Ethics.

Recipients of legal aid

Recipients of legal aid are individuals or groups of the poor. Recipients of legal aid are any person or group of poor people who are unable to adequately and independently fulfill their basic rights, namely the right to food, clothing, health care, education, employment and business and/or housing.

Rights and obligations of recipients of legal aid

Recipients of legal aid are entitled to:

• Receiving legal assistance until the legal issue is resolved and/or the case is definitive, provided that the person receiving the legal aid does not cancel the power of attorney;
• Obtain legal assistance in accordance with Legal Aid Standards and/or Code of Conduct;
• Obtain information and documents related to the provision of legal aid in accordance with statutory regulations.

Recipients of legal aid also have obligations in the form of:

• Providing accurate evidence, information and/or cases to legal aid providers;
• Helping smooth the provision of legal aid.

Conclusion

This is a brief discussion of the definition of legal aid. The discussion this time does not only discuss the definition of legal aid, but also discusses further the history, scope, rights and obligations of the givers and recipients of legal aid which Sinaumed’s can see carefully.

Understanding the meaning of legal aid gives us additional knowledge about various legal processes that we can know and know that there are legal aid institutions that aim to realize equal rights in legal justice that is carried out in Indonesia.

This is a review of the meaning of legal aid. For Sinaumed’s who want to learn everything about the meaning of legal aid. And other law-related knowledge, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Pandu Akram

 

When learning English, of course you learn what is object, subject, verb, and so on. Of course, in learning English, many of us still have difficulty or are confused about changing verbs, especially if the sentences used are long. Verbs that change in English are certainly familiar to English learners. Verbs change because the subject of the sentence changes and the number of subjects in the sentence changes. This is what is known as the subject verb agreement , a verb that changes because the subject is singular or plural. See the full description below to further understand the subject verb agreement .

Definition of the subject verb  

Subject verb agreement is the adjustment of verb (verb) and subject (subject) of a sentence, whether it is singular or plural subject. Subjects can be nouns, pronouns, etc.

The basic theory is that the singular verb will be used together with the singular subject . Consider the following examples:

 

1. My cat always climbs the tree – singular subject and singular verb

(My cat always climbs trees)

 

2. These clothes are too big for me – plural subject and plural verb

(These clothes are too big for me)

 

3. She doesn’t like fruits – singular subject and singular verb

(He doesn’t like fruits)

 

Generally, singular verbs in the simple present tense will be in the basic form with an affix added at the end of -s or -es. However, in plural verbs , the affix -s or -es is not added, but only uses the basic form or the dictionary. This rule also applies to third-person subjects such as people’s names, or they (they), we (us), he she (he) and it (it). This does not apply to subjects I (me) and you (you).

However, the subject of a single sentence is not added with the suffix -s or -es in the subject I (I) and yu (you) and follows the rules of plural verbs. Unlike the past tense, the form of a singular or plural verb in a sentence is all in the form of a verb two.

Actually there are more points that can make you confused when faced with a subject verb agreement . For example, the subject used is a collective noun , plural form and indefinite pronoun . Collective nou n is a noun that is used when we want to express the name of a group or something that is more than one person.

This noun can be singular or plural, of course this depends on the context of the sentence. Find various examples of verbs and their meanings in the Complete English-Indonesian-Indonesian Dictionary Accompanied by Tenses-Regular Verbs, Irregular Verbs below.

Consider the following examples:

1. The Basketball team is going on vacation now 

(the members of the basketball team are on vacation together now)

 

2. The Basketball team are going on vacation now 

(the members of the basketball team are on their respective holidays now)

 

From the example above, it can be seen that when members of a group act individually, the subject is plural with a plural verb as well, as can be seen in the second example. Meanwhile, when members of the basketball team do the same thing simultaneously, the noun above is a subject with a singular verb.

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The rules on the subject verb agreement

The subject and verb must be related in the plural or singular. Here are some of the rules used in the subject verb agreement.

A. If the subject used is singular

If the subject used is singular, then the verb used must also be singular. But there are exceptions, if using the subject they (they), then use a plural verb. To better understand the explanation regarding subject verbs, Sinaumed’s must have an English foundation first which can be learned through the book 30 Minutes of Good English for Class 2 SD/MI.

Example:

1. He writes a letter every week. 

In this sentence, ‘he’ acts as the subject and ‘writes’ acts as the verb.

 

2. They are currently in a social media role at the organization 

(they are currently in a social media role at the organization)

In this sentence, ‘they’ acts as a subject and ‘are’ acts as a verb.

 

If the subject is used in the plural

If the subject is used in the plural, then the verb used is also in the plural.

Example:

1. They write a letter every week. 

(They write letters every week)

In this sentence, ‘they’ acts as a subject and ‘write’ acts as a verb.

 

2. The students eat their lunch at the cafeteria. 

(students eat their lunch in the cafeteria)

In this sentence, ‘the students’ acts as a subject and ‘eat’ acts as a verb.

Keep in mind again, in plural verbs (plural verbs) the verb does not add the affix -s or -es, but only uses the basic form or the dictionary. Therefore, in the example above, even though the subject is plural, the verb ‘write’ does not add -s after it.

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C. If the subject of the sentence contains two or more nouns or pronouns

If the subject of the sentence contains two or more nouns or pronouns connected by ‘and’, then use a plural verb.

Example:

1. The medical student and the economic student write a journal every year.

(students majoring in medicine and students majoring in economics write journals every year)

The subject in this sentence is ‘the medical student’ and ‘the economic student’.

 

2. Michael and his dog run on the street every morning. 

(Michael and his dog run down the street every morning)

The subject of this sentence is ‘Michael’ and ‘his dog’.

 

D. When there is only one subject and there is more than one verb

When there is only one subject and there is more than one verb, the verb must follow the context of the sentence related to the subject.

Example:

1. Interviews are one way to collect data and allow the interviewer to gain a deeper understanding of the participants. 

(Interview is one way to collect data and allows the interviewer to gain a deeper understanding of the participant)

The verbs in this sentence are ‘are’ and ‘allow’.

 

2. Jennie walk through the art gallery and admire the beauty of the painting 

(Jennie walks through the art gallery and admires the beauty of the paintings)

The verbs in this sentence are ‘walk’ and ‘admire’.

E. When a phrase is between a subject and a verb

When a phrase is between a subject and a verb, the verb must still match the subject, not the noun or pronoun in the phrase that follows the subject in the sentence.

Example:

1. The student, as well as student council members are excited. 

(students, including the student council members, are very excited)

In this sentence, ‘student’ acts as a subject and ‘is’ acts as a verb.

 

2. The focus of the discussion was nine participants who were selected purposively.

(The focus of the discussion this time is nine participants who were selected purposively)

In this sentence, ‘the focus’ acts as the subject and ‘was’ acts as the verb.

 

F. If there are two or more nouns or pronouns that are more than one

If there are two or more nouns or pronouns that are more than one and connected with ‘or’ or ‘nor’ then use a singular verb. Find various examples of sentences in the form of conversations in the book Easy English Conversation: Everyone Can Speak English.

Example:

1. The leader or the manager approves my proposal before proceeding to the next step. 

(Leader or manager approve my proposal before following up to the next step)

In this sentence, ‘the leader or the manager’ acts as the subject and ‘approves’ acts as the verb.

 

G.  If there is a compound subject that contains nouns or pronouns both singular and plural

If there is a compound subject that contains both singular and plural nouns or pronouns joined by the word ‘or’ or ‘nor’, then the verb must correspond to the part of the subject closest to the verb. This rule is also known as the ‘rule of proximity’.

Example:

1. The student or student council members read a book every day. 

(Students or student council members read books every day)

In this sentence, ‘the student or student council’ acts as a subject and ‘read’ acts as a verb.

 

2. The student council members or the student reads a book every day. 

(The osis members or students read books every day)

In this sentence, ‘The student council members or the student’ acts as the subject and ‘reads’ acts as a verb.

 

H. A word or phrase

Words or phrases ‘each’, ‘each one’, ‘everybody’, ‘everyone’, ‘somebody’, ‘someone’ and others include the singular subject and the verb used is also the singular form.

Example:

1. Everybody in this room was willing to be recorded 

(Everyone in this room is willing to be recorded)

In this sentence, ‘everybody’ acts as a subject and ‘was’ acts as a verb.

 

2. Neither alternative proposals were approved. 

(No alternative proposals approved)

In this sentence, ‘neither’ acts as a subject and ‘were’ acts as a verb.

 

3. I will offer a $10 gift card to everybody who participates in the survey.

(I will be offering a $10 gift card to everyone who participates in the survey)

In this sentence, ‘everybody’ acts as a subject and ‘participates’ acts as a verb.

 

4. No one was available to accompany me at the graduation party.

(No one can accompany me to the graduation party)

In this sentence, ‘no one’ acts as a subject and ‘was’ acts as a verb.

 

I. If there are nouns that include non-counts nouns

If there are nouns that include non-counts nouns, you must use a singular verb. Non count nouns or uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted, which are abstract quantities. Of course, none of these nouns have plural forms. Usually, these uncountable nouns appear more frequently in academia. Some examples of non-counts such as: diabetes (diabetes), Arabic (Arabic), English (English), swimming (swimming), dancing (dancing), water (air), ice (ice), fire (fire), work ( work), homework (homework), education (education), research (research), milk (milk), rice (rice), tennis (tennis), soccer (soccer).

 

Example:

1. Education is one of the keys to success.

(education is one of the keys to success)

In this sentence, ‘education’ acts as a subject and ‘is’ acts as a verb.

 

2. Diabetes affects everyone in the world whether they are young or old.

(diabetes affects everyone in the world whether young or old)

In this sentence, ‘diabetes’ acts as the subject and ‘affects’ acts as the verb.

 

3. The information I found in the magazine was important. 

(The information I found in the magazine is important)

In this sentence, ‘the information’ acts as a subject and ‘was’ acts as a verb

 

J. If there are nouns that can be counted or called countable nouns

If there are nouns that can be counted or are called countable nouns , then they are considered as a plural form and of course followed by a plural verb. Countable nouns can be separated into units that can be counted, so some of them have both singular and plural forms.

However, most of the English nouns are countable nouns. For example, one book, two pens, one laptop, two laptops. There are also some countable nouns which only have the plural form. For example, earnings (income), goods (goods), surroundings (environment), contents (content), and valuables (valuable).

Example:

1. Locally produced goods have good quality and good price.

(Locally produced goods are of good quality and good price)

In this sentence, ‘locally produced goods’ acts as a subject and ‘have’ acts as a verb

 

2. The earnings for the third quarter were less than expected.

(Revenue for the third quarter fell short of expectations)

In this sentence, ‘the earnings’ acts as a subject and ‘was’ acts as a verb

 

K. If there is a sentence that begins with the word ‘there is’ or ‘there are’

If a sentence begins with the word ‘there is’ or ‘there are’, then the subject must follow the verb. The thing to remember is that ‘there’ is not a subject, so the verb agrees with what follows the verb.

Example:

1. There are many factors that affect a child’s intelligence. 

(There are many factors that affect a child’s intelligence)

In this sentence, ‘are’ acts as a subject and ‘factors’ acts as a verb

 

2. There is little financial assistance.

(There is a little financial assistance)

In this sentence, ‘is’ acts as a subject and ‘financial assistance’ acts as a verb.

Find other examples of subject verbs in the Phrasal Verb Dictionary: English Phrasal Verb Dictionary, which is a master book as well as a guide that Sinaumed’s can use to better understand various verb variants.

Example of subject verb Agreement

To find out whether you understand enough about the subject verb agreement, you can do the questions below.

1. His shirt __ torn during the movie. 

(His clothes are torn during the film)

 

2. Nami, together with her husband __ the guests of the party.

(Nami, together with her husband greeting` the guests at the party)

 

3. The judge __ not convinced. 

(Judge not sure)

 

4. The lies __ always hard to forget.

(Lies are always hard to forget)

 

5. To complain __ never the solution to any problems.

(Complaining is never the solution to every problem)

 

6. A pack of tigers __ approaching the camp.

(a group of lions approaches the camp)

 

7. Lying __ not always considered a bad thing.

(lying is not always considered a bad thing)

 

The answer to the subject verb agreement

 

1. His shirts (were) torn during the movie. 

(His clothes are torn during the film)

 

2. Nami, together with her husband (greets) the guests of the party.

(Nami, together with her husband greeting` the guests at the party)

 

3. The judge (was) not convinced.

(Judge not sure)

 

4. The lies (are) always hard to forget.

(Lies are always hard to forget)

 

5. To complain (is) never the solution to any problems.

(Complaining is never the solution to every problem)

 

6. A pack of tigers (was) approaching the camp.

(a group of lions approaches the camp)

 

7. Lying (was) not always considered a bad thing.

(lying is not always considered a bad thing)

Articles Related to Subject Verb Agreement

Regular Verb – Learning a foreign language in today’s era is certainly a must. The entry of the world into the era of globalization has made it easier for people to interact and communicate with foreigners. Of course, we don’t want to be embarrassed when we speak a foreign language, do we? That is why it is important to hone foreign languages ​​from now on.

Those of you who are just starting to learn English must first understand the use of verbs in English. For those of you who are learning about tenses or the basic forms of verbs and their language structure, then you will feel familiar with the terms Regular Verb and Irregular Verb.

Before discussing more about Regular Verbs, it would be better if you were able to first understand the basic components of a Verb. Unlike in Indonesian where all verbs have the same form to express past and present conditions, in English there are basic differences in the verb forms to show present, past, and past which are still being done now.

The division of verbs in English is divided into three, namely Infinitive (V1), Simple Past (V2), and Past Participle (V3). Infinitive is the basic word form of a verb (not bound by past or present tense). Simple Past is a verb form to describe past events. While the Past Participle is a verb to describe past events that have occurred and have actually been completed.

The past participle can function as an adjective or as part of a verb. So, it’s clear about the differences in the forms of verbs in English? To understand it better, please refer to the following article which will discuss in depth and detail the meaning of Regular Verbs, the language structure of Regular Verbs, examples of Regular Verbs, as well as exercises (questions and discussion) regarding Regular Verbs.

A. Definition of Regular Verbs

Understanding Regular Verb is a regular verb form that has definite rules in forming the simple past tense and past participle of the verb. In English, the “definite” rule refers to adding “-ed” or “-d” to the verb base to make the past tense.

Find other examples of verbs in the Phrasal Verb Dictionary: English Phrasal Verb Dictionary, which is a master book as well as a guide that Sinaumed’s can use to better understand various verb variants.

B. Examples of Regular Verbs

In this section you will learn and find out examples of Regular Verbs and their meanings:

Base Form (V1)	Simple Past (V2)	Past Participle (V3)	What is the meaning of the word
Accept	accepted	Has Accepted	Accept
arrived	arrived	Has Arrived	Arrive
avoid	avoided	Has Avoided	stay away
Borrow	Borrowed	Has Borrowed	Borrow
call	called	Has Called	Call
deliver	Delivered	Has Delivered	Deliver
earn	Earned	Has Earned	Get
Gather	Gathered	Has Gathered	Gather
happened	Happened	Has Happened	Happen
improve	Improved	Has Improved	Repair
increase	increased	Has Increased	Increase
likes	Liked	Has Liked	Like
Listen	Listened	Has Listened	Listen
Miss	Missed	Has Missed	Feeling lost/Missing
open	opened	Has Opened	Open
pass	passed	Has Passed	Pass
Prepare	prepared	Has Prepared	Prepare
Reject	rejected	Has Rejected	Reject
Save	Saved	Has Saved	Save / Save
Wow	Sewed	Has Sewed	Sew
Treats	treated	Has Treated	Treat
Terrify	Terrified	Has Terrified	Scare
Travel	traveled	Has Traveled	Travel / Sightseeing
Vanish	Vanished	Has Vanished	Eliminate / Eliminate
Yawn	Yawned	Has Yawned	Evaporate
wonder	Wondered	Has Wondered	Curious

 

C. Rules (Formulas) for Making the Past Form of Regular Verbs

In simple terms, Regular Verbs can be used to form a verb that expresses present or past events. Here’s a detailed explanation:

1. If the Regular Verb is used to describe events that are taking place ” now

If a Regular Verb is used to describe an event that is taking place ” now “, then only Verb 1 is used or the original verb without the affix “ed” or “d”. Or you can also use the affix “-ing” when referring to events that are being carried out at the time the sentence is stated.

Example :

“I am studying (V1+ing) Economy right now as my major in Oxford University”

(I am currently studying economics as my field of study at Oxford University)

“I run (V1) across that bridge every morning to make my body stay fit and healthy”

(I run across that bridge every morning so my body is always fit and healthy)

– If a Regular Verb is used to describe past or past events, then the verb used must be added with the ending “ed” or “d” to show that the sentence stated is past. A simple marker of a sentence that states the past is containing adverbs such as yesterday, last month, last night, this morning, seconds ago, and many more.

Find various examples of verbs and their meanings in the Complete English-Indonesian-Indonesian Dictionary Accompanied by Tenses-Regular Verbs, Irregular Verbs below.

Example:

“I studied Math so hard last night because I’m so terrible at Math and I don’t want to fail the exam”

(I studied math really hard last night because I’m really bad at math and I don’t want to fail the exam)

In the example above, because the sentence contains a marker of the past tense, namely ” last night “, so in phrase 1 the sentence above (I studied Math so hard) the past form of the verb “study” is used, namely ” studied “. Only Phrase 1 in the sentence above has the verb changed to the past tense. Because Phrase 2 (I’m so terrible at Math) and Phrase 3 (I don’t want to fail the exam) are not affected by the presence of the past marker “last night” due to the presence of conjunctions or connecting words, namely ” because ” and ” and ”

Then if you want to express past events using Regular Verbs, when should you add the affix “ed” or “d” to the verb? To find out, see the following explanation:

2. Adding “ed” to most verbs:

Example :

– Jump > Jumped

“She jumped into the pool this morning to save her beloved cat” – Past Tense

(He jumped into the pool this morning to save his beloved cat)

– Walk > Walked

“Adam walked her home from the office last night ” – Past Tense

(Adam drove him home from work last night)

3. If the verb ends with [consonant-vowel-consonant], then double the last consonant and add “ed” :

Example :

– Chats > Chatted

“I chatted Jim last night to let him know that language class is cancelled” – Past Tense

(I messaged Jim last night to let him know the language class is out)

– Stop > Stopped

“Daria stopped someone to steal snacks at that supermarket this morning when we passed by on the way to college” – Past Tense

(Daria stopped someone from stealing snacks at the supermarket this morning as we were passing by on our way to college)

4. If the last consonant letter of the verb is “w”, “x”, or “y”, then immediately add “ed” without needing to double the last consonant:

Example :

– Sew > Sewed

“Chika’s mother sewed a beautiful gown that she wears today” – Past Tense

Chika’s mother sewed a beautiful dress for Chika to wear today

– Play > Played

“I played piano on Taylor Swift’s concert tour last year ” – Past Tense

I played the piano on Taylor Swift’s concert tour last year

– Fix > Fixed

“Mr. Andrio fixed my broken car when I was trapped on the high road in the middle of the night 2 days ago ” – Past Tense

(Mr. Andrio repaired my car which was damaged when I was stuck in the middle of the night on the highway two days ago)

5. If the verb ends with the letter “e”, then add the suffix “d” to the verb:

Example :

– Introduced > Introduced

“She introduced her brother to us yesterday ” – Past Tense

(He already introduced his sister to us yesterday)

– Dance > Danced

“Anita danced gracefully in the audition of The Dance Icon Indonesia competition a week go ” – Past Tense

(Anita danced gracefully when she auditioned for The Dance Icon Indonesia competition last week)

6. If the verb ends with [consonant + “y”], then change the letter “y” to “i” and add “ed” :

Example :

– Cry > Cried

“I cried all night after my brother’s funeral” – Past Tense

(I cried all night after my sister’s funeral was over)

– Marry > Married

“Antonio told me last night that he wants to get a divorce after being married for two years with his wife” – Past Tense

(Antonio told me last night that he wants a divorce after two years of marriage to his wife)

7. If the verb ends with [vowel + “l”], then double the last consonant and add “ed” :

Example :

– Travel > Traveled

“Harris traveled around Bali 3 days a go ” – Past Tense

(Harris traveled around Bali 3 days ago)

To make the process of learning English easier, you don’t always have to memorize formulas or patterns. In the book 30 Minutes of Being Proficient in English for Class XI High School / MA below, you can learn English with interesting and also fun exercises.

D. Practice on regular verbs

1. Last month I _____ all my Major in this college

• Revise
• Revises
• Revised
• Revised

2. Karina _____ her teeth every morning

• brushes
• Brushed
• brushes
• Brushed

3. She _____ by the croissants and pastries shop everyday before going to work

• Stop
• Stopes
• stopped
• Stopied

4. Their assistants _____ their clothes every Monday?

• cleaned
• clean
• cleans
• cleans

5. Students please _____ to me!

• Listened
• Listens
• Listen
• Listenies

6. He usually _____ his flower shop at 7 AM

• opened
• Opens
• Opens
• open

7. My father _____ his car outside just 10 minutes ago

• parks
• Park
• parked
• Parkes

8. It _____ so hard last year

• Rain
• Rained
• Rains
• Raines

9. Last night, my father helped my sister to _____ the cake for my Mom’s birthday

• decorated
• Decorated
• Decorates
• decorate

10. Our family _____ Japan in 2010

• visit
• Visits
• Visited
• visited

11. Carla _____ us his beautiful home last weekend

11. shows
12. Showed
13. Showd
14. Show

12. I _____ very high in the High Jump Finals last week

• Jumped
• Jump
• Jumps
• jumps

13. Daniel wants to _____ in Google since he graduated from college

• Worked
• Works
• Work
• Works

14. My family _____ in Surabaya from 2002 to 2012

• Lived
• Lives
• Lives
• live

15. All of the trainees _____ really hard to get chosen as the member of the new boyband

• Practices
• practice
• Practiced
• Practiced

16. My brother _____ me to accompany him to go to the cinema last Saturday

• Want
• Wants
• wanted
• Wants

17. The plane _____ in the airport 15 minutes ago

• arrived
• Arrives
• arrived
• arrived

18. He _____ my Harry Potter’s book two weeks before we graduated

• Borrowed
• Borrows
• Borrow
• Borrowed

19. Since he went to California last summer, I really _____ to talk to him by phone every night

• Miss
• Misses
• Missed
• Miss d

20. On Saturdays, I usually _____ cakes with my mother

• Baked
• Bakes
• Bake
• Bakies

E. Answers to regular verbs questions

1. C. Revised

Revise > Revised (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “last month” in the sentence).

2. A. Brushes

Because there is an adverb “every morning” which shows activities carried out routinely, the Regular Verb is used in the form:

Infinitive (V1) + s / es (because the subject is singular: Karina).

3. A. Stop

Because there is an adverb “everyday” which shows a habit, the Regular Verb is used in the form:

Infinitive (V1) + s / es (because the subject is singular : She)

4. D. Cleans

Because there is an adverb “every Monday” which indicates a habit that is done repeatedly, the Regular Verb is used in the form:

Infinitive (V1) + s / es (because the subject is singular : Assistant).

5. C. Listen

Because the subject in the sentence is in the plural, namely “students” and in the sentence there is no adverb indicating the past tense, the  infinitive (V1) is used.

6. B. Opens

Because there is an adverb “usually” which indicates a repeated habit, the Regular Verb is used in the form:

Infinitive (V1) + s / es (because the subject is singular: He).

7. C. Parked

Park > Parked (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “10 minutes ago” in the sentence).

8. B. Rained

Rain > Rained (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “last year” in the sentence).

9. D. Decorate

Even though the sentence contains an adverb that shows the past, namely “last night”, but because there is a “to” before the word “decorate” which shows a to-infinitive. The characteristic of to-infinitives is always followed by the first form of the verb (V1). The formula is:

“to” + V1 (infinitive)

10. D. Visited

Visit > Visited (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “in 2010” in the sentence).

11. B. Showed

Show > Showed (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “last weekend” in the sentence).

12. A. Jumped

Jump > Jumped (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “last week” in the sentence).

13. C. Work

Using the first form of the Regular Verb (V1) because there is a “to” before the word “work” which indicates a to-infinitive. The characteristic of to-infinitives is always followed by the first form of the verb (V1).

14. A. Lived

Live > Lived (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “from 2002 to 2012” in the sentence).

15. B. Practice

Because the subject in the sentence is in the plural, namely “trainees” and in the sentence there is no adverb indicating the past tense, the  infinitive (V1) is used.

16. C. Wanted

Want > Wanted (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “last Saturday” in the sentence).

17. A. Arrived

Arrive > Arrived (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “15 minutes ago” in the sentence).

18. A. Borrowed

Borrow > Borrowed (using the second form of the verb (V2) to show the past because there is an adverb “two weeks before we graduated” in the sentence).

19. A.Miss

The first form of the verb (V1) is used, namely “miss” because “miss” here refers to the description of the time “every night”. The past adverb “last summer” shows the adverb of time for Phrase 1 which is separated by the conjunction “since”.

20. C.Bake

Because the subject of the sentence is “I” and there is no adverb indicating the past tense in the sentence,  the infinitive (V1) is used.

So, that’s an explanation of regular verbs, starting from their meaning, forms, rules, and examples of questions and answers. Can Sinaumed’s use the correct regular verbs in English? Sinaumed’s really needs to practice a lot and get used to English so that it is easier to master it. Because learning languages ​​will be more effective if you are used to using and practicing them.

Those of you who are currently studying English certainly hope to master it soon so you can communicate fluently, right? So, have you ever heard of and know about Phrasal Verbs before?

Phrasal verbs are an important part of English because they are often used in verbal or written conversations. Of course, you often come across when reading English novels or when watching English films, many sentences contain verbs with more than one word, such as “watch out”, “pull over”, “clean up”, and so on. Such verbs are called Phrasal Verbs .

If you are still not familiar with the term Phrasal Verb, don’t worry because through this article you will find out in detail and comprehensively what a phrasal verb is, the types and characteristics of phrasal verbs, examples of phrasal verbs and their use in a sentence, as well as questions and discussion.

1. Definition of Phrasal Verbs

According to traditional English grammar, the definition of a phrasal verb is:

a phrasal verb is a combination of two or three words from different grammatical categories – a verb and a particle, such as an adverb or a preposition – to form a single semantic unit on a lexical or syntactic level

 So, the practical definition of a phrasal verb is a verb consisting of two words, namely a combination of a verb and a preposition or a combination of a verb and an adverb (adverb) which forms a unique meaning. If two words in a phrasal verb are separated, they will have a different meaning compared to when the two words are merged into one in a phrasal verb.

Well, very unique, isn’t it a phrasal verb? Therefore, it will be an advantage if you master phrasal verbs and apply them in everyday conversations to practice your English skills.

To be able to distinguish between the various existing tenses, Sinaumed’s can also read the book Tenses & Vocabulary That’s Easy which is below.

2. Examples of Phrasal Verbs

 

• to break in

(The main verb of the form above is ” to break “. ” in ” is a preposition. So a phrasal verb is formed, namely ” to break in “, which has a different meaning from ” to break ” which stands alone without the addition of ” in “)

• To turn up – increase the sound volume
• To turn down – lowers the volume
• To blow up – to blow up
• To put on – put on (clothes)
• To cut back – reduce
• To take off – take off
• To wake up – to wake up
• To drop off – to drop off
• To drop in – stop by
• To pick up – to pick up
• To give up
• To give in – give up
• To get on – to enter a vehicle or to express curiosity
• To go on with – continue
• To face up to – to face
• To look after – look after or care for
• To make up – to make or repair
• To find out – to find out
• To clear up – clean up
• To put off – put off
• To stand up for – to support or defend
• To turn (switch) on – to turn on an electric device
• To turn (switch) off – turns off an electrical appliance
• To look forward to – looking forward with enthusiasm

Indeed, most Phrasal Verbs that are often used consist of two words, but many phrasal verbs are composed of three words , as in the following example:

• To put up with – accept sincerely
• To check up on – check
• To cut down on – reduce

Examples of Phrasal Verbs in a Sentence

You need to know that Phrasal Verbs are also known as compound verbs. And in the example that will be presented, the verb which is a Phrasal Verb will be in bold.

• Damn your principles! Stick to your party.” (Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli)
• “When people find out you are an actress, they Google you.” (Actress Laverne Cox)
• “Do I exaggerate? Boy, do I, and I would do it more if I could get away with it.” (Comedian David Sedaries)
• “Meditation helps me to calm down .” (Singer Lady Gaga)
• “Madelaine car always breaks down at least twice a month. She really should buy a new one.”
• “ Put off your shoes when you enter the garage. I have already swept the floor.”
• “Here is the registration form. You have to fill it in .”

It should be remembered again that Phrasal Verb consists of a verb and the word that accompanies it. The accompanying word (or words) are classified as prepositions or adverbs. The following is an example of a Phrasal Verb with accompanying words in the form of prepositions or adverbs:

• “Did you walk along the street by yourself last night?”

(In the example above, “walk along” is a Phrasal Verb where “walk” is the main verb, while “along” is a preposition. )

• “Maria and I only went away to Philadelphia for two days. But, both of our parents got so mad at us.”

(In the example above, the word “away” does not represent a prepositional phrase. So “away” is an adverb )

• “Rebecca can stand in for me next month.”

(In the example above, the word ” in ” is an adverb while the word ” for ” is a preposition because it denotes a prepositional phrase “for me”)

3. Transitive and Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

Some Phrasal Verbs are Transitive ( ie have an object ) and some are Intransitive (ie do not have an object ). The following presents examples of Phrasal Verbs which include Transitive and Intransitive. In this example, those that are Phrasal Verbs will be in bold while those that are objects will be italicized .

Learn how to pronounce the various adverbs above to make it easier for you to read through the English Pocket Dictionary (2021), which is accompanied by thousands of entries, grammar, and much more.

Examples of transitive phrasal verbs

• “ Fill in this registration form thoroughly and correctly in order to pass the selection.”
• “I want to go over these plans with you again.”
• “I will look into your papers as fast as possible.”
• “Andre felt compelled to hand the wallet in .”

( Note: Some Phrasal Verbs are written by separating the two words)

 

Examples of Intransitive Phrasal Verbs

• “The tree could fall down because of the rain.”
• “Don’t give in .”
• “The car is starting to drop back .”
• “If you haven’t finished your homework yet, please stand up .”

Some Phrasal Verbs can have both Transitive and Intransitive properties depending on their meaning and significance, for example:

• Kania will show up soon – Intransitive Phrasal Verb

(“Show up” in the sentence above means “appear” or appear)

• Kania will show up her ex-boyfriend – Transitive Phrasal Verb

(“Show up” in the sentence above means “embarrass” or humiliate)

In using adverbs well, Sinaumed’s also has to practice English vocabulary well using the Smart Picture Dictionary of English.

4. Separable and Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

The meaning of Separable Phrasal Verb is that there is an object in the middle of the Phrasal Verb so that it separates the two words from the Phrasal Verb. Meanwhile, Inseparable Phrasal Verb means that the object of a sentence comes after the Phrasal Verb is written. In this example, those that are Phrasal Verbs will be in bold while those that are objects will be italicized .

Examples of Separable Phrasal Verbs

• “I will make you look like an actress tonight.”
• “The salesman in the new store talked us into buying the cooking equipment.”
• “I remember that I already handed the book over to you last night before the class was dismissed.”
• “You should send the letter over quickly before he moves to another city.”

Examples of Inseparable Phrasal Verbs

• “You must stick to the plan at all costs.”
• “USA stands for “United States of America” .”
• “Dania really looks up to her mother .”

There are also many Transitive Phrasal Verbs that can be used in Separable and Inseparable forms , for example:

• “Janice looked my address up on the high school’s yearbook.”
• “Janice looked up my address on the high school’s yearbook.”

Note: If the object in a sentence is a ” pronoun ” (such as ” it ” ) , then keep in mind that you cannot use the Inseparable Phrasal Verb form in the sentence. Here’s an example:

• “Janice looked it up in the high school’s yearbook.” – WRONG
• “Janice looked it up in the high school’s yearbook.” – RIGHT

Sinaumed’s can also hone your English writing grammar by reading the Excellent Grammar Book which provides various words, important terms, and how to use them.

Phrasal Verb Learning Book Recommendations

Comprehensive English Situational Speaking

In English, speaking is considered by some to be the most difficult compared to listening, reading, and writing. This difficulty increases if vocabulary mastery is still limited and you do not understand various kinds of expressions in the context of situational speaking. In fact, each conversation situation certainly provides a different context.

This book is very useful in guiding you to speak English fluently in the context of a wide variety of situations. By reading this book, for example, you will understand what to say when you are in the gift shop. Or, ask others to show you the way when you get lost in other people’s lands.

There are many examples of other conversations with the use of various expressions. This book is generally divided into the key to learning speaking as well as a variety of conversations both in simple contexts, based on places and situations. So, it is very appropriate if you make this book a medium for practicing speaking comprehensively!

5. Tips on Learning Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verb is a form of verb which is very important to learn because it is almost always used in verbal or written communication. However, the large number of phrasal verbs reaching hundreds makes it difficult for us to memorize everything. But don’t worry, because there are some tips to make it easier to learn Phrasal Verbs. Check out the explanation below:

• Pay close attention when you find or see a phrasal verb that you just read or heard, then try to record and understand it.
• Make your own example sentences using the new phrasal verbs you find.
• Do exercises on Phrasal Verbs by working on questions online or in English textbooks.
• Write a diary in English so that indirectly you will find new phrasal verbs that you did not know before.
• Try to understand the context of sentences containing Phrasal Verbs. Look up a dictionary if you don’t know the meaning.
• Also find out about the synonyms of each Phrasal Verb that you find to make it easier to understand its meaning and meaning.
• Join a language community or club to have the right partner for learning English.

6. Exercise on Phrasal Verbs

1. Would you _____ my son for me this weekend? I have to go to Arizona due to my work.
2. Look
3. Look into
4. Look up
5. Look after

2. Kimmie _____ money yesterday when she wanted to buy some eggs.
3. Ran
4. Ran out of
5. Ran into
6. Ran away with

3. Daniel _____ his leg at the football league.
4. Broke
5. Broke down
6. Broke off
7. Broke in on

4. My boss _____ our meeting with clients until next Monday.
5. Put
6. Put off
7. Put down
8. Put into

5. Could you please _____ the music while I am studying?
6. turn
7. turn off
8. Turn around
9. Turn into

6. Mia doesn’t _____ my new boyfriend because she thinks he is a liar.
7. Get by
8. Get over
9. get on with
10. Get ahead of

7. Kania and I _____ meeting my new English teacher.
8. Look after
9. Look up to
10. Look down on
11. look forward to

8. My car _____ on the highway in the middle of the night yesterday.
9. Broke down
10. Broke off
11. Brokeaway
12. Broke in on

9. It will be easier for us to study and read if you can _____ the lights.
10. Switches
11. switch on
12. Switch over
13. switch up

10. I have to _____ to the finish line and back.
11. run
12. run out of
13. Run into
14. Run away with

11. The new song by Billie Ellish has already _____ $9 million.
12. Made out
13. Made up
14. Made up for
15. Made over

12. Denis, you can _____ words in the online dictionary if you can’t understand what the word’s mean.
13. Look after
14. Look up
15. Look up to
16. Look back on

13. Sorry sir, I’m late. I have to stop by the gas station because my car _____ petrol.
14. Ran out
15. Ran out of
16. Ran out on
17. Ran away with

14. That red dress and the yellow one really _____.
15. Stand up for
16. Stand down
17. stand out
18. Stand up to

15. I suggest you take the stairs. I heard from the officers at the front that this building’s lift has _____ again.
16. Broken in on
17. Broken up
18. Broken in
19. Broken down

16. Kania is really good at _____ babies.
17. Looking after
18. Looking back on
19. Look down on
20. Looking forward to

17. The public transportation was nearly full this morning. So it was difficult to _____.
18. get in
19. get on
20. Get ahead of
21. Get through with

18. If the radio isn’t loud enough, turn it _____ a little.
19. off
20. Oops
21. Down
22. into

19. My plane _____ twenty-five minutes late. So, I have to reschedule my meeting.
20. Take off
21. Take-up
22. Take out
23. Took over

20. Let’s _____ that old shoes. We don’t need it anymore.
21. Throw ups
22. Throw-in
23. Throw away
24. Throw over

21. How are you _____ at a new campus?
22. getting on
23. getting up
24. getting on with
25. Getting in

Find various other English questions related to phrasal verbs along with other topics that can help you hone your English skills in the Super ITP TOEFL Tricks Score 600+ book below.

7. Answers to the Phrasal Verbs Exercise    

1.   D. Look after (caring for or looking after)
2.   B. Ran out of
3.   A. Broke (break)
4.   B. Put off (put off)
5.   B. Turn off
6.   C. Get on with (declare a match)
7.   D. Look forward to
8.   A. Broke down (break down or damaged)
9.   B. Switch on (turn on)
10. A. Run (run)
11. C. Made (make or produce)
12. B. Look Up (looking for)
13. B. Ran out of
14. C. Stand out (protrude or attract the eye)
15. D. Broken down (strike or damaged)
16. A. Looking after (caring for or looking after)
17. B. Get on (get into a vehicle)
18. B. Up (“turn up” in the question sentence means to increase the volume)
19. A. Take off (take off)
20. C. Throw away (throw away something that is not used or not used)
21. A. Getting on (asking news)

Well, that’s an explanation of Phrasal Verbs along with their types, properties, examples and questions.

