Author: Johannes Surya

Definition of National Defense – Do you know what national defense is? For the general public, of course the term is still a little foreign, even many people do not yet understand the meaning of national security accurately. So, Indonesia’s National Resilience is a dynamic situation of the Indonesian nation that covers all aspects of national life that have been integrated, that is, a comprehensive unity in the national life of a country, both from social or natural elements, whether it is potential or functional.

Understanding of National Resilience

The definition of national resilience is a dynamic condition of a nation that contains national toughness and tenacity in facing and also overcoming all kinds of challenges and also threats, disturbances and obstacles both from outside and from within the country.

Where that happens directly or indirectly, it will definitely endanger the integrity, survival of a nation, identity, and so on.

While the meaning of national security mentioned in the 1968 concept is as follows:

National resilience is our tenacity and resilience in the face of all kinds of forces, whether from outside or from within, which directly or indirectly, will surely endanger the survival of the Indonesian nation and country.

While the meaning of national resilience explained in the national resilience conception of 1969 is a refinement of the first conception, among others:

1. National resilience is the tenacity and resilience of a nation that contains the ability to develop national strength in the face of all kinds of threats, both from outside and from within, which directly or indirectly will endanger the survival of the Indonesian nation.
2. National resilience is a dynamic condition of a nation that contains tenacity and resilience that contains the ability to develop national strength in the face of all kinds of challenges, obstacles, threats, and disturbances that come from outside or from within, which directly or indirectly will harm integrity, identity, survival of the nation, and the country as well as the national struggle.

Meanwhile, in his state speech, the President of the Republic of Indonesia, namely General Suharto, in front of the DPR session on August 16, 1975, said that national resilience is the level of the situation as well as the tenacity and toughness that Indonesia has in gathering and directing the seriousness of the existing national capabilities. So that it is a national strength that can and is able to face every threat and challenge to the integrity or personality of the nation and defend life and the survival of its ideals.

Understanding the Concept of National Resilience

The concept of National Resilience is a [edom or suggestion to increase the tenacity and resilience of the nation that contains the ability to develop national strength by using the approach of well-being and also security. The well-being and security can be distinguished but cannot be separated. The maintenance of well-being requires a certain level of security and vice versa, the maintenance of security requires a certain level of well-being.

Without prosperity and security, the national life system will not be able to continue. Because, in principle, both are intrinsic values ​​that exist in national life. In this national life, the level of well-being and also national security is the yardstick of national resilience. The role of each stanza in the astagrata is balanced and complement each other. That means, citizens have interrelated and interdependent relationships as a whole, forming the behavior of the community in national life.

Prosperity can be described as a nation’s ability to grow and develop its national values ​​for the nation’s prosperity in a fair and equal manner. While security is the nation’s ability to protect its national values ​​against threats from abroad.

Features – Features of National Resistance

The characteristics of national resilience are conditions where it becomes the main prerequisite for a developing country. It is focused on maintaining survival and continuing to develop life. Not only for defense, but also to face and overcome threats, challenges, obstacles, and also disturbances, both from the outside and from the inside, either directly or indirectly. If it is based on the astagrata method, all aspects of national life are described in the astagatra systematics which is organized on three natural aspects or trigatra which cover geography, population, natural wealth, and five other social aspects or pancagatra which cover politics, ideology, economy, social culture, and security defense.

National resilience is generally guided by national vision. Where the archipelago vision is the Indonesian nation’s way of looking at itself and its environment based on Pancasila and the Basic Law of 1945. The archipelago vision is also one of the main sources and a strong foundation in organizing national life. So, the vision of the archipelago can be called a vision and included in the foundation of national security.

Properties of National Resilience

The following are some of the characteristics of national resilience that you need to understand, including:

1. Independent

Mandiri is national resilience that is based on believing in one’s own abilities and strength with tenacity and resilience that contains the principle of not giving up easily and is based on the nation’s identity, personality, and integrity. The independence is one of the prerequisites to establish a mutually beneficial cooperation in global development.

2. Dynamic

Dynamic means that national resilience is not constant, but can increase or decrease depending on the condition and situation of the nation and also the country, as well as the surrounding environmental conditions. This is in accordance with the fact and understanding that everything in this world will always change. Therefore, efforts in increasing national resilience must always be oriented towards the future and the dynamics within it directed towards the achievement of better national life conditions.

3. Unite

Manunggal means that national security has an integrative nature. Where it is interpreted as the realization of unity and unity that is balanced, consistent, and harmonious between all aspects of community, nation, and state life.

4. Authority

Wibawa means national resilience as a result of a unified view, that is, it can create national authority that will later be taken into account by other parties. So that it can be the backbone of a country. The higher the deterrence that a country has, the greater its authority will be.

5. Consultation and Cooperation

This means that Indonesia’s national defense does not prioritize confrontational and antagonistic attitudes. In addition, the Indonesian nation also does not rely on power and physical strength alone. But it is more about consultative nature and cooperation and mutual respect by relying on the moral strength and personality of the nation.

Basics of National Defense

The basis of national resilience is a code of conduct based on values ​​based on Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, and Wawasan Nusantara. These principles include:

a. The Basics of Wellbeing and Peace

The first basis is the most basic need and must be fulfilled for individuals or communities and also groups. Thus, well-being and also peace are the hope in the national life system. Without prosperity and security, the national life system will not be able to continue. Basically, well-being and security are intrinsic values ​​that exist in the national life system itself. Well-being or security should always be there, side by side with any condition. In national life, the level of national security and well-being that can be achieved is one of the benchmarks for the success of national resilience.

b. The Basics of Looking Deeply and Looking Out

The national life system is the unity of all aspects of the nation’s life that communicate with each other. In addition, the national life system also interacts with the surrounding environment. In the process of interaction, various impacts can arise, either in the form of positive or negative nature. In that way, a thoughtful attitude is needed, whether it is inward or outward.

– Look Deeper

Looking inward aims to grow the nature, character, and condition of national life itself which is based on the values ​​of proportional self-reliance in order to improve the quality of the degree of self-reliance of a tough and resilient nation.

– Look Out

Looking outward has the purpose of being able to anticipate and also participate in overcoming the impact of the strategic environment abroad. Not only that, but also aims to accept reality with the existence of interaction and dependence with the international world.

c. Family Basics

This one foundation is justice, equality, togetherness, mutual cooperation, tolerance, and also responsibility in the life of the community, nation, and state. In that regard, living with a family foundation has been recognized as having differences. The real reality is developed harmoniously in the life of the partnership and is protected from conflict that is destructive or non-destructive.

d. Basic Comprehensive Integral or Comprehensive Integrated

The system of national life includes all aspects of the nation’s life in the form of unity and unity that is balanced, in harmony, and compatible with all aspects of national, national, and state life. National resilience itself includes the resilience of all aspects of life as a whole, whole, and integrated.

Elements of National Resistance

Below are some elements of national security, among others:

a. Pancagatra National Resistance

The social aspect of pancagatra is generally based on the human relationship with God. Then the relationship of humans with each other, the nature around them, or humans with themselves in the form of their needs. Based on that relationship, it can be grouped into five areas or five aspects of National life, which are abbreviated as Ipoleksosbudhankam. Five aspects of national life will be elaborated into basic concepts in order to develop national strength in the face of various challenges, obstacles, threats, and disturbances.

b. Durability of Ideological Aspects

A nation basically has and needs a philosophy of life. As a guide and also a handle in carrying out the struggle to defend the survival of the nation and the nation. The philosophy of life is used as one of the life guidelines, where the philosophy is included in the practical philosophy which is an ideology, world view, and life view. Because that is the basis for achieving a national ideal. In the discussion it is referred to as ideology.

National Defense Function

One of national resilience is as a national basic doctrine that needs to be known to ensure the occurrence of thought patterns, behavior patterns, attitude patterns, and work patterns in unifying the steps of the nation that are international, interlocal or multidisciplinary. The concept of the doctrine is needed so that there is no boxed way of thinking in an integrated development. Where it is implemented in accordance with the plan or sectoral. One of the reasons is that if storage occurs, there will be a waste of time, facilities, and energy that even has the potential to implement national development in all fields and sectors of the national ambition program. National resilience is also useful as a basic pattern of national development. Basically it is a direction and also a guideline.

In its development, national security will continue to experience various problems that can cause instability in Indonesia’s national security. The threats can come from inside or outside the country. Indonesia has often experienced various incidents that can be classified as a threat to national security. Some examples of events that interfered with Indonesia’s national security, namely separatism and terrorism, among others:

– GAM (Free Aceh Movement)
– Independent Papua Organization (OPM)
– Terrorism

The Influence of Aspects of National Resilience on National and National Life

National resilience is a reflection of the condition of the national life system in various aspects at a certain time. Each aspect will change according to time, environment, and space, especially on dynamic aspects. So that the interaction creates a general condition that is difficult to monitor because it is very complex or complicated.

a. Influence of Ideological Aspects

Ideology is a value system as well as a teaching that provides motivation. In addition, ideology also contains basic concepts about the life that a nation aspires to. If viewed theoretically, then an ideology originates from a philosophy and is the implementation of a philosophical system.

b. Liberalism

Liberalism is one of the individual or individualistic schools of thought. The school of thought teaches that the country is a legal society consisting of the contracts of all individuals in the society. Liberalism is at the point of departure from the basic rights that are attached to humans since they were born and cannot be interfered with by anyone including the ruler.

Unless it is already on the relevant agreement. This understanding of liberalism has the principles of freedom and personal interests that demand absolute individual freedom. Where the meaning of freedom is the pursuit of happiness in life in the midst of wealth that is abundant and achieved freely.

c. Communism

Communism is an upper class school of thought taught by Karl Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Where it started from Karl Marx’s criticism of the social and economic life of the community at the beginning of the industrial revolution. This school of thought assumes that the state is an arrangement of the upper class to oppress other classes.

Simply put, the thought is that the strong economic class is against the low economic class. The bourgeoisie oppresses the proletariat or laborers. Therefore, Karl Marx advocated that the proletariat hold a political revolution to fight for the power of the state from the rich capitalists and the bourgeoisie based on communism.

Knowing the meaning of chemical equilibrium – Chemical equilibrium is a subject of chemistry studied in class 11 SMA. As an IPA subject, Chemistry is usually easily forgotten. Many have sudden amnesia.

Well, especially about the chapter on balance, when studying it, many people admit to being worried. Worried about continuing to study because the mind immediately wanders.

Come on, let’s try to discuss it slowly so that worries disappear and we get enlightenment

Understanding Chemical Equilibrium

Let’s say we want to make a simple cookie dough from a quarter of flour and 2 eggs. At the time of 0 seconds, there is no intention, of course the flour and eggs have not reduced and are still intact. It hasn’t been mixed yet!

Let’s say 30 seconds later we pour the flour into the container, until the flour is reduced by half, then we break one egg. Then we start making the dough alias the dough starts to exist.

Let’s say 10 minutes later all the eggs and flour are gone because they have been mixed into a dough.

If we use flour, we liken it to an amount of A and then we mix it with eggs, let’s say B, then we liken the dough to C. Chemically, the reaction can be written like this:
A + B → C

A and B whose positions are on the left side of the back and forth arrow we call reactants. When A and B were mixed to form C, it lasted 10 minutes.

After 10 minutes A and B are no longer there because they have all formed C. The C that is on the right side of the arrow is called the product. So after 10 minutes the dough is formed.

This type of reaction is called a unidirectional reaction. Or if the result is already formed, it’s over alias the end. So the batter or the C is the ending.

Examples of this reaction are rusted iron, burnt paper and stale rice. All reactions are the reactions of 1 episode immediately ended.

Well, but there is also a chemical reaction that goes back and forth, does it mean back and forth like a courtship breaking up? Ishsh why did you go there!

Like this, let’s say that the reaction A mixed with B formed C, well if it turns out that a few seconds later, the C goes back to form A and B then this reaction is called a reversible reaction, the cool language is reversible .

So if the cake dough can separate back into flour and the dough as a whole, that means the reaction of making the cake is reversible, right? But it’s horrible if it happens!

Back and forth reaction If it is written like this, this is the form of the reaction. There is an arrow with two directions.
A + B ↔ C

After a few seconds A and B are formed, eh he goes back to C, and vice versa. Reactants become products, products become reactants.

