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Examples of Invertebrates – The number of animals is basically a lot. With a very large number, animals are divided into two groups based on their backbone, that is, animals that have a backbone are included in the vertebrate group. Meanwhile, animals that do not have a backbone will be included in the invertebrate group.

Invertebrates themselves can be understood as a group of animals that do not have a backbone. Basically, the spine is a row consisting of several vertebrae and stretches from the neck to the tail. This group of invertebrate animals is also known to be found in almost every habitat on earth.

Apart from not having a backbone, there are several characteristics that can be used to distinguish between invertebrates and vertebrates, starting from the nervous system, how to reproduce, to the structure of the organs.

For those of you who want to learn more about invertebrates. The following is an explanation of the characteristics and examples of invertebrate animals. Not only that, this article will also discuss the classification or division of the invertebrates themselves. Let’s see in full until the end!

A. General Characteristics of Invertebrates

As previously stated, the main characteristic of invertebrate animals is that they do not have a backbone. However, the main characteristics of invertebrate animals are not only that. So, here are some of the main characteristics that distinguish invertebrate animals from other animals or organisms, including:

1. The body skeleton of invertebrate animals is usually found outside the body or exoskeleton.

2. Excretory organs in lower invertebrates have never been found. Meanwhile, for higher invertebrates, it is known that they have not focused on an organ.

3. The nervous system of invertebrate animals is still simple and there is no central nervous system. However, this does not apply to several types of animals that have a nerve center in the form of a collection of nerve nodes or ganglions.

4. Invertebrates reproduce generatively and/or vegetatively.

5. Invertebrate animal blood circulation is open. Blood that comes from the blood vessels will enter the heart and some will continue to circulate through the veins to enter other parts of the heart.

B. Classification and Examples of Invertebrates

After knowing the two groups in the animal world and the differences between the two, in this section we will discuss the classification for the invertebrates themselves. Invertebrates can be grouped into six phyla, namely porifera or porous animals, vermes or worms, coelenterata or hollow animals, arthropods or book animals, molluscs or soft animals, and echinoderms or animals with thorns. The following is an explanation of the six groups of invertebrate animals, including:

1. Porifera

As the name implies, sponges are a group of animals whose entire body surface has pores. This animal has a body that is almost the same as the shape of a sponge, with a skeleton made of horn substance. Porifera are usually known to have irregular or asymmetrical bodies.

The shapes of the sponges vary, ranging from those that are shaped like tubes, flower vases, bowls, and some even have a branched shape like a plant with very diverse body colors. These animals basically live in water and can still reproduce, either by mating or not mating. Unmarried reproduction can occur by forming a bud.

In everyday life, you can use several types of sponges such as Spongia and Hippospongia as bath tools, bath sponges, and scrubbing tools.

Examples of sponge animals include the following:

a. Scypha

b. Euspongia

c. potion

2. Coelenterata

Coelenterata is a type of animal that lives in water with cavities in its body. The body of the coelenterata has two types of shapes, namely the polyp shape and the medusa shape.

Coelenterata with polyps are known to have a tube-like shape. In addition, these animals live by sticking to their place of life. Meanwhile, medusa has a shape like a bell or an umbrella. Medusa itself has arms or tentacles that surround it floating in the water.

The tentacles of the medusa can be used to catch prey. If there is prey that sticks to or approaches the tentacles of the medusa. Poisonous cells contained in the medusa tentacles will secrete poison so that it can paralyze the prey.

Examples of coelenterata include, namely:

a. Obelia

b. Hydras

c. Jellyfish

d. Anemone

3.Vermes

Vermes or commonly called the term worm is a type of animal that has a small size with an elongated and soft body shape. Like the skeletons of other invertebrates, vermes lack a skeleton and have no legs. However, the body of the vermes is bilaterally symmetrical or can be understood as a worm’s body which can be divided into left and right halves.

These vermes or worms can be further grouped into three groups based on their body shape, namely, from flat, elliptical without segmented to round and elongated and segmented love-shaped.

a. Platyhelminthes, namely worms that have a flat shape. Examples of this type of worm are tapeworms and heartworms.

b. Nemathelminthes, which are worms that have a non-segmented elliptical shape or can also be called roundworms. Examples of this type of non-segmented round worm are stomach worms, pinworms, roundworms, and hookworms.

c. Annelids, namely worms that have a long round body shape and are segmented or can be included in the roundworm group. Examples of this roundworm group are earthworms, pacet, and leeches.

4. Arthropods

Arthropods have a segmented body shape consisting of a head (caput), chest (thorax), and abdomen (abdomen). Arthropods are also equipped with a bilateral symmetrical body shape and have a protective substance in the form of chitin on their outer skeleton.

Meanwhile, arthropods have a complete body organ system, starting from the circulatory, digestive, nervous, respiratory, excretory, reproductive systems, to sensory organs that are able to respond to touch, heat as well as smells.

Arthropods also have compound eyes or can be understood as an eye consisting of thousands of small eyes with a hexagonal shape. These eyes are known as facet eyes.