Articles Related to Other Phrasal Verbs

Get to Know the Skills and Steps to Read a Map – Map skills and understanding of the compass and how to use it are absolute and need to be learned. What is flat navigation? Navigation is one’s way of determining the direction and position of a trip, either on a map or even on the actual terrain. That’s why navigational knowledge such as maps and compasses and techniques for using them must be understood.

This skill will come in handy in many ways, such as when visiting distant and unfamiliar places. In addition, knowledge of ground navigation is also very much needed in efforts to help victims of natural disasters, someone who gets lost in the mountains, and victims of plane crashes. Another example is for sports purposes such as orienteering competitions.

A topographic map is a two-dimensional depiction (on a flat plane) of the whole or part of the earth’s surface projected with a certain ratio or scale. The longer the map develops, of course, adjusting to its use and needs. Topographic maps come from the Greek “topos” which means place and “graphien” which means to draw, generally these maps are used for land navigation purposes and have a scale of 1:24,000.

In this map, places on the earth’s surface that have an altitude equal to sea level will be depicted in the form of contour lines, one contour line is interpreted to represent one height. Even though topographic maps map each particular elevation interval, various information is still included to help find out more about the area of ​​the earth’s surface referred to on the map. These descriptions are known as map legends.

Map Reading Skills

Apart from being used for military purposes, now maps are also widely used by civilians for fishing, camping, hiking, mountain climbing techniques, walking along roads, or other uses that are directed to a destination or place (navigation). In fact, as much as 80% of the existing work also involves georeferenced data that can be extracted on a map.

1. Read the Contour Lines

There are various functions of topographic maps, for example they are used when making thematic maps such as archaeological maps and tourist maps, and can be used as base maps or base maps (in Prihandito 1989: 17). According to archaeological surveys, topographical maps are very useful for obtaining an overview of an area being studied. For example, when the survey terrain conditions are tough, an existing map can be used to help plot the archaeological findings. This mapping, although only temporary, is very effective for storing and preserving archaeological data (Hascaryo and Sonjaya 2000: 1).

• The ridge of the mountain, is a series of contour lines in the form of the letter U. The end of the letter U indicates a place or area that is shorter than the contour above it.
• Valley or river, is a series of contour lines in the shape of n (the letter V is upside down) and with sharp ends.
• Flat and steep sloping areas, flat or sloping areas are marked with sparse contour lines, while steep or steep areas are marked with dense contour lines.

 

2. Calculate Contour Interval Prices

An example in calculating contour intervals, on a 1:50,000 scale map, it is found that the contour interval is 25 meters. If you want to reach the contour interval, apply the X scale formula to the map. However, not all maps apply this formula, for example the map on Mount Merapi/1408-244/Jica Tokyo-1977/, the map legend shows that the contour interval is 10 meters, so the formula that applies is X map scale. So, there is no standard formula for calculating contour intervals. However, there are several ways you can do it, which are as follows:

• Find two points of elevation that are different or close together. For example, point B with C, calculate the difference between the heights of the two
• Count the number of contours between A and B
• Divide the height difference between AB by the number of contours between AB and the result is the contour interval.

3. North Map

When viewing a topographic map, the first step to take is to find north of the map. Then look at the map title, usually the map title is always at the north and top of the map. Then look at the writing of the name of the village or mountain on the map column, the north of the map is the top of the writing. There are three directions of north that need to be understood before using a compass and a map, because they don’t line up. The three north directions are:

• True North (True North/US/TN) is given the symbol * (star), namely north through the North Pole in the South of the Earth.
• North of the map (Grid North/UP/GN) is given the symbol GN, namely North which is parallel to the vertical mesh line or Y axis. Only on the map.
• Magnetic North (Magnetic North / UM) is given the symbol T (half of the pariah), namely North which is shown by a compass needle. Magnetic North always changes every year, from west to east or from east to west. This is due to the influence of the earth’s rotation. The three north directions are not on one line, so angular deviations will occur, including:
  • The angular deviation between US – UP to both West and East, is called Map Ikhtilaf (IP) or Merimion Convergence. True North (US) will be the benchmark.
  • The angular deviation between US – UM both to the West and to the East is called Magnetic Ikhtilaf (IM) or Declination. l True north (IS) will be the benchmark. The deviation between the UP angle and the UM angle will turn eastward or westward, it is referred to as Deviation or Ikhtilaf Utara Peta-North. The benchmark is North Pela f71′) and the corner diagram is drawn.

4. Get to know the Medan Signs

For orientation purposes, landscape forms that are conspicuous in the field must be used so that they are easily recognized on the map, these are referred to as terrain markings and are found in the map legend. There are several terrain signs contained in the beta that can be read before leaving for the field, namely:

• Valley between two peaks
• Steep valley
• Crossroads or the end of the village
• The intersection of the river with the footpath
• Branches and river bends, waterfalls, and others
• For flat areas can be used, crossroads and river forks, bridges and others.

5. Read Coordinates

Reading map coordinates, first understand geographic coordinates. Geographic coordinates themselves generally read map coordinates that are often used in Indonesia. Through these geographic coordinates, it will determine a point by relying on two lines, namely longitude and latitude.

Because it is the foundation for mastering map reading to the fullest. There are two ways to express coordinates, namely Specifying coordinates. This is done on the map and not on the ground. The designation of these coordinates uses:

• Six-digit system, for example: Coordinates of point A (374:622), point B (377:461)
• The Eight Numbers Way, for example: coordinates point A (3740:6225), point B (3376:4614)
• Geographic Coordinate Method, for Indonesia as a benchmark for calculations is Jakarta which is considered 0 or 106° 44′ 27.79″. So that in the territory of Indonesia the initial calculation is the city of Jakarta.

 

6. Corner Map

The way to calculate the angle of the map is from the north of the map towards the target line and clockwise. In this calculation, the azimuth system (0° – 360°) is used for angle readings. This system is a system that uses horizontal angles whose magnitude can be measured or calculated in a clockwise direction from a fixed line, namely north.

Aims to determine directions on the terrain or on the map and to check the direction of travel, because the line that forms the compass angle is the direction of the path that connects the starting and ending points of the journey. Based on the compass angle, the angle calculation system will be divided into two.

7. Map Arrangement

Map composition is a medium for storing and presenting information about the appearance of the earth by presenting it at a certain scale. To make it easy to search and manage, map indexes are made in graphical or text form. Images of the elements of the earth at a certain scale cannot always be presented according to their size, because they are too small to be depicted.

If these elements are deemed important and need to be presented, then the presentation will use certain image symbols. This is intended to make maps easy to read as well as easy to understand, so various kinds of map information on maps of a certain scale must be described or presented in certain ways.

• Color: used to distinguish various objects, for example roads, rivers, rails and others.
• A list of symbol collections on a map is called a map legend: used to distinguish or further detail the symbol of an object, for example the color of sandstone on a Geological Map is yellow, claystone is green and so on.
• A collection of symbols and notations on a map are usually arranged in a group of map legends which are always presented on each map sheet.
• Elements of a map legend are commonly used to facilitate the reading and interpretation of various maps by various users with various needs.
• A map has high informational value if it contains elements, among which are; map scale, elevation (or contour) information, direction information (usually north of the map), coordinates, legend, map index, as well as other elements deemed necessary.

8. Map coordinates

In the maps that we commonly encounter, we get map coordinate values ​​in several systems such as Bessel coordinates, UTM coordinates and local coordinates. Geological maps or topographic maps that are often used in Indonesia mostly use the UTM coordinate system. However, when taking measurements directly in the field using a measuring device called a theodolite, the coordinates used are local coordinates.

If you want to convert to UTM coordinates from local coordinates, then at the beginning of the measurement, during the polygon creation process, before the step must be linked to a fixed point or benchmark where the position of the UTM coordinates is known. If this has happened, then UTM coordinates can be done.

9. Map Orientation

Map orientation is to equate the map with the actual terrain. Before you start orienting the map, try to get to know the striking signs of the surrounding terrain and their position on the map. The trick is to match the names of rivers, villages, peaks, and so on. So at least you already know where it is. This orientation serves to estimate whether your position is correct.

Try to find a place that has an open view, so that the orientation steps taken on the map show striking signs. First, prepare a map and compass, then place it on a flat surface. Then put the map based on the compass, then the map direction will match the actual terrain.

Look for the most prominent terrain signs around you, and find them on the map. Do this for several terrain marks. remember the markings, their shape and place on the actual terrain.

 

1o. Triangulation Point

Apart from contour lines, you can also know the height of a place with the help of elevation points, which are called triangulation points, this point is a point or object that is a pillar or milestone. This point will show the absolute height of a place above sea level. Types of triangulation points:

• Primary Point, 1′.14 goal height point. I, No. 14, 3120 meters above sea level. 3120
• Secondary Point, S.45, high point of goal. II, No. 45, 2340 meters above sea level. 2340
• Tertiary point, 7:15 , high point of goal.III No. 15, height 975 meters above sea level 975
• Quarter Point, Q20 , high point.IV No. 20, height 875 masl 875
• Intermediate Point, TP.23 , Antara altitude point, No.23, 670 meters above sea level 670
• Cadastral Point, K.131, Kedaster altitude point, No.I 31, tg 1202 masl 7202
• Quaternary Cadastral Point, KQ 1212, Quaternary Cadastral Point, No. 1212, height 1993 masl 1993

11. Using Maps

In planning a trip using a topographic map, of course the starting point and ending point will be plotted on the map. Before walking note the following:

• Starting point coordinates (A)
• Destination point coordinates (B)
• Map angle between A – B
• What field marks will be found along the A – B track
• How long is the path between A – B and how much – the time it takes. What needs to be considered in carrying out an operation is that we must know the starting point of our departure, both on the ground and on the map.
• Use clear terrain markings both on the terrain and on the map
• Use a compass to see our direction, whether it is in accordance with the terrain marks that we use as a benchmark, or not
• Estimate how far the track will be. For example, 5 km flat terrain takes 60 minutes and climbing terrain takes 10 minutes. Do orientation and resection, if circumstances allow
• Always be alert and also pay attention if there are changes in travel directions and changes in terrain conditions, crossing the end of valleys, crossing rivers and so on.
• The way to make the actual trajectory on the map is to line the road horizontally and vertically, adjusted to the map scale. Then draw the track on the map so that it shows the shape of the map and cross section, as well as the slope of the track. For the length of the track, how to measure it is by using the scale on the map, it will get the actual length of a track.

 

12. Contour Lines

Contour lines are one of the most important elements in a topographic map, contour lines are information about the height or elevation of a place against its reference. If you want to represent variations in the elevation of a place on a topographic map, the most common way is to use contour lines or contour lines .

Contour lines are lines that serve to connect points with other points that have the same height. The +25 m contour line means that this contour line connects points that have the same height, namely +25 m to a certain height reference.

Formation of contour lines can be done by making a vertical projection of the lines that become the intersection of the horizontal plane with the earth’s surface onto the horizontal plane on the map. Because maps are generally made at a certain scale, the shape of the contour lines will also be reduced according to the scale made for the map.

Map Reading Technique

• Starting point: We must know our starting point, be it in the city or in the field. Note the coordinates if you like plotting the point on the map.
• Terrain Signs: Use clear terrain markings (continuous ridges, streams, cliffs, etc.) as guidelines or directions for travel. The way to recognize it is to interpret the map.
• Compass Direction: Use a compass to see the direction of our journey. Is it in accordance with the direction of the mountains or rivers that we follow.
• Estimating Distance: When walking, always try to estimate the distance and always pay attention to the direction of travel. We can look back and see the amount of time that has been used. Distance is calculated using the map scale, so we get an estimate of the distance on the map. It should be remembered that our estimate is not certain. 10′ x 10′ for maps at a scale of 1:50,000, 20′ x 20′ for maps at a scale of 1:100,000. A map that has a size of 20′ x 20′ is also called LBD, therefore at 20′ on a line along the equator (40.068) is the longest parallel. 40.068km: (360° : 20′) = 40.068 km: (360° : 1/3) = 40.068 km: (360° x 3) 40.068km : 1080 = 37.1 km So 20′ along the equator is 37 .1km. If a distance of 37.1 km is depicted on a 1: 50,000 scale map, it will have a distance of: 37.1 km = 3,710,000 cm. So that on the map: 3,710,000 : 50,000 will have a distance of: 37.1 km = 3,710,000 : 50,000 = 74.2 cm. Consequently 1 LBD map 20′ x 20′ scale 1:50,000 along the equator measuring 74.2 x 74.2 cm. It is impractical to use.
• Map Sheet: Because the LBD is impractical to use, because it’s too wide. Then each LBD is divided into 4 parts with a size of 10′ x 10′ or 37.1 x 37.1 cm each. Each part is called a map sheet or sheet, and is given the letters A, B, C, D. If the scale of the map is 1:50,000, then the map has a size of 50,000 x 37.1 = 1,855,000 cm = 18.5 km .
• The meridian (longitude) that passes through Jakarta is 106° 48′ 27.79″ East is used as the principal meridian for topographic map numbering in Indonesia. Jakarta as longitude 0.

Recommended Books & Articles Regarding Map Reading Skills

Source: from various sources

Do you also feel that during a pandemic like now, you spend more time watching movies via Netflix or other streaming platforms?

If so, then of course you have watched many films or series during this pandemic. So, the films and series that are currently in great demand are dominated by films and series that use English as the language of instruction.

Of course this proves that English is the most popular and most familiar language to most people’s ears (of course besides the first language or native language of each person). Even though you may not be fluent in English at this time, of course you have often heard the term ” verb ” or verbs.

In English, verbs are classified into 6 types, viz

1. transitive ,
2. intransitive ,
3. linking ,
4. auxiliary ,
5. regular , and
6. irregular verbs .

Each of these types of verbs certainly has different characteristics, uniqueness, function, and structure. How to use it is also not the same. Therefore, through this article you will find out in detail and comprehensively what a linking verb is, the types of linking verbs, the structure of a linking verb, examples of linking verbs and their use in a sentence, as well as questions and discussion.

Find other examples of verbs in the Phrasal Verb Dictionary: English Phrasal Verb Dictionary, which is a master book as well as a guide that Sinaumed’s can use to better understand various verb variants.

1. Definition of linking verbs

According to English traditional grammar and guide books , the definition of a linking verb is:

         “ A linking verb is a verb that describes the subject by connecting it to a predicate adjective or predicate noun (collectively known as the subject complements). Unlike the majority of verbs, they do not describe any direct action taken or controlled by the subject “

So what are linking verbs? Linking Verb is a verb that functions to connect words in an English sentence.

The role of linking verbs in a sentence is to explain the subject in the sentence. The subject is connected by a linking verb with an information or explanation called the subject complement ( noun or noun, adjective or adjective, pronoun or pronoun, as well as other constructions that can explain a subject).

Find various examples of verbs and their meanings in the Complete English-Indonesian-Indonesian Dictionary Accompanied by Tenses-Regular Verbs, Irregular Verbs below.

 

2. Examples of linking verbs

Types of Promotion – What are the right promotional strategies to attract customers? In the current era of technological development, the types of promotions certainly develop according to the interest of the community which is also developing. That is why there are several types of promotions that also take advantage of technological updates.

In practice, promotional strategies can also be carried out conventionally or traditionally as an additional alternative. In order to carry out this promotion strategy, Sinaumed’s needs to understand the types so that they can adapt to the business they are running. The more knowledge about the types of promotions, then you can try it.

Definition of Promotion

On the marketing side, advertising is definitely used to generate sales. Below is an explanation of several types of promotion in business and marketing. When you sell a product or service to potential customers, be it a product or a service, you must have a product that is promising, attractive and necessary.

But to ensure that these products and services sell well, you also need to know what the sales strategy is like. Promotional strategies can also be implemented in different ways, because basically there are various types of promotions that can be carried out by sellers or owners of goods and services.

Usually, when a seller is in the process of implementing an advertising and marketing strategy, they are confused about which promotion to choose. Therefore, the types of promotions are described in detail below. Before we talk about what promotion is, we’ll talk about everything from its meaning to its benefits.

Advertising can win the hearts of potential customers with the aim of marketing their products through interesting communication and getting them interested in buying products compared to other competing products. In short, this advertisement is a market communication strategy.

Advertising can also be interpreted as an activity carried out to facilitate the development of something. Like the brand, product, or the company itself. Advertisements are on TV, flyers, banners, social media and certain websites. The purpose of this promotion is to introduce the product to general buyers or potential buyers.

Then encourage buyers to buy or choose products, and buy products offered to potential buyers. Hence, these ads have become very common for marketers. This promotion can be done in various ways and variations. Besides that, it can also be combined with several types of promotions such as promotions, discounts and others.

According to experts, promotion has many definitions. Harper W. Boyd called it a way to convince others to accept an idea/product.

Meanwhile, Philip Kotler said promotion is a marketing strategy. In short, promotion is an attempt to market a product through attractive communication.

Finally, potential customers are more interested in buying your product than competing products. In general, Sinaumed’s may place advertisements in a variety of ways, including TV commercials, flyers, banners, social media and websites. So why do you need to promote business products? What is your purpose?

The main purpose of promotion is to increase sales. However, of course the product must be open to the public. In addition, promotion needs to be focused on creating public interest in the products offered.

There are various ways to do this promotion, namely using influencers, implementing events, etc. The media used are also different.

Promotion Types

Based on the definition of promotion above, it can be seen that promotion can be done with several strategies. That is why it produces various types of promotions with different strategies and media, as follows.

1. Traditional Marketing

Traditional promotions are types of promotions that have been around for a long time but are still used by many people. The way to facilitate this type of traditional marketing or promotion is to use print media such as newspapers, pamphlets and billboards.

This traditional promotion can also be done through electronic media such as television and radio. Such promotions must be able to enter the market in various regions. Unfortunately, this type of advertising doesn’t come cheap. You have to pay relatively high costs to display business promotions or advertisements in this way.

2.Digital Marketing

The second advertising is digital promotion. As Sinaumed’s knows, we are currently entering a digital era where almost everyone uses social media and other sophisticated digital tools in their daily lives. As a result, now there are many business promotions through digital marketing.

The advertising strategy that can be implemented with this digital promotion method is to utilize social media which is widely used today.

For example, you will hold a promotional event to market our products in the digital world, such as YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, TikTok and Twitter.

This form of promotion of goods and services through digital marketing has the potential to reach a more specific market. However, the market reach is still large and the associated costs are relatively affordable compared to traditional promotional strategies, where advertisements are placed on TV and billboards at a higher price.

 

3. Direct Marketing

Direct promotion or Direct Marketing may not be very promising. The advantage is that you can promote your business with salespeople who can talk directly to prospects.

This activity is considered more effective because buyers and sellers interact directly. Therefore, this method is more convincing due to two-way communication. However, this type of advertising requires additional staff and costs more.

4. Endorsements

This type of endorsement promotion is very similar to digital marketing where the promotion uses social media to offer your business. The difference is, this endorsement promotion is in the form of recommendations from artists and influencers who are active on social media to promote the products and services that you offer.

This means you have to pay influencers to promote your business. This method is very promising for the community because people are more confident because idols and influencers recommend it and can influence product reviews.

5. Personal Selling

This type of sales promotion is personal selling which is almost the same as Direct Marketing which meets and informs potential buyers directly. The difference is that personal selling is carried out directly by the owner of the goods or services, or by the entrepreneur himself.

This type of personal selling promotion is carried out to provide direct benefits to consumers. The company seeks to maintain and develop its business more intensively with this promotion strategy.

6. Publicity

The last is a type of Publicity promotion that reaches out to the public to help people become more familiar with the products and services offered. This strategy can be applied in various ways. Publicity can be done by holding press conferences, product promotions, how-tos or public demonstrations.

 

Promotion Benefits

In implementing the types of promotions above, there are benefits in each type of strategy carried out. These benefits can be adapted to the business marketing needs that Sinaumed’s runs.

1. Get Market Attention Quickly

Where do you usually hear about new products? Yes, from the advertising program that they do. The nature of the activities carried out varied, but the good publicity was not ignored by the general public. You must have heard of online motorcycle taxi drivers who are lucky to get a luxury car for IDR 12,000.

During last year’s Harbolnas, one of the markets held a product promotion worth IDR 12,000. Promotion managed to get public attention. This is because various products in the luxury category are only priced at IDR 12,000. What has happened? Millions of people are fighting for it.

2. Maintaining Consumer Loyalty

We certainly know that competitors will definitely win the hearts of their customers. However, if you are interested in promoting it with various attractive offers, consumers will remain loyal to your product. The reason is, the benefits they get from your product are more promising. As an entrepreneur, selling products to loyal customers is certainly easy. In fact, the chances of success are 60-70%.

3. Increasing Brand Awareness

Brand awareness is very important for online businesses. Brand awareness on an ongoing basis can strengthen the relationship between products and consumers. For example, if you want to buy bottled drinking water, some people call Aqua. There are still many other brands of mineral water that have a slight difference in quality.

This is called brand awareness. If the promotion is successful and you can build strong branding, the product will stay in the minds of consumers. Brand awareness can be well built with measurable promotional power.

4. Increase Product Sales Potential

Frequent promotions can increase sales. For example, airline JetBlue is able to increase sales by hundreds of percent through promotions. JetBlue doesn’t make new products. The company takes a different approach from its competitors.

They have developed an email automation program for promotional purposes for consumers who have not completed their ticket booking on their website.

 

 

Tips for Implementing a Business Promotion Strategy

Based on the benefits of the promotion above, here are tips for carrying out a promotional strategy so that it is successful according to the type of business you are doing.

1. Maximizing Marketing with Social Media

With the development of the Internet in the world including Indonesia, social media has been used by many people for advertising strategies. From looking for friends to promoting various types of businesses.

Social media is the most effective way to market any product or service. The features available on various social media are very useful for marketing various businesses today.

An example of social media that is often subscribed to in business is Instagram. This social media dedicated to uploading photos and videos is perfect for businesses.

In addition, hashtags on Instagram can be used to attract new consumers. Social media makes product marketing easier, more effective, and cheaper.

2. Websites

Apart from using social media, building a website is a viable advertising strategy nowadays for marketing various businesses. The existence of this website makes the advertised business more feasible and professional. A simple example is someone who owns a wedding decoration business.

To be more professional, business owners can use websites as well as social media. This is to make many people aware of the business they work for so that it can be searched by search engines like Google. In addition, creating a website as a promotional strategy is also easy and not too difficult.

3. Marketplace Sales

Not only is social media busy with the development of the Internet, but the emergence of various marketplaces is also an effect of the development of the Internet. Not only one website developed in Indonesia, but there are tens or hundreds of marketplaces. Each marketplace also has its own characteristics.

Using a marketplace is the right promotion strategy because businesses that operate in certain categories can thrive in a marketplace.

For example, there are people who buy and sell gamis and sell them on the marketplace in the gamis fashion category. Then marketing based on this category can easily find your product.

4. Create a Promotional Video on Youtube

When you hear the word Youtube, of course you think of a platform that contains lots of videos from various categories. For example the categories of games, horror, vlogs, etc. YouTube is a good tool not only as a content creation medium, but also as a company promotion strategy. This is because videos grab people’s attention more easily than text.

You can also use various methods for promotional videos, including long animated promotional videos. The most important thing in marketing with this promotional video is how the videos you make can attract people’s attention.

5. Marketing with Memes

Marketing your business through social media is certainly very effective, but have you ever thought about selling products using memes? If your business targets young people, this meme might be more appropriate. This advertising strategy includes the latest advertising strategy and is easy for many people to remember.

Given the large number of social media accounts that present memes to followers, product promotion through memes is also easier to spread. Companies that carry out advertising strategies through memes can spread to meme accounts on social media.

 

 

6. Endorsement with Selebgram

With the development of the Internet and Instagram, people with a large number of Instagram followers are attracting attention. The current term for such people is Celebgram or Instagram Celebrity. The presence of gram celebrities greatly facilitates product promotion strategies through approval.

These celebrities can be contacted via Instagram or direct messages to inquire about promotional prices. Approval on Instagram also has another name: Paid Promotions or Paid Promotions. So, with approval, the product is promoted by a celebrity and the business that is running is getting recognized by more and more people.

7. Attractive Banners and Brochures

Of course on the road, we often come across interesting banners that can tickle or surprise someone. In addition, there are also many banners per meter on the street. This is an example of a unique but annoying advertising strategy. This method is like a double-edged sword, which can be useful and dangerous.

 

8. Understand the Target Market

Of course, before implementing the above advertising strategy, entrepreneurs need to understand which products are being advertised. For example, if young people are the target audience for your product, marketing through social media like Instagram is an option.

9. Enter the Businessman Community

Of course, you can’t be alone to run a business. At least business people need business partners. The presence of this business partner aims to share about the business being run, exchange promotional tips, and often start new businesses together.

10. Expanding Relations with the Media

Business people can not only build relationships with other business people, but business people can also build relationships with the media. Media marketing can also be a business solution that you run to attract many consumers.

At present, many companies are run by many people, and many marketing strategies of various types of promotions are also carried out by them. For business people who are inexperienced, there’s nothing wrong with trying the promotional strategies above to attract consumers. Another thing, if the above method doesn’t really appeal to you, don’t give up. There is always a path to success.

Thus a review of the types of promotions and some tips on running a promotion or business strategy. Sinaumed’s can get various books related to promotion, business, as well as marketing at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products for Sinaumed’s.

Law of Thermodynamics – Sinaumed’s must have known that heat energy can move from objects with high temperatures to objects with low temperatures. Well, the transfer process can be studied in the Science of Thermodynamics. In general, thermodynamics is a science that studies energy which specifically discusses the relationship between heat energy and its work processes. Even the technology that we often use today, call it AC ( Air Conditioner ) and rice cooker , is also a concrete form of applying the Laws of Thermodynamics.

The existence of the Laws of Thermodynamics is an important part of physics and has three legal studies. Then, what is thermodynamics ? How does this law of thermodynamics sound? When it comes to physics, does the Law of Thermodynamics then have its own formula? How does the law of thermodynamics apply to rice cooker technology? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands these things, let’s look at the following review!

Definition of Thermodynamics

Basically, thermodynamics is a branch of physical science and engineering. If in the field of science, experts will try to study the basic behavior of the physical and chemical properties of a number of materials in a state of rest (at rest) by using this thermodynamic principle. While in engineering, experts (engineers) will usually use the principles of thermodynamics to study systems and their interactions with the environment. Then, what is the definition of thermodynamics so that its working principle can be used in two different branches of science?

Thermodynamics is the science of energy, which specifically discusses the relationship between heat energy and how it works. This energy can change from one form to another, either naturally or through technological engineering. The workings of most technological systems can be explained by means of thermodynamics. In fact, it is often mentioned that thermodynamics is the main capital of an engineering graduate to design thermal pumps, rocket motors, rice cookers, air conditioners, to chemical distillers.

In short, thermodynamics is a branch of theoretical physics concerned with the laws of the movement of heat and the transformation of heat into other forms of energy. The term thermodynamics comes from the Greek, namely ” Therme ” which means ‘ heat ‘ and ” dynamis ” which means ‘ force ‘. The existence of this thermodynamics will not be separated from heat.

What Are Calories?

Heat (Q) is energy that is transferred from one object to another due to a temperature difference. When it is related to the system and the environment, it can be said that heat is energy that is transferred from the system to the environment or energy that is transferred from the environment to the system due to a difference in temperature. If the system temperature is higher than the ambient temperature, then heat will flow from the system to the surroundings. Conversely, if the ambient temperature is higher than the system temperature, then heat will flow from the environment to the system.

Well, if the existence of Heat (Q) is related to the transfer of energy due to differences in temperature, then Work (W) is related to the transfer of energy that occurs through mechanical means (mechanical related to motion). For example, if the system does work on the environment, energy will automatically move from the system to the environment. Conversely, if the environment does work on the system, energy will move from the environment to the system.

Thermodynamic System

In a thermodynamic system, it has certain terms, namely:

• System Boundary is an imaginary line that limits the system to its environment.
• A closed system is when the system and its environment do not exchange energy or mass, in other words, energy or mass does not cross the boundaries of the system.
• Open system is when energy and mass can cross or pass the system boundaries. System with its environment there is interaction.

What Are the Sounds of the Laws of Thermodynamics?

The existence of this Law of Thermodynamics actually has three forms, all of which originate from the same foundation, namely the Initial Law or the Zeroth Law. In the Initial Law of Thermodynamics it states that: “If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other”. Well, here is the explanation of the Laws of Thermodynamics I, II, and III.

Law of Thermodynamics I

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that “Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be changed in form.” As it sounds, the energy provided by heat must be the same as the external work done, plus the internal energy gain due to an increase in temperature. Indirectly, the First Law of Thermodynamics is related to the conservation of energy.

If heat is given to the system, then the volume and temperature of the system will certainly increase (shown by expanding and increasing the heat of the system). Conversely, if heat is taken from the system, the volume and temperature of the system will decrease (it can be seen that the system will shrink and feel colder). This principle is a natural law and the form of the law of the conservation of energy is in line with the First Law of Thermodynamics. A system that has undergone a change in volume will later do work. Meanwhile, a system that experiences a change in temperature will tend to experience a change in internal energy. So, the presence of heat given to the system can cause the system to do work and experience a change in internal energy.

Processes in Thermodynamics I

In the Law of Thermodynamics I will experience 4 processes, namely:

1. Isothermal Process (Constant Temperature)

A system can undergo a thermodynamic process, where changes occur within the system. A thermodynamic process that takes place mainly at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Since the process takes place at a constant temperature, there is no change in internal energy. This isothermal process can be proven in everyday activities, for example popcorn in a pot.

Well, if you refer to the Law of Thermodynamics I, then the heat supplied will be equal to the work done by the system (Q = W). Please note that this process can also be enforced by Boyle’s Law, namely:

Well, since the temperature is constant, in this isothermal process there will be no change in energy ∆U=O. While the business can still be calculated from the area under the curve, with the formula:

2. Isochoric Process (Constant Volume)

When a gas carries out a thermodynamic process in a constant volume, it is in an isochoric process. This is because the gas is in a constant volume (∆ V=0), so the gas does not do work (W=0) and the heat supplied will also be equal to the change in energy inside. The heat in this process can be expressed as the heat of gas at constant volume Q V . This process has a formula in the form of:

W = P dV = P.0 = 0

While the graph of an isochoric process will form:

3. Isobaric Process (Constant Pressure)

When a gas undergoes a thermodynamic process to keep the pressure constant, the gas is undergoing an isobaric process. An example of applying this isobaric process is boiling water at constant pressure. This is because the gas is under constant pressure, while the gas is doing work (( W = p ∆ V ). The existence of heat in this process is expressed as the heat of the gas at constant pressure ( Q p ). Well, if this isobaric process, if it is based on the Laws of Thermodynamics I, then the formula will apply:

While the gas work graph in an isobaric process can be expressed as:

4. Adiabatic Process (Fixed Heat)

An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in which pure gases work by changing their internal energy. No energy enters or leaves during this process. An example of applying this adiabatic process is the use of a motorcycle pump. If based on the Law of Thermodynamics I, it will be: the change in the internal energy of the gas (dU) is the amount of heat energy supplied (Q) minus the work done by the gas (P.dV). If Sinaumed’s is confused by this description, here is the formula in brief:

dU = Q – P.dV = – P dV

PV ƴ = K (constant)

While the gas work graph in an adiabatic process can be expressed as:

Formula of the Law of Thermodynamics I 

Information:

Q = heat/heat received/released (J)
W = energy/work (J)
∆U = change in energy (J)

Second Law of Thermodynamics

In the Second Law of Thermodynamics it is related to entropy and the tendency over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials balance in isolated physical systems. Please note , Sinaumed’s , entropy is a thermodynamic balance, especially regarding energy changes whose law is called the Second Law of Thermodynamics. In the Law of Thermodynamics II it states that: “Heat flows spontaneously from high temperature objects to low temperature objects and does not flow spontaneously in the opposite direction.”

In fact, the First Law of Thermodynamics is considered unable to explain whether a process may or may not occur. Therefore, the Second Law of Thermodynamics emerged which was compiled inseparable from efforts to find the nature or magnitude of the existing system.

From the experimental results, the experts concluded that it is impossible to build a heat engine that converts heat entirely into work, namely a machine with 100% thermal efficiency. This impossibility is the basis of one statement of the second law of thermodynamics as follows:

“It is impossible for any system to undergo a process in which the system absorbs heat from a reservoir at a single temperature and converts the heat entirely to mechanical work, with the system ending up in the same state as it started.”

Formulation in the Law of Thermodynamics II

In the Second Law of Thermodynamics there are two formulations that are useful for understanding the conversion of heat energy to mechanical energy, namely:

1. Kelvin-Planck formulation

This first formulation states that ” It is impossible to make a heat engine that works in a cycle that simply converts the heat energy obtained from a source at a certain temperature entirely into mechanical work”. In other words, this formulation reveals that there really is no way to extract thermal energy from the oceans. So it is better to use this energy to run electric generators without causing further effects, such as warming the atmosphere. Therefore, every tool or machine must have a certain efficiency value. This efficiency will state the comparison value of the mechanical effort that has been obtained with the heat energy from the highest temperature source.

2. Clausius Formulation

In this formulation it states that “It is impossible to make a heat engine that works in a cycle that solely transfers heat energy from a cold object to a hot object” . In other words, one cannot take energy from a cold source (which has a low temperature) and transfer it all to a hot source (which has a high temperature) without giving energy to the pump to do work.

Law of Thermodynamics III

In the Law of Thermodynamics III it relates to absolute zero temperature. This law also states that ” when a system reaches absolute zero temperature, all processes will stop and the entropy of the system will approach the minimum value”. 

Application of the Laws of Thermodynamics in Rice Cookers

The law of thermodynamics can be applied to technology that helps people with daily activities, one of which is the rice cooker. A rice cooker is a rice cooker which can also be used to boil vegetables, steam gravy, and so on. Of course rice cookers use electricity, starting from 300 watts, 500 watts, 800 watts, and so on. In a rice cooker, it has heating elements located on the bottom, sides and top.

The working principle of a rice cooker is that when the switch is connected to the main heating element, the electric current will go directly to the main element and the lights on the rice cooker will turn on. When the heating temperature has reached its maximum and the rice is cooked, the trip thermostat will immediately move the lever so that the switch position changes to flow electricity to the rice heating element through the thermostat.

In the warmer position, when the thermostat temperature is maximum, the current leading to the heating element will be cut off automatically. Likewise, when the temperature on the thermostat decreases, the current to the heating element will automatically be reconnected automatically. This process will take place continuously. If it is based on the Law of Thermodynamics, then how the rice cooker works will be in the form of:

“Rice, which was originally rice and has a hard texture, when it is given water and heats it, the texture will turn soft and easy to eat. Well, a liquid will evaporate if the vapor pressure of the gas coming from the liquid is the same as the pressure from the liquid to the surroundings (P vapor = P liquid). So, the boiling point of a liquid can actually be manipulated by increasing the pressure outside the liquid (external pressure).

In an ordinary rice cooker, water will boil with the usual external pressure, which is 101 kPa and boil at the normal boiling point, which is 100°C (373 K). Meanwhile, in a rice cooker that manipulates pressure ( pressure cooker , or electric pressure cooker ) if the steam vent lid is opened, the pressure cooker will work like a normal rice cooker, because the external pressure is the same as the outside air pressure.

However, if the steam vent cover (usually a valve) is closed, there will be a change in the air pressure in the chamber inside the pressure cooker and the boiling point of the liquid will change. Unlike when the valve is closed, the condition of the system changes because the water vapor can only be in the pressure cooker chamber . Since there is additional mass, the pressure will be higher and the equilibrium point between the phases (in this case, between the liquid phase and the vapor phase) changes to a higher temperature, and a new boiling point is formed.

The following are the components in a rice cooker:

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The law of demand – In economics, it cannot be separated from what is called demand and supply. These two things will always be related and cannot be separated. If we discuss the law of demand and supply in one article, it will take a very long time.

Therefore, on this occasion, we will discuss the law of demand and the function of the law of demand. So, watch this review to the end, Sinaumed’s.

Understanding the Law of Demand

Demand usually occurs in terms of buying and selling or being in the market. For example, the demand for an item to be purchased by consumers. In general, demand is the number of items purchased or requested at a certain price and time.

The law of demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics. The law of demand explains how a market economy allocates resources and determines the prices of goods and services.

The law of demand states that the more people want to buy something while the supply is limited, the higher the bid price for that item. Likewise, the higher the price of an item, the lower the quantity of goods that will be purchased by consumers or in a way, the purchasing power of consumers becomes lower.

Quoted from Investopedia , the law of demand is a basic principle of economics which states that at a higher price, consumers will demand a lower quantity of goods. In addition, the law of demand can be said as the amount purchased is inversely proportional to the price. If the price of an item falls, the demand for that item will increase. Conversely, if the price of an item increases, the demand for that item will decrease.

In other terms, the law of demand is a rule that explains the negative relationship between the price level and the quantity of goods or services demanded. So, between the price of goods and demand has the nature of the relationship in the opposite direction (negative). This is very logical because if the price of an item rises, the buyer will look for other goods as a substitute whose price has not increased.

Simply put, if the consumer’s nominal income remains constant, while the price of goods rises, then the consumer’s income will decrease. As a result, consumers will reduce the demand for these goods. Conversely, if the price of goods falls, consumers will reduce purchases of other goods and increase purchases of goods whose prices have decreased.