The components on the left side of the arrow, reactants or reactants, they gradually decrease when they will form C. Speed ​​A and B It is called the reduction speed.

Then C increases over time until the rate of reaction is called the rate of increase.

Notice, this is the graphic.

Lines A and B appear to go down, because they decrease and experience a decreasing rate, while line C appears to rise, because C increases and experiences an increasing rate.

Wait a minute, the speed of the reaction has not been explained yet ? The reaction rate for the reduction rate means the reduction of the substance in a matter of time.

Usually per second. If the rate of increase means the increase of a substance in a matter of time, do you understand?

It’s simple like this, let’s say the original A is 4 moles. Oya, the mole is a unit commonly used in chemical reactions.
Well, after 10 seconds, there are 2 moles left, which means that the reduction rate of A is all we have to reduce

Velocity A= final moles-initial moles Second
Velocity
A= 4mol-2mol
10 seconds
= 0.2 mol/second

If we talk about the rate of increase, it means that it is almost the same, we calculate the difference between the initial mole and the final mole, after that divided by time.
Velocity C= final moles-early moles Time

If it’s still difficult, the flour that was a quarter or 250 grams earlier, for example after 30 seconds there are 125 grams left, the original two eggs are left with 1.

Are the flour and eggs less? Well let’s say the rate of reduction of wheat is 125 grams per 10 seconds while eggs are 1 grain per 10 seconds

Meanwhile, if after 10 seconds there is 130 grams of dough formed, it means the rate of increase of the dough is 130 grams per second,

You can understand why A and B are called the speed of reduction while C is the speed of increase, ok smart sip everyone!

In the future, we will replace A, B and C all so that it feels more chemical.

Reader can learn chemical equilibrium as well as other grade 11 chemical materials in the SMA/MA Grade 11 Chemical Science book by Tine Maria Kuswati and Sri Rahayu Ningsih below.

 

Basic Concepts of Chemical Equilibrium

Let’s look again at the formation reaction of C from A and B
A + B ↔ C

When the rate of reduction of A and B is equal to the rate of increase of C, then this condition is called an equilibrium state.

Although it may only be for a moment, it seems that the reaction stops when the rate of reduction and the rate of formation are the same.

But this is the macroscopic level (to the naked eye), yes, actually the microscopic level, aka molecular reaction continues.

Reader can also learn another basic chemical concept namely the environment in the book Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry Edition 3 which discusses the influence of environmental factors on organisms and dead things around them.

 

Factors Affecting Equilibrium

If the reaction is already in equilibrium, will the reaction continue like that? can that balance be disturbed? Ariel Noah said in his song “Tak ada yang abadi”, as well as balance

Well, the one who thought this far was Henri Louis Le Chatelier (1850-1936). He has a theory that:

“When an action (action) is performed against an equilibrium, the system will have a reaction that tends to reduce the influence of the action”

The way he can slide to the left is the reactant direction or slide to the right is the product direction.

Yes, the analogy is this;

If someone has been dating/married for a long time, and they are equally compatible, suddenly someone tries to disrupt the relationship of either woman/man, then there will be an effort to restore the harmony of their relationship, right? Ga may be left, as is the equilibrium reaction.

So what are the factors that affect the shift in equilibrium?

1. Volume

If the volume is increased, then the equilibrium will shift in the direction of the reaction that has a larger coefficient.
On the other hand, if the volume is decreased, then the equilibrium shift will shift in the direction of the reaction that has a smaller amount of coefficient.

Example: Nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) react to form ammonia (NH3)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔2NH3(g)

If the volume is added, then the equilibrium shift will shift towards the reaction that has a larger number of coefficients

We calculate the reaction coefficient.
The sum of the left reaction coefficients is
1 N2(g) + 3 H2(g)

N2=1 H2= 3
so total reaction coefficient= reaction coefficient N2 + reaction coefficient H2= 1+3=4

Right coefficient
2NH3
NH3= 2
Left reaction coefficient=4
Right reaction coefficient=2
Left reaction coefficient > Right reaction coefficient
Then the equilibrium will shift to the left

2. Stress

If the pressure is increased then the equilibrium shifts to a small coefficient

on the contrary If the pressure is increased then the equilibrium shifts to a large reaction coefficient

Example:
Nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2) react to form ammonia (NH3)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔2NH3(g)

If pressure is added, then the equilibrium shift will shift towards the reaction that has a smaller number of coefficients

We calculate the reaction coefficient
The sum of the left reaction coefficients
1 N2(g) + 3 H2(g)

N2=1 H2= 3
so total reaction coefficient= reaction coefficient N2 + reaction coefficient H2= 1+3=4

Right coefficient
2NH3
NH3= 2
Left reaction coefficient=4
Right reaction coefficient=2
Right reaction coefficient< Left reaction coefficient
Then the equilibrium will shift to the right

3. Temperature

If the temperature is increased then the equilibrium will shift towards the formation of endothermic absorbing compounds.

The characteristic of this reaction is the price of ∆H is positive (+). ∆H is the price of heat or heat change

If the temperature is lowered then the equilibrium will shift towards the formation of compounds that release exothermic heat. The characteristic of this reaction is the value of ∆H is negative (-)

To imagine the reaction like this:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔2NH3(g) ∆H=-90 kJ
The formation reaction of NH3 is exothermic (∆H is negative yes)

The opposite of an exothermic reaction is an endothermic reaction. If the reaction of forming NH3 is exothermic, then the reaction of B2 and h2 is endothermic.

So if the temperature is raised, the reaction will shift towards N2 and H2 because they are endothermic

4. Concentration

If the concentration of elements/compounds in one of the sections is increased, then the equilibrium will shift in the opposite direction

For example: N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)

If N2 or H2 is added, then the equilibrium will shift towards NH3 (right/ product)

On the other hand if NH3 is added, then the equilibrium will shift towards N2 or H2 reactant (left)

N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)

If the concentration of an element/compound in one of the segments is reduced, then the equilibrium will shift towards itself

For example, if
we reduce N2 or H2, then the equilibrium will shift towards N2 and H2 (left)
On the other hand, if NH3 is reduced, then the equilibrium will shift towards NH3 (right)

Quantities and Chemical Equilibrium Formulas

Because the equilibrium reaction applies to a back and forth reaction that never ends, there is a constant value K or the equilibrium setting that will be obtained from the equilibrium reaction. K is obtained by comparing the condition of the arrow with the product.

K = Reactant products

There are two values ​​of K calculated for the equilibrium reaction, namely the concentration setting (Kc)
and the pressure setting (Kp)

Kc
The price of Kc is only affected by compounds in the form of solution (aq) or gas (g) only.

The formula for calculating Kc is as follows:

Suppose there is a reaction:
2A(g) + 3B(s) ↔ A2B3(aq)

Because B is in the form of a solid alias solid, then B is not included in the K equation

Kp
The price of Kp is only affected by compounds/elements with gaseous form.
Formulation of the Kp equation:

For example:
observe the following reaction
2A(g) + 3B(aq) ↔ AB3(g)
So for the Kp equation, B will not enter the equation because of the (aq) solution.

So the Kp equation is like this:

Examples of Chemical Equilibrium Questions

Various other high school chemistry questions can be found by Reader in the book Sma/Ma/Smk Kls.X-Xi-Xii Smart Answering Chemistry Questions which are very accurate to be used as a reference that you can get on Sinaumedia.

Well, after we have read in theory, let’s learn to calculate the equilibrium setting yes:

Kc
Example Question 1:
at a volume of 1 liter
            2A(g) + 3B(aq) ↔ A2B3(aq) 
            If at equilibrium there are 2 moles of A reacting with 2 moles of B to produce 2 moles of A2B3 determine the price of KC!

Well, for equilibrium in the reaction, we write down the initial condition that we call m (first), then we also add the condition r (reaction) and the condition at equilibrium (s)

For the example of the question above, it is known that the reaction is already in equilibrium, so we can directly write in the condition s, then we calculate the concentration and after that it can be entered into the Kc formula.

Here is the discussion of the question:

Let’s try another question

Example question 2:
If 3 moles of Nitrogen is reacted with 5 moles of Hydrogen then at equilibrium 2 moles of Ammonia is obtained according to the equation:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)

Determine the price of Kc
Discussion:
We write the reaction and set the initial conditions, reaction, and equilibrium.

 

Then we fill in the moles of N2, H2 according to the known question. Filled at the beginning or row m N2 by 3 mol and H2 by 5 mol. Then NH3 is filled with the equilibrium moment condition or s which is known in the problem 2 mol.

The moles of NH3 when the condition is in equilibrium and the reaction is the same, because NH3 (please, remember the batter earlier)   initially NH3 is not there.

Remember NH3 as a product undergoes an increase!

For N2 and H2 in the reaction conditions, moles can be found as follows:
Mole N2 = reaction coefficient N2 x mol NH3
Reaction coefficient NH3
= 1 x 2 mol
2
Mole N2 = reaction coefficient H2 x mol NH3
Reaction coefficient NH3
= 3 x 2 mol
2
= 3 moles

After that, the content of the equilibrium condition for N2 and H2 is
(initial moles – moles during the reaction)
Here is the presentation:

Because for Kc what is needed is molarity, where to find Molarity we have to divide moles by liters
M = mol
Liters
Then we calculate M for N2,H2 and NH3
After that we can find Kc:

Kp
Example question
on a volume of 1 liter
            2A(g) + 3B(aq) ↔ A2B3(aq) 
            If at equilibrium there are 2 moles of A reacting with 2 moles of B to produce 2mol A2B3, determine the value of Kp if the total pressure is 12 atm

The work to find Kp is almost the same as Kc in the first few steps, namely,
First we write the reaction and pair the initial conditions, reaction, and equilibrium

Then we fill in the moles of N2, H2 according to the known question. Filled in the first condition or line (m). N2 by 3 moles and H2 by 5 moles.

Then because NH3 is known at equilibrium then we fill in the condition at equilibrium (s) as much as 2 moles.

Moles of NH3 at equilibrium and the reaction is the same, because NH3 is initially absent. For N2 and H2, how to find moles is as follows:
Mole N2 = reaction coefficient N2 x mole NH3
reaction coefficient NH3
= 1 x 2 mol
2
Mole N2 = reaction coefficient H2 x mole NH3
reaction coefficient N2
= 3 x 2 mol
2
= 3 mol
After that, fill in the equilibrium conditions for N2, H2 and NH3

To calculate Kp, the next step is to calculate the total moles at equilibrium.

After getting the total mole we find the partial P or P of each gas.
The trick is to compare the desired reaction coefficient with the known reaction coefficient and then multiply the total moles.

Here’s how it works:

If the respective P prices have been obtained, we can calculate Kp.

Examples of Chemical Equilibrium in Everyday Life

What equilibrium reactions exist in everyday life? Of course there is, what is it?

1. Blood pH regulator

In the body, the blood pH should be maintained around 7.4. What will protect it is the buffer solution, which is carbonic acid H2CO3.

Blood plasma has carbon dioxide gas CO2. CO2 gas forms a conjugate acid-base pair between carbonic acid (H2CO3) and hydrogen ions (H+) to maintain pH.

C02(g) + H2O(ℓ) ↔ H2C03(aq)

If the blood is alkaline, the amount of H+ ions will decrease due to the binding of alkaline OH- ions, resulting in the balance shifting to the right.

But if the blood is acidic, the equilibrium shifts to the left because the H+ ions from the acid add to the concentration of H+ ions in H2CO3

So if the pH of the blood is slightly disturbed, it can be dangerous for the body because it interferes with the binding of oxygen

2. Oxygen cycle in the body

In the body, Oxygen is transported and bound by hemoglobin in the blood. This process takes place in this equilibrium reaction:

Hb(aq) + O2(aq) ↔ HbO2(aq)

Oxygen is transported by the blood to the lungs. Over time, the amount of oxygen in the blood increases.

Well, in the lungs the balance shifts to the right. The equilibrium will shift to the left if oxygen is present in the network.

The balance to the left releases oxygen that is used for the combustion process.

3. Photosynthesis Process

As we know, plants get food from the process of photosynthesis.
The reaction:

6CO₂ + 6H2O ↔ C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Photosynthesis in green plants, the breathing process (respiration) in animals and humans is also an equilibrium reaction.

The equilibrium reaction pointing to the right is the photosynthesis reaction.