Consumers will buy economic goods to meet their most pressing needs first. Only then use each additional unit of the item to serve a sequentially lower-valued purpose.

Economics involves the study of how humans use limited means to satisfy unlimited wants. The law of demand focuses on that unlimited want. By nature, people prioritize the more urgent wants and needs over the less urgent in their economic behavior.

This carries over into how people choose among the limited means available to them. For any economic good, the first unit of the good the consumer obtains will tend to be used to satisfy the most urgent need.

Understanding the Law of Demand According to Experts

The following are some legal definitions of requests according to experts, including:

1. History and Markonah

According to Riwayanti and Markonah (2008), the demand function is the relationship between commodity prices and the quantity demanded or purchased assuming other variables are constant (ceteris paribus).

2. Gaspersz

In his book, Gaspersz (2011) explains the law of demand reads if the quantity of a product demanded by consumers is inversely or negatively related to the price of the product. Usually, this occurs assuming all demand variables are held constant.

The general understanding has been discussed above, starting from what is the law of demand and how is the relationship between demand and price. Then, to calculate quantitatively, a formula is needed to make it easier in existing calculations. That means, the law of demand cannot be calculated arbitrarily.

Sounds of the Law of Demand

As explained above, the sound of the law of demand is as follows:

If the price of a product falls, the demand for that product will increase. Conversely, if the price of a product increases, the demand for that product will decrease.

In other words, the lower the price level, the greater the quantity of goods available demanded. Vice versa, the higher the price level, the less the quantity of goods that are willing to be demanded.

The law of demand says that if the price is lower, the demand or buyers will increase. And vice versa, if the price is more expensive then the supply will be less.

This happens because all want to seek satisfaction (profit) as much as possible from the existing price. If the price is too high, then the buyer may buy a little because they have limited money.

But for the seller, with a high price he will try to increase the number of goods sold or produced so that the profits will be even greater. High prices can also cause consumers or buyers to look for other products as substitutes for these expensive goods.

Factors Influencing The Law of Demand

The law of demand does not just happen, but is caused by several factors. Some of the factors that affect demand are as follows:
Consumer tastes

1. Consumer income
2. Future price forecasts
3. Availability and prices of like, substitute and complementary goods
4. Number / intensity of consumer needs
5. The amount of time
6. Peak-of-peak demand .

Demand Law Functions

Together with the law of supply, the law of demand helps us understand why things are valued at that level. The law of demand is also used in identifying opportunities to buy products, assets or securities that are perceived to be undervalued (or overpriced).

For example, a company may increase production in response to a price increase that has been driven by a surge in demand.

The following formula is used:

P = a-bQ
Q = a-bP

Information:

P = price of goods
Q = quantity demanded of goods
a = constant
b = slope or gradient

1. Request Function Formula

To find out the true value of the supply and demand functions, there is a formula that can be used as follows:

P – P1 = Q – Q1
_______________

P2 – P = Q2 – Q1

Information:

P = price
P1 = known price 1
P2 = known price 2
Q = demand
Q1 = known demand 1
Q2 = known demand 2

2. Explanation of the Request Function Formula

More simply, if we look back at the law of demand, this demand function shows that the price of goods and the quantity of goods demanded are inversely proportional.

Legal example of request function request.

For example, there is an online shop platform that is holding a flash sale plus free shipping, so buyers will order as many items as they can because they are cheap. To more clearly calculate the demand function, see the explanation and examples of demand law below:

Goods A has a price of Rp. 500.00, the quantity demanded is 60 units.

Meanwhile, if the price of the goods is Rp. 200.00, the number of requests will be 100 units. What is the function of the law of demand?

P1 = 500
P2 = 200
Q1 = 60
Q2 = 100

Completion:

Demand Curve

A law of demand for a good will increase when its price falls. Therefore, the demand curve is a depiction of a statement that is poured into a picture to make it easier to understand. This demand curve has a gradient or slope or negative slope.

That is, the slope of this curve decreases from the top left to the bottom right, thus indicating an inverse relationship between demand and price. The curve that decreases from the top left to the bottom right shows the ups and downs of a commodity.

Features of the Demand Curve

The main characteristics of the demand curve on the law of demand as follows:

1. The curve is in the form of a straight line

The first feature of the demand curve is its straight line.

2. The Movement of the Demand Curve is Affected by the Amount of Demand for Goods or Services

For example, if income increases, the curve will shift to the right because the quantity demanded increases. Conversely, the curve will shift to the left if public opinion or demand decreases.

3. The price of goods with the number of goods is inversely proportional

This means that if the price of goods increases, demand will decrease. Conversely, if the price of a good falls, the demand for it will increase.

4. The Curve Has a Negative Slope

Because the curve is drawn from the top left and then down. This shows that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded.

5. Form of the Demand Curve Function

The form of the demand curve function is Q = a-bP (‘Q’ is the quantity demanded, ‘a’ is a constant, ‘b’ is the slope or gradient, and ‘p’ is the price of the good).

If the ceteris paribus factor changes , there will be a shift in the demand curve. When income increases, the demand curve shifts parallel to the right. If income decreases, the demand curve shifts to the left.

So, the influence of each factor affects the demand for movement and shifting .

Demand Elasticity

In the law of demand, there is a price elasticity of demand (PED). The elasticity of demand is a measure of the change in the amount of demand for goods or the amount of goods that will be purchased by buyers against the price of goods. However, the degree of this change varies. The difference can be due to the existence of certain goods, a small increase in price will result in a drastic decrease in demand. As for other goods, buyers are still willing to buy them even though the price rises sharply.

The difference in the law of demand is then measured as the elasticity of demand. More simply, the elasticity of demand shows the percentage change in quantity demanded, if there is a 1% increase in price and all other things being equal. Because the quantity demanded almost always falls when the price rises, the elasticity of demand is usually negative, although practitioners sometimes do not write a negative sign.

The demand for an item is said to be elastic if its elasticity is greater than 1. This means that a 1% increase in price results in a greater than 1% decrease in demand. On the other hand, inelastic is demand with elasticity less than 1.

In addition, there is a perfectly elastic demand classification with unitary elasticity ∞ (elasticity 1), perfectly inelastic (0), and perfectly elastic (∞).

Some goods have positive elasticity, so they are anomaly of the law of demand, for example goods that are status symbol goods ” Veblen goods ” or Giffen goods .

While a business cannot be 100% determined by how consumers react, the goal of every marketing team and product is to increase conversions, usage, and positive brand views. The existence of pricing, more specifically the pricing strategy of a business is one area that can be applied to marketing and products that still contain a lot of guesswork.

Phenomenal marketing and product development can cause price increases while selling maintains the same conversion rate. However, setting prices and communicating developments should not be done haphazardly so as to deviate from the law of demand.

Therefore, it requires optimization and price changes over a long period of time and should not be done in a hurry or instant. Fortunately, there are ways to guide this, namely with pricing strategies, microeconomics, and marketing/product basis which is the theory of price elasticity of demand or price elasticity which can increase demand by making product offers more inelastic or through marketing and product development.

How Elasticity Works

The law of demand will guide the relationship between price and quantity purchased. So the quantity purchased has an inverse relationship with the price. When the price goes up, there are fewer buyers. The elasticity of demand will then tell how much the quantity decreases as the price increases.

If an item has elastic demand, it means that consumers will do a lot of comparison shopping. Consumers will do this when they are not desperate to have it or don’t need it every day. They will also compare with other stores when there are many similar choices.

How to Calculate Elasticity of Demand

There are three main types of price elasticity of demand:

1. Elastic
2. Unit elasticity
3. Not elastic

Before studying this, you must first understand the law of demand and the law of supply.

To calculate the price elasticity of demand (PED), the following equation is used.

% Price change (P) = (New price, old price) / average price

PED is always given as an absolute value or a positive value, because we are interested in magnitude.

Elastic Demand and Non-Elastic Demand

The opposite of elastic demand to the law of demand is inelastic or inelastic demand. There is demand changing more than price with elastic demand. Price changes more than demand with inelastic demand. That is, consumers are willing to tolerate larger price changes before they change their behavior.

The price of a product with inelastic demand may suddenly rise, but consumers are unlikely to consider alternatives or have no alternatives to consider. Usually, elastic demand is more often applied to luxuries. So that consumers have more choices in terms of luxury, including the choice not to buy anything.

On the other hand, staple goods such as food usually have an inelastic demand. For example, if the price of fruit and vegetables suddenly increases, the law of demand that operates here means that whether they like it or not, consumers have to buy and cannot simply not eat fruits or vegetables. They end up being forced to buy at a higher price.

Finally, there is unit elastic demand. Basically, the perfect middle ground between inelastic demand and elastic demand under the law of demand is that there is unit elastic demand. When demand changes by exactly the same amount as price, it is called unit elastic demand.

Definition of Law – In social life, there are regulations in the form of norms and sanctions that are made by mutual agreement. Laws are made with the aim of regulating and maintaining order, justice so that chaos can be controlled or prevented.

Every country has different legal regulations, including Indonesia. In accordance with article 1, paragraph 3, Indonesia is a constitutional state and every Indonesian citizen must obey the laws that apply in Indonesia.

Laws in each country are regulations that are customary, officially considered binding and formalized by the state or government authorities. There are lots of laws in Indonesia, laws, government regulations, presidential decrees, to regional regulations.

If there are Indonesian citizens who do not comply with these laws, they will be subject to sanctions, which can be in the form of imprisonment or paying fines. The following is a summary of the law, starting from its meaning, purpose, function, elements to its types.

Definition of Law  

One can also enter into legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that adopt alternative means of settling disputes to standard court litigation.

The creation of law itself can be affected by the constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded in it. Law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and functions as a mediator of human relations.

Legal systems vary from country to country. In civil law jurisdictions, the legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates laws. Historically, religious laws influenced secular matters, and are still used in some religious communities.

Sharia law based on Islamic principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including Iran and Saudi Arabia.

The following is the definition of law according to some experts:

1. Aristotle

Aristotle is a philosopher who comes from Greece. Aristotle divides law into two, certain law and universal law.

Certain laws are rules that define and prohibit certain actions. Universal laws are natural laws, they have their own rules and directives. 

2. Ernst Utrecht 

Ernst Utrecht is a legal expert originally from Indonesia. According to him, the definition of law is a set of guidelines for life, in the form of orders or prohibitions that aim to regulate order in society that must be obeyed by the community.

If the community violates the rules that have been set, then the government or society must take action.

3. Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant was a famous philosopher from the 18th century. According to Immanuel, humans will be moved to act under the law, and that is an authoritative standard that is emotionally binding.

Humans can act according to their own will but not contrary to the morals that apply in their environment. According to Immanuel, law is a requirement that as a whole has free will to be able to adjust and follow regulations. 

4. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja 

Mochtar Kusumaatmadja views law as a tool for all kinds of processes of change in society. In addition, according to him law is a tool to protect, maintain and discipline society.

Law according to Mochtar law is a rule and principle that is useful in regulating public relations made with justice.

5.Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes was a British philosopher who thought that law was a formal adhesive device, useful in uniting a society that was initially disorganized.

In his view, law is a rule that controls people’s lives either by force or by order and is made by those in power within that community.

6. Hans Kelsen

Hans Kelsen, an Austrian jurist and philosopher. He was a proponent that law is a pure legal theory. Hans argues that law is a norm that contains conditions and consequences for certain actions. The consequences of violating the law can be in the form of threats of sanctions from those in power within the community.

The absence of a clear legal definition is actually an obstacle for those who wish to study law. Indeed, for ordinary people the meaning of law itself is not very important.

According to the community, what is more important is how the law is enforced and the legal protection given to them. There are many fields of law, ranging from criminal law, civil law, procedures, constitutional law, international law, customary law, to environmental law.

Legal Purposes 

1. Legal rules have a goal to protect human interests from threatening dangers.
2. Regulating relations between human beings in order to create order and is expected to prevent conflicts between humans.
3. The law protects human interests both individually and in groups. Basically humans are creatures that also need protection of their interests so that their interests can be protected from threats around them.
4. The law has a goal to realize the greatest happiness for everyone. Not only providing a living, but also providing abundant food, protection and achieving togetherness.
5. Law is a means to maintain and guarantee order. 

Legal Function 

1. As a means of social control. a system that enforces rules regarding correct behavior.
2. As a means to make changes in society.
3. As a means of order and regularity of society.
4. As a means of realizing social justice.
5. As a means of development movement.
6. As a critical function, conducting supervision both on the supervisory apparatus, implementing apparatus and law enforcement apparatus.
7. As a tool to bind members in society so that the group’s existence becomes tighter.
8. As a tool to rid the community of cases that disturb the community by imposing criminal, civil, administrative and community sanctions.
9. As a tool to carry out the allocation of authority and decisions to government agencies.
10. As a means of social stimulation. Law is not a tool that is only used to control society, but also lays legal foundations that can stimulate and facilitate interaction between people in an orderly and fair manner.

Legal Elements 

1. Law is a rule that regulates human behavior in an association in society.
2. Regulations are made by regulatory bodies
3. Regulations are coercive
4. Sanctions for violations made are strict.

Legal Fields 

1. Criminal Law

Criminal law is a rule that determines what actions may not be violated and are included in criminal acts. Criminal law also regulates what sanctions can be imposed if you violate criminal law.

Criminal law is part of the law in force in a country. Criminal law does not establish its own norms, but already exists in other norms.

Criminal law is based on written and unwritten laws. Indonesia does not yet have a Criminal Code. Therefore, Indonesia still applies criminal law which is a legacy from the colonial government.

The systematics of the Criminal Code is Book I on general provisions, Book II on crimes, Book III on violations.

Punishments that can be imposed on violators of criminal law are:

a. death penalty

The death penalty does not apply in countries that have abolished the death penalty, such as the Netherlands. Indonesia itself still applies the death penalty although there are still many pros and cons regarding this punishment.

b. prison sentence

Prison sentences are divided into life imprisonment and temporary imprisonment. Minimum imprisonment of 1 year and a maximum of 20 years. the convict must stay in prison for the duration of his sentence and is obliged to do the work that has been determined.

c. fine penalty

The convict may choose whether to pay a fine or replace it with a prison sentence. The prison sentence is not as severe as a prison sentence. Imprisonment is imposed if the offense committed is not too serious. maximum imprisonment of 6 months.

d. cover penalty

Closing sentences were imposed for political reasons on people who had committed crimes. This closing sentence is an additional criminal punishment.

2. Civil Law 

Civil law is a regulation that regulates the rights and obligations of a person with a legal entity. The term civil law was first recognized in Dutch, even from legal sources

Dutch Civil Law is derived from French civil law. At that time it was considered a very perfect law. This private law applies in France and is contained in two codifications.

When France ruled the Netherlands, the two codification laws were also enforced in the Netherlands, and were even still in use 24 years after Dutch independence. After that, the Netherlands began to compile a code of laws for civil law.

The Civil Code is composed of chapters:

1. concerning persons, this chapter prescribes laws concerning man himself and the family.
2. regarding property, this chapter regulates all matters relating to the law of property and inheritance.
3. Regarding engagement, this chapter regulates all rights and obligations between people, with legal entities and certain parties.
4. Concerning evidence, this chapter regulates all means of evidence and their legal consequences.

3. Constitutional Law 

State constitutional law is the law of certain relations, which appears in the course of history and is governed by law which is called the state. So, constitutional law relates to the state.

In international law, the state is a subject of international law. In private law, the state is a legal entity subject to law. A state that is independent in external relations, is governed by laws that legally govern relations with one another.

Constitutional law is the primary law that establishes government offices, confers power, and regulates relations with citizens. This is a characteristic of constitutional law which regulates relations involving the government. Especially the relationship between various government agencies. Relations with citizens tend to be in the field of administrative law, unless we talk about the allocation of tools of power to citizens.

Not all countries have a constitution. However, countries that do not have a constitution usually have a jus commune or what is known as the law of the motherland. The law of the homeland contains a number of imperative and consensus regulations. These regulations include customary law rules, conventions, magistrate law, and international norms.

4. International Law 

International law is the law that governs all activities on an international scale. International law was originally only interpreted as a rule in relations between countries.

However, in its development, international relations are increasingly complex. In addition, international law also regulates the structure and behavior of international organizations, multinational companies and individuals. International law can be formulated as a body of laws consisting of rules that bind states.

International law has several forms of manifestation and patterns of its development. There is regional international law, law that applies only to the area where it applies, such as American-Latin American international law.

In addition, it also regulates the concept of protecting marine biological wealth. Meanwhile, special international law is a rule that applies specifically to certain countries, such as the European convention on human rights.

International law is law based on the thoughts of the international community which consists of a number of countries that have sovereignty and independence. what is meant is a country that stands alone or is not under the rule of another country. International law has legal subjects which include states, international organizations and individuals.

5. Customary Law 

Customary law is unwritten law. This is because there is no legal regulation recorded. An example of customary law is a ministerial regulation, he no longer gets the trust of the majority of the DPR and must resign from his post.

Such rules are not written in the law, but it is a general rule. There is no legal obligation for this minister to resign, however, this requirement is commonplace in national politics.

The characteristic of customary law is that the rules are passed down orally from generation to generation, or hereditary. Customary law can cover a wide range of areas, for example, marital rights and obligations, inheritance, relations between communities, ownership, and so on. Some examples of customary laws that are enforced in several countries are neighbor rights and devolution.

Juridically, customary law is a law or rule that is the result of traditional customary practices from time to time. Thus, it becomes a source of law. This is recognized by the court and can complement the law, provided that customary law does not conflict with other laws. 

6. Environmental Law

Environmental law is the law that regulates the pattern of the environment and all its devices, apart from that environmental law also regulates the conditions with humans who are under the influence of the environment.

Environmental law is a scientific discipline covering aspects of environmental governance, environmental protection, environmental health, human health, spatial planning, regional autonomy, sectoral aspects, environmental internationalization and law enforcement.

Environmental law in Indonesia is regulated in Law No. 32 of 2009. Law No. 32 also regulates preserving the environment and preventing environmental damage.

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Laviosier’s law is – The law of conservation of mass in chemistry is often referred to as Lavoisier’s law. What is the law of conservation of mass? Check out the following meaning.

Inventor of Lavoisier’s Law

Before discussing further about Lavoisier’s law and examples of problems, it would be better if we got to know the “Father of Modern Chemistry” who created Lavoisier’s law first.

The figure, whose full name is Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, was a chemist originally from France and was born on August 26, 1743 and died at the age of 51 on May 8, 1794 .

Do you know, You , even though Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier has a title as a chemist, he actually studied at College Mazarin majoring in Law, you know.

His family belonged to the bourgeois social group, with his own father working as a lawyer. However, actually since he was young, Lavoisier was more interested in science.

Therefore, after graduating from law school, Lavoisier chose to start doing research in science, then chose to join the Academy of Sciences (community of natural philosophers in Paris) in 1768.

A book entitled Traité élémentaire de chimie , published in 1789, marked the beginning of a new era in chemical science which was accompanied by a historic event, namely the French Revolution.

Through the book, Lavoisier explained his findings regarding the processes of respiration and combustion that occur due to chemical reactions with substances in the air. Lavoisier stated that oxygen has a big role in the combustion process.

The results of this research are also the basis for the formation of the “Law of Conservation of Mass” or what is often referred to as “Lavoisier’s Law”.

Understanding Laviosier’s Law and Its History

As previously explained, the inventor of the Law of Conservation of Mass was a French chemist named Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794). Lavoisier investigated between the weight (mass) of a substance before and after the reaction. He discovered the law of the conservation of mass in 1789.

Because of these discoveries, Lavoisier is known as the father of modern chemistry. Previously, Mikhail Lomonosov (1748) had also proposed a similar idea and had proven it in an experiment. However, in this idea the conservation of mass is still difficult to understand because of the buoyancy conditions of the earth’s atmosphere.

According to the research results of Lavoisier, the amount of substances before and after the reaction will always be the same as the mass of the substances after the reaction when in a closed system. Even so, material changes generally take place in an open system, so if a reaction product leaves the system or a substance from the bound environment, the mass of the substance before and after the reaction will be different.

The conclusion drawn by Lavoisier that the law of conservation of mass viz

“The mass of the substances before and after the reaction is the same” .

Therefore, the notion of the law of conservation of mass or what is also known as Lavoisier’s law is a law which states that the mass of a closed system will be constant even though various processes occur in the system where it is in a closed system. The mass of the substance before and after the reaction is constant (fixed/same).

Lavoisier’s Law of Conservation of Mass Experiment

In Lavoisier’s law experiments, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier has conducted experiments by heating mercury oxide (HgO) to produce metallic mercury (Hg) and also oxygen gas (O2) with the following reaction or Lavoisier’s law formula:

2HgO(l)+O2(g)→2Hg(s)+2O2(g)

Furthermore, the two products are reacted again and form mercuric oxide. This shows that the mass of oxygen gas that has been produced in the mercury oxide combustion activity is the same as the mass of oxygen required to convert mercury metal into mercury oxide.

Lavoisier’s Law of Burning Wood

The law of conservation of mass applies in general. This means that all existing events obey the law of conservation of mass. However, the law of conservation of mass does not apply to wood burning events.

Burning wood is said to not fulfill the law of conservation of mass because it produces charcoal and also light ash. The mass of charcoal and ash produced by burning is much less than the mass of wood that is burned.

However, actually burning wood until it turns into charcoal and ash obeys the law of conservation of mass. Why doesn’t the law of conservation of mass seem to apply to the burning of wood?

This is because burning wood is a chemical change that changes matter into another form. Thus, it is as if a mass of wood is crushed and all that is left is charcoal and light ashes.

However, actually the mass of wood is not destroyed, but changed into other forms.

Burning Wood Produces Water Vapor

The mass of wood that undergoes the combustion process also changes form to water vapor. Adapted from Sciencing, water vapor is the most common substance released by wood when it is burned, especially young wood which still has a lot of water in its fibers. The water inside the wood evaporates due to the heat of combustion and is released into water vapor which is mixed in the combustion smoke.

Wood Burning Produces Carbon Dioxide

Adapted from Chemistry LibreTexts, when wood undergoes a burning process, the carbon in the wood reacts with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas leaves burning wood by going through the form of smoke and leaving charcoal and ashes.

In addition to carbon dioxide, burning wood also produces nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds.

Wood Burning Produces Heat And Light

Adapted from Scientific American, fire is the conversion of chemical energy into heat and electromagnetic energy from wood molecules and oxygen in the air. That is, some of the mass of wood will change shape into fire which produces heat energy and also light.

Unlike ash and charcoal, it is difficult to know the mass of heat and light produced by combustion.

Wood Burning Produces Small Particles

Burning wood produces smoke which is formed from water vapor, carbon dioxide, and also small particles of ash. The mass of ash from burning is much different from the original mass of wood. This can happen because a lot of ash becomes smoke particles. Ash which has a very small size will blend with the smoke and be carried away by the wind.

That is, charcoal and ash are only part of the results of burning wood. Thus, the mass is much lighter than the original wood and makes it appear as if burning wood does not fulfill the law of conservation of matter.

Even though the burning wood material also turns into smoke which contains carbon dioxide gas, water vapor, small particles, nitrogen oxide gas and also volatile organic compounds. If all the products of combustion are totaled, the mass will be the same as the mass of wood before it is burned and also the oxygen used during combustion. From the previous explanation, it can be concluded that burning wood actually obeys the law of conservation of mass.

Examples of Lavoisier’s Law Questions

So, in order to understand more about Lavoisier’s law, Sinaumedia.com has prepared several examples of complete Lavoisier’s law questions accompanied by discussion, check them out below:

Example Question 1

There is magnesium 12 (Mg) which reacts with element 16 sulfur or sulfur (S), then how much Magnesium Sulfide (MgS) is produced? Write down the reaction equation.

Answer:

12gram Mg + 18gram S -> 28gram MgS.

Example Problem 2

There are 28 grams of calcium oxide (CaO) which reacts with 22 grams of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), what reaction will it produce?

Answer:

28 grams of calcium oxide reacts with 22 grams of carbon dioxide to produce 50 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3).

28 gr CaO + 22 gr CO2 -> 50 CaCO3

Example Problem 3

A total of 31.75 grams of copper (I) metal reacted with 8 grams of oxygen gas in a closed container to form copper (II) oxide 2 Cu(s) + O2 (g) -> 2 CuS (s), what is the mass of the substance generated?

Answer:

2 Cu(s) + O2 -> 2 CuS

31.75 gr Cu(s) + 8 gr O2 –> 39.79 gr CuS

Example Problem 4

When burning magnesium in air, magnesium oxide is produced. If 0.098 grams of magnesium is burned it produces 0.162 grams of MgO (magnesium oxide). What mass of oxygen gas is used in the reaction?

Answer:

Mg(s) + O2 (g) -> MgO(s)

0.098 gr + O2 (g) -> 0.162 gr

O2 (g) = 0.162 gr – 0.098 gr

O2 (g) = 0.064gr.

Example Problem 5

As much as 100 grams of limestone (CaCO3) was baked in the furnace, and it turned out that 56 grams of quicklime (CaO) and carbon dioxide gas were formed.

Write down the equation for the reaction and determine how many grams of CO2 gas (carbon dioxide) that comes out of the furnace?

Answer:

CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2

100 grams -> 56 grams + CO2

100 grams – 56 grams -> CO2

4 grams -> CO2.

Example Problem 6

It is known that a carbon burned with oxygen has a mass of 30 grams. At the end of the reaction, there is still carbon with a mass of 4 grams.

The combustion results produce carbon monoxide with a mass of 58 grams. Calculate the mass of carbon initially?

Discussion:

a). The total mass of the products of the reaction = mass of carbon reaction + mass of oxygen

58 grams = mass of reacted carbon + 30 grams

Reaction carbon mass = 58 grams – 30 grams

The mass of the reacted carbon = 28 grams.

b). Initial mass of carbon = mass of reaction carbon + mass of residual carbon

Initial mass of carbon = 28 grams + 4 grams

The initial mass of carbon = 32 grams.

So, the initial mass of carbon is 32 grams.

Example Problem 7

It is known that a reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen gas is as follows.

Nitrogen gas which has a mass of 10 grams reacts perfectly with hydrogen gas with a mass of X. The reaction then produces ammonia which has a mass of 18 grams. What is the mass of hydrogen gas at the start of the reaction?

Discussion:

Mass + mass = mass

10 grams + X = 18 grams

X = 18 grams – 10 grams

X = 8 grams.

So, the total mass of hydrogen gas at the beginning of the reaction is 8 grams.

Example Problem 8
10 grams of sulfur is reacted with 10 grams of oxygen to form sulfur dioxide gas. If the reaction takes place perfectly, the mass of sulfur dioxide produced is………
A. 10 grams
B. 12 grams
C. 15 grams
D. 17 grams
E. 20 grams

Discussion :
According to Lavoisier’s law, the mass of the substance before and after the reaction is the same. This can be proven by carrying out the reaction in a closed room.
Based on Lavoisier’s law, we can make an equation for the reaction in this problem, which is as follows.

Sulfur + oxygen gas ⇒ sulfur dioxide gas

The mass of sulfur + the mass of oxygen = the mass of sulfur dioxide
10 grams + 10 grams = the mass of sulfur dioxide
the mass of sulfur dioxide = 20 grams

Answer: E

Example Problem 9

Look at the reaction equation below
SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇒ SO3(g)
In order for the above reaction to comply with the law of conservation of mass, the coefficients of SO2 and SO3 respectively are ……..
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 1
C. 2 and 2
D. 1 and 3
E. 3 and 2

Discussion :
According to the law of conservation of mass or Lavoisier’s law, in a reaction, no new substances are created and no substances are lost or destroyed. What happens is the formation of a new substance from the atoms that are the same as the reactants but have different properties.

Therefore, in his atomic theory, Dalton concluded that chemical reactions are reactions of termination, rearrangement and recombination of atoms.

In order for a reaction equation to comply with the law of conservation of mass, the equation of the reaction must be balanced. The point is that the number of atoms on the left must equal the number of atoms on the right.

The following is the result of equalizing the above reaction.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇒ 2SO3(g)

So it can be seen that the coefficients of SO2 and SO3 in the equivalent reactions are 2 and 2.

Answer: C

Example Problem 10

Which of the following reactions does not conform to Lavoisier’s law?

1. 2H2SO4(aq) ⇒ 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
   B. 2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(aq) ⇒ 2FeCl3
   C. NH3(g) + HClO(aq) ⇒ NH3Cl(aq) + H2O (l)
   D. SiO2(s) + NaOH(l) ⇒ Na2SiO3(s) + H2O(l)
   E. 4NH3(aq) + 3O2(g) ⇒ 2Na(s) + 6H2O(l)

Discussion :
As explained in the previous problem, the reaction that fulfills Lavoisier’s law is the same or equivalent reaction.
Because in question number 10 what is being asked is a reaction that is not in accordance with Lavoisier’s Law, so we are looking for a reaction that is not yet equal.

Among the above reaction equations, reaction D is an unbalanced reaction. Supposedly, to balance the reaction, the NaOH coefficient is changed to 2.

SiO2(s) + 2NaOH(l) ⇒ Na2SiO3(s) + H2O(l)

Answer: D

Thus a brief explanation of the law of conservation of mass or also known as Lavoisier’s law. Hopefully, the example of the law of the conservation of mass and its discussion can be easily understood by You . Thanks for reading and hopefully useful!

In the Al-Quran there are a lot of things that are full of meaning and can be used as a guide for life, one of the surahs of the Al-Quran which is full of meaning is Surah Al Asr. Then, what are the virtues of this letter and its interpretation? To find out, you can see this article, until it’s finished, Sinaumed’s.

Latin Surah al-‘Ashr

وَٱلْعَصْرِ

wal-‘aṣr

Meaning: “For the sake of time.”

إِنَّ ٱلْإِنسَٰنَ لَفِى خُسْرٍ

innal-insāna lafī khusr

Meaning: “Verily, man is in loss.”

Amen

illallażīna āmanụ wa ‘amiluṣ-ṣāliḥāti wa tawāṣau bil-ḥaqqi wa tawāṣau biṣ-ṣabr

Meaning: “Except for those who believe and do good deeds and advise advising them to obey the truth and advice advising them to remain patient.”

Overview of the Qur’an Surah Al-Ashr

Surah Al Asr or for the sake of time/time is the 103rd sura containing verses 1-3 in the Al-Quran. This letter contains an explanation of the nature of the advantages and disadvantages in life as well as a warning about the importance of the time that is lived by humans.

Woe to humans who waste their time with things that are less useful. Except for people who have faith, always carry out good deeds instructing each other towards truth and patience.

Surah Al Ashr has a special feature because it contains a warning about time and human safety. Then this Al Asr letter also teaches humans if they don’t use time for useful things then it will only lead them to losses. Conversely, if you interpret Surah Al Asr correctly, then you can make the best use of your time in the way of Allah SWT.

Surah Al Ashr is one of the parts of juz amma which is included in the Makkiyah letter because it was revealed in the city of Mecca. Surah Al Asr consists of three verses so that it is included in the class of short letters in the Al Quran. Imam Syafi’i Rahimahullah said, “If Allah had not sent down a letter to His creatures, except for only Al Asr’s letter, it would have been sufficient for them.”

The benefit of reading Surah Al-Ashr is that Surah Al-Ashr is included in Al-Mufashshal given to the Prophet Muhammad SAW. In addition, so that he has primacy and privileges compared to the previous prophets. Second, people who read it will later be resurrected on the Day of Resurrection with a radiant face, laughing and being happy until they enter heaven.

Interpretation of the Qur’an Surah Al-Ashr

There are several interpretations of Al Asr’s letter taken from the book of Tafsir Jalalain. Starting from the first verse Allah swears by mentioning the period. Time means time. Allah swears by his creatures, so that it becomes a signal for Rasulullah SAW and other believers.

In other words, the first verse of Al Asr’s letter has the meaning that the Prophet and other believers pay full attention to the time they have. Do not waste time and good opportunities that come to us. Instead, fill the time with good deeds because time can never be repeated again.

This practice is recommended based on a hadith narrated by At Tabrani which is listed in the book Al Mu’jam Al Ausath. This history was conveyed by Abu Medina Ad Darimi who belonged to the Companions. From Abi Madinah Ad-Darimi, he was a friend, he said, “There are two companions of Rasulullah SAW who when they meet they will not separate unless one of them reads to the other Surah Al Asr (Wal Ashri innal insana lafii khusrin), then one of them greets the other.”

This history is the basis for recommending reading Surah Al Asr before leaving the assembly. The meaning contained in this letter is to remind each other not to become losers.

Content of Surah Al-Asr

Al-Ashr means the time of Asr (afternoon). It can also be interpreted as pressing something or blackmailing. Surat Al Asr teaches the importance of using time for positive things. How much time do we go through without any increase in faith and charity. This letter suggests that time is precious. So that it must be utilized as best as possible of course to worship Allah SWT.

Khusrin can mean negative. Insan means forgetting and feeling happy, or human nature. Alladzina Amanu wa ‘amilus-sholihati watawa shau bil-haqqi wa tawashau bis-shabr (except those who believe and do good deeds and advise each other to truth and advise each other to patience).

All humans will be wretched except for those who believe in Allah, Angels, books, Messengers, the last day, qada and qadar. Faith is an absolute requirement for a person to enter God’s heaven. Believers and do good deeds are the best human beings. The character of human faith is “Al-Imanu yazidu wa yanqush” (faith goes up and down).

So, faith can rise depending on one’s obedience. In contrast to the faith of the angels who are always the same because they do not increase or decrease.

While the faith of the Prophets continued to increase and never diminished even though they were given severe trials. Furthermore, in order to avoid losses, be people who always advise each other in truth and patience.

It is not enough for us to just have faith and do good deeds, but we must advise each other to fight for the truth. We are also required to be patient. Patience is guarding the tongue, limbs and deeds from the wrath of God.

The scholars say, there are 3 kinds of patience, namely patience in obedience (worship), patience in avoiding immorality and patience in facing Allah’s destiny.

The Excellence of the Qur’an Surah Al-Ashr

Although Surah Al-Ashr has very few verses, it contains virtues that are important for every Muslim to know. These virtues are related to faith based on knowledge, preaching in the way of Allah SWT and doing good deeds.

Here are some of the virtues of Surah Al-Ashr that you need to know:

• Practicing Knowledge Owned and Known

One of the virtues of Surah Al-Ashr is to practice the knowledge that we have and know. Practicing means applying it in our daily lives and being able to give advice to others so that other people also hope to know and apply it in their daily lives because of Allah SWT.

The point is that all of our lives are based on and because of Allah SWT. The verse in Surah Al-Ashr is also supported by the hadith of the Prophet which also explains the importance of practicing the knowledge one has. Like the following hadith:

“A knowledgeable person will remain a fool until he can put his knowledge into practice. If he practices it, then he becomes a pious.”

Not only that, there are other hadiths about practicing the knowledge possessed in the following hadith narrated by Ad Darimi:

“A servant will not move from his place on the Day of Resurrection until he is asked about his knowledge, what he has practiced from that knowledge.”

 

• Patience in Preaching

The next virtue of Surah Al-Ashr is about being patient in preaching in the way of Allah SWT. Because behind that patience there is the help of Allah SWT who will be present to you. In preaching, of course, there are obstacles and obstacles, even a little.

We are required to be patient to deal with it and of course all only because of Allah SWT. Sometimes there are those who ridicule and badmouth us in preaching, so you have to be patient. This is explained in Surah Al-An’am verse 34 as follows:

وَلَقَدْكُذِّبَتْرُسُلٌمِّنْقَبْلِكَفَصَبَرُوْاعَلٰىمَاكُذِّبُوْاوَاُوْذُوْاحَتّٰٓىاَتٰىهُمْنَصْرُنَاۚوَلَامُبَدِّلَلِكَلِمٰتِاللّٰهِۚوَلَقَدْجَاۤءَكَمِنْنَّبَإِ۟ىالْمُرْسَلِيْنَ

Meaning: “And indeed the messengers before you were belied, but they were patient with lies and persecution (which was done) against them, until Our help came to them. And nothing can change the sentences (statutes) of Allah. And verily, some of the message of the apostles has come to you.” (QS. Al-An’am: 34).

 

• People who Do Good Deeds Are Not Losers

People who have good deeds will not be included in the group of losers. Doing good deeds is doing good deeds. Besides that, it also practices everything that was ordered by Allah SWT and Sunnah by the Prophet Muhammad SAW.

Benefits of Charity Sholeh

Every human being likes to do good. Instinctively, the urge to do good or to share goodness is present in every human being, even those who are evil. On the other hand, because good deeds can also provide return benefits for the perpetrators.

In Islam, good deeds are religious orders. Allah promises a multiplied reward for every good deed. People who are fond of doing good deeds are called pious people. Among Muslims, the title of pious is a dream for everyone.

Etymologically, the word shaleh comes from the Arabic shāliḥ which means avoiding damage or evil. Good deeds mean charity/deeds that do not damage or contain elements of damage. So a pious person means a person who is protected from damage or things that are bad. In this case, of course, his behavior and personality, which includes words, attitudes, actions, even thoughts and feelings.

Not only that, in the dictionary of al-Mu’jam al-Wasīth the word shaluḥa as the root word shāliḥ also means useful. By combining these two meanings, a pious person means a person whose behavior and personality is protected from destructive things, and on the other hand brings benefits to the surrounding environment. With these qualities, he became a figure of hope and role model for those around him.

We live in this world is a charity field for the afterlife. Because we live in this world temporarily while the afterlife lasts forever. As an intelligent Muslim, we must be sure of this, that every good deed we do will be rewarded in the form of a reward from Allah SWT, no matter how small our deeds are, there will definitely be a reward from Allah SWT.

Allah says in QS al-‘ashr/103:2-3. The verse emphasizes that in fact humans are in loss, except for those who do four things, namely:

1. Have faith in Allah SWT.
2. Do good deeds or good deeds
3. Advise each other for the truth
4. Advise each other for patience

The word good deeds comes from the word “amilus”, which is all actions that are beneficial to oneself or others, and in accordance with rational reason, the Qur’an and as-Sunnah. Faith must be proven by good deeds and good deeds proven by true faith.

The opposite of good deeds is sayyi’ah charity, namely charity that brings harm to both the perpetrator and other people. Every good or bad deed, even though it is very small, will still get a fair reward from Allah SWT.

A good deed will be valid if it fulfills the following conditions:

1. Good deeds are done by knowing the knowledge.
2. Good deeds are done with sincere intentions because of Allah SWT.
3. Good deeds should be done in accordance with the instructions of the Qur’an and Hadith.

There are three kinds of good deeds, namely:

1. Good deeds towards Allah SWT, namely carrying out the commands of Allah SWT. And leave His prohibition. Examples are prayer, zakat, fasting, reading the Koran and other worship.
2. Good deeds towards humans, namely carrying out rights and obligations towards fellow human beings. Examples are giving a smile, being friendly, speaking polite words, and helping the poor.
3. Good deeds towards the natural environment, namely preserving nature, for example, by disposing of garbage in its place, keeping it clean, recycling garbage and doing greenery. There is a good deed called charity jariyah.

Charity is a good deed that is done sincerely by expecting the pleasure of Allah SWT. And bring reward for the culprit even though he has died.

In addition, we also need to have a good attitude. Kindness or Husnudzon is a commendable behavior that a Muslim must have. the opposite of husnuzan is suudzon or prejudice. There are three kinds of good, namely:

• Be kind to Allah SWT

Of course we must be grateful to Allah SWT for giving gifts and pleasures that are priceless to humans. So humans should be grateful to Allah SWT. We also have to be patient for all the trials given by Allah SWT. does not aim to hurt His servant, but to test his obedience, faith, and patience.

 

• Be kind to yourself

Someone who is kind to himself will have a confident, optimistic, and hard-working attitude.

 

• Be kind to others

Being prejudiced against others will foster harmony in people’s lives.

Being kind certainly provides many benefits to our lives. The following are the benefits of thinking well, namely:

1. Life becomes calm and optimistic.
2. Believe that there is wisdom behind all suffering and failure.
3. Build a strong personality.
4. Makes a person firm in his stance because it is not easy to accept bad influences from other people.
5. Make someone creative.
6. Causing someone not to despair easily.
7. Friendship and brotherhood relations are getting better.
8. Avoid regret in relationships with others.
9. Always happy and happy for the happiness of others.

Between faith and good deeds is a unity that cannot be separated. Someone who believes without being followed by good deeds, his faith is meaningless. And conversely, good deeds without being based on true faith have no value before Allah SWT.

Closing

From all the discussion above, it can be said that Muslims should not just waste time, so they must use the time to do various kinds of good things. That way, pious deeds will increase.

In fact, by doing good deeds, you can also get good things from other people. Apart from that, pious practice can also increase friendship ties. So, never forget to do good deeds in the life we ​​live.

Thus the discussion about the letter al Asr, I hope all the discussion above is useful for you. To find out more in-depth information about Surah Al-Ashr, you can get it by reading the books available at sinaumedia.com .

As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always strive to provide better. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine

KOL is – Sinaumed’s, have you ever bought a book because you read a review on your favorite book blogger ? Or maybe you’ve read tips on choosing an original book on the blog? If so, congratulations, it means you have been influenced by a Key Opinion Leader (KOL).

Using KOL services is commonplace now, even many digital marketing experts require it. The reason is, the profits earned by the company are proportional to the expenses. Especially in increasing brand awareness.

Thanks to technological developments because they have helped change marketing patterns and systems. Now, billboards or posters posted on the streets have begun to be abandoned. Companies prefer to use KOL on social media as a marketing technique.

Although indeed sometimes KOL does not always have an impact on increasing product sales. But still, the advantages cannot be forgotten. So, what exactly is a Key Opinion Leader? How important is its existence? Let’s discuss more together here.

Meaning of COLL

Key Opinion Leader aka KOL is someone who has skills, knowledge or ability in a certain field that has quite a big influence. Every opinion will be heard by the community. In short, KOL can also be referred to as an expert, professional, or specialist that many people trust.

Generally, a KOL is trusted because of knowledge and experience in a particular field. For example, a book writer, fashion designer, pediatrician, psychologist, and so on.

When people of that caliber mention or recommend a product, their opinion will be trusted by many people, including you, right? Because there is no doubt about its credibility. As written by Claire Diaz-Ortiz in her book entitled Social Media Success for Every Brand.

The difference between KOL and Influencers

Not a few people think that KOL is the same as influencer. The reasons are quite varied, but what is certain is that this assumption is wrong, Sinaumed’s. The problem is both are similar but not 100% the same.

Key Opinion Leaders (KOL) are trusted by many people because of their expertise, experience, and professionalism. In addition, KOLs don’t have to always appear on social media, but they can use it as a medium to spread messages to their followers.

Meanwhile, influencers build their own credibility by highlighting their persona on social media and the content they share. Therefore, influencers must always actively “greet” their followers on social media. Interestingly, they can be considered Key Opinion Leaders by their followers themselves.

In short, not all Key Opinion Leaders can be called influencers and vice versa . This is because there are also many Key Opinion Leaders who are actually active on social media due to their busy lives in the real world. Some may consider it useless and a waste of time. After all, there is no demand to have social media with hundreds of thousands of followers for them.

Like doctor Boyke, for example. Without the help of social media, we already know that he is someone who has knowledge and expertise in the fields of sexology, gynecology and human sexuality. Likewise professors or professors at universities.

Even so, now there are quite a number of experts who use social media to educate the public. like dr. Jiemi Ardian who actively shares content about mental health on Instagram and Twitter.

Because of his existence on social media, dr. Jiemi Ardian can also be considered as an influencer. As of October 2022, his Instagram account has been followed by 221 thousand people and 316 thousand on Twitter.

You can see the activities of an influencer more fully in the book How to Win Instagram Tricks to Become an Instagram Influencer compiled by the Stiletto Book Team. This book describes the activities of successful celebrities in Indonesia such as Janine Intansari, Olivia Lazuardy, Ariana Octavia, Susan Emir and Ayudhya Ghita.

Based on the Job

One of the main differentiators between Key Opinion Leaders and influencers is the job. A professional usually spends more time on his main job, therefore if there is an offer to become a KOL it is a side job for him.

Meanwhile, for the majority of influencers, their activity on social media is their main job. This means they spend their time creating content to upload to social media, write articles on blogs, or make YouTube videos.

Influencers can plan one piece of content within three days or more, while KOL usually only plays social media in their spare time.

You could say that influencers are like teachers at school. They have sufficient knowledge in their own field (niche) and they are also able to transfer this knowledge to their followers on social media.

Market or Target Audience

The next difference lies in the market or audience. Influencers usually build or find their own audience so that they are ready to be “used” at any time, while KOL is not. This often deceives companies that are about to use KOL or influencer services.

For companies that are just about to get involved, they tend to think that the number of followers on social media owned by influencers or KOLs is very influential on the success of the campaign being run. They think, the more the number of followers, an influencer or KOL will be more influential.

In the end, this assumption developed into a further stage, namely to deify followers. For them, the bigger the number in the “followers” column on social media, the bigger the profit they get.

In fact, the marketing strategy with KOL and influencers is not always like that. There are many big brands that work with artists but are still inferior to small brands that use the services of nano-micro influencers. As explained by Philip Kotler, Hermawan Kartajaya, Iwan Setiawan in the book Marketing 4.0: Moving from Traditional to Digital.

Usually, this happens to brands whose products are only promoted without being used in the daily life of the famous artist or influencer they choose as the “face” of their product.

Besides that, famous artists or influencers who have busy schedules usually interact less and less on social media. In cases like this, the advertisements posted on their social media accounts are only advertisements. There is no interaction between KOL and followers that can improve the brand image .

In contrast to nano-micro influencers who still frequently interact with their followers. The number of their followers is not too many, but the relationships they build with their followers are more natural and not artificial. In addition, they can also spend all day proving that the product being promoted is really being used so that they can demonstrate its benefits. This can affect public trust.

Types of Key Opinion Leaders

So, we have already discussed about nano-micro influencers, artists, and the number of followers. But what exactly is a nano or micro influencer and what does this have to do with the number of followers?

You see, based on the number of followers KOL and influencers can be divided into five categories, namely Nano, Micro, Mid-tier, Macro, and Mega influencers (KOL). This is how the distribution looks like:

Type	Number of Followers
Nano Influencers	1,000 to 10,000 followers
Micro Influencers	10,000 to 50,000 followers
Mid-tier Influencers	50,000 to 500,000 followers
Macro Influencers	500,000 to 1,000,000 followers
Mega-influencers	>1,000,000 followers

Believe it or not, according to the Influencer Marketing Hub page , most successful influencers come from the micro and mid-tier influencers category. Meanwhile, nano influencers are usually quite popular in the niche they choose.

For influencers, gathering as many followers as possible is an obligation as well as a target that must be met. This is because this is a “selling point” and a measure of their credibility.

But for experts, experts, or specialists, the way it works is not always like that. If their name is already well-known in the “offline” world, they can more easily gather followers when they go online. Not infrequently the number can reach the category of macro or mega.

For example, like Chef Renata, whose number of Instagram followers reaches 2.5 million people or Chef Juna with 1.6 million followers. In short, if you want, experts or experts in their fields can become KOLs in a relatively short time.

However, KOLs with a large number of followers sometimes have their rate cards not included in the company’s budget, if not to say they don’t make sense. For example, for one post on Instagram, companies must pay up to tens of millions. On the other hand, these fantastic prices are sometimes not followed by interactions with their followers. However, KOLs like this are super busy people, in fact, he might even pay an assistant to manage his own social media accounts.

Benefits of Key Opinion Leaders

After reading the description about the meaning and types of Key Opinion Leaders , you may be wondering about the benefits of these KOLs. Well, regardless of who and how many followers or fees, KOL is an important thing in the digital marketing era as it is now. The problem is they have several benefits, including:

1. Assist with brand or product promotion activities

Yup, a KOL can help promote a brand or product by uploading content on social media, blogs, to his personal YouTube.

The number of followers they have can help the brand or product being promoted to become known to many people. A certain percentage of their followers may open a business account, search on Google, or buy the product if they are really interested.

2. Increase brand credibility

Remember, KOL is not a random person who suddenly goes viral and becomes known to many people. They have people who are experienced and experts in their respective fields. So when a brand uses KOL in its marketing strategy, the credibility of the brand can increase.

Yes, who didn’t believe it when Chef Renata said that the stoves produced by Brand A were good, heated evenly, and so on? Even by using the right strategy, a brand’s image can be more positive after using KOL.

In the end, not a few people have more faith in the brand mentioned by Chef Renata than its competitors, right?

3. Increase followers and subscribers

The third benefit is the next stage of the second benefit. That is, after the credibility of a brand increases because it uses KOL in its marketing, the number of followers and customers will increase.

The reasons vary, it could be due to the influence of the KOL or it could also be from more traditional methods such as mouth-to-mouth marketing , aka one customer influencing the people around him to use the product or brand promoted by the KOL.

Important Things to Have to Become a KOL

Currently, you could say, the opportunity to become a Key Opinion Leader is quite wide open for anyone, including you. But the process can be more difficult than becoming Influencers.

As mentioned above, KOL is someone who has a profession, experience or special knowledge in a field. In fact, you could say KOL is an expert in his own field.

So if you want to become a KOL, you better show that you have strong experience and knowledge in the field you are in. For example, like Muhammad “Lemon” Ikhsan, whose name is famous after his mobile gaming skills are recognized by many gamers in Indonesia.

With his skills, Lemon can become a Key Opinion Leader in the field of mobile games and help promote the games he plays. When he created the game review content, his personal opinion was much more trusted by the wider community.

So, when compared between the games that work with Lemon and those that don’t, the games that Lemon plays will be mostly uploaded by Indonesian gamers.

You can find other ways to become an influencer in the book The Magic Of Influencers: How to Value Yourself, written by Alam Bachtiar. This book clearly talks about what an influencer is and how one can become an influencer.

Key Opinion Leaders Can Be “Born” Because of Help from Brands

In recent years, the strategy of using micro influencers in product or brand marketing has been popular. Well, sometimes conditions like this can actually help the birth of newcomer KOL.

Micro influencers, although the number of followers is not too many, the engagement rates they get are much better than mega influencers. Especially in a niche that he chose himself.

Gradually, the popularity of these micro influencers will continue to increase along with their appearance on the various marketing channels of the brands they work with.

When he starts to be seen by the public, it is very likely that people will ask for opinions, comments or suggestions from him in the same field as the brand he is promoting.

For example, say, there is an influencer who often shares content about design and then he works with one of the well-known design software companies in Indonesia.

During the collaboration, he often appears in YouTube videos, social media, and even fills in material in online webinars held by the company. Over time, people who see it will think that this influencer really has expertise in design. In the end, they started to believe what the influencer said. Some percent of them will probably take his services.

There are also influencers who spread their wings to become celebrities who often appear on television shows. Like Keanu aka keanuagl who had played in a television program after his name became famous on Instagram and Twitter through his trademark “splice”.

If you want, you can also learn how to influence others from the book How to Win Friends And Influence People In The Digital Age (Revised Edition) by Dale Carnegie & Associates.

Well, Sinaumed’s, those are the sundry Key Opinion Leaders or KOLs that are widely used by brands and companies in their marketing strategies and sometimes tempt us to buy the products they are promoting. Hopefully the information in this article is useful, yes. See you in the next article!

If you want to find various kinds of books about influencers, then you can find them at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Regional Autonomy – In a country, it is certain that it
has a government system, from the central government to regional governments. This also applies
in Indonesia. In the Indonesian government system, the central government delegates some powers
to regional governments to regulate their regions independently. This delegation of power from
the central government to regional governments is commonly referred to as regional autonomy.

Regional autonomy is a policy and authority given to regional governments to regulate their regions
independently. In short, regional autonomy means a policy to manage its own region.
The right of autonomy to the regions in Indonesia aims to create a more effective state
system.

To be clearer, there are several opinions from experts regarding the meaning of regional autonomy, including:

1. Regional autonomy according to CJ Franseen

Regional autonomy according to CJ Franseen is a right to regulate and manage all regional interests and adjust
the regulations that have been made.

2. Regional autonomy according to J Wajong

Regional autonomy is J Wajong, namely the freedom to maintain, develop, and advance the special interests of a
region by determining its own law, self-finance, and self-government.

3. Ateng Syarifuddin

Regional autonomy according to Ateng Syarifuddin is freedom or independence but it is different from
independence. Freedom in regional autonomy is a manifestation of giving an opportunity to a
region to be more responsible.

4. Law Number 12 of 2008 and Law Number 32
of 2004

Regional autonomy based on Law Number 12 of 2008 and Law Number 32 of 2004 is the right, authority and obligation
for an autonomous region to regulate and manage its own regional government affairs and the interests of its
people in accordance with existing laws and regulations.

From the several opinions related to regional autonomy above, it can be concluded that regional autonomy is the
freedom of rights or authorities as well as the obligations and responsibilities of local governments to
regulate and manage an area in accordance with the capabilities and potential possessed by each region.

After the regional autonomy system was implemented and running for more than two decades.
Regional autonomy has made many new autonomous regions emerge. Until 2019, there were
542 autonomous regions consisting of 34 provinces, 415 regencies and 93 cities. This proves
that regional autonomy has been running well and has provided many benefits to the regions.
Autonomous regions are able to develop and at the same time discover their regional potential
through a scheme of absorbing and involving the community. However, apart from these
advantages, regional autonomy still has many shortcomings that must be corrected.

Advantages of Regional Autonomy

In carrying out regional autonomy, there are several advantages that a region can get if it can maximize
this system. The following are four advantages of regional autonomy that we need to
know:

1. Provincial and district and city governments can see the basic needs of their territory to become development
priorities.

2. The implementation of regional autonomy has succeeded in making development in the regions more advanced,
developing faster in regional development, improving services and social welfare.

3. Regions can regulate their regional governance independently through Regional Regulations, provided that
Regional Regulations do not conflict with regulations made by the central government.

4. Regional governments together with regional communities can work together in developing their territories to
become more advanced.

The success of regional autonomy lies in the authority of regional heads to see and discover the
fundamental problems that exist in their regions. Regional autonomy allows regions to be more
advanced, develop and compete with other regions.

Lack of Regional Autonomy

It is a common fact that there is no perfect policy or system behind the success of regional autonomy.
There are three drawbacks that were successfully summarized. Here are three drawbacks
of the regional autonomy policy that you need to know about:

1. The potential for national disintegration may arise if the central government does not have strong control.

2. Regional autonomy has the potential for corruption, collusion and nepotism (KKN) as well as other problems
which will greatly impact the central government if it does not supervise its autonomous regions.

3. Regulations set by the central government are often interpreted differently in each region.
This has the potential to harm regional governments and people in the regions if regulations cannot
be implemented in the regions.

The main drawback of this regional autonomy system is the lack of preparedness of the regions in managing
their regions. The inequality of resources makes regional development uneven, some are
successful but some are not. The central government is needed in carrying out supervision so
that each region can maximize its potential effectively and maximally.

Principles of Implementation of Regional Autonomy

The implementation of regional autonomy in Indonesia was only able to be implemented after finding its momentum
in the post-reform era in 1998. The demands for reform motivated the MPR to hold a Special Session in 1998.
regulation, distribution, utilization of national resources in an equitable manner, as well as central and
regional financial balances within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

Furthermore, the implementation of regional autonomy was truly more perfect when the government and DPR RI found
an agreement to ratify Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government and Law Number 33 of 2004 concerning
Financial Balance between the Central and Regional Governments.

After the enactment of the two laws, the implementation of regional autonomy was realized. In
the implementation of regional autonomy, there are several principles that will affect its implementation.
The following are five principles of implementing regional autonomy that you need to know,
including:

1. Autonomy as Wide as Possible

The principle of implementing regional autonomy has the intention that the regions are given the authority and
power to regulate all government affairs other than government affairs that have been stipulated in the law.

2. Real Autonomy

The principle of implementing regional autonomy in a real way means that autonomy is given to regional
governments based on existing duties, powers and obligations. In addition, this principle gives
responsibility to local governments to encourage regional potential and carry out development according to
the potential of their respective regions.

3. Responsible Autonomy

The principle of implementing regional autonomy that is responsible has the intention that the implementation of
autonomy must be in line with and in accordance with the objectives and delegation of authority and
responsibility from the central government.

Principles of Local Government Administration

In addition to the principle of implementing regional autonomy, regional autonomy requires implementing
principles so that regional governments can exercise their authority optimally. The following
are five principles of local government administration that you need to know, including:

1. The Principle of Unity

Regional autonomy must support the aspirations of the people’s struggles. Regional autonomy is
expected to further strengthen the unitary state and improve the welfare of local communities in every
region in Indonesia.

2. Real Principles and Responsibilities

Real and responsible regional autonomy must be implemented for the benefit of the whole community.
Local governments have a very important role in regulating the process of local government as well
as regional development.

3. The Principle of Deployment

Regional autonomy basically must be in accordance with the principles of decentralization and
deconcentration so that it can be beneficial to the community. The principle of dissemination
is intended so that people can innovate in an effort to carry out development in their area.

4. The principle of harmony

Regional autonomy in its implementation must prioritize the principle of harmony as a goal in addition to aspects
of democracy.

5. Empowerment Principles

Regional autonomy must be able to increase the usability and efficiency of government administration in the
regions. Regional autonomy itself has the goal of improving services and developing human
resources in an area. In addition, local regional governments can carry out increased
development related to national unity and regional and state political stability.

Purpose of Regional Autonomy

The following are the objectives of implementing regional autonomy that you need to know, namely:

1. Implementation of political education.
2. Creating political stability.
3. Realizing
the democratization of the government system in the regions.
4. Open opportunities for the
community to participate in various political activities at the local level.
5. The
implementation of regional autonomy is expected to increase the ability of regional governments to pay
attention to their people.
6. Local government will know more about the problems faced by
its people.

In addition to the 6 objectives of implementing regional autonomy above, the following are the objectives of
regional autonomy from the perspective of several fields, including:

1. From the political field, the purpose of regional autonomy is as a process to open up space for the
birth of regional government heads through democratic elections. Regional autonomy is very
likely to provide space for responsive governance to take place.

2. From the economic field, the aim of regional autonomy is to open up opportunities for regional
governments to develop regional to local policies and regulations. Regional autonomy aims to
enable regions to optimize their distinctive potential to make economic improvements and earn income for
their regions.

3. From the social field, the purpose of regional autonomy is to create and foster a responsive attitude from the
community in dealing with the dynamics that occur in the area where they live.

Legal Basis for Regional Autonomy in Indonesia

The establishment of regional autonomy itself actually has three legal bases, namely the Basic Law (UUD),
MPR-RI Decree and Law (UU). The following is an explanation of the legal basis for regional
autonomy in Indonesia, including:

1. Constitution

The legal basis for regional autonomy is contained in Article 1945 of the 1945 Constitution. Referring to Article
18 of the UUD paragraphs 1 and 2 it states that the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is divided into
provinces, regencies and cities which regulate and manage their own government affairs based on the principle of
autonomy and co-administration.

2. Decree of the MPR-RI

As one of the legal foundations for regional autonomy in Indonesia, the Decree of the MPR-RI No.
XV/MPR/1998 explains that the implementation of regional autonomy includes regulation, distribution
and use of equitable national resources, as well as financial balance between the center and the regions
within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.

3. Law (UU)

The legal basis for regional autonomy is contained in two laws, namely Law Number 12 of 2008 concerning the
Second Amendment to Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government. According to the
principle, the administration of regional government prioritizes the implementation of the principle of
decentralization.

In Law Number 12 of 2008 is to encourage community empowerment, increase the role of the community, and foster
initiative and creativity, as well as develop the role and function of the DPRD.

Regional Autonomy Dimensions

In the dimension of regional autonomy, there are two basic values ​​developed in the 1945 Constitution, which
relate to the implementation of decentralization and regional autonomy in Indonesia, namely:

1. Unitary Value

This unitary value is embodied in the perspective that the Indonesian state does not have other
governmental units within it which are state in nature (Eenheidstaat). Sovereignty is fully
attached to the people, the nation, and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is not divided into
government units.

2. Basic values ​​of Territorial Decentralization

The basic value of territorial decentralization is based on the content and soul contained in article 18 of the
1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The government has an obligation to carry out politics in a
decentralized and deconcentrated manner in the field of state administration.

a. Definition of Decentralization

Decentralization is a word that comes from the Dutch language. Etymologically, the word
decentralization is a combination of the word “De” which means free and the word “centerum” which means
center. So, the notion of decentralization is something that is independent from the
center.

b. Definition of Deconcentration

Deconcentration itself is an attempt to expedite work by handing over power from top to bottom in terms of
staffing. This decentralization gives regional power to regulate the region in an environment
to realize the principles of democracy.

Meanwhile, deconcentration is an attempt to transfer authority from the central government to autonomous
regions. This autonomous region becomes the representative of the central government within the
framework of a unitary state.

Regional Autonomy in the Context of the Unitary
State

Regional autonomy in a unitary state like Indonesia is very beneficial for the development of an area that
has potential and characteristics. Not only that, regional autonomy is also very possible to
improve the welfare of people in the region.

The implementation of regional autonomy and the implementation of regional autonomy refer to the legal
basis for empowered demands and needs in facing globalization. The success of developing a
region can be determined based on the ability and willingness of the local government and its people.
The central government has given trust in the form of authority to regional governments to regulate
and manage their own regions independently.

Connotation Is – When reading a literary work, Sinaumed’s must have encountered several vocabulary words which unconsciously can give their own ‘sense of value’ regarding their meaning. Even as time goes by, the meaning of the vocabulary can change into negative or positive things, especially when spoken in everyday conversations. For example, the word “dog” which basically has a definition of ‘ a four-legged animal that likes to bark when a stranger approaches it.‘. But in this day and age, the word “dog” has become a harsh word that tends to be cursed by angry people. This is in line with one of the characteristics of language, which is dynamic. That is, language is following and adapting to the conditions of the people who use it.

What’s more, in this era of globalization, Indonesian vocabulary has increased a lot due to the “creativity” of its users. Many vocabularies then change their ‘taste value’. That is the concept of connotative meaning. Usually, the meaning of this connotation is closely related to the meaning of denotation which is also the main discussion in the branch of semantics. So, what does this connotation mean? Is there a difference between connotation and denotation in Indonesian, both in spoken and written language? What are the types of meaning in the world of semantics? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands these things, let’s look at the following review!

What is Connotation

Basically, this connotation is usually referred to as a word that has a figurative meaning, aka an imprecise meaning. In ‘showing’ the meaning that is not true, the word will usually also contain emotional values ​​or certain values ​​that are currently in effect in society. Given the existence of that language will not be separated from members of the community as users. Well, words that have connotations are known as connotative meanings. A little trivia, the use of this connotation has now developed in the world of marketing, to be precise for advertising a product.

This was also stated by Chaer (2013) stating that a word can be called a connotative meaning if the word does have a ‘taste value’, both positively and negatively (can also be in the form of subtle and gross nuances). Although there are also taste values ​​that are neutral or have no connotation at all. As previously explained, one of the characteristics of language is that it is dynamic, aka adapting to the conditions of the society, so the meaning of this connotation can also change from time to time.

For example: the words “wife” and “bini” both show the meaning of ‘ a woman who has become a husband’s partner’ . However, in its use, the word “wife” is more directed to a positive sense of value and has subtle nuances. Meanwhile, the word “bini” tends to have a negative taste value and has a rough feel, especially when used in writing news texts or official conversations. Although in fact, the word “bini” in Betawi culture does not have a negative connotation.

This is also in line with the statement of Waridah (2018) who argues that the connotative meaning is indeed based on one’s feelings or thoughts. In short, this connotation meaning will be based on social attitudes and even a certain perspective from an era. That is why, connotative meaning is also known as figurative meaning or contextual meaning. An example of a connotative meaning that shows a certain perspective from an era is the word “chair”. In ancient times, this word “chair” had a positive and subtle meaning, namely ‘a seat that is rather high and usually has four legs’. Meanwhile, nowadays, people’s perspective on the word “chair” is different, especially when it is related to political issues. Yep, the word “chair” will change to have a negative meaning and have a rough nuance, namely asdishonestly obtained ‘position’ or ‘position’ .

Since this connotation is an untrue meaning, aka figurative meaning that ‘highlights’ the value of taste from the perspective of an era, it is not uncommon for its existence to change following the development of society. There are so many vocabularies that turn out to be “results” of connotative meanings. Although to determine the figurative meaning of a word, one must first look at its true meaning, alias denotation. That is why, the existence of connotative meaning and denotative meaning will be related to one another.

Based on the book Introduction to Indonesian Semantics , the reason why these connotative and denotative meanings “exist” and apply in society is because society’s views are based on prevailing cultural values ​​or norms. Yep, words with connotative meanings get “additional meanings” which are not entirely different from the views of the community itself as language users. Not infrequently, the “additional meaning” that leads to negative or positive sense of value is related to historical events and social functions that occur in society.

An example is the words “women” and “women”. Although these two words share the same denotation (true meaning) as ‘adult human beings, not men’ , in the perspective of society, their meanings have changed. The word “women” defines more ‘a figure who is more educated and modern in all respects (perspective, way of dressing, able to earn money for themselves)’ , even its use is often associated with modern life in the city center. Meanwhile, the word “women” defines more ‘ a person who is less educated, not modern in all respects, more motherly in feeling, and diligent in cooking in the kitchen’ , usually its use will be associated with ordinary life in a small town or village.

Even between the words “women” and “women”, there is also the word “female” which is considered to have a negative feeling and rough nuance. Given the word “female” is more often used to refer to the sex of animals. Even though the word “female” is used to refer to a woman, later on it will connote a very rude and lowly person, namely ‘a stubborn and wild person, like a girl who is naughty’ .

Unfortunately, nowadays there is often a word whose ‘taste value’ has declined due to the actions of members of the community, thus indirectly changing the perspective of that word. For example in the word “wisdom”, which denotatively (true meaning) is ‘a wise behavior or action in dealing with a problem’. Denotatively, the word “wisdom” gives a sense of positive and subtle nuances . But nowadays, the word “wisdom” actually has a negative connotation and has a harsh nuance because of the irresponsible actions of some community members, thus changing the perspectives of other community members.

For example, there was a vehicle driver who was arrested because he had been proven to have violated traffic rules. Then, the driver instead asked for “wisdom” from the police officer not to further prosecute his mistake. Meanwhile, the police officer, who was supposed to be “wise”, asked the driver to give him “wisdom” as well. In short, the word “wisdom” can degenerate into ‘an act of bribery’ which has a negative connotation. When in fact, the word “wisdom” has a neutral or even positive connotation.

There is one more thing that needs to be considered about the meaning of this connotation, which is that it will be adapted to the way of life and the norms that apply in a group of people, usually in a religion. For example, the word “pig” if you look at the denotative meaning (true meaning) is ‘ a four-legged animal that likes to play in the mud and has a long snout’ . However, in a community group where the majority are Muslim, this animal has a negative connotation, because it is considered unclean and unclean. On the other hand, in a group of people where the majority are not Muslim, for example on the island of Bali, this animal does not have a negative connotation.

Examples of Connotative Meaningful Words

• Odd

Denotation meaning: odd; not even (usually related to numbers)

Connotation meaning: strange; not as usual; magical (usually related to someone’s behavior)

• Prey

Denotation meaning: animal meat used as food by wild animals (related to animal ecosystems in the forest)

Connotative meaning: target for evil deeds (related to evil things, for example thieves)

• Pole

Denotation meaning: a long wooden pillar to support the roof of a house or bridge.

Connotation meaning: something that becomes the staple of life.

• Root

Denotation meaning: the part of the plant that is embedded in the soil as a reinforcement and absorber of water.

Connotative meaning: origin, cause of something.

• Parasite

Denotation meaning: plants that live on other plants by sucking their food.

Connotation meaning: a person whose presence does not provide benefits and only lives on other people.

The Difference between Connotation and Denotation

Although the meaning of connotation and denotation are different in terms of definition, they are still related to each other. The thing that needs to be understood regarding the meaning of connotation and denotation is “every word which is a full word must have a denotative meaning, but not all of these words have a connotative meaning”. So, here is the difference between connotation and denotation.

Connotation Meaning	Denotation Meaning
As an unreal meaning alias figurative meaning.	As the true meaning based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI).
There is a sense of value in its use.	There is no sense value in its use.
Also known as contextual meaning.	Also known as conceptual meaning.
In general, the meaning will change according to the perspective that develops in society.	In general, in the form of an explanation as a meaning that really corresponds to the results of human observations. Starting from sight, smell, hearing, and the experience of the five human senses.

Recognizing Other Types of Meaning

The division of the types of meaning is not only connotative meaning and denotative meaning, but has a very broad discussion. In the book SEMANTIC: Theory and Analysis , revealed that there are at least 3 other types of meaning. Well, here’s an explanation!

1. Lexical Meaning and Grammatical Meaning

Does Sinaumed’s know if the smallest unit or semantic unit in that language is called a lexeme? The existence of this lexeme is the same as phonemes in the branch of phonology and morphemes in the branch of morphology, which are both abstract in nature. This lexeme forms the basis for the formation of a word. For example, the words buy, buy, buy, and purchase are both formed from the same lexeme, namely buy . The meaning of the word “buy” can be identified even without having to combine it with other elements. Well, that’s what is called lexical meaning.

Meanwhile, in terms of grammatical meaning, it looks more at linguistic units that can only be identified after these units are joined or combined with other linguistic units. In short, this grammatical meaning occurs when the basic word has undergone a process of affixing, repeating, and compounding, according to the context of the existing sentence.

2. Literal and Figurative Meanings

The literal meaning is a straightforward meaning which refers to the referent literally. For example, the word “crocodile”, according to the referent, will have the meaning of ‘a compatriot of four-legged animals that live in swamps or rivers’.

Meanwhile, the figurative meaning refers more to other referents which usually deviate with various ethical (moral), aesthetic (beauty), insulting (humiliation) goals, and others. For example, the word “to the back” can deviate into a bathroom, when applied to the sentence “…Because she couldn’t stand it, Alia immediately asked permission to go back.”

3. Primary Meaning and Secondary Meaning

Almost the same as the lexical meaning, denotative meaning, and literal meaning, this primary meaning is also the meaning of a word that can be known by language users even without the help of context. While the secondary meaning is tantamount to grammatical meaning, connotative meaning, and figurative meaning, namely as meaning that can only be identified by language users with the help of context.

Well, that’s a review of what connotation is and examples, the difference with denotative meaning, and other types of meaning in the world of semantics. Can Sinaumed’s name another example of this connotative meaning?

Source:

Chaer, Abdul. (2013). Introduction to Indonesian Semantics . Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.

Wijana, I Dewa Putu and Muhammad Rohmadi. (2008). SEMANTIC: Theory and Analysis . Surakarta: Yuma Pustaka.

The process of photosynthesis – The word photosynthesis comes from the Greek. Photo means
light and synthesis means combination. Photosynthesis is a biochemical
process of forming carbohydrates from inorganic materials carried out by plants, especially plants that
contain a green substance, namely chlorophyll.

In addition to organisms that contain greening substances, there are also organisms that carry out
photosynthesis, namely algae and several types of bacteria that use nutrients, carbon dioxide, water and need to
use solar energy.

Almost all living things depend on the energy produced during photosynthesis. As a result,
photosynthesis is essential for life on earth. Photosynthesis is also credited with producing
most of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere. Organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis
(Photos means light) are called phototrophs.

Photosynthesis is a means of assimilation of carbon because in photosynthesis the free carbon from CO2 is
bound (fixed) to sugar as an energy storage molecule. Another way organisms use to assimilate
carbon is through chemosynthesis, which is carried out by some sulfur bacteria.

Photosynthesis lessons are usually given when someone enters junior high school (SMP).
However, there is nothing wrong if this material is reviewed again because it is closely related to
everyday life. Summarized from several sources, the following is an explanation of what
photosynthesis is and how this natural process occurs in plants. So, read the explanation of
photosynthesis until it’s finished, Sinaumed’s friends .

Definition of Photosynthesis

In KBBI, the definition of photosynthesis is the use of solar energy (artificial sunlight) by green leafy
plants or bacteria to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates. Photosynthesis is a
biochemical process that uses sunlight and occurs only in organisms that have chlorophyll.

Examples are plants and phytoplankton. This condition is a combination of two compounds CO2
(carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) to produce chemical energy using light energy and chlorophyll.
From the various definitions above, we can conclude that photosynthesis is the process of producing
food using carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll.

However, photosynthesis is not only carried out by plants. Several species of bacteria,
protozoa, and algae are also capable of photosynthesis. These organisms are able to carry out
photosynthesis because they have color pigments that can absorb sunlight, ranging from purple to red.
Color pigments are not only green, but also xanthophyll (orange) and carotene (yellow).
Organisms that are capable of photosynthesis are called autotrophs.

Photosynthesis Process

In this chemical transformation process, it really needs these 4 things: water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll
and the last is sunlight. The following is the process of photosynthesis:

1. Plants take water from the soil, then it is taken up by the roots, and from the roots
   it is metabolized by the transport system, namely xylem and phloem tissues. Distributed to
   all organs of the plant body, including leaves.
2. Carbon dioxide is obtained from the air that enters through the stomata.
   Place the stomata on the underside of the leaf.
3. Photosynthesis occurs when the chlorophyll in the leaves receives sunlight and then the light
   is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen.
4. The sugar produced can be used directly by plants, or it can be stored in other plant organs,
   such as fruits.
5. In addition to sugar, the oxygen that is formed passes through the stomata and then
   into the air. This oxygen is used by humans to breathe.
6. Through polymerization, the glucose or sugar produced from this process will be
   converted into starch or starch. The essence or starch will be stored in the roots

Types of Reactions in the Process of
Photosynthesis

Until now photosynthesis is still being studied because there are still several stages that have not been
explained, although much is known about this important process. The process of photosynthesis
is complex because it involves all the main branches of natural science, such as physics, chemistry and
biology.

In plants, the main organ where photosynthesis takes place is the leaf. But in general, all
cells with chloroplasts are capable of this reaction. This organelle is where photosynthesis
takes place, precisely in the buffer. The results of photosynthesis (known as photosynthesis)
are usually delivered first to nearby tissues.

Basically, the chain reaction of photosynthesis can be divided into two main parts:

light reactions (because they need light) and dark reactions (which don’t need light but do need carbon
dioxide). The light reactions occur in the grana (singular: particles), while the dark
reactions occur in the stroma. In the light reactions, light energy is converted to chemical
energy and produces oxygen (O2).