When the equilibrium shifts to the right of the reaction, the amount of oxygen will increase.

This oxygen will be used by humans and animals to breathe or the respiration process.

When the equilibrium shifts to the left, the respiration process will take place quickly, releasing CO2 gas. CO2 gas is further used by plants for the photosynthesis process.

This process continues continuously forming a cycle until in nature there is an equilibrium between O2 gas and CO2 gas.

Well that was a discussion about chemical equilibrium. Hope this explanation can make you understand

 

Definition of Social Disparity – Social disparity is a condition where there are things that are not balanced in the life of the community. Either personally or as a group. Where there is social inequality that is formed from an unfair distribution of many things that are considered important by society.

The gap is often associated with the existence of a form of difference that is very real and can be seen in terms of community finances, such as property wealth. Especially for the gap in the economy. Now it is very easy to see from the potential and opportunities that are not equal in the social position in society.

In addition to the above, the gap can also be seen from the existence of inequality between goods, services, laws, and opportunities obtained by each individual.

Understanding Social Gap According to Experts

So that we better understand what social inequality means. So the author will provide complete information about the meaning of social disparity from the experts. Read the explanation to the end.

1. Robert Chambers

Chambers revealed that social disparities are all symptoms that occur at all levels of society. This symptom appears due to financial or economic differences between communities in certain regions.

2. According to KBBI

If you look at the KBBI (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia) then the meaning of social gap is imbalance, difference, and also the gap that is present in the social order.

3. Wikipedia

When referring to Wikipedia, social disparity is all things related to inequality in terms of wealth, income, and also the economy.

This will later present a gap between the rich and the poor. Where it refers to the distribution of the measure of wealth or economy within the community.

Factors Caused by Social Disparities

There are various factors that cause social disparity. Here are the factors you need to understand.

1. Differences in Natural Resources

One of the factors that cause social and economic disparity is the strength of natural resources in the regions. Because, the economic level of a region can be affected by the availability of its natural resources. The economic level of a society can increase when its natural resources are managed in the right way.

2. Government Policy

Government policy can be an important factor in social disparity. Because, in taking decisions made by the government can create a gap in society. For example, the gap in the field of transmigration programs. Where the immigrant community will grow faster compared to the native community of the area.

This happens because the opportunities and opportunities available are greater given to transmigrants. Therefore, a social and economic gap was created in society.

3. Influence of Globalization

In addition to being able to be used to advance the common economy. Globalization can also create social and economic disparities in society. The gap appears when some communities are unable to adapt to globalization. So that they will be left behind and not get what others get.

4. Demographic Conditions

The demographic conditions of each region can be influenced by the level of community growth, health, education, and employment. That way, of course each region will have different geographical conditions. This is what will later create a social gap. Because, the work productivity of each member of the community in various regions is certainly not the same.

5. Location and Geographical Conditions

This condition will generally affect the development process in the area. Generally, communities living in highland areas will find it difficult to develop infrastructure compared to communities living in lowlands.

Therefore, it will cause communities living in the lowlands to grow faster. However, the communities in the highlands will find it difficult to grow. This is what will later cause social disparity.

The Impact of Social Gaps

As we know, that social gap is something bad. So, the resulting impact is also bad for the well-being of the community. The following are some of the impacts of social disparity.

1. Unemployment and Poverty

Social disparity can be seen from the rise in poverty and unemployment every year. If a country is dominated by poor and unemployed people, then the country’s income will definitely be very low.

This happens because the purchasing power of the community will decrease. Because, they do not have a certain income. This condition can cause the company’s profit to be suboptimal.

2. The target market is not clear

Not only creating poverty and unemployment. Social gaps can also affect the target market of a business. This will make the target market of business owners unclear.

If the company has a target market of the middle class and below. Of course that will make the company suffer a loss. This happens because the purchasing power of the community tends to be uncertain.

However, if the company has a target market for the upper middle class. That will not necessarily make the company profitable. Because, in general, the upper middle class people prefer foreign products.

4. Scarcity of Competent Workforce

Although Indonesia has a lot of unemployment, there are still many companies that find it difficult to find competent workers. The presence of social disparity in society also affects the quality of education of its citizens. In Indonesia itself, there are many people whose education is below average.

But there is no denying that there are quite a few scholars in Indonesia. However, the fact is that many of them do not yet have the skills required by companies in Indonesia. Especially for the inexperienced.

4. The Rise of Crime Cases

In our country Indonesia, crime cases are high. Even recently, many crimes have come from hackers. Where it is detrimental to some large companies. Because, these hackers succeeded in hacking important data.

The high level of crime is in line with the high level of social disparity that occurs. This is certainly not far from economic or financial problems. As we know that the economy is one of the biggest factors that can make someone commit a crime.

Various Forms of Social Gap

The following are various forms of social inequality. There are five types of forms that often occur in society. Below is a complete explanation.

1. Gap Between Village and City

The social gap that occurs in villages and cities is caused by several factors. One of the most influential factors is the geographical condition and also the typology of the village which is less favorable.

This happens because the livelihood of the people in the village does not have many other alternatives, as is the case in the city. For example, the majority of people living in mountainous areas will work as farmers and traders. Because, they only have a source of income from the garden. Where the garden they have will give a harvest. Then they can use the harvest to eat or resell.

While the development program still prioritizes the industrial sector in urban areas. So that the agricultural sector in the village becomes more and more degraded and left behind. The merchants and farmers in the village only get a small profit from their harvest.

The profits they get will later be used to meet their daily needs. Therefore, the level of poverty in the village is much higher compared to the urban community.

In addition, the lack of job alternatives available in the village also affects the economy of the village community. They finally decided to find another job in the city. In order to get a bigger income.

2. Disparity in the quality of human resources

As explained above, education is one of the important factors in community development. Especially for the field of human resources. Where with a good education, a person can improve their social status and make their life more prosperous. However, not all communities can obtain quality education.

Well, there is also a gap in education between rural and urban communities. Where the education in the city is more quality and easy to access. While the community in the village still has difficulty in getting quality education. Moreover, the infrastructure and communication network in the village is still very minimal. Therefore, it creates a social gap in the field of education and the quality of human resources.

Rural communities that do not obtain quality education will certainly lose out to the city communities. Their chances and potential to get a job are also very small. So that they will find it difficult to improve the well-being of their families.

3. Economic Gap Between Community Groups

There are several factors that cause economic disparity. One of them is uneven development between regions. In addition, the decrease in per capita income due to population growth can also affect the economic disparity. This happens because population growth that is too high will affect the level of productivity.

With uneven development. Then there will be people who have difficulty in obtaining basic services. Starting from education, health, clean water, and also sanitation.
As discussed above, that the quality of education can influence the quality of a person or human resources. People who do not have skills will be stuck in jobs with low income. Therefore, they will have difficulty in getting a better life.

In addition, the high rate of population growth can also make it more difficult for people to find jobs. This can be exacerbated by the influence of urbanization which can cause uneven population distribution.

That way, there will be many rural people who decide to go and find work in the city. They are desperate to find a job in the city with their basic skills. But hope to be able to improve the well-being of life by working in the city.

However, with the large number of competitors from the city, it will make the village community lose and be eliminated. These conditions will eventually make them have a worse fate than before.

4. Private Asset Spread Gap

Assets are one form of wealth owned by a company or individual. The wealth can be in the form of buildings, cash, production machinery, or power rights.

Until now, the assets owned by business entities are still very concentrated in businesses with a large scale. In fact, the workforce available in Indonesia mostly works in small to medium micro businesses.

This will cause small and medium businesses to become difficult to grow. In fact, there are many micro businesses that end up going bankrupt due to lack of capital and assets.

5. Gaps between regions and subregions

Have you ever visited a region that still has limited facilities? For example, the region still lacks lighting, internet signal, clean water, transportation, and also online pick-up services. Meanwhile, you already live in an area that has such accesses. Surely you will feel how difficult it is to live with a lack of everything, right? Well, that usually happens in remote areas.

Actually, uneven development is caused by several things. Starting from geographical conditions and natural and human resources. As a result, each region has different development capabilities and this is what causes social disparity.

Solutions to Overcome Social Gaps in Towns and Villages

As we know that the most visible social gap is the comparison between rural and urban communities. The existence of differences in the fields of education, economy, facilities, and natural resources causes social disparities to appear. Where the city community seems to be more advanced, while the rural community is difficult to develop.

In addition, the economic disparity that exists in urban communities can also occur due to social and geographical factors in the region. Where rural conditions are not favorable for the community. Then, another thing that causes the economic gap to occur is because of the tradition and kinship that exists in the village community.

So, the village community internally needs to open up to the outside world. They cannot refuse and feel alienated by all the changes that happen. Although preserving culture is something that must be done, the community must also have a clear vision. So that they can gain the initiative to change their own destiny.

Without the spirit to change the mindset that has been embedded in the village community. They will certainly find it difficult to progress and develop. In addition, they will also find it difficult to compete with the city community.

In addition, the government must also be able to make a policy that is outside the community. The policy includes:

1. The government should focus on encouraging the improvement and improvement of rural infrastructure. Especially for villages that have unfavorable geographical conditions
2. The government needs to prioritize access to education as well as information and village health.
3. The government should provide capital for rural communities so that they have income or other income. So that there are other alternatives besides the agricultural sector. With that help, it will certainly help the community because they can set up their own businesses.
4. The government should actively carry out segregation in rural communities

Well, that’s some explanation about the social gap and the factors that affect it. As a modern generation, of course we need to pay attention to that. So that later, the social gap will be easier to reduce. Especially now, globalization is worldwide. So that we must be ready to face competition on an international scale.

 

The Meaning of Static Balance Is – Does Reader realize that today’s teenagers often complain of back pain because they rarely do physical activity? Or even Reader included in the group of “elderly teenagers”?

According to the WHO ( World Health Organization ), physical activity that does not involve physical activity can actually be a risk factor for the occurrence of chronic diseases that are estimated to cause global death. Physical activity that is meant as such is for example when spending more time in front of the television coupled with consuming high fat snacks. Actually, it’s okay to spend time in front of the television while eating snacks, but it should be balanced with sports.

When talking about sports, it will definitely not be separated from the balance of the body which is very important for everyone, starting from athletes and ordinary people. This body balance exercise is often taught in the family environment, residential environment, to school through the subjects of Physical Education and Sports.

In this body balance exercise, there are several types, each of which must be done correctly so that the body part is not sprained. Some types of body balance include static balance and dynamic balance.

So, what is the static balance? Can this static balance exercise have an effect on a certain age group?

Well, so that Reader doesn’t become part of the elderly youth again, let’s read the following description!

Understanding of Static Equilibrium

Before discussing static balance, it would be better if Reader understood what balance is first. There are several opinions expressed by experts regarding the definition of this balance. According to Winter (1995), balance is the ability to maintain the projection of the body’s center on a platform, as a good support when standing, sitting, and walking.

Then according to Lee & Scudds (2003) think that a balance is needed to be able to maintain position and stability while moving from one position to another. Meanwhile, according to Javaid (2017), states that changes in the sensorimotor system, audio or visual senses, related to age can also affect the ability to maintain proper balance. In this case, balance can be divided into two types, namely static balance and dynamic balance.

Well, after understanding what body balance is, now let’s talk about static balance!

As the name suggests, static balance is when the body manages to maintain an unchanged position or a fixed position in place. For example, balance when standing on one leg or when standing on a balance board. According to research conducted by De Oreo (1980), stated that there is no striking difference between the ability of static balance in a man and a woman.

Meanwhile, dynamic balance is a balance to survive and defend the body accompanied by certain physical movements. For example, when pedaling a bicycle, the body must balance two things, namely so that the body does not fall and so that the bicycle continues to run through the pedal cycle.

The ability to balance both statically and dynamically requires effort to control the muscle nerve organs, especially when performing rapid movements with rapid changes in the body’s center of gravity.

How to Train Balance

The balance of the body that each individual has is not immediately obtained just like that. So that the body can have the ability to control the nerve organs of the muscles, it must be trained with some exercises. Balance training is both static and dynamic, usually done from early to adulthood. Reader may often perform these balance exercises without realizing it.