Whereas in the dark reaction, a series of cyclic reactions occur which form sugar from the building blocks
of CO2 and energy (ATP and NADPH). The energy used in this dark reaction is obtained from the
light reaction. During the dark reaction, sunlight is not needed. Black reaction
to convert compounds containing carbon atoms into sugar molecules.

Light reaction

The light reaction is the reaction that produces ATP and reduces NADPH2. This reaction
requires water molecules and sunlight. The process begins with the capture of photons by
pigments that act as antennas.

The light reactions involve two optical systems operating together, namely photosystems I and II.
Photosystem I (PS I) contains the P700 reaction center, meaning photosystem absorbs light optimally
at 700 nm, whereas photosystem II (PS II) contains photosystem II (PS II). P680’s response and absorption of
light is optimal at 680 nm.

The light reaction mechanism begins with the stage where photosystem II absorbs sunlight so that the
chlorophyll electrons in PS II are excited and cause the charge to become unstable. To
stabilize again, PS II will take electrons from H2O molecules around it. Water molecules will
be broken down by manganese ions (Mn) which act as enzymes. This will result in the release of
H+ in the thylakoid lumen.

By using electrons from water, then PS II will reduce plastoquinone (PQ) to form PQH2.
Plastoquinone is a quinone molecule found in the lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane.
This plastoquinone will send electrons from PS II to an H+ pump called the cytochrome b6-f complex.
The overall reaction that occurs in PS II is:

2H2O + 4 photons + 2PQ + 4H- → 4H+ + O2 + 2PQH2

The cytochrome b6-f complex functions to carry electrons from PS II to PS I by oxidizing PQH2 and reducing
a small, highly mobile, copper-containing protein called plastocyanin (PC). This event also
causes an H+ pump from the stroma to the thylakoid membrane. The reactions that occur in the
cytochrome b6-f complex are:

2PQH2 + 4PC(Cu2+) → 2PQ + 4PC(Cu+) + 4H+ (lumen)

Electrons from the cytochrome b6-f complex will be accepted by photosystem I. This photosystem absorbs
light energy separately from PS II, but contains an integral core complex, which accepts electrons coming
from H2O through the PS II core complex first. As a light-dependent system, PS I functions to
oxidize reduced plastocyanin and transfer electrons to a soluble Fe-S protein called ferredoxin.
The overall reaction on PS I is:

Light + 4PC(Cu+) + 4Fd(Fe3+) → 4PC(Cu2+) + 4Fd(Fe2+)

Furthermore, electrons from ferredoxin are used in the final stage of electron transport to reduce NADP+
and form NADPH.[21] This reaction is catalyzed in the stroma by the enzyme ferredoxin-NADP+
reductase.[21] The reaction is:

4Fd (Fe2+) + 2NADP+ + 2H+ → 4Fd (Fe3+) + 2NADPH

H+ ions that have been pumped into the thylakoid membrane will enter into the ATP synthase.[1]
ATP synthase will couple the formation of ATP with the transport of electrons and H+ across the
thylakoid membrane. The entry of H+ into ATP synthase will make ATP synthase work to convert
ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) into ATP. The overall reaction that occurs in the light
reaction is as follows:

Rays + ADP + Pi + NADP+ + 2H2O → ATP + NADPH + 3H+ + O2

Dark Reaction

The dark reaction is known as the Calvin-Benson cycle. In the dark, the Calvin reaction or
reaction does not require sunlight to produce sugar and oxygen. The dark reaction occurs after
the light reaction. The dark reaction is the process by which ATP and NADPH are fertilized by
CO2 and then converted into sugar. The substrate is where the dark reaction occurs.
In the buffer immobilization, reduction and regeneration processes occur. These stages
include: 4,444 CO2 bonds (bonding) – Reduction – Formation of RuBP (Ribulose Bisphosphate).

The dark reaction is divided through several processes, namely:

• Carbon dioxide is bound by RuBp to give rise to phosphoglycerate (PGA).
• PGA is reduced giving birth to PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde).
• PGAL will be regenerated into glucose and RuBp.

Photosynthesis in Plants

Plants are autotrophic organisms. Autotrophs mean that they can synthesize food directly from
inorganic compounds. Plants use carbon dioxide and water to produce the sugars and oxygen they
need for food. The energy to carry out this process comes from photosynthesis. The
following is the equation for the photosynthesis reaction that produces glucose:

6H2O + 6CO2 + light → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2

Glucose can be used to form other organic compounds such as cellulose and can also be used as a fuel.
This process takes place through cellular respiration which occurs in animals and plants.
In general, the reaction that occurs in cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation above.
During respiration, sugar (glucose) and other compounds react with oxygen to produce carbon
dioxide, water, and chemical energy.

Plants capture light using a pigment called chlorophyll. This pigment gives plants their green
color. Chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts. Chlorophyll absorbs
light to be used in photosynthesis.

Although all the green parts of the plant body contain chloroplasts, most of the energy is produced in the
leaves. Inside the leaf is a layer of cells called the mesoderm which contains half a million
chloroplasts per square millimeter.

Light passes through a transparent, colorless cuticle to the dermis, where most photosynthesis takes place. The
leaf surface is usually covered by a waxy impermeable cuticle to prevent absorption of sunlight or excessive
evaporation of water.

Photosynthesis in Algae and Bacteria

Algae range from multicellular algae such as seaweed to microscopic algae consisting of a single cell.
Although algae do not have the complex structures of land plants, photosynthesis in both species
occurs in a similar way.

Simply because algae have different types of pigments in their chloroplasts, the wavelengths of light they
absorb also vary more. All algae produce oxygen and most are autotrophs. Only a
minority are heterotrophs, meaning they depend on materials made by other organisms.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

The process of photosynthesis is influenced by several factors, namely those that can affect directly such
as environmental conditions and factors that do not have a direct effect such as disruption of several
organic functions that are important for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is actually sensitive
to a number of environmental conditions including the presence of sunlight, ambient temperature, and carbon
dioxide (CO2) concentrations. These environmental factors are also known as limiting factors
and have a direct effect on the rate of photosynthesis.

This limiting factor can prevent the photosynthetic rate from reaching optimal conditions even when other
photosynthetic conditions have improved, which is why this limiting factor affects the photosynthetic rate
by controlling the optimal photosynthetic rate. In addition, factors such as carbohydrate
translocation, leaf age, and nutrient availability affect the function of the important organs in
photosynthesis and thus indirectly affect the photosynthetic rate.

The success of plants and autotrophs in making food through photosynthesis is influenced and required by several

factors, namely:

1. Light

Light is the main ingredient for good photosynthesis.

A. Light intensity

Every plant has different light requirements. C3 plants (beans, cotton, soybeans, potatoes,
wheat) have low light tolerance, so when exposed to high light intensity photosynthesis does not increase.
Meanwhile, the light tolerance of C4 plants (sugarcane, corn and sorghum) is high. At
high light intensity will increase the intensity of photosynthesis.

B. Wavelength of Light

Each color spectrum has a different wavelength. However, chlorophyll can absorb more red and
blue colors because the wavelength of light is very efficient.

2. Temperature

All plants require different temperatures. For C3 plants, the optimum temperature needed is
around 20-26 ℃. Meanwhile for C4 plants, the optimum temperature required for photosynthesis is
around 35-40 ℃.

3. Plant Age

When the plant is mature, the tissues will form more and more perfectly, this helps increase the effectiveness
and rate of the photosynthesis process.

4. Concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and
Oxygen (O2)

Carbon dioxide greatly affects photosynthesis. The higher the concentration of carbon dioxide
in the air will increase the rate of photosynthesis. In contrast to carbon dioxide, the more O2
concentration will make the photosynthetic intensity decrease.

5. Water and Nutrient Content

Photosynthesis will be disrupted if the plant lacks water. Likewise, abundant water also
inhibits photosynthesis. Chlorophyll actually requires the elements Mg (magnesium) and Nitrogen
n). If these two elements are lacking, then the rate of photosynthesis will decrease.

Benefits of Photosynthesis

1. Produces Oxygen for Living Things

During photosynthesis, plants also release oxygen as a by-product. Oxygen is needed by living
things to breathe. In addition, during this chemical change, plants will absorb carbon dioxide
from pollution. When carbon dioxide is absorbed, the air around plants becomes cleaner and
cooler.

2. Forming Fruits and Tubers in Plants

Fruits and tubers are food reserves produced by this chemical process. Fruits and tubers can
also be used by humans and animals as a food source. Fruits and tubers contain many vitamins
and compounds that are beneficial to the human body.

3. Produce Glucose

In addition to oxygen, fruit contains glucose. Glucose in plants is used as fuel to make other
food substances. Like fat or protein. Both substances are equally important for
animals and humans. Protein is very good for the body. Protein can repair cells
and enhance human immunity.

4. Humidify the Air in the Surrounding Environment

10% natural humidity caused by vegetation. Increased air humidity has an impact on humans,
namely helping sedation, overcoming fatigue and helping people sleep better.

5. Produce Food Ingredients

The main function of photosynthesis is to produce food. Examples are fruits, tubers and
glucose. The nutritional composition of plants is very beneficial to humans and animals.
This is why the ability of plants to convert solar energy into chemical energy (nutrients) is
always a link in the food chain.

Closing

Based on all the explanations above, it can be concluded that photosynthesis is the process of compiling simple
compounds into complex compounds, in plant parts which then contain chlorophyll.

The photosynthesis process will also help produce the main product in the form of stored carbohydrates as
food, including fruit. This process will also require the help of sunlight. When
fruit is eaten by other organisms, there will be a transfer of energy.

If you are looking for books about plants or water, you can get them at sinaumedia.com. Reading
lots of books and articles won’t hurt you because Sinaumed’s will get #OtherWithReading information and
knowledge.

The impact of forest fires – In the past, Indonesia was often considered the lungs of the
world because it had a very large area of ​​forest. Forests are claimed to have a central role
in producing oxygen for mankind. Unfortunately, the case of forest fires that hit Indonesia has
made the forest area in Indonesia narrower and smaller. This of course brings fantastic losses
to the country and also threatens public health.

Broadly speaking, forest fires are caused by two primary factors. The first is natural factors
and the second is human-made factors that are not controlled. Natural factors, such as the influence of the
El-Nino effect, cause long dry spells so that the plants become very dry.

Before discussing fire, of course, we must first know what the definition of fire is. In this
case, of course, fire has a role as an igniter for a fire that occurs somewhere. A small fire
can become big and start a fire.

Fire is a chemical reaction formed from three elements, namely heat, oxygen and fuel which produce light
and heat. These three elements combine and become an element, namely fire. That’s
why the fire we see today can produce light as well as create a feeling of heat around it.

Fire itself is an uncontrolled fire that can harm the safety and property around us. The
nature of the fire before it starts is very important, usually igniting nearby objects for 3-10 minutes.
I

this is why if a fire occurs in a densely populated settlement, it will spread to neighboring houses.
Especially if the fire occurs in the forest. All life in the forest, such as flora,
animals, and even humans, can die as a result of the fires that occur. Now, on this occasion,
sinaumedia will discuss the impact of forest fires and how to prevent them. For those of you who
are curious about the impact of forest fires and how to prevent forest fires, see the following
reviews!

Forest fires

Forest fires and land fires are surface fires where the fire burns fuel such as (debris, trees, bushes,
etc.) above the surface. The fire then spreads abnormally below the surface (burning above
ground), burning organic matter through the peat pit and bush/tree roots, the tops of which ignite.

As it progressed, the flames spread both vertically and horizontally within the smoke pocket, burning only
white smoke on the surface. The fire will be very difficult to extinguish because the fire
starts underground and only smoke rises to the surface.

Previously, Indonesia had experienced the largest forest fires, these fires occurred in 1982, 1983, 1991,
1994, 1997, 1998, 2006 and 2015. The 2015 fires caused 80% of Sumatra to be covered in thick smoke due to
the fires. The impact of forest fires is of course detrimental to all parties, starting from
the economy, health and society, because the smoke and fires can also disturb neighboring countries.
Therefore, it is necessary to take serious measures regarding this disaster and analyze the reasons
for its failure.

Climate change is increasing the frequency of forest fires and the resulting damage. This
assertion does not come from wishful thinking, or from something that fell from the sky, but from
science.

In fact, there has been no shortage of efforts so far to recover from and prevent outbreaks of wildfires.
In Indonesia, the United States, Australia, everywhere they have been affected for years.
However, forest fires continue to occur with great damage. This does not include the
dead and missing.

In America, President Donald Trump, one of the people who do not believe in climate change, and he blames the bad
management of forests by the authorities in California.

In Indonesia, forest firers as well as individuals or companies are often targeted. It is very
possible that there was negligence on the part of parties with an interest in the forest. But
science, in general, blatantly dismisses such accusations: that forest fires are becoming more frequent,
with all the consequences, because of climate change.

Several studies have established a relationship between the two phenomena. For example, a 2014
study has results published in the journal Advanced Earth and Space Sciences. Key
findings: Rising temperatures and accompanying droughts are causing forest fires to break out in all
parts of the world. Another 2015 study found that the number of fire days per year is
increasing as global temperatures continue to rise.

The following year’s study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found
that climate change will continue to ‘increase the likelihood’ of wildfires in the western United
States. In addition, it was also found that increasing temperature and water vapor pressure
in the forests of the Western United States over the past few decades have caused 75% of the forest area
to be threatened by forest fires.

What is indisputable: forest fires cause material losses. Research by San Diego State
University in 2009 found the economic costs of forest fires were far greater than previously thought.
For example, the consequences of the forest fires in 2003 were about $2 billion higher than
estimates. In Indonesia, the World Bank estimates that the damage from forest fires in 2019
will reach IDR 72.95 trillion.

Researchers from the University of Oregon point to one possible really heavy effect on forest fires.
Large-scale forest fires, he concluded, “generated instability in the labor market due to stronger
seasonal variations in employment in subsequent years”.

Science also confirms that human activities are increasing global temperatures, which in turn causes
climate change. It is truly a hint of what can be done to prevent future forest fires, namely
taking steps to reduce the impact of human activities on the climate. Of course, this requires
a political decision. However, actors, especially companies actively choosing this path, must
be supported.

Impact of Forest Fires

Following are some of the impacts of forest fires on human health, which need to be watched out for, summarized
by sinaumedia.com from several sources.

1. Lung and Respiratory Infections

Smoke from forest fires can cause local/local irritation to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth and
throat which are in direct contact with fire smoke, as well as triggering allergic reactions, inflammation
and possibly inflammation. , starting with ARI and if severe can reach pneumonia .

The ability of the lungs and respiratory tract to deal with infection is also reduced, making infection
more likely. Human) and bad environment (environment).

2. Lowering Body Resistance

In general, various chronic diseases in various organs of the body (heart, liver, kidneys) can also get
worse. This is partly due to an indirect effect as the mist suppresses the immune system and
also causes stress. It should be emphasized again that the elderly and children (as well as
people with chronic diseases) with weak immune systems are more susceptible to health problems.

3. Causing the Loss of Habitat of
Living Creatures in the Forest

Forest fires in Riau occur automatically which can damage local animal habitats. Creatures
that live in the forest are expelled and stop surviving such as interacting, eating, breathing, etc.
There are also rumors that a tiger has come out of the forest. He was looking for
another place to live to replace what he had lost. In addition to losing their homes, creatures
in the forest could die if they didn’t escape.

Forest creatures seek and find new habitats that will disturb society. If this continues and
no further action is taken, losses will occur. Humans will also lose their habitat as animals
will lose their homes.

4. Hard to Find Clean Water

Forests are important water reservoirs for survival. If the forest continues to dry up, then
there is nothing to hold back water, rainwater or mountain water. The existence of water and
forests is directly proportional. When forests are thinned, there is nothing left to hold
water, reducing groundwater (artesian) water supplies.

If this continued, it would be difficult for sentient beings to obtain clean water. The damage
caused by a lack of drinking water includes public health that will be disrupted, the water cycle will be
disrupted, thus impacting climate change, such as prolonged drought and irregular rain cycles.

5. Headache, Nausea, and Vomiting

Another impact of forest fires on human health is that they can cause headaches, nausea, and vomiting.
Exposure to carbon monoxide inhaled from forest fires can also cause headaches.

Even with headaches, carbon monoxide poisoning causes nausea and vomiting due to reduced oxygen supply to
the body. Migraine-like headaches are the type most often associated with the chemicals that
cause fire fumes.

6. Reflex cough due to mucus irritation

As much as possible, people should limit outdoor activities to avoid exposure to high levels of smoke from
forest and land fires. Otherwise, exposure to smoke can cause a person to cough.

Indeed, the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract secrete more mucus when irritated. The
increased production of mucus and the tightening of the airway muscles cause the cough reflex.

7. Global Warming

Due to the inclusion of chemicals such as carbon monoxide (CO) and aldehydes, the pollution caused by
intentional forest fires is far more dangerous than natural fires. The downside of smoke
pollution is that it is harmful to public health and inhibits plant photosynthesis.

In addition, the harmful effects of ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons.
Different types of substances can travel long distances and be converted into other gases such as
ozone or particles such as nitrate and organic oxygen during this transport. The ozone layer
can also be destroyed by these chemicals. When the ozone layer is damaged, the earth’s surface
temperature rises, global warming occurs and the polar ice caps melt.

In addition, UV rays directly hit the earth (nothing gets in the way). It can also affect
people’s health, including skin cancer caused by UV rays. The next drawback is the greenhouse
effect it causes. Indeed, the resulting smoke prevents heat from being reflected back into the
biosphere. As a result, heat radiates from the surface and is reflected back into the smoke
above and cannot escape. If this continues, the greenhouse effect could melt the polar ice
caps, and if this happens, the country could sink.

The dynamics of the development of pollutants that enter the body of the environment are increasingly
diverse in quality and quantity, which are influenced by various human activities on earth. The
entry of pollutant into the environment will have a direct and indirect impact on the environment and the
health of the population in the area. To anticipate this, an initial analysis of potential
risks to ecosystems and society is carried out to control pollutant levels and prevention scenarios are also
developed.

8. Source of Dangerous Pollutants

Pollutants in the smoke from forest fires that fall to the surface of the earth can also be a source of
contamination in unprotected drinking water and catering facilities. If then the contaminated
water and food are consumed by the public, it is not impossible that digestive disorders and other diseases
will occur.

9. Exacerbates Asthma

Another effect of wildfires is that they exacerbate asthma and other chronic lung diseases, such as chronic
bronchitis, COPD, and more. Smoke from forest fires will be inhaled into the lungs.
The ability of the lungs to work is reduced, the patient gets tired easily and has difficulty
breathing.

10. Causes Eye and Skin Irritation

The main impact of forest fires on human health is that they can cause eye and skin irritation. Eye and
skin irritation can occur as a result of exposure to smoke. Fire smoke causes symptoms of
severe itching, watery eyes, inflammation and infection.

11. The Fall of a Big Tree

A tree that should have lived many years fell by accident. The existence of what is happening
will also be disrupted. If this continues, forest fires continue to occur and without
commensurate repairs, we will lose large green open spaces that can produce oxygen and natural resources.
Indeed, this time the results will not be small, but the losses will be much greater.

The downside is that existing agricultural land is used for construction and settlement, whereas forests
are inhabited by other organisms that are used to expand agricultural land. Later, our
generation will only think that the forest is just a fairy tale because the past has passed, they cannot
find the forest. The absence of forests would also cause a lot of damage. Such as
floods, landslides, global warming and rising temperatures.

12. The Economy is Disrupted

This can happen because the smoke from pollution caused by forest fires is very thick, making it difficult
for people to carry out economic transactions. This loss has an impact on residents because it
can reduce the income of residents who work in the private sector. In addition, for regional
agencies it also disrupts activities that rely on local governments in achieving regional
development.

How to Prevent Forest Fires

Prevention of forest fires is not only the duty of forest rangers, but also the obligation of all
Indonesian people. To reduce the potential for forest fires in Indonesia, the following methods
can be applied.

1. Analysis of Fire Prone Points

To determine the flammability point in an area, we can use the Keetch Byram Index method .
This method is done by assessing the danger of forest fires based on the index or degree of
drought in an area. With proper analysis, the risk of land fires can be avoided and
continuously managed.

2. Conduct Routine Patrols

Forest patrols are very important to protect forests, especially against potential forest fires and illegal
logging. Endemic forest fires require more frequent and strict forest patrols and monitoring.
Especially during the dry season, forest patrols and monitoring must be carried out more
frequently.

3. Detect forest or land fires as soon
as possible

Even when preventive measures have been taken through flash point analysis as well as strict patrols or
surveillance, the forest is still at risk of burning. Therefore, rangers and the public must
prepare for the worst. To make the most of forest fire prevention measures, to be careful and
quick to detect hot spots.

The following steps can be taken to detect forest fires quickly, including:

• Establish a watchtower that has long visibility, complete with binoculars, detection and
  communication equipment.
• Build guard posts in forest areas and border areas with residents or business land.
• Analyzing data from flights, satellites and weather data in forest areas.

4. Prepare Fire Fighting Equipment

All active equipment for forest fire management must be loaded and available at all times.
This is intended to speed up the extinguishing and evacuation process in the event of a forest or
field fire. Quick and proper handling will help reduce excessive losses.

It is also important to create water reservoirs in areas where there is a risk of explosion.
This is an effective way because the proximity to water will speed up the extinguishing and
evacuation process.

In addition, it is also necessary to install an alarm bell to signal when a fire occurs. This
alarm is intended to alert nearby rangers and volunteers to turn off immediately and evacuate early.
So that forest and land fires do not spread or spread too far.

5. Conducting Extension and Education

Suggestions can also be given periodically so that people understand the dangers of forest fires, how to
prevent them, and how to deal with them. These tips will increase public awareness about forest
sustainability. In addition, the board can also be used as a means of education and practice on
how to handle fires in the field.

The following is some knowledge that can be given to the community, including:

• It is not allowed to burn anything in forest areas that can cause fire to spread, such as dry
  grass or plastic and others.
• Do not burn in areas prone to fire.
• When you have finished burning something, make sure that the fire is completely extinguished
  so that there is no possibility of it reappearing, spreading and causing a forest fire.
• If you see a source of fire or fire, report it immediately or communicate with the guard post
  or guard on patrol so that it can be dealt with quickly.
• Provide an understanding of local regulations regarding permits and restrictions on
  burning prohibitions. This regulation was prepared by the Ministry of Forestry and Natural
  Resources. For example regarding the minimum distance of burning, permits and regulations
  for camping activities, regulations for workers in the forest, and so on.

Functions, Objectives and Benefits of HR Management – In business management, of course,
you will often find a human resources (HR) department or human resources management. The human
resource management function is generally responsible for recruiting and developing human resources in a
company.

Human Resource Management, abbreviated HRM, is the science of managing relationships and the role of resources
owned by individuals effectively and efficiently and can be used optimally to achieve the common goals of the
company, employees and society.

Human resource management is human resource development which functions to carry out planning, implementation,
recruitment, training, career development of employees or workers and taking initiatives to develop human
resources for organizational development of an organization or company.

Basically there is no business that doesn’t need to manage human resources or what we often know as Human
Resources (HR). The Human Resources Department is responsible for supporting various
needs related to business human resources (HR), including human resource management (HR) so that every
activity or job runs smoothly and efficiently.

In carrying out activities, both within an organization and within a company, competent human resources are
needed in their respective fields. In carrying out activities in a company or organization,
human resource management (HR) is also very important so that these activities can be carried out smoothly
and to achieve the desired goals.

The application of human resource management is one of the objectives of the means of communication between
employees and the company. The process of implementing human resource management may include
planning, leading, organizing, and controlling.

The function of human resource management is also very complex in the sustainability of a company.
For a better understanding, the following functions of human resource management in companies are
cited from various sources.

HR Management Function

The function of human resource management (HRM) is to manage people as efficiently as possible to achieve
mutually beneficial human resource units. Human Resource Management (HRM) is a subset of
general management that focuses on human resources.

HRM itself is a field of study that investigates how human roles and relationships exist to help achieve
organizational and business goals. In the book Human Resource Management by Malayu SP Ce
Hasibuan, the concept of HRM will be explained in a simple and structured way for Sinaumed’s friends.

In principle, this human resource management function includes a number of activities that have a
significant impact on all areas of the company’s work including planning, hiring and firing employees,
employee compensation, performance appraisal, rewards and career development, training and development,
occupational health and safety, leadership and productivity. The function of human resource
management is as follows.

1. Staffing and Performance Evaluation

Staffing

The first function of human resource management is staffing or membership. HR in the function
of human resource management is a function of membership regulation. There are three main
operations of this function including planning, drawing and selection.

This human resource management function plays an important role in determining the quality of human
resources in a company. The HR Department will carry out planning related to the recruitment
and development of personnel as well as selection and elimination related to the individual quality of the
HR

Performance evaluation

The human resource management function in a company will certainly evaluate the performance of the human
resource department. The HR department is responsible for evaluating the performance of the HR
department. This human resource management function can include evaluations and evaluations
related to the performance given during a certain period.

Through evaluation, the company can ensure that each employee fulfills their respective job
responsibilities. HR management must also be developed in various forms such as training to
improve HR performance.

2. Compensation and Job Training

Compensation

The next human resource management function is compensation. This function will then take care
of employee salaries which will also be linked to the satisfaction and benefits received by the company.
Compensation can be in the form of basic salary, bonuses, incentives, health insurance, leave,
retirement funds.

The HR department should make a good salary structure, while the manager should provide salary.
Both parties must have good coordination so that the compensation is in accordance with the joint
decision and applicable law.

Compensation aims to create an atmosphere of competition among company employees in a fair and consistent manner
with applicable policies.

Training and development

To improve the quality of human resources, an important function of human resource management is training
and development. The human resources department is responsible for helping managers create
training programs for each class of employees to create a higher quality of effectiveness.

The human resources manager must also be involved in training and development programs, assessing the needs
of training and development programs, and evaluating the effectiveness of training and development programs.
In addition to providing training, this function also allows human resources to be responsible for
termination of employment in certain circumstances.

Companies can train and develop their employees through formal and informal procedures. Formal
procedures may be implemented with the introduction of new positions or as a means of keeping up with
changing technology. Meanwhile, informal procedures can be carried out in the workplace and
managed by senior staff.

In this process, it means that the field of human resources can provide training, courses, seminars and
coordination opportunities within the company with employee or staff career planning. This
training and development includes activities such as the design and implementation of training programs and
their assessment programs.

3. Employee Relations , Personal
Research and Work Safety

Employee Relations

Human resource management is management that deals directly with human resources in all industries.
For companies with internal unions, the human resource management function should actively deal
with all union issues and negotiations.

The primary responsibility of the human resources department is to prevent unfair practices such as
strikes. In non-union companies, the human resources department must be involved in employee
relations. This function ensures that employees are treated fairly and if there is a clear and
good way to deal with complaints that arise.

Personal Research

The next function of human resource management is to analyze individual and company problems and make
changes accordingly. Human resource management will also act as a solution to individual
problems or research.

Issues that are commonly reviewed by human resources can include the causes of employee absences or tardiness,
sound recruitment and selection processes, and causes of labor dissatisfaction movements.

The human resources department is responsible for gathering and analyzing information regarding this case.
The results are used to assess whether existing policies need to be changed.

Occupational Health and Safety

The main function of human resource management is to create good health and safety in the business
environment. Occupational health and safety will affect the company’s reputation.

The HR department is obliged to maintain the safety of its workers through the programs it manages.
This is done to minimize unexpected events and create an atmosphere of safety and security in the
work environment.

The Human Resources Department is also responsible for specific training in occupational safety and the
development of health programs for workers. In addition, the human resources department is
required to report whenever an accident occurs.

4. Human Resource Planning

Mondy, Noe, and Premeaux state that human resource planning is a systematic process of assessing and
reviewing human resource needs to ensure that a number of employees are needed and requirements are met.
Skills are identified and made available when needed. The human resource planning (HR) function
includes a number of activities, including:

Analyze positions within a company to identify required tasks, objectives, skills, knowledge and
capabilities. Plan and forecast the company’s workforce needs in the short and long
term.

Develop and implement plans to meet these two needs.

Business planning for the quality and quantity of human resources (HR) is the most uncertain task of human
resource management as a predictor of trends in the business environment that is constantly unfolding.

In this regard, companies must be able to see trends in technological developments, such as those that can
affect the quality and quantity of the company’s human resources in the future. Planning human
resources (employees) effectively according to business needs to achieve business goals.

5. Allowance Remuneration

Employee salaries are said to be successful if they are based on justice and equality.

• The balance between wages paid for different jobs in a company.
• Pay fair and reasonable wages to employees or employees holding the same position in the same
  company.

Wages basically cover all the rewards received by workers or employees as a result of their work.
Mondy, Noe, and Premeaux state that rewards can take the form of one or a combination of wages,
benefits, or non-monetary rewards.

Wages can be in the form of money received by employees or employees for the results of their activities.
Allowances as additional financial rewards on top of the basic salary (gapok) include leave pay,
sick leave pay (THR), and health insurance.

HR Management Objectives

The goals of human resource management in every business are very diverse. According to Ulrich
and Lake (1990), human resource management systems can be a source of corporate competence that enables
companies to continuously learn and demonstrate new opportunities.

Cushway argues that the purpose of human resource management is to take management into account in formulating
human resource policies to ensure that the company has high performing employees or employees who are always
available, willing to deal with change and fulfilling their obligations as legal workers.

Not only that, the next goal is to implement and maintain all human resource policies and procedures that help
the company achieve its goals.

The role of HRM itself in a broad sense is to achieve business goals, including a human workforce that not
only has the capacity and skills but also the will and determination to do work efficiently and effectively.
The following are some of the objectives of HR management based on the opinion of economist
Sunarto.

• Obtaining and retaining the best employees, highly motivated, and can be trusted by the
  company.
• Always improve the quality and ability of employees to work in the company so as to increase
  productivity.
• Creating an optimal employee recruitment system.
• Creating a good working environment between management and employees.
• Balancing the needs of each stakeholder.
• Reward employees based on the achievements they achieve. For this,
  companies can use employee performance appraisal applications for their data sources.
• Improving employee welfare
• Provide equal opportunity for all employees
• Creating fairness and transparency among all employees.
• Manage employees based on their individual needs and facilitate the delivery of their
  aspirations.

Benefits of HR Management

Human resource management (HR) plays a vital role in the growth of an organization or business and forms the
backbone of any organization or business, small or large.

Many organizations clearly state that employees are their greatest and most valuable asset, which means
that effective human resource management is essential for the growth of any business or business.
When done right, human resource management makes a huge difference in increasing employee
productivity in the workplace.

Here are 5 key benefits of human resource management to consider when managing human resources in your industry
or organization for maximum productivity at every level.

1. Recruitment and Training

One of the main benefits of human resource management (HR) is recruiting and bringing the right people into
their industry or organization and training them to do their job better. . They
develop job descriptions that are more relevant to their position.

2. Performance Management System

Human resource management is responsible for improving the performance management system of employees so
that they feel motivated and rewarded for their achievements. This will not only help them
improve their skills but will also force them to look better than before. Always try to be open
about their accomplishments. Performance Management An effective system that identifies and
rewards individual performance.

3. Building Culture and Values

One of the most important benefits of a human resource management (HR) department is creating a healthy and
comfortable workspace. helps bring out the best in an employee. Creating a good
workspace is the main responsibility of the Human Resources (HR) department to ensure maximum
productivity.

4. Conflict Management

Another very important benefit of a human resource management (HRM) department is the management and
resolution of conflicts between employees and superiors in an industry or organization. Human
resource management takes timely action to peacefully and elegantly resolve unpleasant conflicts before they
get out of hand and mess things up.

5. Increasing Employee Turnover

One of the main benefits of human resource management (HRM) is the careful monitoring and management of
employee turnover. High employee turnover is taking a toll on the industry. It
costs more than twice the income of current employees to create and train new employees. The
human resources (HR) department has to be very clear about hiring the right people from the start.

When interviewing candidates, they should not only look at their skills but also check whether they are a
good fit for the industry or organization. Human resource management (HR) departments usually
look at employees when there is a problem but the reality is that they should go to them and ask them to
reduce employee turnover.

Closing

The explanation above shows that Human Resource Management (HRM) includes the competence and potential of
leaders and employees of a company. Employees must not be treated like machines and must
realize that employees have potential and talents that can be continuously developed for business interests.
Once developed, the leader must create a conducive atmosphere so that his abilities can be applied
within the company.

The Function of a Thermos – Hello, Sinaumed’s friends , I’m sure you are already
familiar with a kitchen tool called a thermos. The reason is, almost every household keeps
these devices. You can see for yourself what the function of a thermos is in general, namely as
a tubular container or bottle for storing hot water.

Thermos is a household appliance that has many advantages. In the past, thermos flasks were
only used to store hot water. Today, thermos flasks have been improved many times to make them more
practical and can be carried anywhere.

For example, mothers will often carry a small thermos of hot water with them to make milk for their babies.
Unfortunately, very few people know the role and function of a thermos as a container for drinking
water.

Since this kitchen appliance keeps water hot, mothers can use it to make milk for their children on the
move. But did you know that each part of this thermos has its own function?

Thermos function

1. The function of the outer glass wall

The thermos has an outer glass wall, which functions to prevent radiant heat transfer. So the
heat from outside that enters the thermos is reflected back, so that the cold water contained in the thermos
is maintained at a temperature.

2. The thermos lid function

The thermos lid has a shape that is like a blockage and functions to prevent water and air from coming in
and out of the thermos. In other words, the thermos lid can prevent heat transfer by convection
and conduction.

3. The function of the glass wall

Can we also see the function of the flask from the inside of the glass? In addition to the
outer glass wall, the flask also has an inner glass wall. The function of this section is to
prevent heat transfer so that the wall is not absorbed.

4. The function of the protective glass wall

A protective glass wall is located on the outside of the tank. The function of this section is
to isolate heat between the air around the flask and the glass tube on the appliance. Having an
outer insulation layer prevents you from getting too hot when you want to pour hot water from the
thermos.

5. Function of the Cup Holder Rubber Part

The next part of the thermos is the rubber cup holder, which has the function of keeping the bottle or
glass in the bottle fixed and unchanged. This thermal rubber is the bottom of the thermos
design.

6. Vacuum or Vacuum Function

The vacuum or vacuum inside the vessel prevents heat transfer from outside the vessel and inside the
vessel, and isolates heat. The absence of a medium in this vacuum prevents heat transfer by
conduction and convection.

In short, if the function of the tank in the vacuum section is to limit the possibility of heat loss from
inside or heat entering from outside into the tank. The vacuum is the center of the
flask.

The flask is actually made of double-glazed glass, with a vacuum between the walls or the middle.
Then on one of the walls there is a layer of silver, which traps heat so that radiation does not
occur and is not absorbed by the wall.

7. The Outside of the Thermos

The outside of the thermos has a tube shape made of plastic or stainless metal material that is sturdy and
can protect the inside of the thermos. Now the outside of the thermos is available in various
colors and patterns to give it an aesthetic impression.

History of the Thermos

The invention of the thermos has made significant changes since 1904. Steady technological advances and constant
development of new products have helped keep the thermos at the forefront of the industry for almost a century.

The flask was invented by Sir James Dewar in 1892, a scientist at the University of Oxford, the first “thermos”
to be produced commercially in 1904, when a German two-glass blower founded GmbH Thermos, the public held a
naming contest for “servant jar” (vacuum flask) , after which the Munich people named it “thermos” from
the Greek word “Therme” which means “hot”.

In 1907, Thermos GmbH sold the trademark rights to the bottle to three independent companies:

The American Thermos Bottle Company of Brooklyn, NY; Thermos Limited from Tottenham, England;
Canadian Thermos Company Limited of Montreal, Canada. Thermos became so popular and
known after being brought by a number of famous expeditions, including:

• Lieutenant. EH “Shackleton’s Journey to the South Pole”,
• Robert E. Peary’s “Journey to the North Pole”,
• Colonel Roosevelt “Expedition to Mombasa and into the heart of the African Congo” with
  Richard Harding Davis.
• The Wright Brothers “Airplane and Zeppelin”

This flask is praised worldwide for its revolutionary design. In 1909, this flask won the
“Grand Prize” at the Alaska Yukon Pacific Show and was honored for seven other exhibitions around the
world.

In 1911, Thermos made a technological breakthrough by producing the first glass filling machine.
So far, the thermos is famous for its vacuum glass technology in the world.

The growth in the popularity of the flask was extended by the production of glass making machines.
In 1923, the company introduced a 24 liter “blue jug” and a large rice flask called the “Jumbo
Jug”.

A new type of vacuum insulated double-walled Pyrex® glass tank was newly designed in 1928 and had a
capacity of 24 gallons. It became very popular in 1928 and 1929 for ice cream and fish
freezers, shortly before the advent of commercial refrigeration.

When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, almost all the herbs stored in Britain were limited due to
use by soldiers for war. Meanwhile, in the US, the thermos company that played a role in
supplying thermos for wartime needs was “The American Thermos”.

At that time, more than 98% of the production of flasks was used for military purposes and atomic energy
laboratories. Although the war ended in 1945, the flask’s popularity continued to grow.

By 1957, the vacuum flask was almost universally recognized for use in food and beverage. In
addition, thermos products are also very useful for the needs of the scientific, medical and industrial
world.

They have been used in a variety of instruments for measuring electrical power, aircraft climb rates,
detecting oil deposits and recording weather conditions. And has been used to transport rare
tropical fish, store and transport plasma, serum, bone, tissue and insulin.

In 1966, the world’s first thermos with the name stainless steel vacuum was introduced.
This product will change the way food or drink is kept cold or hot around the
world.

In 1971 thermos products were exported to more than 100 countries. 1985 was a successful year for thermos with
the introduction of the coffee machine “The Coffee Butler” . This vacuum insulated
glass carafe hit the market around this time and became one of the top household products in North
America.

Tips for Choosing a Good and Right Thermos

Is the function of a thermos really useful in everyday life? Especially when traveling, you
can still get drinks with temperatures that are still hot or still cold. This makes the thermos
a popular household appliance and a must have, for example a portable stove.

Due to the large number of thermos products on the market, you may feel confused about which thermos to
choose. because there are thermos products that leak quickly, as a result the hot water storage
process will be disrupted.

So based on that, you have to apply some tips in choosing a thermos. The first thing is to pay
attention to the material used to form the device earlier. In general, the thermos itself is
made using various materials.

Starting from glass, plastic, to stainless steel . Of course, it would be better if you
choose a thermos made of glass or stainless steel, because materials like these tend to have a good
ability to retain temperature.

As there are many flasks in circulation, their sizes become more varied. some are mini sizes,
for example 200 milliliters and some are up to three liters in size. Therefore, you need to
adapt it to your daily needs.

Also, don’t forget to consider the thermos function according to your needs. Because over
time, thermos can not only be used to delay heat. But you can also use it to withstand cold
temperatures.

However, some of the flasks that were scattered turned out to have only one ability. For
example, being able to withstand only heat or only being able to withstand cold temperatures.
So according to that, you must adjust it according to your needs.

It’s not uncommon for people to think that having a high price is good. Because the outer
appearance of the thermos does not guarantee the quality of the thermos in maintaining the water
temperature.

In addition, sometimes brand flasks are counterfeited so that brands that are known for their good quality turn
out to be bad.

Quoted from Vacuum Flask.rangdong.com , there are three types of flasks, namely glass bottles,
stainless steel bottles, and plastic bottles. Each type has its own advantages and
disadvantages.

Glass thermos is safe for health, keeps heat stable and preserves milk, coffee, tea without mixing odors.
However, in general, glass flasks are expensive. Some glass bottles are not impact-resistant.
For example, consider saving for a trip to Lebaran.

If you need both, then choose a thermos that can be used at the same time to delay cold and hot
temperatures so that the function of the thermos is much more flexible. Then don’t forget to
pay attention to the size of the thermos you need.

It is undeniable that today’s thermos is indeed one of the kitchen thermos that is needed by every
household. Using a thermos, you can also use it and easily carry warm drinks or cold drinks on
the go.

• Smell Check

Before buying, remember to smell the thermos, if there is a bad smell, it means that the material in the
thermos is not good. So it’s better not to buy it.

• Check the Weight of the Flask

You might be tempted to buy a thermos because it’s lightweight so you don’t have to carry it around.
However, a thermos that is too light is not made properly or the material is not good, besides that
a thermos that is too light cannot retain heat for a long time or can only retain heat for about 1-2
hours.

• Endurance Test

A good thermos can retain heat for a long time so that every component fits perfectly. The
bottle cap must be tight and the cap rubber must be good silicone.

Because the silicone material has few molecules, it mixes with the drink when pouring. In
addition to not sealing, silicone bacteria can build up on the lid of the hot water tank and cause an
unpleasant odor that is a potential health hazard.

How a Thermos Works

According to the exchange theory of Henry Prevost Babbage (1824 – 1918), a colder object always absorbs
heat waves from the other until they are both at the same temperature. Based on this theory,
hot or cold tea in a thermos will lose heat or absorb heat from its place. However, temos is
designed to be able to block three paths of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.

The flask is made of double glass, the space between the two walls and one of the walls is covered with a
glossy coating (silver was used here). In this flask there are two glass walls, each of which
is polished. The inside is polished so that hot water is not absorbed by the walls.
While the outside of the glass wall is polished and coated with silver in order to prevent heat
transfer by radiation.

What do you do with a vacuum? Vacuum is used here to prevent heat transfer by convection.
Does the lid have a function? Obviously, yes, the thermos lid here is made of
insulating material, the goal is to avoid heat transfer by conduction. The operating principle of a thermos
is actually very simple.

This flask uses an adiabatic material. Ideally, this adiabatic material inhibits the
interaction between the system and the environment. There is no displacement of the system on
the ship with its environment. Hence no heat exchange. By using this adiabatic
material, the thermos can maintain the temperature of the water it contains.

Thermos Parts

1. Close the Cork (Bottle Cap)

This unit has the function of closing the bottle cap after the thermos is full of water. This
cap has the effect of preventing heat transfer by conducting conduction. So the thermos lid can
prevent water and air from escaping from the thermos.

2. Glass Inner Wall

We may not realize that a flask has an inner lining. This wall has the effect of preventing
heat transfer of hot water so cold water is not absorbed. It is intended that heat is
distributed unscathed and conducts heat to the outside.

3. Exterior Glass

This section serves to prevent heat transfer by radiation. The heat from the outer wall of the
glass that enters the balloon is reflected to the outside of the balloon so that no heat enters.

4. Vacuum Space (Vacuum)

This section has the function of maintaining and limiting the possibility of losing heat contained in the
thermos. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica , these voids prevent heat
transfer from the interior and exterior walls leading to insulation. Therefore, this
process becomes important in vacuum bottles.

Therefore, the thermos is responsible for minimizing heat loss by conduction and convection, but not by
radiation. The plug is made of a mixture of aluminum, glass, plastic and cork, so it conducts
electricity fairly well.

The inside of the thermos is made of aluminum covered with glass while the outer protective layer of the
thermos is made of plastic and cork with the aim of keeping the temperature in the thermos constant and
unchanged. Then the vacuum (vacuum) in the thermos acts as an insulator to maintain the water
temperature.

Application of Thermodynamics to Flasks

Of course, there are still many applications of thermodynamics in our lives. Another example
of the application of thermodynamics can be found in the flask. The application of the first law of
thermodynamics is also found in the flask, which uses an adiabatic material, thus preventing the exchange of
heat between the system and the surroundings and vice versa, so that there is no decrease in
temperature.

A thermos is also an example of an isolation system that is fairly easy to find. How heat
works is put into a thermos and cannot get out because it is blocked by the shiny white glass.
The reason why all of our bottles have glossy white glass inside is because compared to dark
colors, white absorbs less heat.

In addition to heat-resistant glass, heat is also prevented by an air gap between the tube and the glass,
then an air gap between the tube and the wall is prevented, because air is a poor conductor of electricity.
hot. Eventually, it gets blocked again by the outer layer of the plug or whatever we touch and see
which is usually plastic or metal.

By using this adiabatic material, the thermos is able to maintain the temperature of the water inside.
Hot water that has entered the thermos does not cool quickly.

Author: Ziaggi Fadhil Zahran

The difference between strategy and tactics – The terms tactics and strategy are usually
used in the business world. It is not uncommon for people to assume that both have the same
definition. In fact, there is a very basic difference in strategy and tactics.
Misunderstanding the two can lead to the failure of an organization or business.

In a competitive industry, you will always come up with new and better products and services.
The goal is to track the evolution of consumer demand. For example, Microsoft and
Apple both make computer operating system products. They always do a tactical battle to win the
hearts of consumers.

While strategy and tactics originate from military terms, their usage has spread to planning in many areas
of life. Strategy is a master plan or set of goals. Changing strategy such as
trying to take down an aircraft carrier is possible, but not fast.

Tactics are the specific actions or steps you take to achieve your strategy. For example, in
times of war, a state’s strategy may be to win over the hearts and minds of opposing civilians.
To achieve this, they can use tactics such as broadcasting or building a hospital.

Your personal strategy may be about entering a particular career, while your tactics may include choosing
an education, finding a mentor to help you, or setting yourself apart from the competition. We
can have strategies for everything from gaining political power, to promoting, building relationships, and
increasing blog readership.

Whatever we try to do, we will do our best to understand how strategy and tactics work, and how they
differ, and how we can adapt the two. Without a strategy, we risk wandering through life, a
life of uncertainty and confusion if we move towards what we want.

Without strategy, we must live in a dream or chronic dissatisfaction. As Lawrence Freedman
wrote in Strategy: One story, “It is considered reckless to have no strategy, face
problems or strive for any cause. Of course, no military campaign, corporate investment, or
government initiative will receive support unless there is a strategy to measure it…. There
is a call for strategy whenever the path to a certain goal is not straightforward.”
And without tactics, you become completely dependent on luck to execute your
strategy.

To achieve anything, we need micro and macro visions, forests and trees – and how the two perspectives
mesh. Strategy and tactics complement each other. It doesn’t work well without the
other.

Sun Tzu realized this two and a half millennia ago when he said: “Strategy without tactics is the
slowest path to victory. Tactics without strategy is the noise before the flop.
We need to take a long-term view and think about the future, and choose short-term actions to
take now for what we want later.”

Sinaumed’s friends , so that you don’t misunderstand in applying the two, you should really
understand what the difference between the two is. Check out the following reviews!

What are Tactics?

So what’s a tactic? Tactics are the specific things you will do to achieve the goals you have
set yourself in the developed strategy. Tactics are specific plans and resources that you will
use to achieve your goals. Business tactics include marketing and sales plans, which team will
execute them, partners and any other resources you may need.

The word “tactics” comes from the Ancient Greek word “taktikos” , loosely translated as “the art of
organizing or directing”. We now use this term to refer to actions towards a goal.
Tactics often focus on the efficient use of available resources, be it money, people, time,
ammunition or materials. Tactics also tend to be short term and more specific than
strategy.

Many tactics are timeless and have been used for centuries, if not millennia. Military tactics
such as ambushes, use of the weather, division and conquest have been around since humans fought wars.
The same goes for tactics used by politicians and protesters.

Effective tactics often include an “implementation intent” – specific triggers that signal when the tactic
should be used. Just decide what to do. We need an “if this then that” plan to
know where, when, and why. The short-term nature and flexibility of our tactics allows us to
pivot as needed, choosing whichever tactic is right for the situation, to achieve our larger strategic
goals.

What is Strategy?

Strategy comes from the Greek word “stratēgia” which means the art of directing troops, commands, positions
or generals. Strategy can be defined as a general plan to achieve one or more goals set within
a certain period of time.

Strategy describes what your overall or long term goals are. Strategy is also a plan for what
you want to achieve, as well as the problem you want to solve. Strategy is important because
the resources available to achieve it are often limited. Strategy involves the process of
setting goals, prioritizing, identifying actions to achieve goals, and mobilizing resources to implement the
actions.

The Difference between Strategy and Tactics

From understanding the two things above, we can conclude a little what is the difference between strategy
and tactics. Broadly speaking, strategy is a plan or blueprint that contains various tactics;
Strategy has a wider scope than tactics.

Differences in Strategy and Tactics in the
Business World

Both are two things that are used in different aspects of life. Governments, armies, and even
wars require strategy and tactics. Anything related to goals or objectives requires strategies
and tactics.

Business is often known as the long game. Of course, there are also short term and long term
goals. Surely you don’t want to do business in just 2 or 3 months, do you? The
long game of business requires many different requirements to achieve the desired goals and objectives.
When you have a goal, you need a detailed plan to achieve it.

At this point, the plan becomes a strategy because of the need to make it happen. Therefore,
the expected result of these actions is the achievement of long-term goals.

Tactics, on the other hand, are actions that are structured in such a way as to achieve a set long-term
goal. In some cases, there are tactics designed to deal with unexpected or expected changes or
different situations. Not only in the business world, we can easily find the use of tactics in
football matches.

For example, the manager determines the strategy to win the game. To achieve this, they will
use various tactics such as passing the ball to certain players. The player’s task is to pass
the ball to create scoring opportunities. But in the game, maybe their defenders are much
taller than the strikers to be able to handle the incoming crosses.

Given conditions on the pitch, managers may decide to change tactics. For example, pushing
wingers onto the field and playing behind defenders. This kind of tactical change can lead to
victory so that the original strategy is always carried out.

How to Use Strategy and Tactics in Business

After understanding the difference between the two, let’s discuss further how the two can be applied to
business. In the military field, just two people are also useless. But when the
two are combined, they support each other.

No matter how good your trading strategy is, all of this is useless without a strategy.
Tactics are what you really need to do to make your business a success. Tactics are
the building blocks of an execution plan that will turn your strategy into reality.

Tactics are your roadmap, specifically your marketing plan, sales, product and who you choose to work with.
Tactics are all the specific choices you make and the tasks you perform to execute your trading
strategy.

The Importance of Strategy and Tactics in the
Business World

The most important thing to remember is that tactics will support your strategy. Since tactics
are steps or points for implementing strategy, they must match each other. For example, the
strategy of an upscale restaurant is to create a high-quality, intimate experience for diners.
A possible strategic support tactic is to provide a great customer experience, from improving the
look inside, improving the quality of the flowers on the table to choosing the right menu.

With these strategies and tactics, restaurants will stand out by providing delicious food and great
experiences. In return, they will ask the customer to pay a higher price. If done,
strategy and tactics will go hand in hand. A business selling handmade leather wallets, watches
and other accessories with a target market of craft lovers needs to have the right strategy and tactics.
For example, by creating campaigns or advertisements that inform about the origins of leather and
the stories behind the craftsmen.

When your tactics don’t align with your strategy, you will send a different message to your potential
customers and it will confuse them. You might attract the wrong customers who won’t buy your
product.

• What are the key points to include in your trading strategy? Marketing
  channel. How will you sell your products and services? Online or
  offline?

• Marketing plan. How do you reach potential customers? Are you
  going to use a traditional or digital brochure?

• Team. Who are the people you will involve to achieve company goals?

• Partners and Resources. A business sometimes needs to partner with other
  businesses to be successful. List all partners who are important to you.

After understanding the difference between the two, let’s discuss further how the two can be applied to
business. In the military field, just two people are also useless. But when the
two are combined, they support each other.

No matter how good your trading strategy is, all of this is useless without a strategy.
Tactics are what you really need to do to make your business a success. Tactics are
the building blocks of an execution plan that will turn your strategy into reality.

Tactics are your roadmap, specifically your marketing plan, sales, product and who you choose to work with.
Tactics are all the specific choices you make and the tasks you perform to execute your trading
strategy.

The Relationship between Strategy and Tactics

Every time we decide on a goal and invest resources to achieve it, we create a strategy.
Freeman wrote:

“A popular contemporary definition describes it as seeking a balance between ends, means, and means;
on goal setting; and the resources and methods available to achieve those goals.
This balance requires not only finding ways to achieve desired goals, but also aligning goals so
that realistic ways of achieving them can be found with the available means.”

In The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire , Edward N. Luttwak writes that strategy “is not about
moving troops across geographic areas, as in a board game. It encompasses the entire
struggle of opposing forces, which need not have any dimensions at all…. When you think
about winning a war, what does victory mean? History is replete with examples of wars being
“won” on paper, only to be restarted as soon as the enemies have had time to regroup.

So, determining your goals, to fully cover what you want to achieve, you need to develop a good strategy.
Success is not instant success but long term success. This is the difference between
the end of World War I and World War II. World War I was to win this war. World
War II was about never having a war like this again.

In Good Strategy, Bad Strategy , Richard Rumelt writes: “The most basic idea of ​​strategy is to apply
strengths against weaknesses, or if you prefer, strengths are applied to the most promising opportunities… A
good strategy is not just about using existing strengths but generating strengths. .

Rumelt’s definition of strategy as creating strength is extremely important. You will not burn
out while executing your strategy. You choose a consolidation strategy and increase your
strength as you do so. Back to winning hearts and minds – tactics require upfront costs.
But over time, and as strategies were deployed, additional strength and support was gained by
winning the support of the local population. A good strategy makes you stronger.

Traits of a Good Strategy

1. Decisions that utilize data

A good strategy is carefully thought out and planned and very well documented. If you want to
build a solid long-term strategy, you need to gather information and data from past experiences to influence
future data-driven decision-making.

For example, some industries experience seasons in their business. Knowing how to use the
seasons to your advantage is an example of good strategic thinking and using historical data to your
advantage.

2. Clearly defined goals

The best strategy is based on clear objectives. Building a good strategy is much easier if you
know exactly what to achieve. Having clear goals is an important part of long-term strategic
planning. Many people plan strategy and business goals together, which can simplify the
process. But, without an end goal, trying to strategize is like trying to run without knowing
the route.

3. Backup plan

The success of the strategy depends on the expected results. But what happens when strategy
gets in the way? This is where a backup plan comes in. If you include contingency
plans in your strategy, you can anticipate bottlenecks. The team will know what to do to
overcome obstacles so the project doesn’t completely stall.

Traits of a Good Tactic

1. Tactics are short term

While strategy is a long term plan, tactics are short term steps that help achieve smaller goals.
Tactical planning involves breaking down strategic plans into short-term actions.

2. Tactics are closely related to strategy

If you are trying to understand how a particular tactic contributes to your strategy, it may not be the
best tactic for your strategy. The work you do must make a positive contribution to the goals
you want to achieve.

The OKR goal-setting framework is a good example of the relationship between short-term tactics and
long-term vision. There are main goals and main results set to achieve the main goal.
The tactics that people apply regularly contribute to the development of key results.

3. Tactics are actionable and timed

Tactics are best executed within a limited amount of time. As with most goal setting
strategies, setting a time limit ensures the tactic is completed within the deadline. When in
doubt about how to create actionable tactics, there’s a time limit.

The Bandung Lautan Api incident – ​​Every country has its own history, like Indonesia.
One of the historical events in Indonesia is the Bandung Lautan Api incident. At that
time, the condition of the city of Bandung was quite turbulent and burning occurred in many places.

However, not everyone knows what the Bandung Sea of ​​Fire incident is. In this article, we
will learn together about the Bandung Sea of ​​Fire event and its background. So, see the
reviews in this article until they run out, Sinaumed’s.

Description of the Bandung Sea of ​​Fire Event

Before we discuss the struggle of Bandung Lautan Api, it’s better if we discuss the description of the city
of Bandung, West Java. Bandung is the capital city of the province of West Java, Indonesia and
is the third largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta and Surabaya. In terms of density, this
city is the second most densely populated city in Indonesia after Jakarta with a density of
15,051/km2.

The city of flowers is another name for this city, because in ancient times this city was considered very
beautiful with the many trees and flowers that grew there. In addition, Bandung was formerly
known as “Paris Van Java” because of its beauty.

In fact, the city of Bandung is also known as a shopping city with malls and factory outlets that are
widely spread in this city, and currently the city of Bandung is also gradually becoming a culinary tourism
city. In 2007, the consumption of several international NGOs made the city of Bandung the
pilot project of the most creative city in East Asia. Currently, the city of
Bandung is one of the main destinations for tourism and education.

Back again, to the Bandung Lautan Api incident which occurred on March 23, 1946. One of the important
points in the history of Indonesian independence was marked by the emptying and burning of Bandung by the
people and the army so that it would not be used as the headquarters of the allied forces and NICA (Dutch).
The scorched-earth action in Bandung was seen as the most ideal tactic in the current situation
because the strength of the Republic of Indonesia’s troops was not comparable to that of the allies and
NICA.

Bandung Lautan Api became one of the most heroic events in the history of defending Indonesia’s independence and
is immortalized in various forms of artwork, such as songs or films.

Background and Causes of the Bandung
Lautan Api Event

Djoened Poesponegoro and friends in National History of Indonesia VI (2008) explain that the Bandung Sea of
​​Fire incident began with the arrival of the Allied/British troops on October 12, 1945. Not only that, the
arrival time of the allied troops was also only a matter of days from the formation of the TKR.

People’s Security Army (TKR)

Previously, Indonesia was uniting the revolutionary struggle of youth through the People’s Security Agency (BKR)
since August 22, 1945. The People’s Security Agency then changed its name to TKR as of October 5, 1945. The
People’s Security Army (TKR) was the name of the first armed forces established by the government Indonesia.

TKR was founded on October 5, 1945, a few weeks after the proclamation of Indonesian independence.
TKR was formed from several military ranks including the Dutch East Indies Colonial Army (KNIL),
Voluntary Defenders of the Homeland Army (PETA). The formation of TKR aims to overcome a
situation that is starting to become unsafe, because allied troops are returning to Indonesia.

On October 5, 1945, the government issued a decree containing the establishment of a national army.
Moh. Hatta then summoned a former KNIL officer, Urip Sumoharjo to organize the army.
October 6, 1946, the government appointed Supriyadi, a leader of PETA, an organization made in
Japan in Blitar, to become the Minister of People’s Security.

The Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) on 9 October 1945 called for TKR mobilization, namely for
all Indonesian youths to register as TKR members, whether or not they had received military training.
TKR’s highest headquarters was originally set in Purwokerto, but after receiving various
suggestions and strategic considerations from Urip, the highest headquarters was moved to Yogyakarta.
Currently, the headquarters has become the Dharma Wanita Wiratama Museum.

TKR SEA

After TKR was formed on October 5, 1945, followed by the formation of TKR Laut which was ratified on
November 15, 1945. The TKR Laut headquarters is also in Yogyakarta. To create uniformity in the
TKR organization, negotiations were held between the TKR Laut leaders, namely Mas Pardi, Nazir, Sumarno.
RE Martadinata and R Suardi.

The negotiations were carried out together with Urip Sumoharjo as TKR’s Chief of General Staff.
The results obtained from these negotiations were that it was decided to form a Sea TKR division
consisting of:

1. Division I West Java headquarters in Cirebon
2. Division II Central Java headquarters in Purworejo
3. Division III East Java at headquarters in Surabaya

TKR ON THE FLIGHT

On October 5, 1945, Decree Number 6 was issued which required TKR to be responsible for all security on
land, sea and air. Therefore, responsibility and authority over all air bases is under TKR’s
control.

On December 12, 1945, TKR’s highest headquarters declared the establishment of an aviation section as part
of the General Headquarters. The TKR leaders for aviation were Soerjadi Soerjadarma as chairman
and Martokoesoemo as Deputy Head of TKR.

Based on Government Decree

No. 4/SD in 1946, the name TKR was officially changed to the Indonesian Republican Army (TRI).
TRI was inaugurated on January 26, 1946. This change of name was based on the many fighting
soldiers and armed forces formed by the Indonesian people in their respective regions.

For this reason, the Government of Indonesia wants to emphasize that the only military organization in the
Republic of Indonesia is TRI . However, TRI also did not last long, on
June 3, 1947, President Soekarno again changed the name of TRI to the Indonesian National Armed Forces
(TNI). TNI itself is the result of the amalgamation of various paramilitary troops and
armed forces of the TRI.

MAP

PETA stands for Defenders of the Homeland. Peta is a voluntary paramilitary unit formed by the
Japanese during the Dai Nippon colonial period in Indonesia, on October 3, 1943 to be exact. The history of
Peta is inseparable from the needs of the Japanese military in World War II.

PETA members are Indonesian youths and were formed with the aim of defending the homeland from the threat
of the allies in the Greater East Asia War which was part of World War II which was being faced by Japan.
Later, the soldiers who graduated from Peta became one of the main pillars for the formation of the
People’s Security Army (TKR) after Indonesia’s independence.

TKR is the forerunner of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). Bombarding the United
States military base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 8, 1941 made Japan in control of areas in Asia, one
of which was Indonesia which at that time was part of World War II which Japan was facing.
Later, the soldiers who graduated from PETA became one of the main pillars of the formation of the
People’s Security Army (TKR) after Indonesia’s independence.

TKR was the forerunner of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI), which at that time was occupied by
the Dutch. On January 11, 1942, Japanese troops landed in Indonesian territory.
Precisely in Tarakan, North Borneo near the Malaysian border. In no time, the
Netherlands had to hand over the occupation of Indonesia to Japan. Officially, the transfer of
power between Japan and the Netherlands was based on the Kalijati Agreement which was held in Subang, West
Java.

Suhartono in the History of the National Movement: 1908-1945 (2001), states that the
negotiations in Kalijati on March 8, 1942 agreed that the Dutch armed forces surrendered unconditionally
to the Japanese. The reason for the formation of PETA at that time, Japan was still facing
allied forces in World War II. Therefore, his occupation in Indonesia was used to meet the
needs of war.

One of them is the use of Indonesian youths as additional Japanese troops in World War II.
Quoted from ABRI Leadership in a Historical Perspective (1997) by Suyatno Kartodirdjo, the mobility
of the population by the Japanese government accelerated the process of absorption and knowledge of Japan’s
military.

Basically, there are different reasons regarding the formation of PETA from the two parties.
Indonesia has always yearned for military training as a provision to fight colonialism and pursue
the ideals of independence. Meanwhile, Japan formed the Map because it needed additional troops
trained in the military field as an anticipatory measure to face allies if they attacked Indonesian
territory.

Ahmad Mansur Suryanegara in Fire History Volume II (2006) wrote that the desire to
form PETA from the Indonesian side was then strengthened by a letter from Gatot Mangkoepradja to
Gunseikan, the highest leader of the Japanese military government based in Jakarta. Gatot
Mangkoepradja was one of the founding figures of the Indonesian National Party (PNI) on 4 July 1927 in
Bandung.

Together with Sukarno and a number of other figures, he was arrested by Dutch East Indies officials in
Yogyakarta, then thrown into prison in Bandung, which culminated in the ” Indonesia Sues ”
moment in 1929. In his letter, Gatot Mangkoepradja requested that Japan form a line of
Indonesian youths to defend the homeland from Allied threats in the Greater East Asia War. “…the
Indonesian people not only stayed behind and strengthened the rear, but also joined the battlefield,
participated in fighting and undermining British, American and allied power,” he wrote quoted from the
Gatot Mangkoepradja Letter presented before Padoeka Jang, Moelja Gunseikan at Jakarta (1943).

Nugroho Notosusanto in the Peta Army during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia
(1979) stated that the initiative to form additional troops consisting of local people had to come from
an Indonesian leader. PETA’s tasks and objectives are quoted from Nezia Anisa’s article
entitled “What is a Map” (2016) which was published on the
University of Malahayati’s website. The purpose of creating a map can be viewed from two sides.

Viewed from the Japanese side, the establishment of PETA was a Japanese effort to attract sympathy so that
the Indonesian people would provide assistance in the Greater East Asia War. Based on the
background of its formation, Peta’s task was to assist Japanese troops in the Greater East Asia War.
In addition, the task of the PETA troop, as its name implies, is to defend Indonesia’s homeland
from Western threats. The formation of PETA for Indonesia is an effort to raise the fighting
spirit of Indonesian youths so that young people are trained in the military field.

The existence of PETA is also an initial form of preparing military forces if at any time Indonesia becomes
independent. Therefore, PETA was also involved by the nation’s leaders at that time to prepare
for independence. PETA figures, such as Gatot Mangkoepradja, Soekarno, Mohammad Hatta, Ki Ageng
Suryomentaram, Ki Hajar Dewantara, KH. Mas Mansoer and other figures played a role in the
formation and development of PETA before the independence of the Republic of Indonesia.

Later, PETA emerged from figures who played a major role in the struggle to defend Indonesia’s independence
and laid the foundation for the formation of the Indonesian armed forces, or what later became the TNI.
Indonesian military figures who are PETA graduates include: Soedirman, Suharto, Ahmad Yani,
Supriyadi, Basuki Rahmat, Sarwo Edhie Wibowo, Umar Wirahadikusumah, Soemitro, Poniman, Latief Hendraningrat,
Kemal Idris, Suparjo Rustam, GPh djatikoesoemo and others.

Army Assistant (Heiho) and former youth ranks (Seinendan). A few weeks after the Proclamation
of Indonesian Independence, Allied troops belonging to AFNEI (Allied Forces Netherlands East Indies) came to
Indonesia after winning World War II against Japan.

Mohammad Ully Purwasatriya in his research entitled “The Role of Sukanda Bratamanggala and Sewaka in North
Bandung in Defending Independence in 1945-1948 (2014), said that initially their arrival was only to free Allied
soldiers from Japanese custody.

However, it turned out that the Dutch or NICA were piggybacking on the allied forces and wanted to control
Indonesia again. Turmoiled resistance from soldiers and the people of Indonesia for the
presence of the Netherlands.

The Bandung Sea of ​​Fire incident

The allied forces began to launch propaganda. The Indonesian people were warned to lay down
their weapons and hand them over to the allies. The Indonesian side did not heed the ultimatum.
The Indonesian military responded by attacking allied bases in northern Bandung, including the
Homan Hotel and the Preanger Hotel which were the allied headquarters, on the night of November 24,
1945.

On November 27, 1945, Colonel MacDonald as the allied warlord once again delivered an ultimatum to the
Governor of West Java, Mr. Datuk Djamin, that the people and soldiers immediately vacate the North Bandung
area. Warning valid until November 29, 1945 at 12.00 must be complied with. If
not, then the allies will act tough.

The second ultimatum was not taken into account at all. Several battles took place in North
Bandung. Allied posts in Bandung became the target of the raid. On March 17, 1946
the Supreme Commander of AFNEI in Jakarta, Lieutenant General Montagu Stopford warned Sutan Syahrir as Prime
Minister of the Republic of Indonesia that the Indonesian military should immediately leave South Bandung to
a radius of 11 kilometers from the city center. Only the civilian government, police and
civilians are allowed to stay. Following up on the ultimatum, on March 24, 1946 at
10.00.

The Republic of Indonesia Army (TRO) under the command of Colonel AH Nasution decided to burn Bandung to
the ground. People began to be evacuated. Most of it goes south of the railroad in
a southerly direction for 11 kilometers. The wave of refugees grew bigger after sunset.
Scorched Bandung to the ground began. Residents who want to leave the house burn it
first. The TRI troops have even bigger plans.

TRI planned to burn the total on March 24, 1945 at 24.00, but this plan did not go smoothly because at
20.00 the first dynamite exploded in the Inside Restaurant Building. Because it didn’t go
according to plan, the TRI troops continued their action by blowing up buildings and burning people’s houses
in North Bandung. That night, Bandung caught fire and the event became known as “Bandung Sea of
​​Fire”.

Figures in the Bandung sea of ​​fire incident from Indonesia, namely: Mohammad Endang Karmas, Moeljono,
Datuk Djamin, Soetan Sjahrir, Colonel AH Nasution. Meanwhile, the figures in the Bandung sea of
​​fire incident were from the Netherlands, namely: MacDonald Brigade, Lieutenant General Montagu
Stopford.

Bandung, which is currently a beautiful place, cannot be separated from its past history.
Sinaumed’s can find out more about Bandung by reading books available at
sinaumedia.com . Thus the discussion about the
Bandung Lautan Api incident , I hope all the discussion above can be useful for
Sinaumed’s.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight,
sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Scrotum Function – The male reproductive system is different from the female.
In men, there are organs called the scrotum, testicles, urethra, penis, and vas deferens.

The male reproductive function is to maintain and transport sperm and produce sex hormones.
One part of the male reproductive system that must be kept healthy is the scrotum.

The scrotum (scrotum) is a pouch of skin that hangs outside the body, located just below the base of
the penis. The function of the scrotum, or testicles, is to enclose the testicles. The
testicles, also known as testicles, are oval-shaped glands which are responsible for the production and
storage of sperm.

In addition to the production and storage of sperm, the function of the testes is to produce a number of
hormones, including testosterone, otherwise known as the male sex hormone.

The scrotum is located on the outside of the body because it has to maintain a slightly lower temperature
(about 2 degrees Celsius) than the rest of the body. Lower or cooler temperatures are intended
to help maintain sperm production. Now, let’s explore the function of the scrotum in men and a
list of diseases that can affect this important organ!

Scrotum Function

The main function of the scrotum is to cover the reproductive organs, namely the testicles and other
components in them. This organ is also responsible for maintaining the temperature of the
testicles for smooth hormone production and sperm maturation.

The temperature in the testicular area must be slightly below body temperature for normal sperm production.
To maintain temperature, special muscles in the scrotum wall contract and relax. The
goal is to bring the testicles closer to the body to warm up or away from the body to cool down.

The male reproductive system consists of internal (inside the body) and external (outside the body) parts.
These organs help the body to urinate and have sex. Another part of the male
reproductive system that also plays an important role is the scrotum. Here are some important
functions of the scrotum that you need to know:

1. Maintain and Protect the Testicles

According to medical science expert Johns Hopkins, the scrotum is a pouch of skin that hangs down at the
back of the penis. Its function is to support and help protect both testicles. The
function of the testicles is to produce sperm.

2. Testicular thermoregulation

In terms of temperature, the testes themselves are usually cooler than the inside of the body.
This is why the scrotum is located outside the body. The scrotum contains many nerves
and blood vessels, as well as the temperature-regulating organs of the testes.

Special muscles in the scrotal wall can contract (tighten) and relax, bringing the testes closer to the body to
maintain a constant temperature.

3. Affects Sexual Function

Common triggers for scrotal spasms include sexual arousal, cold temperatures and sports activities.
The relatively cool temperature of the scrotum is thought to be important for sperm
production.

The wall of the scrotum is a thin layer of skin covered with smooth muscle tissue (dartos fascia).
The skin here contains more pigment than the surrounding area and has more sebaceous
(oil-producing) and sweat glands.

In addition to sperm, the testes also produce male hormones called androgens. Androgens control the development
of the male reproductive system and play a role in male puberty, especially by regulating the antennae and vocal
cords.

Testosterone is the most common form of androgen in the scrotum. It is responsible for the
development of the male sex organs and sperm production. Released by Live
Sciences , the testes in a healthy male can produce around 6 milligrams of testosterone per day.
However, this is not always the case.

“The testicles produce an average of 200,000 sperm per minute.” said dr. Philip Werthmann,
urologist and director of the Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Vasectomy in Los
Angeles, California.

Various Kinds of Health Problems in the Scrotum

There are several types of health problems that are common in the scrotum. If this happens,
the function of the scrotum to support male sex can be disrupted. Here are some abnormalities
and possibilities that can occur in the scrotum:

1. Epididymitis

The first disease risk, namely epididymitis. Released by Sciencedirect ,
epididymitis is inflammation or infection of the epididymis. This is a long tube that runs
the length of the testicle.

Epididymitis can be caused by sexually transmitted diseases, trauma, side effects of the vas deferens, and
other problems. Symptoms of epididymitis include pain (mild to severe), swelling of the
testicles or scrotum, nausea and vomiting, and fever.

2. Hydrocele

Hydrocele is the accumulation of fluid around the testicles and is a risk factor for diseases related to
the scrotum. It can affect one or both testicles, possibly causing swelling in the scrotum and
groin.

Hydroceles are usually not painful or dangerous and may not require treatment. However, any
swelling of the scrotum should be treated by a doctor. Quoting from the Mayo
Clinic , sometimes a hydrocele can cause symptoms other than swelling, mild pain, tenderness, or redness
of the scrotum.

Hydrocele is more common in babies with a hole between the stomach and scrotum. However, when
men experience hydrocele, it is usually due to trauma, inflammation, or infection of the testicles or
epididymis.

3. Varicocele

In Urology, a varicocele is an enlarged or dilated vein in the scrotum. Usually this condition
is painless and harmless. However, this can lead to reduced sperm production and reduced sperm
quality. Thus causing infertility in men.

Occasionally, a varicocele can cause symptoms such as pain and swelling. Although most
varicoceles do not require treatment, some require surgical treatment.

4. Testicle Pain

Testicular and scrotal pain can cause pain around the male genitalia. According to
Emedicine Health, this disease can be caused by kidney stones, infections and inguinal
hernias. It can also cause pain in or around the testicles and scrotum. If you
experience sudden testicular pain, go to the hospital immediately to avoid testicular
torsion.

5. Orchitis

Orchitis is inflammation of one or both testicles. Often it is caused by a bacterial or viral
infection. Mumps is a common cause of orchitis. Sexually transmitted diseases,
such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, can cause orchitis which causes pain in the scrotum. Signs and
symptoms of orchitis include testicular and scrotal pain as well as pain and infertility. Often
this can be treated with home remedies.

6. Sperm Cyst

At the Cleveland Clinic, a sperm cyst, also known as a spermatocele, is a disease risk in which a fluid-filled
cyst forms in the epididymis.

Small cysts are usually painless. Large cysts can cause pain or heaviness in the testicles,
affected scrotum, and swelling above and behind the testicles.

If you have large seminiferous tubules and are experiencing pain or other symptoms, surgery may be an option.

7. Testicular torsion

Another risk of disease related to the scrotum is testicular torsion. This occurs when the
testicle changes direction in the scrotum, cutting off its blood supply. Symptoms of testicular
torsion include scrotal pain and swelling, and this requires immediate medical attention.
However, testicular torsion is rare and is usually corrected by healing the testicle.

8. Constipation and Kidney Stones

Nerves to the testicles originate mainly from many places in the abdomen, including the kidneys and
digestive tract. If you are constipated and cannot have a bowel movement, the pressure from the
trapped stool can put pressure on the nerves and cause testicular pain.

The same thing happens if you have kidney stones. The nerves in this area can become inflamed,
causing testicular pain and other symptoms such as lower back pain, cloudy and smelly urine, frequent
urination, nausea and vomiting.