Well, here are some stretching exercises for static balance and dynamic balance according to Harsono (1988), namely:

1. Static Balance Training

There are many ways to train static balance in the human body, one of which is static stretching . Actually, this static stretching exercise is often practiced in yoga activities, which is included in the physical fitness training program.

This yoga activity has a variety of benefits, ranging from training balance, improving organ function, increasing concentration and intelligence, to reducing perceived depression and stress.

In static stretching exercises, one should take an attitude in such a way that one can stretch some specific muscles. Usually the attitude in this exercise is in the form of standing with legs straight, body bent, and hands trying to touch the floor, which can work to stretch the muscles of the back of the thigh. Since this exercise is included in static balance, the movement must be maintained for a few seconds without moving.

Regarding the duration of how long the static attitude should be maintained in this exercise there are several different opinions. According to Bompa (1983), it is recommended to maintain a static attitude for 6-12 seconds. Then, according to Pate and friends (1984), advocate for a time duration of around 10 seconds or more. Then, according to Katch and Mc Ardle (1983), revealed that the duration of time for a static attitude is better around 10-30 seconds. The difference in the duration of time to maintain the static attitude can be done by Reader as much as possible, but it will be good if the duration exceeds 10 seconds.

In this effort to exercise dynamic balance, it is necessary to pay attention to several things, which is to avoid stretching suddenly too far or too extreme so that it can cause the muscles to feel sore. Well, here are some steps that should be observed in the effort of static balance training, namely:

• While stretching the muscles (warming up), do it slowly without shock.
• When you feel something stretching in the muscles during the warm-up, it is better to stop. Continue again when the feeling of tension no longer feels painful.
• Hold the static position for 20-30 seconds.
• Let the whole body feel relaxed, especially in the muscles that are stretched so that the movement space itself is able to stretch wider.
• Do not hold your breath, try to keep breathing normally and slowly.
• After holding the static position for 20-30 seconds, slowly return to the starting position. Don’t jump straight away so the muscles don’t get shocked and don’t contract.

Static balance training is often used as a favorite sport because it has many advantages compared to dynamic balance training, namely in terms of:

• Eliminates the possibility of injury to muscles, joints, and ligaments in the body.
• Avoid pain after heavy exercise.
• During exercise, the stretched muscles become more relaxed.
• A static attitude that is maintained for longer, will later experience muscle lengthening.
• Less energy is released compared to dynamic balance exercises.

2. Dynamic Balance Training

Dynamic balance training can usually be done by moving the body parts rhythmically. The movement is in the form of twisting or bouncing the body parts so that the muscles will feel stretched. Unfortunately, some dynamic balance exercises have received criticism from some experts, one of whom is De Vries (1988) who believes that stretching done strongly and quickly can actually cause muscle stretch reflexes. Therefore, dynamic balance training should be done sparingly so that the muscles do not contract.

Dynamic balance exercises that can be done such as sweeping, walking, running, gymnastics, and many more.

Factors Affecting Balance

The balance of the body has differences in every human being, both in static and dynamic balance. One of the striking factors is age, so from that, in today’s age there are many static balance training programs that are specifically targeted at the elderly.

According to Kisner and Colby (2007), there are several factors that affect balance in the human body, namely:

1. Center of Gravity (COG)

The center of gravity also has a great influence on the balance of the human body, because the center of gravity basically works by spreading the mass of objects evenly. The weight of the human body will later be supported by the point of gravity so that the body can remain in a balanced position.

The human body will remain balanced when the center of gravity moves spontaneously in accordance with the direction of the change in body weight.

2. Line of Gravity (Line of Gravity – LOG)

The line of gravity is an imaginary line that runs vertically through the center at the point of gravity. The level of stability in the human body will later be determined by the relationship between the line of gravity, the center of gravity, and the existing fulcrum.

3. Area of ​​Focus (Base of Support – BOS)

This fulcrum or fulcrum is the part that is related to the support surface of the human body. Later, the body will remain balanced when the line of gravity is exactly at the fulcrum. Therefore, most people can stand more stably on two legs than on one leg.

4. Age

Age is also an important factor in the balance of the human body, especially in the elderly. As you get older, your body balance tends to decrease. We can see that in children, the balance is higher because the size of the child’s head is relatively larger than his legs, which illustrates that the center of gravity is lower so that the fulcrum will also be more stable.

5. Gender

Although it has previously been mentioned that there is no striking difference between the body balance of girls and boys, it turns out that there are other studies that compare this, especially in elderly women and elderly men. Differences in body balance based on gender are caused by differences in the location of the center of gravity.

When based on body height, then the center of gravity in males has around 56% and females around 55%. The center of gravity in females is lower because they have heavier hips and thighs, as well as shorter leg sizes.

6. Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index or BMI is an indicator that usually determines the fat on a person’s body, so it can be used to determine the weight status, whether it is included in the thin, ideal, or overweight category. This BMI indicator can also be useful to avoid the risk of health problems due to lack or excess weight.

However, it is not immediately possible for people who fall into the thin category to have a stable balance, it is not uncommon for fat people to also have good balance …

Well, here are the categories of thin, ideal, and overweight (obesity) along with their BMI.

Category	IMT (Body Mass Index)
Skinny	17.0 – 18.4
Normal	18.5 – 25.0
Too Fat (Obesity)	>27.0

7. Blood Pressure

Blood pressure also affects the balance of the body. Blood pressure is the force of blood flow in the walls of blood vessels that come from the heart (arterial vessels) to the rest of the body. If you want to measure the blood pressure in your body, use a tensimeter.

8. Physical Activity and Work

Unbeknownst to many people, regular physical activity can increase strength and prevent imbalances that cause falls, especially in the elderly. Therefore, the elderly are encouraged to continue to do their daily activities, in addition to improving their health, they can also maintain their body balance to minimize the occurrence of falls.

9. Hormones

In general, women tend to experience faster musculoskeletal decline than men because they go through menopause. In females, there will usually be a decrease in skeletal hormones of around 25-30%, while in males it is only 10-15%.

10. Muscle Strength

The last factor is muscle strength, which in every human body has differences. The strength of this muscle is the ability of muscle tension and force, both statically and dynamically in an effort to maintain body stability. Muscle strength can be produced by proper muscle contraction and relaxation, so that later the body can achieve balance.

Therefore, most of the elderly are vulnerable to a decrease in muscle function and affect their balance when walking and doing other activities.

Static Equilibrium Relations in Elderly Groups

In this regard, the relationship of static balance in the elderly group can be seen in their body posture. Body posture in maintaining balance is the main thing for the elderly so that they can continue to do their daily activities. Many studies have stated that as people age, their balance will decrease.

When doing static balance exercises, the elderly are advised to be quiet first before doing the exercise, one example is standing. Most of the elderly will experience changes in posture due to difficulties in controlling balance where the center of gravity almost always changes. They will have difficulty controlling upright balance by positioning head to toe in a straight line. Especially in the elderly over the age of 60, most of them their walking speed ability continues to decrease.

Body imbalance usually occurs because there is a change in the alignment of the spine which can cause excessive use of postural muscles as a compensatory action. Therefore, the imbalance of the body is usually caused by the use of excessive energy, fatigue, and there is pain in the body parts.

Well, that’s a review of what static balance is accompanied by a definition of dynamic balance. As a teenager, Reader should keep exercising , don’t keep lying down in front of the television or laptop…

 

Theoretical Framework – For Reader who have ever written a scientific work, they will definitely be familiar with the term theoretical framework. As Reader knows, in the process of compiling a scientific work and so on, there will be an initial stage that will help Reader in creating a theoretical framework for the scientific work that Reader compiles.

The process is a research or observation process. In the research process itself, there are three important elements that Reader must know, namely the target of the research to be achieved (usually in the form of additional knowledge and information), the effort to conduct the research or the observation activity, and the last is the method used to obtain the knowledge or scientific method.

In the last element, which is the scientific method used to obtain all the information and used for the observation process, it has characteristics based on the arrangement of the theoretical framework and the conceptual framework. It should be known that the conceptual framework and the theoretical framework are the two elements that make up the formation of a thinking framework that is very useful to facilitate a writer in writing a scientific work that he compiles. Therefore, it is very important to organize and create a theoretical framework first before creating a scientific work.

The creation of a theoretical framework is considered as a perfect first step before starting to create a scientific work. This theoretical framework also has its own definitions, functions, and examples. additional information for Reader, the theoretical framework also has the steps to make it and the conditions for compiling the theoretical framework so that it can be a perfect basis for the scientific work that Reader will compile.

Well, on this occasion, in this article we will present some information related to the theoretical framework, starting from its broad meaning, the function of the theoretical framework, the steps in compiling the theoretical framework, the conditions for compiling the correct theoretical framework, and we will present some examples from the theoretical framework. For that, Reader should read this article to the end, yes!

What is a Theoretical Framework?

As usual, to start a conversation about a topic to be discussed, you must first understand the definition of the topic being discussed.

A theoretical framework is a picture or plan that contains an explanation of all the things that are used as research material based on the results of the research. The theoretical framework usually also contains the relationship between one variable and another variable, which usually has cause and effect from two or more of the two variables.

From that understanding, we can conclude that the theoretical framework should be created or compiled first before compiling a scientific work. The theoretical framework can be made in the form of a scheme or diagram. The creation of a theoretical framework aims to make it easier for the writer to understand all the variables that are the forerunners of the formation of the scientific work that will be compiled by the writer.

Or in other words, the theoretical framework can be interpreted as a form of crude conclusion from a problem with a specific topic. The theoretical framework becomes a guideline or benchmark for the writer in compiling a scientific work so that when the writer compiles the scientific work, the writer does not engage in pointless discussion (out of the main discussion topic).

The theoretical framework can also be a guide for the reader in understanding the content of the scientific work so as not to misunderstand when reading it.

Reader should know that research reports that have the type of scientific work of papers and research are required to use a theoretical framework if the scientific work has the characteristics of an explanatory or explanatory scientific work. As for research reports that are exploratory in nature, they do not require a theoretical framework.

Why is that? Because for research reports that are exploratory only have very minimal information or knowledge and will only produce a little theory. In contrast to the theoretical framework owned by explanatory research, the information and knowledge obtained tends to be abundant and can be used as a basis or basis for making scientific works. Because there is a lot of information and knowledge obtained, it makes it easy to be used as a direction and purpose of research.

As for the conceptual framework that contains a complete summary and has a very close relationship with a research and can be used as a basic summary. Reader can consider the content of this conceptual framework to be more detailed and specific in the sense of bound and free. Then, while for this theoretical framework, external variables are more prominent.

What Are the Functions of a Theoretical Framework?

As we have already explained at the beginning, the theoretical framework has a very important role to play in assisting the writer in compiling scientific works and so on. However, that is actually not the only function of the theoretical framework. In the following we will present the main functions and other functions of the theoretical framework for Reader.

Main Functions of the Theoretical Framework

1. To Establish a Provision

The main and most basic function of the theoretical framework is to define or set a kind of glossary of terms that are most related to the research being done. This section learns all the meanings of the terms that have the highest intensity of appearance. This function also aims to clarify some theories that researchers use to overcome problems from their research.

The most important thing in this function is the relationship of the terms that often appear with the theory and accompanied by a logical and critical definition of the term. so that the term is not considered as a term that has no meaning and certainly can get more value for research.

2. Unify the Research Sections

The second main function of the theoretical framework is to unify the points obtained in the research process, this aims to make it easier for the reader to understand the scientific work.

3. Describe the Background

The theoretical framework serves to provide the essence of a writer’s scientific work. A writer can explain the points in the background. This will force Reader to explain the reasons why and how the situation of the research object.

The theoretical framework also serves to explain the meaning and characteristics of the topic used as research material. In addition, the theoretical framework is also useful to take care of and save all mistakes so that there is no repetition in making mistakes in research that has been done before.

4. As Research Limits

When Reader has determined the theoretical framework then Reader will easily limit any topic that Reader will discuss in the scientific work. that is all intended so that the topic of discussion from the scientific work does not deviate from its limitations.

5. Provide information to the reader about the method used

The theoretical framework is one of the ways the reader knows about the methods used by the writer in compiling the scientific work and the method the writer uses in researching and finding the information needed in the scientific work.

Additional Functionality of the Theoretical Framework

6. give the meaning and meaning of all the keywords in the scientific work.

7. Explain the opinions and hypotheses in the scientific work.

8. To be the basis of the concept, as well as to encourage the writer to more easily interpret the results of
his research to expand the general knowledge of the reader.

9. As a source of knowledge about the variables available in the scientific work.

10. as guidelines and guidelines when discussing the results of research and scientific works.

11. make it easier for the examiner to examine every matter in the scientific work, the examiner becomes more focused and more directed in concluding the research done.

12. The existence of a theoretical framework can provide additional value and improve the quality of the research and scientific works compiled.

After knowing about the function of the theoretical framework, it’s time we explain the steps in creating a theoretical framework that Reader can apply.

 

How to Create an Accurate Theoretical Framework

The following are the steps that Reader can apply in creating a theoretical framework along with its explanation.

1 Define Variable Details

The first step that Reader should do in creating a theoretical framework is by understanding, studying, and then determining what variables Reader will use in the research that Reader compiles. This is very helpful for Reader in finding all the references and theories that Reader will include in the scientific work.

To be able to recognize and understand the variables, Reader must determine the title of the scientific work, after which Reader will easily determine what variables Reader will include.

2. Finding References from Research Books

The second step that Reader can do in making the next theoretical framework is that Reader can add references and guidelines to compile a theoretical framework by reading other research books that are the result of publications published by previous researchers. Reader can take references from books such as encyclopedia books , school books, history books, dictionaries, etc. While for students, they usually get references from scripsis, theses, research reports, journals, and dissertations from lecturers and alumni from the faculty.

3. Describe the Types of Theory Used in the Research Process

Reader can increase research knowledge by including the type of theory that Reader uses in the process of compiling scientific works as well as the research process used to obtain information that can be used to support the completion of scientific works.

4. Review all theories and research results in detail

The fourth step that Reader must do is examine all the information both theoretical and research results from scientific works in detail. Describe and explain all the theories and research results, after that please study the theories to avoid the potential occurrence of incompatibility with the research object.

5. Comparatively study the Theory and Research Results available

The fifth step is done when Reader is doing the step of studying the theory, Reader needs to study the theory and research results in a comparative manner to be able to determine which theory or research result is more accurate for the scientific work. Reader can also combine two or more theories to make a complementary unity.

6. Determine the core of the problem to be discussed

The sixth step that Reader can apply is to find the core of the problem discussed in the scientific work. explain the core of the problem using language that is easy to understand and clear, because it will be very easy to explain the framework of thinking when the core of the problem can be clearly identified.

7. Examining Understanding, Theory Used as well as models that have Relationships

The seventh step, after Reader has succeeded in determining the core of the problem from the scientific work, the next step that Reader can do is to conduct an inspection to thoroughly evaluate what theory Reader uses, what model Reader chooses, so that there is consistency between the information in the scientific work the said.

8. Showing Your Contribution in the Research Process

The next step is to make the research results obtain quality and in accordance with the procedures that have been established in the process of making scientific works. In scientific works, the writer must also show his contribution in doing the research process. it can be useful to strengthen the theory and method used by the writer in compiling scientific works.

9. Arrange Provisional Conclusions

Reader can compile provisional conclusions to produce several theoretical frameworks. That way Reader can easily sort and sort which theoretical framework Reader will include in the scientific work. the many theoretical frameworks formed can help Reader in developing advanced hypotheses.

10. Build a Thinking Framework

Well, for the last step, please Reader compile all the theoretical frameworks that you have made into a solid thinking framework and present the framework in the form of a schematic. Making the theoretical framework into a thinking framework will make it easier for Reader to complete the scientific work because Reader has filtered the most important points.

Conditions for Compiling a Theoretical Framework

In addition to the steps, it turns out that there are several conditions that must be observed in making a theoretical framework.

1 The preparation of the theoretical framework should be done rationally by using all the variables and elements in the scientific work.

2. Use quotations and sources from the theories used in the compilation of the scientific work.

3. list all the contents of the quotation along with the source of the quotation that Reader has included in the scientific work.

4. there are four citation techniques that Reader can use to cite the content of the quote, namely the long citation technique: write the content of the quote exactly like the source, the paraphrasing technique: write the content of the quote in the form of a conclusion or summary, the short citation technique: write the content of the quote that consists of the main point quotation along with a brief explanation of the quotation.

5. use several ways of writing citation sources correctly.

6. Add a number to each quote that is included according to the framework, then make groups according to the frame number and the order of the theoretical framework.

7. After all the quotations are arranged in the right way and arrangement, please study the arrangement from the theoretical framework to form the right structure.

Guidelines for Writers of Scientific Works (Proposals, Theses and Theses)

 

Example of a Simple Theoretical Framework

After knowing all the conditions that are in the arrangement now it’s time we give an example of a simple theoretical framework.

1. Scarcity of Masks during the Epidemic

This time we will discuss an example of the theoretical framework from the preparation of the paper “The Phenomenon of Scarcity of Masks at the Beginning of the Pandemic Because of Panic Buying ” in the middle of the outbreak. You are now living in a time when the CoVid-19 pandemic is spreading. As we know, in the early days of this epidemic, there was a shortage of masks. In fact, not a few people are willing to buy masks at a very expensive price. Others did not get masks because the mask stock ran out.

As an initial step in putting together a theoretical framework, you will first identify what the epidemic and CoVid-19 are. The identification starts from the nature of the Corona virus and how it is transmitted. Is it contagious from animals to humans only or to humans. Then you can connect with what can inhibit the spread of the plague.

From the variable, you will get the answer that the epidemic can be prevented from spreading by maintaining physical contact, using a mask, and so on. Then you will focus on why masks can inhibit transmission. You can develop why then many people experience panic buying until masks become scarce. And why do manufacturers run out of masks when the process of making masks is not that difficult? You will get answers to those questions and draw conclusions.

The example of the theoretical framework above illustrates that a situation is created due to the existence of other situations. The initial suspicion of the scarcity of masks is due to high demand from the community. However, for example after conducting research, panic buying is not the main factor in the scarcity of masks because in reality only a few people are panic buying, so the theory you put forward cannot explain this phenomenon.

Precisely the theory that supports the phenomenon is that traders hoard masks so that the price of masks is high. Therefore, the nature of the theoretical framework is only temporary, not an absolute certainty.

2. A school that looks luxurious has many high-achieving students

Examples of other theoretical frameworks will be discussed in this case study. Let’s say you are going to submit a paper entitled “Relationships between high-achieving students and students’ innate intelligence in School A”.

At the beginning, you put together a theoretical framework by explaining the socioeconomic conditions of the parents of the students at the school. According to your observation, the parents of the students there are people who are in the upper middle class in terms of socioeconomics. You can guess that from the vehicles going in and out of the school.

Furthermore, you will discuss the privileges that the average student in the school gets such as the convenience of facilities from their parents, guaranteed nutrition, the affordability of courses and the best education, and an environment that allows them to focus on academic performance.

You explained that there is a possible relationship between high-cost schools and student performance. There is a possibility of a relationship between extracurriculars, wahid number services from the school, and so on.

The theoretical framework that you put together essentially seeks the connection between socioeconomic conditions and the performance achieved by students. However, the research you have done shows something different. It turns out that not a few students from the school are scholarship recipients. Not all have privilege as the theory you have proposed before.

The performance achieved by the majority of students in the school is due to the application of guidance and counseling from the school which is unique and applicable. The existence of a strong bond between children, parents, and school is the main reason why students have high achievement motivation.

In this case, the proposed theoretical framework does not match the existing reality. However, this research does not mean in vain. Precisely the research provides new facts that were not predicted from the previous point of view.

Based on the example of the theoretical framework above, it means that we can know that what Reader will do is to find and make questions that have the potential to arise only from the existing titles.

Potential questions that will appear are questions such as what is a theoretical framework, what are the functions of a theoretical framework, what are the types of functions of a theoretical framework, how to make a theoretical framework, and examples of the theoretical framework.

Reader can see from the example of the theoretical framework, Reader will easily review all the information and arrangement just by looking at the theoretical framework. In essence, the theoretical framework serves to facilitate both the writer and the reader.

Theoretical Framework Compiler

A theoretical framework can be used to explain the theory itself or help analysis in a research. There is actually no limit to how many theories can be combined in a theoretical framework.

Nevertheless, a scientific research needs to be limited so that existing theories are not used without mature consideration. This is to avoid the existence of an unwise attitude, such as including a lot of theoretical foundations but which are actually irrelevant just to make the research appear scientific. If a scientific research uses a theoretical framework that involves more than one theory, then the existing theories should be placed hierarchically. The theory that is most relevant to the research material is placed first. While other theories are positioned as complementary only. This is done so that it does not appear confusing and biased.

Below are the elements that need to be included in the compilation of the theoretical framework:

1. Theoretical Title

The title is the main element so that anyone who reads the theoretical framework can understand the meaning of the research and why the theory is included in the theoretical framework. For example Newton’s law theory, Bernoulli’s law, Gas kinetic law.

2. Initiator or Inventor of Theory

The initiator of the theory is very important to include so that the reader understands where the theory you put into the theoretical framework comes from. For example, Isaac Newton was the initiator of Newton’s Laws I, II, and III.

3. Key Concepts

A theory must have key concepts so that the theory has special characteristics. This needs to be included to make it easier for you to explain why you chose that theory as the basis of your research. For example, force, mass, and acceleration are key concepts in the theory of Newton’s Laws I, II, and III. So that people who read the theoretical framework understand that the mention of Newton’s Law is related to those three things.

4. History of Theory Development

Sometimes, a theory is easier to understand by understanding its history. Because the history of the theory tells clearly why the theory exists.

5. Application of Theory

Mentioning the application of the theory that is included in the theoretical framework is very important because the existence of the application is proof that the theory has been successfully proven. This will strengthen your argument in explaining why the theory is used.

Conclusion

The theoretical framework is organized to obtain a logical and systematic thinking framework. The thinking framework is arranged so that researchers can find hypotheses from the research conducted.

The theoretical framework has a very important position in research. With the help of a theoretical framework, research can be carried out systematically. In short, the theoretical framework serves to present our thinking framework.

The readiness of the researcher can be seen from the theoretical framework proposed. Because within the theoretical framework, a researcher not only describes the theories that will be used, but also explains the relationship between theories and the relationship between the variables used. By understanding the relationship between one theory and another and one variable with another, research will find its spirit.

Good research is research that can lead to other research. Until a new theme is born that can be used as an object of research. Therefore, the theoretical framework can guide the research to be connected with a broader framework.

Well that’s all the information about the theoretical framework that we can present for Reader. Reader can certainly apply those steps and don’t forget to pay attention to some requirements in compiling the theoretical framework, yes! Hopefully this article will be useful, helpful, and easy for Reader who are compiling a theoretical framework and scientific work!

Meaning of Thinking Framework – For someone who is studying in higher education, he is no stranger to what is called research, either individually or in groups. As the name suggests, research cannot be done just like that, but there must be observation, research, etc. first, so that the research produced becomes more specific. In fact, the results of the research can be used for further research.

The research that has been done will usually be poured into written form so that many people will read the results of the research. A research that is poured into written form is also known as “scientific writing”. The appearance of the term “scientific writings” is due to the fact that the data sources used are scientific data sources, so they can be held accountable.

In order for a research or writing a scientific paper to be directed and easy to complete, a framework of thought is needed. With the existence of a frame of mind, the writer or researcher becomes more familiar with the workflow or can be said to know what should be analyzed first. In addition, the framework of thought between one researcher and another is not always the same. So, what frame of mind have you ever made?

Thinking frameworks are more often used in scientific writings, but not always if thinking frameworks are used in scientific writings. The thinking framework can also be used by the writer to complete the writing he has done. A writer will find it easier to complete his writing when using a frame of mind.

So, what exactly is a frame of mind? Come on, read the review of the meaning of the frame of mind, how to make it, and the example.

Concept of Thinking Framework

The same is the case with the meaning of framework in general which means as a support or plan. In addition, thought can be interpreted as an idea or an idea that needs to be poured. Because of this, the thought framework can be interpreted as a plan used to help the writer in completing the writing he has already done.

This frame of mind is also often referred to as the term frame of mind which is usually written in the form of a chart of the important parts that must be worked on first. This thinking frame or thinking can be used in a scientific writing or a non-scientific writing or maybe you have often used a thinking frame in completing a piece of writing?