9. Inguinal hernia

An inguinal hernia is a condition in which the contents of the abdominal cavity (fat, intestines, etc.)
descend into the groin (inguinal) area. This condition is often referred to as “it will be
fine”.

While generally harmless, inguinal hernias can be uncomfortable and possibly painful, especially in the
testicles. Health problems due to weakening of the inguinal canal must also be treated
medically.

10. Testicular tumors

Testicular tumors are another cause of testicular pain that you should be aware of and aware of.
This occurs when the testicles develop abnormal cells for which the exact cause is unknown,
regardless of risk factors such as genetics (heredity) and age.

Apart from testicular pain, the presence of a tumor is characterized by other symptoms such as swollen
testicles and fluid in them. This condition must be treated immediately with medical attention
so that the tumor cells do not turn into cancer.

Causes of Itchy Scrotum

1. Fungal Infection

Mold thrives in warm, humid temperatures. Where else but in folds of skin, under underpants
and dirty skin? When your scrotum feels itchy, this can be one of the reasons your scrotum has
a fungal infection. The fungus most often found in the scrotum is Trichophyton
rubrum , which usually affects the groin, testicles, inner thighs, and anus.

The characteristics of the limbs affected by the fungus are unpleasant itching, redness, blisters (due to
scratching) and causing irritation. This is why the skin on the back of the scrotum is an ideal
habitat for yeast to grow. A yeast infection that develops will cause itching and
discomfort.

2. Yeast Infection

If the scrotum itches, this is sometimes also caused by a yeast infection with Candida Albicans .
Usually this yeast resides in a woman’s vagina. However, it is not uncommon for
the male scrotum to be affected. Why do men get infected? That’s because sex
transmits the fungus from the vagina to the male genitalia.

3. Inflammation of the Genital Skin

An itchy scrotum and redness around the groin can be a sign that you are suffering from testicular
dermatitis or what is commonly called inflammation. Dermatitis can also be caused by allergies.
Possible allergies include allergies to chemicals that stick to the skin, namely: perfumes,
clothing dyes, plants, and even other things that can cause dermatitis.

4. Get pubic hair lice

Actually head lice not only grow on the hair on the head, but also on the pubic hair. These
lice find their way into pubic hair and feed on it by sucking blood around the genitals. If
your scrotum itches, you may have pubic lice. Usually, pubic lice are transmitted through
blankets, towels, and clothing.

How to Treat Pain in the Scrotum

There are several ways to treat a painful scrotum. Here are some ways you can try to treat
scrotum pain.

1. Ice Compress

Scrotal pain can be treated by applying ice to the testicles. By applying an ice pack, pain in
the testicles can be reduced. To do this, take ice and apply it to the scrotum for 30 minutes.
Repeat every two hours. As a side note, apply ice only after wrapping it in a towel or
cloth. Do not apply directly to the skin as it can cause dermatitis.

2. Hot Shower

The next way to treat scrotal pain is to take a hot bath. Hot baths can actually relieve pain
and speed up blood flow to the scrotum.

3. Lifting

It is also possible to lie in bed and elevate the scrotum to relieve scrotal pain. Roll up the
handkerchief and place it under the scrotum. Doing this exercise will reduce pain in the
scrotum.

4. Wearing Athletic Support Underpants

The last way to treat pain in the scrotum is to wear sports underwear. The use of these pants
is to avoid further damage to the testicles. Wearing these pants will also help relieve
discomfort from scrotal pain.

In addition to the method above, by taking reliever drugs. Scrotal pain due to inflammation
can often be improved by taking pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol.

In addition, the doctor will also prescribe other drugs, such as antibiotics, if an infection is found
caused by a testicular infection. However, in some cases, the doctor will also recommend
surgery to remove the fluid or remove the tumor.

In an emergency, such as testicular torsion or a twisted testicle, this condition requires surgery to restore
blood flow to the testicle to prevent permanent testicular damage that can lead to infertility.

In addition to knowing the different causes and treatments for testicular pain, you should also have your
testicles checked regularly. Routine check-ups can help detect diseases that cause testicular
pain early.

Here are some good ways to check your scrotum that you can do yourself:

• Stand in front of a mirror and hold and lift your penis to see if there are any unusual lumps
  on the skin of the scrotum.
• Touch both testicles with your fingertips. Look and feel for any lumps,
  differences in size, or differences in shape between the testicles. Also check the top and
  back of each testicle for the epididymis.
• If during the self-examination you notice any deformity or abnormality, such as a lump in the
  testicle, seek medical attention to be examined and determined the cause.

Not only that, if you experience testicular pain that recurs or doesn’t improve even though you have taken
medication, immediately consult a doctor to get the right treatment and medication.

How to deal with an itchy scrotum

Scratching the scrotum will only spread the infection and possibly even cause another new infection.
Better yet, consult a trusted dermatologist, that’s how you will get there. Here are
some things you can do to prevent itching on your scrotum:

• Clean the genital area and groin every day. Use antiseptic soap to prevent
  lice and fungus.
• Do not let the genitals get wet, always dry them after contact with the genitals with a clean
  towel or tissue.
• Use clean underwear, change at least 2 to 3 times a day.
• Wear cotton clothes to absorb sweat and avoid irritation around it.
• Avoid having sex with the opposite sex if you still feel itchy (avoid itching caused by newly
  introduced bacteria).
• Use clothing cleaners that are safe from chemicals so that the irritation doesn’t get worse.
• If itching persists, it’s better to consult a doctor or buy a prescription for genital
  itching at the nearest pharmacy.

Characteristics of open ideology – It is important for every individual and every group to
know these things. Ideology is an idea that contains a certain thought, culture, and way of
life. Ideology is used as a lens through which to view the world and develop a logical system
of ideas.

In general, the types of ideology are divided into two, namely open ideology and closed ideology, the
characteristics of open ideology are certainly different from closed ideologies. An open mind
is a view of life that is flexible or not rigid. While closed ideology is a teaching that
contains goals and standards that need to be accepted and obeyed in everyday life.

Basically, the existence of a system of thought in a country can help the people of that country see
various kinds of problems and their solutions. Even experts say that if there is no ideological
system in a country, reality will prevent that country from determining the right direction, especially when
facing big problems, including social problems. Thus, systems of thought are divided into open
ideologies and closed ideologies.

So what exactly is open ideology? What are the characteristics of an open ideology?
What is the difference between open ideology and closed ideology? Why is Pancasila
also known as an open ideology? So, so that Sinaumed’s isn’t confused by these
questions, let’s look at the following reviews!

Definition of Ideology

Ideology is a term of Greek origin. Consists of two words, idea and logic. Idea
means to see (idea), and logic comes from the word logos which means knowledge or theory. Thus
it can be interpreted that ideology is the result of discovery in the mind in the form of knowledge or
theory. Ideology can also be interpreted as a collection of systemic concepts that are used as
principles, opinions (events) that provide direction for survival.

Ideology is always synonymous with the state system. An expert named GS Padmo Wahyono argues
that ideology gives meaning as a nation’s vision of life, a nation’s philosophy of life as a set of values
​​that are desired and need to be realized in social life. This ideology will of course bring
stability in direction, especially in social life, as well as encouragement towards what one wants.

So, from this it can be formulated that ideology is a set of ideas that form beliefs and understandings to
realize human ideals. If drawn based on the interests of a country, then ideology is a
collection of basic ideas, ideas, beliefs, and beliefs that are systematic in accordance with the directions
and goals to be achieved in the life of the nation and state.

Definition of Open Ideology

An open ideology is a way of life that is not rigid, dynamic and flexible. This means that an
open ideology is one that can develop and grow over time.

An open ideology is an ideology that is not absolute. It can also be interpreted that its
values ​​and ideals are not imposed from the outside, but are explored and taken from the spiritual, moral
and cultural wealth of the people themselves. An open ideology is an ideology that can interact
with the times and with internal dynamics.

Openness itself is also known as an open-minded system. Therefore, Pancasila as the ideology
of the Indonesian nation is considered an open ideology because it has values ​​and ideals that are not
imposed from outside.

In Indonesia, Pancasila as an open ideology has a value dimension, namely ideal value and practical value.
These two values ​​are the basis of the ideology of the Indonesian nation which always accepts
natural influences and Pancasila will go with the times.

The Difference between Open and Closed Ideology

The difference between open and closed ideology can be seen from the characteristics of both and the relationship
between the people and their rulers.

In an open ideology, what characterizes it are the values ​​and ideals extracted from the richness of the
customs, culture, and religion of the people. Open-minded ideologies also tend to embrace
reform. In the relationship between the people and their rulers, according to an open ideology,
the rulers are responsible to the community as representatives of the people to whom the people’s rights are
granted.

Examples of countries that adhere to the ideology of openness are Indonesia, South Korea and the United States.

Meanwhile, in a closed ideology, values ​​and ideals are usually created from the thoughts of individuals
or groups in power. In this case, society must sacrifice itself in the name of these values
​​and ideals.

Closed ideologies also tend to resist reform and do not accept other worldviews or values. In
the relationship between the people and their rulers, the people uncompromisingly adhere to the ideology
built by their rulers, and the rulers tend to be authoritarian.

Examples of countries with closed ideologies are North Korea, China and Saudi Arabia.

Characteristics of Open Ideology

There are two kinds of ideology in this world, open ideology and closed ideology. Indonesia
itself also adheres to an open ideological system with Pancasila as the basis of our country.
Actually what is the meaning and characteristics of open ideology so that it can be applied in
Indonesia?

Ideology is an idea or opinion that is dynamic, flexible and not rigid so that it continues to develop
according to the demands of the times. This kind of ideology was born because people’s values
​​can achieve their goals but remain in line with developments or the demands of the times.

Even though an open ideology is synonymous with flexibility and progress over time, it actually has a
broader nature. In fact, the characteristics of open ideology are always related to the social
conditions of society. What are the characteristics?

1. In accordance with Community Culture

Indonesia has a diverse culture in its society. The foundation of our country, namely
Pancasila, reflects the characteristics of this first open ideology seen from its precepts.

The culture that exists in Indonesian society is treated in such a way that shared ideas emerge as a
unitary unit of diversity in Indonesia. Ideologies such as Pancasila exist to justify the
different beliefs, values ​​and norms of this society.

2. Is Dynamic

The third characteristic is dynamism, because Indonesian society will always be dynamic following the
times. Indonesians at the time of independence did not necessarily have the same mindset as
today’s society.

They experience psychological and cultural development and change. Uniquely, Pancasila is
still relevant and alive today even though it was born on June 1, 1945. These are the unique characteristics
of Pancasila with an open-minded ideology.

3. There is Freedom of Opinion

An open ideology always gives its people the opportunity to speak and act to express their opinions.
The fourth precept of Pancasila fulfills the characteristics of this open ideology.

Furthermore, freedom of speech and expression is everyone’s right. However, this freedom must
be accompanied by responsibility and respect for applicable standards.

4. Upholding Pluralism

Indonesia’s diversity must be maintained with the value of pluralism that belongs to all people.
Pluralism is an act that promotes diversity, multiculturalism and religious tolerance.

Indonesian society cannot be separated from its differences, but pluralism means accepting all these
differences. Furthermore, pluralism means eliminating thoughts or feelings that can hinder the
development of social intolerance.

5. Derived from the Community

Open-mindedness is born and comes from society and is present in every group that creates it.
All these noble ideas or notions about the environment gave rise to state ideology.
This ideology will then be used in the management of social systems, such as politics, economics,
and social structures.

6. Prioritizing Consensus Deliberations

Deliberations should prioritize the words and results of consensus of all participants after careful
deliberation. Pancasila as an open ideology was also born from deliberation and consensus among
the founding fathers of our nation. In the process of deliberation, our logic and reason are
formed so that we can make decisions together. This decision must benefit society.

7. Human Rights (HAM) Must Be Respected

An open ideology also demands human rights so that all the needs of citizens are met. If the
state guarantees the survival, freedom, equality and security of its citizens, they will be protected from
unwanted actions. Citizens can also adopt the openness ideology adopted by the state.

8. Open Government System

An open government system is a government in which citizens have the right to know about government processes to
create effective public oversight.

The concepts commonly associated with open government are transparency and accountability. Transparency is a
feature of open ideology because the public can know what information the government has about its regulatory
processes.

9. Reflecting the Philosophy of Society

On the second point, ideology comes from society. Therefore, Pancasila as an open ideology is
also identified with the philosophy or values ​​of life owned by the community.

10. Adequate Legal System

Finally, having a full legal system means that no citizen is exempt from the law. If you
commit a crime, there is no difference in legal treatment of citizens of a particular country.

11. Reality

Open ideology is realistic, reflecting the reality of life which is always developing in a society where
ideology is born and develops. This characteristic prevents a fixed dogmatic connotation of an
ideology, leading to a contextual meaning.

12. Are Idealistic

Open ideology is idealistic. The goal of idealism is a concept that is able to provide hope,
optimism and encourage followers to apply it in everyday life so that they can achieve the desired goals.
The quality of this idealism will come into play if the values ​​contained in the ideology are
still actual and in accordance with human reason.

13. Is Flexible

Open ideology is flexible, that is, it can always adapt to the development of the situation.
An open ideology can provide guidance through consistent and consistent interpretations.
It is this characteristic that allows each generation to maintain its own status and maintain the
direction or ideals that were conceived as the goal from the start.

The Excellence of Pancasila as an Open Ideology

The existence of the Pancasila ideology which is owned by the Indonesian nation certainly has many
advantages compared to the ideological system adopted by most countries in the world. Following
are the advantages of Pancasila as an open ideology.

1. The First Precepts of Pancasila

From the early precepts of Pancasila, it was considered superior, especially to atheism of communism, which
was based on the master teachings of dialectical materialism and historical materialism of Marxism.
This first principle will in fact enliven other precepts, such as Humanity, Unity, Democracy, and
Social Justice.

2. The Second Precept of Pancasila

The Second Precept of Pancasila contains the content of “Justice and civilized humanity…” indirectly
indicating that the concept of “Human” is more balanced and wise, compared to the Master of
Liberalism-Capitalism. In both of these conceptions, he actually regards humans as
“self-determining agents of free action”.

Thus, the human concept of Pancasila is considered more complete, comprehensive and balanced in its views and
treatment of the people.

3. The Third Precept of Pancasila

The Third Precept of Pancasila, “Indonesian unity” is considered superior to the concept of racial unity
(NAZI) and the unity of chauvinistic (fascist) countries. In a chauvinistic union of races and
nations, there are elements of self-improvement (for example, superiority of the Aryan race in India) and
humiliation (inferiority of others). ).

Meanwhile, the unity of the Volksgemeinschaft model initiated by the Nazis actually contained the will to
power and expansion of power (through expansion) as well as the desire to maintain the purity of the Nazi
foundation and homeland from elements considered foreign. For example, components that are
considered foreign are Jews, gypsies, homosexuals and others.

Now, based on the principle of Indonesian unity, this version of Pancasila is based on a greater respect for
differences and diversity.

4. The Fourth Precept of Pancasila

The fourth precept of Pancasila is considered superior to the popular understanding promoted by socialism
and fascism. In Soekarno’s speech at the BPUPKI meeting on June 1, 1945, he said that “The
basis is the basis for deliberation, the basis for representation, the basis for deliberation.
if the collective is rich But we are the founders

So it is clear that the populist principles of Pancasila are superior to the universalist principles of socialism
Socialism and Marxism which respect “social solidarity” with a focus on class struggle and antagonism.

5. The Fifth Precept of Pancasila

The Fifth Precept of Pancasila has implications for the concept of social welfare and economic democracy.
This, of course, goes beyond the free market concept promoted by libertarian capitalism, especially
in its new form, neoliberalism.

According to Sri Edi Swasono, Indonesia’s economic system is centered on ideas that are always associated
with the fifth precept of Pancasila. Therefore, its economic activities will use the principle
of equity for the welfare of society, not only for individual welfare. This is also seen in the
cooperative concept.

Factors Causing the Disclosure of Pancasila
Ideology

Sinaumed’s must have thought, why does Indonesia adhere to Pancasila as an open ideology? Of
course, various factors favored this evolution. This driving factor came from the Indonesians
themselves and some from outside. So, here are some factors that explain why Pancasila is
considered an open ideology and is well accepted by the people of Indonesia.

1. Dynamics of a Rapidly Developing Society

The global community will always grow rapidly, both in terms of information technology and culture.
Therefore, the changes or dynamics of Indonesian society will also develop rapidly.
Therefore, it is hoped that this dynamic ideology of Pancasila can open up and accept goodness from
outside and release deviations from the noble values ​​of Pancasila.

2. Closed Ideology Is Incompatible
with Indonesian Ideology

Basically closed ideology has never been in accordance with Indonesian ideology, especially the noble
values ​​of Pancasila which are recognized as the way of life of this nation. In fact, many
countries in the world that adhere to a closed-minded system have even gone through a recession until they
collapse.

3. Raise Awareness of the
Enduring Values ​​of Pancasila

Because Indonesia has made Pancasila an open ideology, the next generation must realize that the existence
of Pancasila values ​​is eternal. . However, Pancasila values ​​can be adapted to
current developments, as long as they do not take negative externalities. By being open to
outside influences, he will reinforce the perception that Pancasila values ​​are truly timeless.

The Open Ideology Dimension

Pancasila can be an open-minded ideology because it is rooted in politics and the Indonesian people’s
philosophy of life. In addition, Pancasila can also adapt to the dynamic development of the
times. This makes Pancasila an open ideology that reflects the reality that lives, grows and is
internalized by the people.

Meanwhile, there are three dimensions of open ideology, namely the dimension of reality, the dimension of
flexibility, and the dimension of idealism. The dimension of reality itself is an ideology that
is able to reflect the reality of life that develops and is inhabited by society. While the
dimension of flexibility is flexibility including current and future challenges.

The dimension of idealism is openness to accept a better age according to idealistic values.
In other words, the ideology of openness will move and develop through the manifestations and
experiences of everyday life.

Those Who Are Eligible to Receive Zakat Al-Fitr – The month of Ramadan is the most eagerly awaited month for Muslims. All good activities this month will get double the reward, MashaAllah. Apart from fasting, zakat fitrah is also one of the obligatory activities in every month of Ramadan. So what exactly is zakat fitrah? And who is entitled to get zakat fitrah? Here’s an explanation.

Definition of Zakat Fitrah

Zakat is personal property that is issued to be given to those who are entitled to receive it. Zakat is the 4th pillar of Islam.

Zakat fitrah is zakat that is obligatory on oneself for every individual, both male and female Muslims who have the ability according to the conditions set. Zakat fitrah is issued in the form of daily staple foods, such as rice and corn. Zakat fitrah is issued by each individual in the month of Ramadan ahead of Eid al-Fitr.

The definition of zakat fitrah can be interpreted as a form of concern for Muslims towards people who are less fortunate. For this reason, basically zakat fitrah is giving food to the poor. The law of zakat fitrah itself is mandatory for free people, both children and adults from among the Muslims.

The purpose of issuing zakat fitrah is as a cleanser for those who issue it, and fasting from useless practices during the month of Ramadan. Not only that, by issuing zakat fitrah as a means to help each other to less fortunate people, so that they also get proper food during Eid al-Fitr. So all people can feel happy because they can enjoy food like other people every Eid.

Zakat fitrah is issued no later than before people finish performing the Eid prayer. And if the time for giving zakat exceeds the limit, then what is given is not included in the category of zakat but ordinary charity.

 

Conditions for Issuing Zakat

Zakat issued by Muslims is given to people who are more deserving of receiving it according to the provisions. Not all assets are required to pay taxes. There are basic requirements for the issuance of zakat, namely:

1. Muslim and independent
2. Of course zakat is something that must be carried out for Muslims, especially during the month of Ramadan. In addition to being Muslim, people who issue zakat must be free, meaning they are not being oppressed or become slaves like in the Jahiliyya era.
3. Meet two times, namely between the months of Ramadan and Shawwal even if only for a moment.
4. Has more wealth than his daily needs for himself and people under dependents on the feast day and night. That is, for those who issue zakat must have enough wealth for themselves and their families or are not hungry and very distressed.

According to the National Amil Zakat Agency or BAZNAS, the conditions for the imposition of zakat on assets are:

• Assets are lawful goods and are obtained in a lawful manner as well. Assets issued purely from the way of work that is lawful. Not or not the result of cheating, gambling and others. Property must be clean.
• The property is fully owned by the owner. The assets that are owned do not belong to other people that are entrusted to him, nor are they borrowed.
• This property is a growing property. That is, the assets issued are not the only assets.
• The assets reach the nishab according to the type of property. Because in issuing zakat there are rules or its own measure. So for people who will issue zakat, the assets owned must match the type of wealth.
• The treasure passes through the haul. Property owned must be taken into account, not forced and not burdensome.
• The owner of the property has no short-term debt to pay off. That is, the assets to be issued are assets that are not the only assets owned in paying debts.

However, the obligatory zakat will fall if:

• People who died before sunset at the end of Ramadan.
• Children born after sunset at the end of Ramadan.
• People who have just embraced Islam after the sun sets at the end of Ramadan.
• Dependents of newly married wives after sunset at the end of Ramadan.

Zakat Issued Calculation

According to the National Amil Zakat Agency or BAZNAS and the Ministry of Religion, zakat comes from the form of the word “zaka” which means holy, good, blessing, growing and developing. The meaning of growth in the sense shows that issuing zakat is a cause for growth and also the development of assets for the implementation of zakat resulting in a large number of rewards. And the holy meaning shows that zakat is to purify the soul from ugliness, evil and purification from sins.

Zakat is a certain part of the assets that must be issued by every Muslim with conditions that have met the conditions set. People who are entitled to receive zakat are called mustahik, while people who issue zakat are called zakki. According to Minister of Religion Regulation No. 52 of 2014, Zakat is property that must be issued by a Muslim or a business entity owned by a Muslim to be given to those who are entitled to receive it in accordance with Islamic law.

According to the scholars, the amount of zakat issued is in accordance with the interpretation of the hadith, which is equal to one sha’ (1 sha’=4 mud, 1 mud=675 gr) or roughly equivalent to 3.1 liters or 2.5 kg of staple food (flour). , dates, wheat, aqith) or what is commonly consumed in the area concerned.

There is also a time for paying zakat fitrah. The following details the payment time:

1. From the beginning to the end of the month of Ramadan
2. It is obligatory to pay off when the sun has set at the end of the month of Ramadan
3. The afdhal time is the dawn prayer on the last day of the month of Ramadan until before the Eid prayer
4. Makruh perform Eid prayers before sunset
5. Haraam time is the zakat that you do after sunset on Eid al-Fitr

Who is Eligible to Receive Zakat Fitrah?

There is wisdom in the law from zakat fitrah, namely:

1. Zakat fitrah is a personal zakat, in which Allah gives long life for him so that he survives with His favors.
2. Zakat al-Fitr is also a form of assistance to Muslims, both rich and poor, so that they can fully concentrate on worshiping Allah Ta’ala and rejoice with all of His blessings.
3. His greatest wisdom is a sign of the gratitude of the fasting person to Allah for the pleasure of fasting.

In principle, every Muslim is obliged to pay zakat fitrah for himself, his family and other people who are dependents and other people who are dependents, both adults, small children, men and women. Zakat recipients are generally defined in 8 categories. The following groups or people are entitled to receive zakat.

1. Fakir

The first person who is entitled to receive zakat is the fakir. Fakirs are people who have very little wealth. They have no income and have almost nothing, so they are unable to meet the basic needs of life.

2. Poor

Furthermore, people who are entitled to receive zakat are poor. In terms of wealth, the poor are above the poor. They are people who have wealth but also very little. So that they cannot or are able to meet their needs even though they have worked all the time.

3. Amyl

Third, people who are entitled to receive zakat are amil. Amil are those or all parties who act, work, collect, store, guard, record and distribute zakat to people in need.

4. Converts

A convert is a term for a non-Muslim person who has hopes of converting to Islam or someone who has just converted to Islam. Converts are people who are entitled to receive zakat.

As explained in Surah At-Taubah Verse 60 it is stated that converts are among those who are entitled to receive zakat. People who have just converted to Islam or converts are also groups that are entitled to receive zakat. The goal is for people to become more firmly convinced of Islam as their religion, Allah as god and Muhammad

5. Riqab

People who are also entitled to receive zakat are riqab. Riqab is a slave or slave who wants to free himself. Riqab has the right to receive zakat, if he is Mutabtab then it is to help pay what he has to pay to his employer and if he is not Mutab it is so that he can redeem himself from his employer so that he becomes an independent person.

6. Gharim

Gharim in Arabic means people who have debts. Gharim are those who are in debt for the necessities of life in maintaining their soul and izzah. However, people who are in debt for immoral interests such as gambling and are in debt to start a business and then go bankrupt, their right to receive zakat will be void.

People who owe for personal gain, with the following conditions:

1. Debt does not arise because of disobedience
2. The debt is wrapped around the culprit
3. The debtor is no longer able to pay off the debt
4. The debt is due, or must be paid off when zakat is given to the debtor
5. People who owe for social purposes, such as those who owe to reconcile between warring parties by bearing diyat fees (criminal fines) or the cost of damaged goods.
6. People like this are entitled to receive zakat, even if they are rich people who can pay off their debts.
7. People who are in debt because they guarantee other people’s debts, where the guarantor and the guaranteed are both in a state of financial difficulty.
8. People who owe for the payment of diyat (fine) due to accidental murder, if their family (aqilah) really cannot afford to pay the fine, so does the state treasury.

7. Fi Sabilillah

The person who is entitled to receive zakat is fisabilillah. Fisabilillah are those or people who fight in the way of Allah in forms such as da’wah activities, rejecting slander, jihad and so on. For example, education developers, preaching, health, orphanages, Islamic madrasas and many more.

The zakat quota for this group is distributed to the mujahideen, volunteer preachers, as well as other parties who take part in managing jihad and da’wah activities, such as in the form of various kinds of war equipment and da’wah tools along with all the expenses needed by the mujahid and preachers.

There are criteria for receiving zakat fisabilillah, namely:

1. Funding the military movement that struggles to raise the banner of Islam and counter attacks launched against Islamic countries.
2. Helping various activities and businesses, both carried out by individuals and congregations that aim to apply Islamic law in various countries.
3. Funding Islamic da’wah centers managed by sincere and honest Islamic leaders in various non-Muslim countries with the aim of spreading Islam in various legal ways in accordance with the demands of the times. For example, mosques built in non-Muslim countries that function as a basis for Islamic da’wah.
4. Funding serious efforts to strengthen the position of Muslim minorities in countries controlled by non-Muslims who are facing plans to undermine their faith.

8. Ibn Sabil

Eighth for people who are entitled to receive zakat is ibn sabil. Ibn sabil are those who run out of expenses on the way in obedience to Allah. In addition, Ibn Sabil is also known as a traveler or people who are traveling long distances, including workers and students in overseas lands.

There are conditions for zakat in this group, namely:

1. Is on a trip outside the country where he lives. If it is still in the environment of the country where he is in need, then he is considered as poor or poor.
2. This trip does not conflict with Islamic law, so giving zakat does not become an aid to commit immorality.
3. At that time he did not have the cost to return to his country, even in his country as a rich man. If he has debts that are not yet due, or to other people whose whereabouts are unknown, or to someone who is in financial difficulty, or to someone who has reneged on his debt, then all of that does not prevent him from being entitled to receive zakat.

The intention of Zakat Fitrah

In the payment of zakat fitrah can be represented by parents or siblings, this is what causes the intention to be different or depending on who the zakat is intended for. The following are various intentions or readings when going to do zakat fitrah:

Intentions of Zakat Fitrah for Yourself

نَوَيْتُ أَنْ أُخْرِجَ زَكاَةَ اْلفطر عَنْ نَفْسِيْ فَرْضًالِلهِ تَعَالَى

“Nawaitu an ukhrija zakatal-fitri ‘an nafsi fardhan lillahi ta’ala.”

Meaning: “I intend to issue zakat fitrah for myself fardhu because of Allah Ta’ala.”

The intention of Zakat Fitrah for all family members, including yourself

ﻧَﻮَﻳْﺖُ ﺃَﻥْ ﺃُﺧْﺮِﺝَ ﺯَﻛَﺎﺓَ ﺍﻟْﻔِﻄْﺮِ ﻋَنِّيْ ﻭَﻋَﻦْ ﺟَﻤ ْﻊِ ﻣَﺎْﺰَﻣُنِيْ ﻧَﻔَﻘَ said 

“Nawaitu an ukhrija zakaatal-fitri anni wa an jami’il ma yalzamuni nafaqat uhum syar’an fardhan lillahi ta’ala.”

Meaning: “I intend to issue zakat fitrah for myself and all people whose living is my fardhu’s responsibility because of Allah Ta’ala.”

Intentions of Zakat Fitrah for Wives

ﻧَﻮَﻳْﺖُ ﺃَﻥْ ﺃُﺧْﺮِﺝَ ﺯَﻛَﺎﺓَ ﺍﻟْﻔِﻄْﺮِﻋَﻦْ ﺯَﻭْﺟَﺘِﻲْ ﻓَﺮْﺿ knob 

“Nawaitu an ukhrija zakaatal-fithri ‘an zaujati fardhan lillahi ta’ala.”

Meaning: “I intend to issue zakat fitrah for my wife fardhu because of Allah Ta’ala.” The intention of Zakat Fitrah for Boys.”

Intentions of Zakat Fitrah for Girls

ﻧَﻮَﻳْﺖُ ﺃَﻥْ ﺃُﺧْﺮِﺝَ ﺯَﻛَﺎﺓَ ﺍﻟْﻔِﻄْﺮِﻋَﻦْ ﺑِﻨْﺘِﻲْ … ﻓَﺮْﺿ Rent

“Nawaytu an ukhrija zakaata al-fitri ‘an bint (…..) fardhan lillahi ta’ala.”

Meaning: “I intend to issue zakat fitrah for my daughter… (mention name), fardhu because of Allah Ta’ala.”

Intentions of Zakat Fitrah for Boys

ﻧَﻮَﻳْﺖُ ﺃَﻥْ ﺃُﺧْﺮِﺝَ ﺯَﻛَﺎﺓَ ﺍﻟْﻔِﻄْﺮِ ﻋَﻦْ ﻭَﻟَﺪِﻱْ … ﻓَﺮْﺿًﺎ certainly ﺗَﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ

“Nawaytu an ukhrija zakaata al-fitri ‘an waladi (…..) fardhan lillahi ta’ala.”

Meaning: “I intend to issue zakat fitrah for my son… (mention the name), fardhu because of Allah Ta’ala.”

The intention of Zakat Fitrah for other people who are represented

ﻧَﻮَﻳْﺖُ ﺃَﻥْ ﺃُﺧْﺮِﺝَ ﺯَﻛَﺎﺓَ ﺍﻟْﻔِﻄْﺮِ ﻋَﻦْ (…) ﻓَﺮْﺿpair certainly ﺗَﻌَﺎﻟَﻰ 

“Nawaitu an ukhrija zakaatal-fithri ‘an (……) fardhan lillahi ta’ala.”

Meaning: “I intend to issue zakat fitrah for … (mention the specific name), fardhu because of Allah Ta’ala.”

The month of Ramadan does have its specialties, be it traditions, obligations and even other things. All Muslims are certainly looking forward to the arrival of the holy month of Ramadan and the rewards that accompany it.

If Sinaumed’s wants to understand more about zakat fitrah, you can get his book at www.sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, we always try to provide the best and most complete information!

Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine

In life, we are not always healthy. There are times when you get sick and need one or two medicines as well as adequate rest. The causes are various, such as bacteria, viruses, and so on. Some viruses that settle in the human body require special and intensive treatment.

Some others just need enough rest and simple care. Viruses in the human body develop in several ways, such as the lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, and so on.

In this paper will be discussed in more detail about the lysogenic cycle. Sinaumed’s can listen as well as get book recommendations to help study biology.

Virus Concept and Characteristics

Viruses are the smallest organisms in the world. It can infect living things such as humans, plants, animals, fungi and bacteria. Viral infections can cause both mild and severe disease in humans.

In the book Dunia: Science 3A for Grade 3 SD by Drs. H. Oanut, et al, viruses are living things that are not included in the group of animals or plants. It can cause various diseases in humans, animals and plants.

A virus can also be defined as an organism capable of multiplying or spreading itself with the mission of infecting other organisms. Then, it will have an impact on the lives of other organisms. The organism will potentially experience a disease.

It lives and reproduces itself by riding on other organisms. If the virus enters the host cell. It then inserts some kind of genetic material into the host cell and takes over the function of the host cell.

To better understand viruses, Sinaumed’s can listen to some of the characteristics of viruses which are summarized from the Sehatq.com page. Here are the details.

• Have only RNA or DNA genetic material.
• Do not have cells or are acellular.
• Smaller than bacteria.
• Has a variety of shapes.
• Can only be seen using an electron microscope.
• Can be crystallized.
• Requires nucleic acid to reproduce.
• Has no cytoplasm.
• No metabolic activity.

Virus Structure and Grouping

The virus consists of several parts as follows.

1. Head

The head of the virus contains DNA or RNA which is the genetic material for life. The head of the virus contains nucleic acid. For viruses with a bacteriophage structure, the nucleic acid is DNA. Its function is to control the virus.

2. Capsid

The capsid is the part of the viral head which is covered by protein. It is composed of protein units called capsomeres. Its main function is to provide shape while protecting the virus from environmental conditions that are detrimental to the virus.

3. Contents of the Body or Virion

The body contents of viruses are genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA nucleic acids. The type of nucleic acid in the virion will influence the body shape of the virus. Virions can be cuboidal, spherical, or polyhedral-like RNA that viruses usually have.

4. Tail

Viruses have tails which serve as a place to attach themselves to host cells or other cells of the organisms they host. The tail consists of the tail sheath, tail fibers and base plate. At each end of the tail fiber there is a receptor that functions as a stimulus receiver.

Viruses come in many forms and variations. However, whatever the form and variation, it can still infect humans and other living things. Launching from the Sehatq.com page, the following is a grouping of viruses based on their shape.

• Helix or spiral staircase shape. An example of a helix-shaped virus is the tobacco mosaic virus.
• Icosahedral, or nearly circular shape.
• Envelope , which is a virus surrounded by a lipid membrane. It includes viruses with this envelope, namely HIV and influenza viruses.
• Other forms, for example viruses with a combination of helices and icosahedrals.

 

 

Difference between Virus and Bacteria      

Viruses and bacteria have a number of differences as follows.

1. Size

Viruses have sizes ranging from 20-300 nm. Body size is smaller than bacteria which are generally larger than 1,000 nm. Not only that, viruses can only be seen with an electron microscope (ME). Meanwhile, bacteria can be seen with a light microscope.

2. Chemical composition

Bacteria have a chemical composition consisting of RNA, DNA, and proteins. Meanwhile, the chemical composition of the virus consists of a single core in the form of only one RNA or DNA molecule. Generally, in bacteria there are enzymes for exchange or metabolism while viruses do not have them.

3. Living Place

Bacteria are organisms that can live in living or dead cells or tissues. Meanwhile, viruses are only able to live in living cells or tissues (hosts) such as animals or humans.

Bacteria can live inside cells (intracellular) or outside cells (extracellular) however, viruses can only live intracellularly.

4. Mutation

Bacteria do not have the power of mutation or what is commonly referred to as the power to change the nature of their antigens. On the other hand, the virus has the ability to mutate spontaneously. For example when irradiated or treated with certain chemicals.

5. How to Breed

Bacteria reproduce by splitting pairs ( binary fission ). Meanwhile, viruses reproduce through a series of stages, namely infection, viroexis, pinocytosis, and the eclipse phase. If the host cell dies, the virus will die too. Meanwhile, bacteria are able to live as saprophytes even though the host cell has died.

Lysogenic Cycle Concept

The lysogenic cycle is a viral reproduction cycle that involves the integration of viral nucleic acid into the host cell genome to create prophage . The working system of this virus does not destroy cells in the lysogenic cycle.

It will continue to live and reproduce normally. Meanwhile, the genetic material in the prophage will be transmitted to the origin of the daughter bacteria.

In summary, the lysogenic cycle has almost the same stages as the lytic cycle. The difference lies in the way it inserts itself. it does not destroy the host cell, but integrates with the host DNA. If the host cell divides the nucleic acid, the virus will also divide and insert into the host’s DNA.

The lysogenic cycle was discovered by Andre Lwoff in 1950. The virus that uses the lysogenic cycle is the HIV virus which causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

Stages of the Lysogenic Cycle

The lysogenic cycle consists of several stages as follows.

1. Adsorption and Penetration

In the adsorption and penetration stages, the virus will attach to the surface of the host cell with a specific protein receptor. Then it will destroy the cell membrane with the enzyme lysozyme.

The virus will penetrate the host cell. You do this by injecting the genetic material contained in the nucleic acid into the cell.

2. Merger Stage

Viral DNA enters the bacterial body and a merger occurs between the bacterial DNA and the viral DNA. The DNA is in the form of a necklace that has no end. Then, the viral DNA will insert between the disconnected bacterial DNA. Then, a complete DNA sequence is formed that has been infected or inserted by viral DNA.

3. Cleavage Stage

Viral DNA that has been connected to bacterial DNA makes viral DNA unable to move. This state is called prophage. When the bacterial DNA replicates directly in the cell, the prophage will also replicate. This is because viral DNA combines with bacterial DNA.