Although the thinking frame or thinking is often used by the writer, it is not easy to use. In other words, the frame of mind cannot be tampered with. This needs to be done so that the written work produced later remains good and the reader can easily understand the meaning of the writing that has been made by the writer.

In making a frame of mind, there are several things you need to pay attention to, such as making observations, doing literature research, and finding facts related to the topic of discussion. The three elements must be well combined so that with a good frame of mind, you can produce quality writing (scientific or non-scientific).

This thinking frame or frame of mind is usually made in the form of a picture or chart which is then arranged until one chart is connected to the other parts. Therefore, this frame of mind can generally be said to be a flow for completing a piece of writing or research.

As for the flow in this frame of mind, it usually starts from the topic of the problem that will be discussed in the written work. Then, go to the introduction section (if in a scientific work chapter I). After that, look for the cause of the conflict, then enter the solution part of a conflict. Then, enter the closing part.

Thought Framework According to the Experts

Some experts also expressed the meaning of the frame of mind, including:

1. Sapto Haryoko

Sapto Haryoko said that the thinking framework is a research where there are two or more variables used. Therefore, the thinking framework consists of several variables that will then be explained in the research that will be carried out.

2. Echo

According to Eecho, the frame of mind is a basis of understanding that will influence the basis of other people’s understanding. Therefore, the thinking framework can be used as the basis of thinking that will be poured into the form of research or in the form of written work.

3. Sugiyono

Sugiyono stated that the thinking framework is a conceptual model that is then used as a theory related to several factors in the research or that has been identified as an important problem.

4. Polancik

Polancik said that the framework of thought is a diagram that has a role as a systematic logical flow of the theme that will be written later. According to Polancik, this thinking framework is made based on the questions that will be used in the research. Then, from the research questions, produce a concept that is interconnected, so that it can describe the flow of the research.

5. Suriasoemantri

According to Suriasoemantri, the thinking framework is an explanation that functions to display and organize all the symptoms that already exist in a research to be solved that are in accordance with the criteria that have been made previously.

How to Create a Mindset

The steps of how to make a frame of mind are as follows.

1. Identifying Each Variable

To create a frame of mind or a frame of mind, you need to identify each variable that already exists. In this case, the variable in question can be found and can also be created. Simply put, a researcher must identify or determine the variables that will be used for research.

The variables that have been found or identified are then logically grouped, such as grouped based on age, region to be researched, gender, level of education, and so on. Variables that have been found and have been researched can be applied to the title of scientific papers.

2. Finding the Relationship Between One Variable and Another

After identifying or determining the variables, the next step in creating a framework of thought is to find the connection between one variable and another. This needs to be done because generally the research being done usually requires several variables that are interrelated with each other. Therefore, in one study it can consist of two or more variables.

By looking for the relationship between the variables that have been found, then the variables are used to help the research. In addition, this step can also help researchers or writers obtain research results that are in line with their wishes or expectations.

As for the second example of how to create a framework of thought, such as the topic of discussing employee salaries, then the variables that will be used are the salaries of civil servants and the salaries of private employees.

3. Finding Literature Sources

The framework of thought will be even better if you use literature sources that are suitable for the topic of discussion. So, the third way to create a framework of thought is to find literacy sources that are then used as a reference or template. This source of literacy can strengthen the topic of research discussion through the results of previous research (related) and through the theory used in research.

This literature source can not only be obtained from books, but can also be obtained from scientific journals, online articles , interview results, printed journals available in the library, and so on. After obtaining the literature sources, then collected, read, and understood, so as to be able to filter references or references related to the research topic whether they are appropriate or not.

4. Doing Theory Discussion

After doing the three stages of creating the thinking framework above, the next step is to do a theoretical discussion. This stage can also be interpreted as the stage of making a frame of mind to explain his opinion related to the literature sources that have been read and understood before. The opinions that are explained must be logical, clear, and theoretical in nature.

This step also proves that with the existence of theory, it can strengthen the research topic, so that the research can be carried out optimally. In addition, conducting a theoretical discussion can also prove that the writer or researcher is not original and not playing around in doing research, so that the research done becomes more confident and can be held accountable.

5. Describe and Explain the Thinking Framework

The fifth step or the last step of creating a thinking framework is to describe and explain the thinking framework. In this case, the thinking framework is not only illustrated, but also has to be explained so that the reader is not confused and it is easier to understand the thinking framework that has been created.

In this last step, what is meant by the picture is in the form of a chart which if read like explaining the process or flow of the research that will be done, from start to finish. From that chart will produce a thinking framework that can be used as a flow to conduct research.

Well, those are some steps or ways to make a frame of mind or thinking. After knowing the steps, do you immediately want to try to make a frame of mind?

Types of Thinking Frameworks 

The thinking framework consists of 3 types, namely the operational framework, the conceptual framework, and the theoretical framework.

1. Operational Framework

An operational framework is a type of thinking framework that is commonly used to explain a variable that has been determined and is in accordance with the research topic. With an operational framework, the relationship between one variable and another can be explained.

2. Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework is a type of thinking framework that serves to explain the flow of thought that is connected between one concept and another, and aims to provide an illustration or picture in the form of assumptions related to the variables that will be studied later.

3. Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework is a type of thinking framework that provides an affirmation of a theory that will be used or used as a theoretical basis as well as to provide an explanation for the phenomenon being studied.

Benefits of a Thinking Framework

The benefits of the thinking framework are as follows:

1. Assisting researchers in obtaining a mature concept which is then used to explain each problem in the research.
2. Facilitating researchers in conducting research.
3. Connecting every part in the research.
4. Facilitating readers to understand the content of scientific writings.
5. Scientific works become easy to check because of the overview of the research flow.
6. Assisting researchers in explaining and answering the formulation of problems in the research.

Example of a Thinking Framework

In order to make it easier to understand and create a thinking framework, we need to know some examples of thinking frameworks, among others:

Thesis Thinking Framework

Bananas are fruits that are often found in fruit stores. This fruit actually comes from Southeast Asia, so Indonesia is a country that produces bananas. Later, this banana plant continued to spread to South and Central America and to Africa, especially Madagascar.

The nutritional content of bananas can provide several benefits for our body’s health, such as being able to increase the body’s immune system, reduce the risk of anemia, improve the flow of oxygen to the brain, and speed up the body’s metabolism.

However, the availability of bananas is very abundant, sometimes these fruits become unsellable in the market, so they have to be thrown away. Although this fruit contains a lot of nutrients that can make the body healthy. Therefore, in this thesis, the writer will conduct research on bananas processed into artificial fruit.

Research on artificial fruit has been done by many researchers, such as Danalache et al. (2015), Costa et al. (2020), Sharma et al. (2013), and Lins et al (2014) using apricot, yellow mombin, mango, and guava fruits. Different types of hydrocolloids were used in the research, such as pectin, alginate, gelatin, and gellan gum.

From previous studies, the texture of artificial fruit is often accepted by consumers when using hydrocolloid gellan gum. However, gellan gum is quite expensive, so it is not economical. Therefore, in this study, researchers will use hydrocolloids other than gellan gum, which are cheaper and can still produce quality artificial fruit products.

Research Thinking Framework

During the covid-19 pandemic, there is an economic crisis everywhere, such as layoffs or salary cuts in some companies. Therefore, in this research, we want to know the variables that can be used to find additional income during the pandemic.

Scheme 1

The problem with the economic crisis during the covid-19 pandemic is the decrease in company income, thus affecting the company’s financial condition.

Scheme 2

Seeking additional income through side work and sales is continuously improved so that the family’s economic conditions can continue to run.

Scheme 3

Before that, it should be known that side work and sales can add to daily income. In addition, it should also be known that these variables have a considerable influence on increasing income.

Scheme 4

The variables of side work and selling can give influence on additional income and can also be done continuously.

Proposal Thinking Framework

The 17 August event is an event to commemorate the independence day of the Republic of Indonesia. Usually Indonesian people will hold various kinds of competitions to commemorate the independence day. Therefore, through this proposal, we hope to get approval from the head of RW 10.

Scheme 1

Competition on August 17, 2021

Scheme 2

As a way to commemorate the independence day of the Republic of Indonesia, we RW 10 cadets would like to hold a competition on 17 August which will be held at the RW 10 field.

Scheme 3

This competition is planned and held to appreciate the services of the heroes who have made Indonesia independent and to maintain unity and unity between communities of different backgrounds.

Scheme 4

The implementation of this competition started on August 15-17 which then continued with the peak of the prize giving event on the night of August 17.

Scheme 5

In principle, this August 17 race provides awareness for us Indonesian people to always maintain unity and unity.

Conclusion

The frame of mind or can also be called the frame of mind has many benefits for writers or researchers who want to create a written work, whether it is scientific or non-scientific. The thinking framework itself is in the form of a chart and there is also a descriptive form. Although it has a different form, the framework of thought can still provide convenience for the writer to finish his writing.

What is the meaning of craft? Crafting is one of the things that a person often does. Crafts will also produce a result or object. Those things certainly have certain values.

Right now, there are a lot of craft related things out there. Not only as a filler for free time, craft materials can be used as a business farm. Before getting there, let’s find out first what the meaning of craft is.

Meaning of Craft

Craft is one of the branches of art. Craftsmanship emphasizes a higher hand skill during the work process. Crafts are also often known as arts and crafts.

If you look at the meaning, the word “Kr” comes from the Sanskrit language which means to work. That’s where the word work comes from. Verbs can also be said to work. Kriya or craft is also considered as a unique and high quality art.

A craft will produce an item. The goods have functional values. In addition to the functional value, handicraft items also have a high aesthetic value in them. That is one of the reasons why crafts are put on display.

Another definition of craft is items that have artistic elements in them. The manufacture of these items is made using the skills of human hands. Reader must often find examples of this craft in the community.

Meaning of Craft According to Experts

1. Wiyadi, et al (1991: 915, 45)

The definition of craft is all activities in the field of industry or the manufacture of an item. The entire craft will be done by someone who is diligent, tenacious, skilled and creative in the process of achievement.

Examples of crafts include leather craft, metal craft, wood craft, batik craft and many more other craft arts that belong to Indonesian culture.

2. Kadjim (2011: 10)

Crafting is an endeavor. The effort is done continuously. In addition, efforts will be made with the spirit of diligence, persistence, dexterity and high dedication. As well as a wide viability in doing a work.

3. Kusnadi (1986: 11)

The meaning of craft according to Kusnadi is a literal word born from the industrious nature possessed by humans. It is also said that the weight of a production or making a craft is not because of hard work. However, because of the skillful nature of a person. The skilled nature will eventually produce a craft product.

Own skills can be gained from experience. In addition to experience, skills can also be obtained from perseverance after work. This can improve the cultivation technique of a product. The quality of work from someone who will eventually have expertise and skills in a particular profession.

4. Suprapto (1985: 16)

Craft is something that will produce an art object. The art objects have quality. This makes someone in the process of making it do with a sense of beauty. In addition, there are pure ideas that produce quality products. It has a beautiful and attractive shape.

Benefits of Crafting

1. Fill free time

Sometimes someone who has no activity will make a craft. The crafts that are made usually come from the materials around them. For example, food packaging that is no longer used. In addition to being fun, activities like this will fill your free time.

2. Train creativity

In making a craft, creativity is needed. However, not everyone has creativity. Creativity also does not immediately arise in a person.

Many people do various things to grow their creativity. Over time, that creativity will be embedded in him. Through crafts, a person can train his creativity. Of course, it should be done often and routinely.

3. Practice patience

What has been thought of does not always find an easy way to realize it. Sometimes, there are things that have been thought of to be done. However, in the process or the result encountered obstacles.

One of the benefits of making this craft is being able to train patience. A person who often makes crafts can definitely train his patience. Because, in the manufacturing process it is not always easy.

4. Save production

A craft that is made certainly has its use value. Many people make crafts to reuse. For example, making a flower vase, making a tissue box, even making a bag.

Through this, you have unknowingly reduced the expenditure to buy these items. Using waste materials that are still eligible will reduce costs. So you don’t need to spend a lot of money to buy things that can be done through a craft.

5. Become a business farm

Not only save production. Crafts can also be a business farm. If you are diligent and tenacious in your work, you can buy and sell the crafts you make.

Through that, you can learn new things. Like learning about marketing and management. Start from the basic things that can be done, after that only develop the craft.

6. Train to follow instructions

In making a craft, you can’t do it all by yourself. Meaning, there are ways to go. Those methods certainly have their own rules and times. Through crafting, you can train others or yourself to follow instructions. This is one of the benefits of craft that people rarely realize.

7. Grow self-confidence

A craft that is made will not always work out well. Sometimes, there are obstacles to be overcome. As a result the craft is not as desired.

However, actually crafting has benefits in that regard. Through crafts, one can grow self-confidence. That is because something that has been successfully completed will certainly create an attitude of satisfaction in that person.

8. Learn to respect each other

This benefit applies to those of you who work in groups. When someone works on a craft, then it doesn’t work then it’s not a problem. Through these things, you can learn to respect each other.

Purpose of Crafting

• Cultivating a sense of enthusiasm for entrepreneurship in producing works.
• Increase the spirit of creativity of each person in making a work.
• Facilitating everyone to be able to express themselves creatively. Through the manufacture of a craft and technique in the manufacture of works economically, ergonomically and technologically.
• Creating a skill training in creating objects or works, which is based on aesthetics, artistic, ecosystem and technology.
• Can take advantage of media or materials that are not even used anymore. The utilization is done as best as possible, so that a work of value can be created.
• Produce a work that can be appreciated for its creative value.
• Cultivating the soul in creating works.
• Increase the sense of enthusiasm for creativity in everyone
• Creating works that can be benefited and used by many people.
• Adding a sense of satisfaction because of something created.

Types of Crafts

1. Crafts from soft materials

Crafts based on the materials used can be divided into two types. namely natural soft materials and artificial soft materials.

a. Nature’s Soft Materials

Natural soft materials are craft materials obtained from nature. The processing method is also done naturally. A person who makes crafts from soft natural materials is generally not mixed or combined with artificial materials. Examples of natural soft materials are eggshells, clay, nyatu rubber, flour clay , tissue porridge, dry leaves and so on.

b. Artificial Software

Artificial soft materials are handcraft materials that have been processed by humans. This artificial soft material has gone through a process such as using chemicals. That is, these artificial soft materials have been mixed with other things to get the duplicating effect of natural materials. Examples of artificial soft materials such as wax, soap, plastic, gypsum, fiberglass and so on.

2. Crafts from Hard Materials

Crafts based on the materials used can also be divided into two. Namely crafting natural hard materials and crafting artificial hard materials. Here is the explanation:

a. Natural Hard Materials

Crafts from natural hard materials are crafts that use raw materials from nature. This raw material undergoes a processing process, but the substance does not change. Examples of natural hard materials are rattan, wood, bamboo, bones, grains, sand, shells, stones and so on.

b. Artificial Hard Materials

crafts from artificial hard materials come from materials that have gone through the reprocessing process. The materials are processed until they become hard and their shape changes. Such materials are used as craft raw materials. Examples of artificial hard materials are metal, iron, glass, wire, cement, tin, tin and so on.

3. Crafts from Waste Software

Soft waste refers to the soft nature. It means waste that is soft, soft and easy to form. This soft waste is also divided into two forms. namely organic soft waste and inorganic soft waste. Here is the explanation:

a. Organic Soft Waste

Organic soft waste is material that comes from plants. All parts of plants that are categorized as waste can be processed into a product or handicraft. However, all of that must go through the processing process.

The purpose is to be a good raw material. Examples of soft organic waste that can be made into handicrafts are onion skins, corn skins, peanut skins, grains, fruit skins, paper, banana fronds and so on.

b. Inorganic Soft Waste

Inorganic soft waste is waste that comes from processed materials. The processed ingredients are like a mixture of chemical substances. As a result, it is easy to form and process with simple ingredients,

The nature of inorganic soft waste is relatively difficult to describe. There are some wastes that can be decomposed in a long time. There is also waste that is very difficult to decompose.

This inorganic soft waste generally originates from an accumulation, industrial and domestic activity from household waste. Examples are packaging boxes, plastic packaging, patchwork, Styrofoam, synthetic rubber and so on.

 

Understanding Customer Satisfaction – Building a long-term business to provide profit and success is something that entrepreneurs hope for. However, there are several important supporting factors such as capital, employees with the best skills and of course not separated from consumers or customers.

Customer satisfaction is very important to develop a more advanced business to increase profits for the company. This time we will discuss in detail Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty.

Understanding Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty

Some definitions of customer satisfaction according to experts, including:

According to Djaslim Saladin (2003) , the concept of customer satisfaction is a person’s happy or disappointed feeling that comes from a comparison between the effect on the performance (result) of a product and their expectations.

According to Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller (2007) , consumer satisfaction is a person’s happy or disappointed feeling that appears after comparing the performance (result) of the product being considered against the expected performance.

According to Tjiptono (2012), consumer satisfaction is a situation shown by consumers when they realize that their needs and desires are in line with what is expected and fulfilled well.

So in short, the meaning of customer satisfaction is something that consumers seek or need to fulfill their needs such as a product or service. Having the best, quality products or services is the goal of customers.

Because the better the quality of this product or service, it will play an important role in attracting consumers who have the opportunity to trust the company (Loyalty).

For this reason, customer satisfaction until now has become an integral part of the vision, mission, purpose, positioning statement, and various other matters in a company that are discussed in full in the book Customer Satisfaction, Concept, Measurement, and Strategy.

From here we know what is called customer loyalty. Some definitions of customer loyalty according to experts, including:

According to Kotler and Keller, loyalty is a deeply held commitment to buy or support a preferred product or service again in the future despite influence. situations and marketing efforts have the potential to cause customers to switch

In a simpler sense, loyalty is a consumer’s commitment to a company, to subscribe to products or services consistently on an ongoing basis, even though the company has a lot of competition, but the consumer will be a loyal customer of the company.

Along with the development of time and technology, the latest product updates ( up to date ) to complement the needs of customers.

Although in business there is a term ” The king is the main ” but it is not completely like that, the meaning of this word is how our efforts satisfy the needs of consumers but consumers also give us profit. As it is mutually beneficial on both sides, no one is harmed. Companies must maintain and improve the functionality of products that are needed today as the times progress.

One of them is making new product innovations and gradually developing them to improve product quality by developing the various benefits needed. Because of that, companies participate in innovation to become better by offering products by reducing costs without reducing quality, because the more advanced the development, the greater the competitiveness of the business.

Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction

The most important thing that every company must pay attention to in order to create customer satisfaction is the quality of the products used. Several types of factors that are evaluated as a consumer to remain in one of the companies, among them:

1. Service

Service is the main pillar of service that aims to maintain good relations and improve relations between producers and customers. There are things that are no less important in service, which is to listen to various complaints or customer input in order to provide a targeted way out and the product will improve and be liked by customers.

2. Product Quality

After accommodating the best input, the quality of the product is very important, because the quality of the product is a representation ( expectation ) of the consumer with what the manufacturer makes. Some things for the quality of the product to be trusted by paying attention to the suitability required, the vulnerability of the durability of the product that must be observed, the advantages of the product that has been made, and the reliability of a manufactured product will affect the interest of consumers. This is where the trust ( loyalty ) comes from to keep buying the manufacturer’s products.

3. Price

Price benchmarks become very important in every business, because every price offered by the company to the consumer is a benchmark for the product itself. Price will influence the demand for market products. That’s why choose the price according to the level of raw materials, the tools used and the difficulty of turning the yardstick into the value of the product price.

4. Proper Promotion and Marketing Strategy

Promotion is how we provide information to offer, increase sales higher than usual and create loyalty of a product to consumers. This activity works to influence consumers to use services or products that will make consumers feel satisfied with the product.

How to Measure Customer Satisfaction Indicators

According to Kotler there are several ways for manufacturers to measure customer satisfaction in a product, including:

1. Criticism and Suggestions

It is mandatory for producers to understand that they will accept criticism and suggestions, so that the company can thrive to always receive good suggestions from customers, to improve the shortcomings of a problem in products and services.
Some places have usually prepared a suggestion box that can be filled directly or can be contacted by phone as a customer service or call center.

Now that information is growing, it is easier to give criticism, suggestions and new ideas, such as giving suggestions via company email, connected social media accounts and it is definitely easier to interact with customers.

2. Hire Ghost Shopper Services

Ghost shopper is one of the company’s strategies to find out the quality of employee service to consumers by pretending to be one of the consumers. Ghost shopper has service info according to the knowledge provided. This service is usually found in large companies such as health service providers, banking, other service companies.

In addition, it functions to observe and evaluate employees so that they can better face consumers in their attitude. In addition to evaluating the performance of employees, ghost shoppers can improve and make business benchmarks.

3. Finding out the Customer’s Reasons

Maybe some businessmen have found loyal customers but after a while it turned out that they switched to other companies. It is good to use this as an opportunity to know more about how satisfied the customer’s level is that is not met.

In this case, try the company to call or communicate with the customer and be able to understand the customer’s needs so that the company can complete the existing deficiencies. Always make evaluations to improve the product so that it becomes better and reaches back to the customers.

4. Customer Satisfaction Survey

Survey is gathering information in detail according to the needs of the desired producer. In addition to finding out why customers stop choosing products, use the Customer Satisfaction Survey method because this will be more effective in knowing which market areas will be exceeded. In addition, it will be beneficial to increase customer enthusiasm for the quality of the company’s services and products.

The more advanced this digital era is, the easier it is for companies to create or open a forum for suggestions or customer satisfaction questionnaires that are on target.

Reasons Why You Should Conduct a Customer Satisfaction Survey

There are several reasons why companies need to conduct customer surveys, including:

1. Know Product Quality

The survey will be useful to know how the quality of consumer products is of great interest, not only about quality but also price makes it an important yardstick for consumers. Because usually consumers prefer quality products with affordable prices.

2. Product Evaluation

If you have researched customer satisfaction surveys, evaluating is an important thing for producers so that the product becomes more quality, in addition to developing innovation to make new products that we can offer, we can even change them to be more attractive and have many fans for consumers.

3. Know the capabilities of competitors

The more advanced technology is not separated from the many competitors from many strategic in the business world. It should be noted that as a producer we must know which competitors are there and which factors influence the increase of customers to achieve the company’s target.

Customer Satisfaction Survey Steps

There are several customer satisfaction survey steps including:

1. Determine the target survey

In this strategy determine who will be the target of potential consumers as can be seen from the age range, the region to be developed and market segmentation. But we can divide this segmentation based on education level, occupation, income level and other points.

2. Prepare the Survey Fee

When entering operational activities to always record the details of cost expenditure, but before opening a wider business give a cost benchmark first to conduct a survey to reduce the risk of excessive cost expenditure.

3. Select the survey method

For the selection of survey methods there are many such as:

a. Fill out the questionnaire

By providing a question sheet to be filled in by the consumer, as the consumer provides valid and accountable data. Don’t forget to thank.

b. Group research

Gathering several consumers to find out the potential of the market to be developed, with the existence of this group’s research to draw conclusions about the information needed for the products to be sold.

c. Live Survey

Maybe this will be more convincing information in searching for surveys, but it is good to choose potential consumers who have free time. So that the filling is smooth and focused from the beginning to the end of the question.

Use or give product samples to consumers, this is intended as an enticement and promote the product so that it is better known. Don’t forget to thank them for their time.

4. Survey Implementation Schedule

This is very related to all aspects, because of that as a producer must ensure how long and choose the right time to start the survey, it is good to use it at certain moments.

5. Evaluation and Analysis

Checking the results of the survey is very important to find what the customers need and want. Use this opportunity as an evaluation to improve the company’s product as needed. Choose whichever one should be prioritized and be a quality product.

How to Optimize Customer Satisfaction

Business competition is increasingly emerging by competing to find innovative ideas to gain profit. Some people think harder to make the product more attractive, not only in terms of appearance and quality. But the key is for customer loyalty to continue to provide good and satisfied service.

In the book Business Process Mapping-Workbook To Increase Customer Satisfaction, Reader can also find a guide that can be used to compile a business process map that you have. Immediately get the book below!

Some tips on how to maintain customers so that they remain loyal and keep up with business developments, including:

1. Respond quickly to problems and be friendly to consumers

Providing prompt service is the most important thing in the world of any job, especially to serve the needs of customers. Because quick response is a performance value of someone who has good discipline, this will be felt by itself if it is always practiced in everyday life.