Likewise, when a bacterial cell undergoes division. Directly, the two daughter cells of the bacteria that contain the prophage also undergo division. Thus, the number of prophage equals the number of bacteria in the host cell.

4. Synthesis Stage

Under certain environmental conditions, prophage becomes active. Profags can separate themselves from the bacterial DNA and damage the bacterial DNA. Then, replacing the role of bacterial DNA with viral DNA for protein synthesis which functions as a capsid for new viruses and DNA replication.

5. Assembly Stage

At the assembly stage, the viral capsids are intact as the viral envelope. After the viral capsid is intact, it will be filled with replicated DNA. Then, created new viruses.

6. Lysis Stage

In the lytic stage, the bacterial wall will break and the virus will scatter out. Then it will attack other bacteria.

The Concept and Stages of the Lytic Cycle        

The lytic cycle is a viral reproduction process that is carried out by multiplying or replicating within the host’s body. Then, destroying the host’s body. Viruses that reproduce by the lytic cycle will penetrate the host.

When in the host’s body, the virus will multiply itself. Then, exit the host. After that, the host cell will experience lysis or rupture.

The lytic cycle occurs after going through the following stages.

1. Adsorption

Adsorption is the attachment stage of the virus particle or virion to a suitable host cell.

2. Penetration

Penetration is the stage of injection of viral nucleic acid into the host cell. The virus will perforate the host cell plasma membrane (and cell wall, if present) using enzymes such as lysozyme on bacteriophages.

3. Replication

At the replication stage, duplication occurs or the virus reproduces itself by using the nucleic acids in its body.

4. Assembly

At the assembly stage, the viruses will form their bodies. At this stage, the capsid that has been formed in the synthesis stage will begin to be filled with replicated nucleic acids so that it becomes a complete virus.

5. Lysis

During the lysis stage, mature virus particles are released.

 

Difference between Lysogenic Cycle and Lytic Cycle

The lytic and lysogenic cycles have several differences, apart from how they ride on the host. Here are some of the differences reported from the Sehatq.com page.

• Viral DNA is not integrated in the lytic cycle, while in the lysogenic cycle integration of viral DNA into the host cell DNA occurs.
• The host DNA in the lytic cycle is hydrolyzed, while the host DNA in the lysogenic cycle is not hydrolyzed.
• The difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles can also be seen from the absence of a prophage stage in the lytic cycle, while the lysogenic cycle does.
• Viral DNA replication in the lytic cycle occurs independently, while in lysogenic it occurs with the host DNA.
• The lytic cycle occurs in a short time, while the lysogenic cycle can take a longer time.
• The cellular mechanisms are taken over by the viral genome in the lytic cycle, while the host cell’s cellular mechanisms are disrupted by the viral genome in the lysogenic cycle.

How to Prevent and Overcome Virus Infections

We as humans can prevent contracting certain viruses as well as overcome if the virus has already infected the body. Here are some ways to prevent and deal with virus infections which are summarized from the Sehatq.com page.

1. Maximizing the Immune System

The body will respond to a virus attack by being detected first by the immune system. Then the immune system will help the body to survive and recover. This resistance process is called RNA interference or DNA interference. The goal is to break down the genetic material of the virus.

When this process occurs, the immune system will produce special antibodies that are able to bind to viruses. So, hopefully, the virus is not contagious. The T cells from the body will also try to destroy the virus.

However, various types of viruses can avoid this resistance, such as HIV and neurotropic viruses. Neurotropic viruses are viruses that attack nerve cells and affect the structure of the central nervous system. Some diseases caused by neurotropic viruses are rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

2. Vaccines

Vaccines are the most effective and easy way to prevent viral infections. Vaccines can be done by the following methods.

• Viral proteins are called antigens. The antigen stimulates the body to form antibodies that will fight future infections with the same virus.
• Live attenuated virus is like immunization for polio.

3. Take Antiviral Medication

If the infection is caused by bacteria, it can be treated with antibiotics. While viral infections are treated with antiviral drugs. It works by inhibiting the virus’ ability to reproduce. Such as HIV infection, influenza, hepatitis B and C can be treated with antiviral drugs.

4. Living a Healthy Lifestyle

Lifestyle has an influence on the body. It is able to prevent viruses that attack the body. A stable body metabolism can reduce the risk of developing chronic disease or dying at a young age. Here are some steps to a healthy lifestyle that can be taken to prevent the virus.

• Watch your food intake
• Reduce alcohol consumption
• Do not smoke
• Exercise regularly
• Do activities you like

Knowing the Various Types of Ancient Currency from Various Ages – Some time ago, precisely
at the moment of Indonesia’s independence yesterday which fell on August 17, 2022, all elements of society
participated in celebrating the independence party with wisdom. Both from government officials
and local communities in various parts of our beloved country, Indonesia. But apart from the
moment of independence which brought joy to urban and regional communities who also enlivened the moment by
participating in various competitions, there was one other interesting moment that caught the attention of
the Indonesian people, namely the Government through Bank Indonesia officially issued a new edition of
currency that could be used as a transaction tool. official cash in Indonesia.

Quoting the news released by the mass media, ” Today, 18 August 2022, I am Perry Warjiyo, the
Governor of Bank Indonesia, together with the Minister of Finance Sri Mulyani Indrawati, officially
issuing Rupiah banknotes which are divided into seven denominations in 2022 in the form of tender
contracts, statutory regulations invitations throughout Indonesia. the territory of the
Republic of Indonesia, ” said the Governor of Bank Indonesia Perry Warjiyo in his
statement.

Perry explained that as a symbol of state sovereignty and national unity, his party invited all levels of
society to appreciate, be proud of, and understand the rupiah “Come on. kindle the optimism of
the national spirit and commitment to a faster recovery and a stronger awakening towards an advanced
Indonesia,” said Perry.

On the same occasion, the Minister of Finance (Menkeu) Sri Mulyani Indrawati said that the Rupiah is not only a
currency, but also a currency that describes the journey of the nation and the unitary state of the Republic of
Indonesia.

“On October 30, 1946, ORI or Oeang Republik Indonesia was born and ratified and came into force at that
time it was proclaimed by Vice President Mohammad Hatta, and this marked a new chapter for the Republic of
Indonesia. Indonesia. Indonesia is newly independent,” said the
Ministry of Finance. And, on this day a new currency was launched signifying a new face of
Indonesia.

Seeing the development of today’s society, it is actually rare to use cash as a means of transaction
anymore because it has begun to be replaced with digital currency which is more practical to use, but the
existence of cash is still important as an official means of transaction because some places that still use
traditional methods still use cash. as a transaction tool. But did you know that currency also
always evolves from time to time following developments and is also influenced by cultural aspects as the
design motive for making it.

Departing from there, in this discussion we will try to discuss various kinds of ancient money originating from
various eras which will be explained further below.

Type of work – Everyone has a job to make ends meet. Starting from light work, to work that requires a lot of physical and mental strength. Work is an activity carried out to get payment rewards. In this world there are many types of work. Starting from freelance work, permanent work and contract work.

Sometimes someone does their job not according to what they want. However, there are also many people who have chosen jobs according to their interests. Even though they don’t like and feel compelled to do work, they still do it because of the demands of circumstances. For example, a father who is forced to take two jobs in order to provide for his family. Here is a further description of the job.

Definition of work

Work is an activity carried out by humans properly and correctly, the process has a specific purpose. Work must be done to maintain and meet the needs of human life. It’s not easy for most people to find a dream job. The ideal job is a job that matches your interests and personality.

On average, people who work according to their passions are more successful in their careers. This is because they love and are happy in completing their work. If the person loves his job, then he will be happy and will create a feeling of wanting to work even harder.

This book by Hasis Purwanto will answer questions about how to get the job you dream of. This book also explains how to prepare job applications, negotiate salaries, and prepare written tests to interviews.

Choosing a job that suits your interests can be started by dissecting whether you tend to be a person who is more inclined towards ideas, people, or things. People who are always curious, creative and like to explore new ideas, then jobs in writing, science, artistic are right for you. Some of these professions are authors, writers, zoologists, medical assistants, paramedical practitioners, physicists and performing artists or works of art.

If you are more socially inclined, prefer to meet new people, are adaptable and have a high social spirit, then a job that deals with a computer screen for hours on end is not suitable for you.

If you are that kind of person, you are better suited to work in marketing, consulting, and public relations . Some of these professions are sales, marketing managers , public relations experts and public relations and advertising managers.

If you are a person who prefers to see things in order, tidy and do a job with a plan, but don’t really like meeting lots of new people, then a suitable job is a job that requires high precision, for example administration, finance, clerk. Some examples of these professions are secretaries, office clerks, administrative experts, financial analysts, and government officials.

Life and work are two things that are interrelated. If we want to lead a happy life, we should make our work a happy activity.

This book written by Chris Barez Brown can help you feel truly in love with your job. You will be reminded that you are a great person and have many abilities. You will also feel formed to make your job a way out for a bright future.

Tips for learning to love work

There are actually several ways to change your perspective on your work. By doing the tips below, it can help you turn a boring job into a job that you like. Here are some tips you can do.

1. Make a list of things you want to improve

Make a list of aspects of your job that you would like to improve. This can help you to solve the problem, so you have to define it first.

Take time and clear your mind of negativity. Grab a writing utensil and jot down all the things you don’t like about work maybe. Make a list of things you don’t like as specifically as possible.

For example, you can write, co-worker A often closes the ideas you put forward. Colleague B can also sometimes make you not focus at work. If you already know the problem you are facing, you can discuss it with your boss, for example asking to be moved to his work space, or maybe your boss can help find a partner who is more compatible with you.

2. Find anything you like

First of all, think about your job and some of the things that make you like something. Think of a dream job, and imagine if you could actually do that dream job.

Consider talking about this with your boss. If there are no obstacles, you can see opportunities to do the things you love related to your job.

3. Don’t hesitate to ask for help

If you’re feeling overwhelmed with your work, or you’re struggling with a certain task, don’t hesitate to seek advice from someone else. Start consulting with colleagues, seniors in your office or manager.

From there you can see if they can help you solve the problem you’re working on. So, you can make a schedule of which jobs are more prioritized, and your workload will be more balanced.

4. Expand the network

Even though it seems that the challenges you face in your field of work are very specific, it is possible that there are other people who are also experiencing the same thing. Try to expand your network by attending industry meetings or conferences related to your field of work. This can help you to build a support system that you can consult or just get sympathy when you are in a difficult time.

Expanding the network does not always apply to getting to know people outside your company. You can even benefit greatly by establishing close relationships with co-workers in your company.

5. Recall why you decided to take this job

Try to go back a little, think back on the job offer you are currently in and why you accepted it. Maybe because the pay is great, or because this job serves a good purpose.

Maybe make your time flexible and other good things. Remembering things like this can help you lead to the next step, whether you will continue your work or even make you want to find a new job.

Tips for finding a job

Searching for a job involves more than just looking for open vacancies and sending a resume or cover letter to the employer. You also need to make sure whether you are suitable for the job and attract the attention of the company. Here are tips on finding a job.

1. Know your career goals

first of all, first identify the type of career you want. This section is especially important for people who are entering the workforce for the first time, or people who are looking to change career paths. You can look for recommendations from your family, professors or even former colleagues.

Make sure the goals you have are clear and realistic. After that determine how you make a plan to achieve it and note what makes you qualified for that career. These steps can help you to narrow down the jobs and positions that you like.

2. Create a plan or schedule

Prepare yourself and make a regular schedule to search for jobs more efficiently. Decide how many hours a day or maybe a week you can dedicate to your job search.

Make sure your resume and cover letter are kept up to date. If you need help updating your resume and cover letter, you can look for samples and templates, which are now widely available online.

Also, update your profile on professional networking websites like LinkedIn. You can also create tables to record what jobs you’ve applied for and interviews you’ve accepted. You can also separate your personal and professional emails so that they are more organized.

3. Make a resume and cover letter

When you are confused about how to make a resume or cover letter, you can ask a friend, family, co-worker and even a professional career counselor to proofread your resume and cover letter.

Tailor your resume to the job you are applying for. Study the job description to determine why you are the perfect fit for the position. Then, add skills, experience and achievements that are relevant to the position you are applying for.

4. Use all sources of job seekers

Take advantage of all the job search options. You can attend job fairs, search for them on social media such as Twitter, LinkedIn, or you can search through web portals, which are currently numerous and available online.

5. Find out about the company

When you are looking for a job, you may forget to find out about the reputation of the company. This is actually very important because it can provide information about the culture of the company, how the range of salaries and benefits and services provided, as well as their work environment. The research you do will give you a decision whether you want to work for the company or not.

This book by Ridwan Raharjo can guide you in the process of finding a job. Finding a job is certainly a long process. From this book you can master interview techniques, find out common mistakes in making applications to break mental blocks that are always annoying.

Apart from Ridwan Raharjo’s book, there is also a book by Suryono Ekotama which explores the secrets of how to get a job easily. This book contains practical tips that you can practice to improve your quality so that you can deserve the job you want.

Types of work

In this world there are many fields of work that humans are involved in. Starting from jobs that do not require too much physical strength, jobs that have flexible time and others. Here are some types of work.

1. Teacher or Lecturer

Teachers and lecturers are people who teach knowledge, provide guidance and also evaluate the knowledge they give to their students or students. Teachers and lecturers have similar jobs, except that lecturers are professional educators who educate in lectures or higher education levels. A lecturer also continues to conduct research according to his field and publish scientific papers.

2. Army and Police

Soldiers are citizens who are trained and armed to serve in defending the country in the face of armed or military threats. The army is usually divided into three groups namely Army Ground Forces, Navy Soldiers, and Air Force Soldiers.

Meanwhile, the police is a government agency whose job is to maintain order in society and enforce the law in accordance with the law.

3. Pilots

The person who flies the plane is the pilot. The pilot usually flies the plane with a partner who is called the co-pilot. A pilot has demands that are experts in driving the plane.

They previously took official training and exams which were usually held at flight schools or flying certifications. The pilot has a great responsibility for the safety of the crew and passengers.

4. Stewardess

A flight attendant is a staff of public transportation both on land, sea and air. The flight attendants are on duty to serve passengers so that passengers can feel safe and comfortable during the trip.

They are also tasked with giving safety instructions, providing first aid and controlling safety and security equipment. Flight attendants are usually also given training so they can serve passengers well.

5. Doctor

Doctors are experts in the field of health. The doctor is a person or the first point of contact with a patient to solve health problems and diseases suffered by patients.

Doctor’s companion is called a nurse. To become a doctor, you have to study for at least 5 years. In addition, to become a specialist doctor, you have to take at least two years of education.

6. Fisherman

Fisherman is a profession in which people work daily to catch fish, both traditional and modern. The fishermen usually move in the sea and water areas.

A fisherman must be able to operate a boat, prepare equipment for finding and catching fish. The marine catch obtained later is usually sold to the market for consumption by the community.

7. Lawyer

Lawyers are a field of work in which a person will provide legal services and services. Usually lawyers will give advice and defend their clients from lawsuits.

Apart from providing legal consultations, lawyers are also tasked with accompanying clients during court hearings, helping uphold justice and conducting legal audits.

8. Programmers

Programmers are people who have special expertise in designing a program, both an application and developing a website. They will use programming languages ​​such as Java, C++, python and others.

Programmers are also tasked with testing the programs they make, coding programs, and designing program requirements. In addition, they are also in charge of developing the application programs they make.

9. Farmer

Farmers are people who cultivate land so that they can grow crops which are usually sold to the community so that they can also fulfill their daily needs. Farmers are also tasked with harvesting their crops and determining the selling price in the market.

10. Traders

Traders are people who sell a product. These products can be produced by themselves or the results of other people. They are tasked with ensuring the merchandise sold is in good condition and promoting or offering their merchandise.

Types of Human Muscles – Talking about humans feels very complex, starting from the things that are in their bodies to their behavior. In the human body itself there are many organs that work. There are even organs that play an important role when humans carry out their daily activities or you could say when humans move.

One characteristic of living things (humans) is movement. By moving, we will be able to do various kinds of activities that we want to do. In this case, moving is not just what is seen by ourselves or others, but also what is seen by us, such as the movement that occurs in the heart when it pumps blood throughout the body.

Every human being who moves is due to the presence of muscles and bones. The two organs of the body work together with each other, so that humans can move according to their wishes. As for movements that are always related to bones and muscles, such as bending the elbows, throwing the ball, kicking the ball, bending the body, and so on.

Bones and muscles cannot be separated from the movements made by humans, but generally muscles have a more important role in moving the organs of the body. This can happen because when humans move, it will definitely create contractions in the muscles. In other words, muscles are organs that humans rely on when moving.

Although bones and muscles are organs that can play a role in human movement, on this occasion, we will discuss the types of muscles. Not only the types of muscles, but this article will also discuss the meaning of muscles, muscle function, and muscle fuel. So, read this article to the end, Sinaumed’s.

Understanding Muscles

Before discussing the types of muscles, we will discuss the meaning of muscles first, so that it will be easier to understand the types of muscles later. The muscles that exist in humans can move because of orders from the brain which then the brain gives orders, so that when the brain is still functioning properly, the movement of the muscles is still functioning properly too.

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) muscle is a springy tissue in the body of humans and animals that functions to move the body. From the definition of muscles based on KBBI, it can be said that they play an important role in the movements carried out by humans.

This tissue-shaped muscle will look like bundles of fibers attached to bones or other organs. When the muscles carry out their duties, especially when moving the body, the muscles will not push. In other words, muscles will contract when moving bones or other organs.

As previously explained that muscles play an important role in human movements, so muscles can be said to be one of the organs of the human body as an active means of movement. Therefore, when someone has a muscle injury, the movement will be less than optimal.

In the human body itself there are muscle tissues which, if calculated, are approximately 35-40 percent of the mass of the human body. In other words, almost half of the mass of the human body is muscle tissue. In addition, the size of this muscle can be reduced or enlarged depending on the movements performed by the human.

So, it can be said that when a muscle contracts or moves a body organ, that part of the body will look bigger. Meanwhile, when the muscles relax or do not move other organs, they will appear smaller.

It would be nice, we determine the right time when to move the muscles and when to rest the muscles. By doing so, the injury to the muscles can be properly minimized.

After discussing the meaning of muscles, what will be discussed next is the types of muscles in humans.

Types of Muscles and Their Characteristics 

Basically, there are a lot of muscles in the human body. However, usually the muscles in humans are divided into 3 types, including:

1. Smooth Muscle

Smooth muscle is a type of muscle in the human body which contracts in an unconscious or involuntary way . Therefore, this smooth muscle can move even when humans are asleep. Even so, smooth muscle can move regularly. Not only regular, regular, smooth muscles also don’t tire quickly when they contract.

This type of muscle can indeed work tirelessly, so this muscle can work continuously. However, smooth muscles do not require so much energy even though they have to move continuously and tirelessly, why is that? This can happen because the power released by smooth muscles is not so much.

Smooth muscle is not only located in one organ of the human body, but is located in many organs of the human body. As for the location of this smooth muscle, such as in the digestive tract, in the blood vessels, in the eyes, in the uterus or bladder, and so on.

Each location of smooth muscle has a different function. For example, smooth muscle in the digestive tract functions to maintain every peristaltic movement, while smooth muscle in the eye functions to move the size of the pupil. In the bladder, smooth muscle functions to excrete urine, and in the blood vessels, smooth muscle functions to regulate blood pressure.

Every muscle in humans certainly consists of many cells, as well as the type of smooth muscle which consists of many cells. The cells in smooth muscle can be described as spindles which are quite large in the middle and tapered at both ends of the smooth muscle.

Smooth muscle consists of two types of smooth muscle single unit smooth muscle and double unit smooth muscle, so what are the differences between the two types of smooth muscle? The difference between the two types of smooth muscle lies in the way the muscle cells work. Single unit smooth muscle cells work in a collective manner. Meanwhile, double unit smooth muscle cells work individually or work independently.

To understand more about smooth muscle, you can get to know its characteristics below.

Characteristics of Smooth Muscles

1. Smooth muscles work tirelessly.
2. Smooth muscle can work unconsciously and can work while sleeping.
3. Smooth muscle is more elastic than striated muscle.
4. The length of smooth muscle is about 20 to 30 micrometers.
5. Can do contractions in a fairly long period of time.
6. It is located in almost all parts of the body.
7. When working, smooth muscles are very dependent on the nervous system and hormones.
8. It has a round shape in the middle and is tapered at the ends.
9. Has a thickness that can reach about 5 micrometers.

That’s a discussion of smooth muscle and its characteristics, the next discussion is the type of cardiac muscle.

2. Cardiac Muscles

As the name implies, the heart muscle is located in the organ part of the heart. Cardiac muscle is a type of muscle that is located as a constituent of the heart wall and has a function to pump blood from all over the body to the heart or from the heart to the rest of the body. Therefore, when this heart muscle cannot function properly, the blood flow to be pumped by the heart becomes less than optimal, which can cause several diseases that are quite dangerous, such as difficulty breathing.

Cardiac muscle consists of many cells which are generally elongated in shape. In addition, the heart muscle also has many cell nuclei which are located in the center of the heart muscle. Because of its location which is only in the organs of the heart, the heart muscle is often known as a special muscle. What’s more, the role of the heart muscle is very important because it can affect all organs in the body.

As with smooth muscle, this heart muscle can also move unconsciously, so it will work continuously without tired. That way, the heart muscle can work even though the brain is not ordering it or when we are asleep.

As for how the heart muscle works, that is when it contracts, the heart muscle pumps blood out of the heart throughout the body. Meanwhile, when the heart muscle relaxes, it indicates that blood from all over the body will return to the heart. Simply put, the heart muscle functions to carry out blood circulation in the human body.

In addition, the heart muscle also functions to control the contraction of the heart. This can happen because in the heart muscle there is a special cell which is often called a pacemaker or more precisely a pacemaker . With these cells, the heart rate can be accelerated and slowed down to match the contractions.

The heart is a very important organ of the human body because it can affect other organs of the body. Therefore, it is the same with the heart muscle which has a very important role, especially in maintaining blood circulation and pumping blood.

Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles

The characteristics of the cardiac muscle as follows.

1. It has a cylindrical and branched shape.
2. It is located on the heart wall and as a constituent of the heart wall.
3. Can work at any time without having to be ordered by the brain (can be when sleeping).
4. Have a cell nucleus that is located in the middle or center of the heart muscle.

3. Striated Muscles 

Striated muscle is a type of muscle that is attached to the framework of the organs of the human body, so this type of muscle functions to make movements in the body. Therefore, striated muscles are also often known as skeletal muscles. With this muscle, a human can move his body according to the commands of the brain.

As the name implies, this type of muscle also has a striated or cloth-like appearance. The color of this muscle is dark or actin and light or myosin. Of the two colors, it then forms an alternating pattern and its shape resembles a cylinder. In addition, the length of striated muscle is about 2.5 cm with a diameter of about 50 micrometers

The number of cell nuclei in striated muscles is very large, which are located on the edges, so that this type of muscle can work hard. Even though it can work hard, these striated muscles need rest so they don’t get tired or even cause an injury. Therefore, we should not force ourselves to do something too much when we feel tired.

This striated muscle is different from cardiac muscle or smooth muscle, where is the difference? The difference lies in the way it moves, striated muscles must be moved according to instructions from the brain, while smooth and cardiac muscles can work without a command from the brain. Therefore, when we sleep, the striated muscles cannot work optimally.

Not only is it often referred to as skeletal muscle, but striated muscle is also often referred to as skeletal muscle with its pigment which is the color myoglobin. This type of muscle is often found in almost all parts of humans. In fact, this type of striated muscle can also be found in animals.

For those of you who want to see striated muscles, there are biceps and triceps. The location of these two muscles is on the upper arm of the hand. The amount of striated muscle is about 40 percent of the mass or weight of the human body. This striated muscle also has several parts, such as sarcoplasm, sarcolemma, myofilaments, and myofibrils.

This striated muscle works by contracting and relaxing. The function of relaxing striated muscles is to restore strength to the muscles after heavy movements.

Characteristics of Striated Muscles

Following are the characteristics of skeletal muscles.

1. The striated muscles have a large number of cell nuclei that are located on the edges
2. The color of the striated muscles is like cloth where the dark and light colors form alternating patterns.
3. Striated muscles can work according to orders from the brain or move consciously.
4. Has a length of about 2.5 cm with a diameter of 50 micrometers.
5. Easy to contract and when contracting the muscles will become constricted.
6. Consists of thousands of fibers that form a muscle tissue.

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Muscle Function

After discussing the types of muscles in the human body, overall these muscles have several functions including:

1. Helps the respiratory system.
2. Helping the process of the human circulatory system, so that it can move optimally.
3. Helps the human digestive tract.
4. Maintain balance between the organs of the human body.
5. Move the part of the body you want to move.
6. Maintain posture
7. Protects the vital organs of the body.

Muscle Fuel

From the explanation above, there are types of muscles that work according to orders from the brain and there are also those that can work without awareness. However, when the muscles work, they definitely need fuel, so that the role of each type of muscle can run optimally. The fuel for muscles is oxygen.

Of that oxygen, then distributed throughout the body through the blood. Therefore, when doing a movement that is quite heavy, we will need more oxygen so that blood can be delivered to the muscles of the body that we want to move.

Forest Types – Forests in Latin are called sylva, sylvi or sylvo. Sylva, sylvi or sylvo which means a very wide place. An area is considered forest if it has an area of ​​more than 1/4 ha and a number of trees grow there, as well as the presence of interdependent biotic and abiotic factors.

In general, the concept of a forest is a place inhabited by dense trees. Such as shrubs, grasses, mushrooms, ferns, trees and other plants on a large scale. In Indonesia, forests have different names depending on their respective regions, such as utan in Jakarta, leuweung in Sundanese, alas or wana in Java, etc.

According to the law of numbers. 41 of 1999, forest is an ecosystem unit in the form of expanses of land containing biological natural resources because trees dominate the natural environment and their relationship with one another cannot be separated.

Furthermore, the largest area of ​​forest land is in Papua with an area of ​​32.36 million hectares. The second order belongs to Kalimantan with an area of ​​28.23 million hectares, then Sumatra with an area of ​​14.65 million hectares, Sulawesi with an area of ​​8.87 million hectares, Maluku and North Maluku with an area of ​​4.02 million hectares. Forests in Java with an area of ​​3.09 million hectares, Bali and Nusa Tenggara with an area of ​​2.7 million hectares.

Forests are habitats for plant and animal species, where carbon dioxide is recycled into oxygen, where hydrological flows are regulated, where water and soil are conserved, and forests are of great environmental importance. Sinaumed’s friends need to know the types of forests in Indonesia and their benefits. Moreover, most of the large islands of Indonesia have vast forests. No wonder Indonesia is often referred to as the lungs of the world.

But lately there have been many forest fires that have caused various damages. Community and government efforts to protect forests are of course very much needed to maintain forest sustainability. Moreover, there are many types of forests in Indonesia.

The types of forests in Indonesia and their benefits are important for Sinaumed’s to study. When people know the importance of forests for life, people will certainly care more about the surrounding environment. In addition, forests also play an important role as a place to provide oxygen for human respiration.

For more details, here we have to study the definition of forest first, before discussing the types of forests in Indonesia and their functions.

Definition of Forest

Forest is land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used worldwide, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal status, and ecological function.

The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization defines forest as a land area extending over 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10% or trees capable of reaching these thresholds on the spot.

This does not include land that is predominantly agricultural or urban use. Using this definition, the 2020 FRA found that forests covered 4.06 billion hectares, or about 31% of global land area in 2020.

Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystems on Earth and are distributed throughout the world. More than half of the world’s forests are found in only 5 countries (Brazil, Canada, China, the Russian Federation and the United States). The largest share of forest (45 percent) is found in the tropics (rain forest), followed by temperate and subtropical boreal regions.

Forests account for 75% of the total primary production of the Earth’s biosphere and contain 80% of the Earth’s vegetative biomass. Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatons of carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests and 2.6 for boreal forests.

Forests at different latitudes and altitudes with varying amounts of rainfall and transpiration form very different biomes, namely:

boreal forests around the Arctic, tropical rainforests and dry forests around the equator, and temperate forests in the mid-latitudes.

Areas at higher altitudes tend to support forests similar to areas at higher latitudes and rainfall also affects forest composition.

Almost half of the forest area (49 percent) is relatively intact, while 9 percent is fragmented with little or no connectivity. Tropical rainforest and boreal coniferous forest are the least fragmented while subtropical dry forest and oceanic temperate forest are among the most fragmented.

About 80 percent of the world’s forests are located on more than 1 million hectares of forest, the remaining 20% ​​are located on more than 34 million parcels of land worldwide, most of which are less than 1,000 hectares.

Humans and forests influence each other positively and negatively. Forests provide ecosystem services for humans and can also become tourist attractions. Forests can also affect human health. Human activities, including the unsustainable use of forest resources, can have a negative impact on forest ecosystems.

In Indonesia, according to Forestry Law No. 41 of 1999, forest is an ecosystem unit in the form of a stretch of land that contains biological natural resources because trees dominate the natural environment and cannot be separated together.

Forest Types in Indonesia

In order to understand clearly, the following types of forests in Indonesia have been summarized by sinaumedia.com from various sources:

Forest Types Based on Biogeography

The Archipelago is a natural relief formed from the confluence of three land plates. Even today, the three plates of the earth are still approaching. As a result, among other things, earthquakes often occur in this island nation.

The history of the formation of islands in the equatorial belt has formed three main biogeographical regions, namely: the Sunda Shelf, Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each biogeographic region reflects the distribution of life forms based on differences in the physical surface of the earth.

• Sunda Shelf (in the western part)

The Sunda Plateau is a strip of land that extends from the east (mainland Asia) and lies west of the Wallace Line. Wallace’s line is an imaginary dividing line between the flora and fauna of the Sunda Plateau and the easternmost part of Indonesia. This route is from north to south between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and between Bali and Lombok. This lineage is named after the biologist Alfred Russel Wallace who in 1858 showed that the distribution of flora and fauna in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Bali was closer to mainland Asia.

• Sahul Shelf Area (in the eastern part)

The Sahul Shelf is a strip of land that has shifted from the Australesian territory and lies east of the Weber Line. The Weber line is an imaginary dividing line between flora and fauna between the Sahul Shelf and the westernmost part of Indonesia. The line runs from north to south between the Maluku Islands and New Guinea and between East Nusa Tenggara and Australia. This lineage is named after the biologist Max Weber, who around 1902 showed that the distribution of flora and fauna in this area was closer to mainland Australia.

• Wallace Region / Deep Sea (in the middle)

The earth plate on the outskirts of East Asia moves between the Wallace and Weber lines. This area includes Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara), and the Maluku Islands. Most of the flora and fauna in this area are endemic (found only in the area concerned and not found anywhere else in the world). However, the region also has elements of the Eastern Sector and the Australasia Region. Wallace suggested that the sea was covered with ice during the Ice Age so that plants and animals from Asia and Australia could interbreed and congregate on the islands. Although Asian flora and fauna are still more abundant in the western part and Australian flora and fauna in the eastern part, this is because the Wallace area used to be a very deep sea trench, so that the flora and fauna of plants were difficult to pass and stopped spreading.

Forest Types Based on Climate

Because of its location at latitude, Indonesia actually has a tropical climate. However, its location between two continents and between two oceans makes the climate of this archipelago even more diverse.

Based on a comparison of the number of dry months with the number of wet months per year, Indonesia has three climate zones, namely:

• Climate type A (very humid) , where the peak of the rainy season falls from October to January, sometimes until February, this region covers the island of Sumatra; Borneo; the western and central parts of the island of Java; west of the island of Sulawesi.

• Climate Type B (wet) has a peak rainy season between May and July and August or September being the driest months. This area covers the eastern part of Sulawesi Island; Moluccas; most of Papua.

• Climate type C (slightly dry) has less rainfall, while dry months last longer. This area includes East Java; part of Madura Island; Bali Island; Nusa Tenggara; the southern tip of Papua.

Based on the existing climate differences, Indonesia has peat forests, tropical rain forests, and monsoon forests.

1. Tropical Rain Forest

The earliest forest type in Indonesia is tropical rain forest. Tropical rainforests are widely recognized as a type of forest in Indonesia because the Indonesian archipelago receives a lot of sunlight, has high rainfall, and high average temperatures.

The characteristics of tropical rain forests in general:

• Plants that live in tropical rain forests are generally classified as plants with large, tall and dense leaves that grow tightly.

• The animals that live in tropical rain forests are very diverse because they are divided into 3 areas, each forest is home to different animals. For example, in tropical forests in the western region, animals that develop are mainly large-bodied animals such as tigers, elephants, giraffes and others. This is because the tropical rain forests in the eastern region are dominated by small animals and various types of birds typical of Papua. Meanwhile, for the tropical rain forest in the transition zone, there are many unique animals such as anoa, wild boar and several medium-sized mammals.

• In addition, another feature of tropical rain forests is the relatively high rainfall, which makes mixed soils very fertile.

The benefits of tropical rain forests can be as a breeding ground for rare plant and animal species as well as as a water reservoir during the dry season.

2. Monsoon Forest or Seasonal Forest

Monsoon forests grow in areas with climate categories C or D, namely in Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, Bali, NTB, parts of NTT, southeastern Maluku and parts of the southern coast of Irian Jaya. Tree species in this forest include teak (Tectona grandis) , walikukun ( Actinophora fragrans) , eucalyptus (Eucalyptus alba) , sandalwood (Santalum album) and eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendron) .

It is called seasonal forest or monsoon forest because it has quite clear differences in conditions between the rainy season and the dry season. Plants in the dry season forest often wither, and during the rainy season grow back massively. Here are some characteristics of monsoon forests or monsoon forests:

• Can be found in the highlands and lowlands. – The distance between trees in seasonal forests tends not to be tight, in fact they are very neatly spaced with a certain distance.
• The height of the trees that fill the forest this season is not too high. Not like a rainforest.
• Animals that live in the forest this season are not as numerous and as aggressive as those that live in tropical rain forests. The average animals that can be found are insects, snakes, birds and several types of mammalian rodents.

The benefits of seasonal forest are as a production forest and as a tool for climate and seasonal indicators

3. Peat Forest

Peat forests are in climate category A or B, namely on the east coast of Sumatra, along the coast and major rivers in Kalimantan and in most of the south coast of Papua.

Peat forests are tropical hardwood forests where the wetlands prevent the leaves and wood from completely decomposing. Over time, an acidic layer of peat forms. Peat forests are often surrounded by moist forest on non-flooded land and surrounded by mangroves in brackish water.

Exploitation of peat forests carried out by the Indonesian government in Kalimantan’s peat forests for agricultural purposes has caused many fires to occur in peat forests.

Major fires occurred in 1997-1998 and 2002-2003. A study by the European Space Agency shows that peat forests have the ability to sequester the planet’s carbon. The 1997-1998 fires released up to 2.5 billion tons of carbon and the 2002-2003 fires released between 200 million and 1 billion tons of carbon into the Earth’s atmosphere.

Oil palm plantations in Kalimantan play an important role in draining peat forests which causes the release of carbon from peatlands. Conserving peat forests is known to prevent the release of more carbon per unit area than preventing deforestation and lowers costs. Indonesia has 50% peat forest in the tropics and 10% peat forest in the world.

Forest Types Based on Soil Characteristics

Based on the nature of the soil, forest types in Indonesia include coastal forests, mangrove forests and swamp forests.

1. Beach Forest

Coastal forest or more precisely called coastal vegetation or sandy beach vegetation (English: vegetation beach) is a ground cover that grows and thrives on sandy beaches above the highest tide line in the tropics. Traditionally, experts distinguished two and sometimes three plants that formed in the area.

Although it is quite rich in fauna diversity, only certain types of animals are unique to this type of ecosystem. Most of these animals also live in other types of ecosystems, or even only come to coastal forests for short periods of time.

2. Swamp Forest

The next type of forest in Indonesia is swamp forest. Swamp forest is a type of forest in Indonesia. Swamp forests cover forest areas with various plants such as beluntas, pandanus and ketapang. This type of forest is mostly found on the east coast of Sumatra, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. The characteristics of peat swamp forests in Indonesia are:

• The land is always flooded to form swamps
• Peat swamp forest also has a layer of soil in the form of peat soil.
• Plants that can live in peat swamp forests are often small in stature and have less strong roots than those that grow in dense soil.

3. Mangrove Forest

The next type of forest in Indonesia is mangrove. Mangroves grow on steep, muddy beaches which are always exposed to sea tides. Mangroves are home to many species of fish and shrimp. So, this mangrove forest is very important for the environment. Here are some of the benefits of mangroves as a type of forest in Indonesia:

• As a breakwater and restraint.
• As a natural habitat for small fish.
• As an anti-abrasion caused by sea water.

Forest Types Based on Tree Types

The types of forests in Indonesia and their benefits can also be seen based on the type of tree, as follows:

1. Heterogeneous Forest

Heterogeneous forest is a forest where many types of trees grow, for example wilderness. Usually in tropical areas with high rainfall such as Central and South America, Africa, Southeast Asia and Northeastern Australia, the trees are tall and broadleaf. In Indonesia, heterogeneous forests are found on the islands of Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua.

 

2. Homogeneous Forest

Homogeneous forest is a forest where only one type of tree grows. In general, homogeneous forests are created for specific purposes, such as for reforestation, afforestation or industrial expansion. Examples of homogeneous forests include teak and pine forests.

Author: Ziaggi Fadhil Zahran