Friendly attitude and behavior is a culture that is held in high esteem as a cultural heritage. No matter where you are and in the world of work, hospitality is a very important role to be able to relate between consumers and producers to feel mutually appreciated.

2. Develop Mutually Beneficial Relationships

When a sense of mutual respect has been instilled, providing information or new products to consumers is good to mutually benefit each other. By giving promotional programs to customers to appreciate having subscribed to the product.

Most likely, consumers can spread product information to relations, friends or whoever. So that our product information is spread and one day we may get new customers. Don’t forget to record anyone who can benefit by giving a discount and even do business with each other.

3. Give Loyalty Rewards

Give a little surprise to appreciate business cooperation with customers. No need to be expensive, for example giving discount vouchers so that consumers feel happy and keep buying products from the company they work with. Sometimes happiness can be felt from the smallest things.

4. Dealing with customer complaints

It’s true that every job doesn’t always go well, sometimes there are things, whether it’s technique or communication , that can hinder and evaluate the company poorly.

It’s good to deal with the problems faced, listen to the complaints experienced by consumers, if that’s the case, don’t make the same mistake. Handle complaints with a cool head, because if you follow the consumer’s anger, the problem will not be solved. If it’s wrong, be prepared to apologize because otherwise it will make the reputation go down.

5. Train Officers to Be Friendly

Every employee should be instructed to follow the existing SOP ( Standard Operating Procedure ). By inserting the SOP on how to be friendly to customers, greeting the weather, answering customer problems properly and other things so that the company does not lose customers.

Every employee to carry out SOP consistently and commitment. Because maintaining the best service makes added value very ‘important’ so that consumers continue to choose the products we offer. Always try to provide comfort for customers.

Conclusion:

Customer satisfaction and loyalty is very important for the business world. Because this will be related to the businesses that are being run at the moment or other businesses.
By providing fulfilled needs, the customer will feel satisfied with what he wants. SOP should be carried out and trained as in manners, attitude, way of communication to customers is very important.

Factors that can affect customer service, quality, price, and promotion of the right marketing strategy so that the company can grow and reach more than what was planned

 

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), the definition of Education is an acceleration program of a set of educational activities arranged in such a way that it can be done by students in a shorter time than usual. The definition of education also refers to educators or educational staff who are on duty as teachers, guides, and trainees of students.

Definition of Education

The term education comes from the Latin word “e-ducere” or “educare” which means to lead out or lead. As well as the word “prominent” means bringing people as a leader as well as the process of becoming prominent.

Lexically, in Webster’s own dictionary, the word education is defined as follows:

– The action or process of educating as well as being educated.
– Knowledge or development obtained from the educational process.
– Fields of study related to teaching and learning methods in schools.

Meanwhile, according to M. Noor Syam (1980), Education is an institution and an effort to develop the nation and the character of the nation. Education itself encompasses a fairly comprehensive scope, namely the education of mental ability, ratio, intellect, and human personality as a whole. In order to build that personality, it takes a relatively long period of time or even lasts a lifetime.

According to John Dewey, Education is a renewal process from experience. The process can occur in a normal association as well as the association of adults with children that occurs on purpose. And institutionalized in order to face social continuity. The process involves the development and handling of the immature person and the group in which he lives.

According to Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System or Sisdiknas, says that education is a conscious and planned effort in creating a learning environment and learning process so that students can actively develop their potential to have religious spiritual strength, self-control, intelligence, noble character, personality, and the skills needed in oneself, the community, the nation, and the country.

Elements of Education

Education has elements in it. There are several elements of education, including:

a. Learners

Learners have the status as a subject, ie learner. Learners are autonomous subjects and individuals who want to be recognized for their existence.

b. A person who guides or Educator

An educator is someone who has responsibility for the implementation of education with the main target being students. Students will undergo their education in three types of environments, namely the school environment, the family environment, and the community environment. Therefore, the person responsible for education is the teacher, the leader of the learning program, the parents, and the community.

c. Interaction between students and educators or educative interaction

In principle, educational interaction is a reciprocal communication between students and their educators directed towards educational goals.

d. Material or Content of Education

In the school education system, material is mixed into the curriculum to be presented as a means of achieving goals. The material includes core material as well as local content.

e. Context that has an impact on education

The context that has an impact on this education includes:

– Educational tools and methods are two sides of the same coin. These tools and methods are interpreted as everything that is implemented or omitted on purpose in order to achieve educational goals.
– The place where the guidance event takes place or the educational environment.

Definition of Educational Energy

Educational staff is a member of the community who is appointed and dedicates himself with the aim of supporting the implementation of education. In general, this educational force is enshrined in Law No. 20 of 2003 regarding Sisdiknas, including:

– Educational staff includes educators, testers, examiners, librarians, education unit managers, researchers and developers in the field of education, laboratories, and learning resource technicians.
– Educators include counselors, trainees, and instructors.
– Managers of education units that include principals, directors, rectors, heads, and leaders of out-of-school education units.

Included in the type of educational personnel is the manager of the education system, for example the head of the education office at the provincial, city or regency level. In general, the educational workforce can be categorized into 5 (five) categories, including:

a. Educators that include mentors, testers, trainers, and instructors.
b. Functional education staff that includes inspectors, researchers and developers in the field of education, supervisors, and librarians.
c. Educational technical staff that includes learning resource technicians and laboratories.
d. Educational unit management staff that includes school principals, directors, rectors, heads, and leaders of out-of-school education units.
e. Other personnel who manage managerial and educational administrative problems.

Etymology or Meaning of Educator and Teacher

a. Educator

An educator is a professional who has the task of planning and carrying out a learning process, giving value to learning outcomes, carrying out guidance and training, and devoting himself to the community. Specifically for educators at universities as found in article 39 paragraph 2 of law no. 20 of 2003.

In a simple sense, an educator is someone who provides knowledge to students. Meanwhile, in the community’s view that educators are people who do their education in certain places, not only in formal education institutions, but also in mosques or mosques, homes and so on.

Therefore, an educator has several duties, including:

– Handing over culture to its students consists of skills, intelligence, and experiences.
– Become an intermediary in the learning process.
– Educator is an educator who leads students towards more maturity.
– Educators are the link between the community and the school.
– Educators are responsible for enlightening the lives of students. As well as being responsible in shaping students to become a person of good manners who is very capable, useful for religion, nation, and people in the future.

b. Teacher

According to the definition of the term “teacher” has the meaning of a professional educator whose main task is to teach, educate, direct, guide, train, assess, and also evaluate students. The main task will run effectively when a teacher has a certain degree of professionalism. It is reflected or seen from skills, expertise, skills, competence, and skills that meet quality standards or ethical norms. The definition of this teacher is not contained in a legal regulation No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System or commonly known as sisdiknas. In the UU, the teaching profession is included in the group of educators.

In fact, teachers and educators are two different things in meaning. In government regulation (PP) No. 74 of 2008 regarding teachers, states that teachers include:

– Teachers who are in class, teachers of a field of study, guidance and counseling teachers and students’ career guidance teachers.
– Teachers have additional duties as principals.
– Teachers in the department as supervisors. Teacher has a broad meaning which is all the educational staff who carry out learning tasks in the classroom.

The teacher has a position as a professional at the level of early childhood education on the formal education path that is appointed according to legal regulations, basic education, and secondary education. A good teacher is a teacher who has competence in the teaching and learning process.

So that learning can run efficiently and effectively. An expert named Conny R. Semiawan stated that teacher competence has three criteria, namely:

1. Knowledge criteria, meaning that the intellectual ability possessed by a teacher includes mastery of lessons, knowledge of how to learn, knowledge of behavior or behavior of an individual, knowledge of counseling and guidance, knowledge of general and social knowledge.

2. Performance criteria, meaning that the ability of a teacher is related to various skills and behaviors that include the skills of teaching, evaluating, socializing and communicating in guiding students, using teaching aids, and teaching planning or organizing teaching preparations.

3. Product criteria, meaning that a teacher’s ability to measure the ability and progress of students after participating in teaching and learning activities.

Educators and Educational Forces

Educators and educational staff are two very different things. Here are the differences between educators and educators if seen from the understanding to the duties of educators and educators between the two are as follows.

Definition of Educator

The definition of educators is based on the provisions of Article 1 of Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, states that educators are educational personnel who are qualified to be lecturers, counselors, teachers, learning leaders, tutors, facilitators, instructors, etc. in accordance with their respective specialties. As well as participating in educational efforts.

Definition of Educational Energy

Meanwhile, the definition of educational staff based on the provisions of Article 1 of Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, states that educational personnel are members of society who are appointed and dedicate themselves with the aim of supporting the implementation of education.

Duties of Educators

According to the provisions of article 39 paragraph 2 of law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, states that educators are professionals who have the task of planning and carrying out the learning process, carrying out guidance and training. As well as carrying out research and service to the community, especially for educators at universities.

Duties of Educational Personnel

The duties of the educational staff are regulated in the provisions of article 39 paragraph 1 of law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, states that the duties of the educational staff are to perform administration, development, supervision, management, and technical services in order to support the educational process of the educational unit.

Regarding the rights and obligations, as well as the conditions of educators and educational staff, this is regulated according to the provisions of article 40 to article 44 of law no. 20 of 2003.

Rights and Obligations of Educators and Educational Personnel

Educators and educational personnel according to the provisions of the law have their respective rights and obligations.

Rights of Educators and Educational Personnel

The rights of educators and educational staff as mentioned above are found in the provisions of article 40 paragraph 1 of law no. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System which states that the rights of educators and educational staff are as follows:

– Income and guarantee of appropriate and adequate social well-being.
– Appreciation according to the performance and work tasks of each.
– Career development in line with demands for quality development.
– Legal protection in performing all duties and rights over intellectual property.
– The opportunity to use infrastructure and educational facilities to support the smooth implementation of their respective tasks.

Obligations of Educators and Educators

Next is the obligation of educators and educational staff based on the provisions of article 40 paragraph 2 of law no. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, states as follows:

– Creating an educational atmosphere that is very meaningful, creative, pleasant, dynamic, and also dialogic.
– Have a professional commitment to improve the quality of education in Indonesia.
– Set a good example and maintain the good name of the profession, institution, and position in accordance with the trust that has been given to him.

Other Matters Related to Educators and Educational Personnel

Other matters related to educators and educational staff have been determined as it has been said above that the other matters are contained in the provisions of Article 41 of Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, states that other matters related to educators and educational staff are as follows:

– Educators and educational staff can work across regions.
– The appointment, placement and deployment of an educator and educational staff is regulated and determined by an institution that appoints them in accordance with the needs of the formal education unit. Therefore, the government and regional government should provide facilities to education units for educators and educational personnel who are required to guarantee the provision of quality education.

That is as per the provisions of Article 41 of Law No. 20 of 2003, states that by paying attention to those two things, the government and regional government should facilitate the unit of educators and educational personnel needed to guarantee the maintenance of quality education.

Conditions of Becoming an Educator

In general, the requirements to be an educator are based on the provisions of Article 42 of Law No. 20 of 2003 on the National Education System, states that the conditions for becoming an educator are as follows:

– Have a minimum qualification and have been certified according to the level of teaching authority.
– A healthy body both spiritually and physically.
– Having the ability to create a better national education goal.

Education providers, both the central government and the regional government, are obliged to build and develop the educational workforce as mentioned in article 44 of law no. 20 of 2003. The construction carried out is certainly not separated from the rights that need to be given to educators and educational staff.

Definition of Legal Certainty –  In a country that prioritizes the principle of law as a tool to provide a sense of security and comfort for its people, it is certain that a legal institution is needed that regulates and weighs justice with certainty and on target.

Legal certainty is measured by how much justice is received by the community, both from the lower middle class to the upper class and does not discriminate in giving punishment to existing legal subjects.

In regulating a rule of law and providing a sense of security for its people, legal certainty is very much needed so that the law is implemented properly. Legal certainty as one of the legal identities that is quite important is considered to play a very important role in maintaining the stability of the law that applies to a government.

Well, for that, for Reader friends who want to know more about the meaning of legal certainty and what the experts’ opinions are based on the theories they have put forward, then in this discussion we will focus on providing information related to legal certainty that Reader friends can look at good wherever you are.