Arthropods are known to be one of the largest phyla compared to several other animal phyla. The phylum of arthropods itself can be grouped into 4 classes, including the following:

a. Insecta (insects), with examples: nerds, butterflies, grasshoppers, ladybugs, and beetles;

b. Crustaceans (crustaceans), with examples: prawns, crabs and crabs;

c. Arachnoidea (spiders), with examples: spiders, scorpions, fleas, ticks;

d. Myriapoda (centipedes), with examples: centipedes, millipedes.

5. Mollusca

Molluscs are basically a type of invertebrate animal that has a soft body, contains a lot of mucus, and is wrapped in a mantle. Molluscs themselves generally have a shell made of limestone and can be used to protect their bodies.

Molluscs live in various regions of the earth so that they can be found both on land, sea, fresh water, to hot and cold areas. Molluscs are also animals that already have digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory, nervous, muscular and reproductive systems.

Just like other invertebrate animals, molluscs can also be divided into 3 groups, namely:

a. Pelecypoda or clams

b. Gastropods or squid

c. Cephalopods or slugs

6. Echinodermata

Echinodermata is a type of invertebrate animal that has a skin of thorns. The skin of this animal consists of several limestone plates with many small spines on the surface. The body of Echinodermata also has a shape like a star, round, flat, elongated round, some even have a shape resembling a plant.

Echinoderms are able to move using ambulacral legs. Ambulacral itself can be understood as a tube equipped with a suction device. The digestive system of Echinodermata itself also consists of a mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines and anus. Meanwhile, its nervous system consists of a ring of nerves with a circular shape around the esophagus and its various branches that lead to each arm.

Echinoderms reproduce by sexual means or mating. Not only that, this type of animal also has the ability to regenerate, such as the ability to regrow severed body parts.

Examples of animals that belong to the echinoderm group include:

a. Starfish

b. Sea urchin

c. Sea cucumbers

C. Examples of Invertebrates

After knowing the characteristics and classification of invertebrate animals, this section will explain examples of invertebrate animals that are around us. So, here are some examples of invertebrate animals that you need to know, including:

1. Butterfly

Butterflies are an example of an invertebrate animal equipped with six legs, two antennae and three body parts. There are also types of butterflies that have wings, but some are wingless. Butterflies can be said to be a type of insect that undergoes a complete metamorphosis.

The Smithsonian Institution states that there are about 17,500 species of butterflies in the world. Butterflies can live in all regions of the earth, except for the Antarctic region. Butterflies reproduce in a variety of habitats, from salt marshes, mangroves, sand dunes, lowland forests, wetlands, grasslands, to mountains.

2. Ants

Ants are an example of an invertebrate animal with a body consisting of three main parts, namely the head, chest (where three pairs of legs are attached), and stomach (where vital organs are located).

Quoted from the National Geographic report, there are currently more than 10,000 species of ants in the world. Ants themselves are very easy to find in tropical rain areas with structured nests located underground, mounds on the ground, even trees.

3. Bees

Bees are an example of an invertebrate animal that has a thin exoskeleton. The body of the bee can be divided into three parts, namely the head with two antennae, the chest with six legs and the abdomen. The body of the bee itself is equipped with two pairs of wings and only the female bee has the ability to sting.

Based on The National Wildlife Federation, there are more than 20,000 species of bees spread throughout the world. Just like ants, bees usually live on every continent on earth, except Antarctica. In a region like North America, about 4,000 species of bees occupy different ecosystems, whether in forests, deserts, and of course grasslands.

4. Star of the Sea

Sea stars are one example of invertebrate animals that live in water areas. Starfish themselves are generally known to have a central disc which is divided into five arms. Although some other species have more arms. However, the starfish’s arms would be covered with pincers and suction cups that could be used along the ocean floor.

According to a report published by National Geographic, it is known that there are about 2,000 species of starfish that live throughout the world’s oceans, both in tropical habitats and in low-temperature ocean floor habitats. The most common species of sea star is the five-armed one. In addition, there are species of starfish that have arms reaching 10, 20, and even 40 pieces.

5. Jellyfish

Just like starfish, jellyfish are examples of invertebrate animals that live in the sea and belong to the phylum Cnidaria. Phylum Cnidaria is a phylum that is not equipped with a brain, bones, heart, and even eyes. The body of the jellyfish generally consists of a soft and transparent to immobilize prey before eating it.

The structure of the jellyfish itself consists of three layers, namely first, the outer layer or epidermis, second, the middle layer which is made of a thick elastic substance similar to jelly or mesoglea. Third, the inner layer or commonly called the gastrodermis.

6. Spiders

Spiders are an example of an invertebrate animal with an exoskeleton consisting of a cuticle and made of chitin. This animal has a body divided into two main parts, namely the cephalothorax and abdomen. Most spiders have eight eyes and a mouth known as chelicerae. Inside the chelicerae are equipped with fangs that can be used to inject poison into their prey.

Quoted from the Encyclopedia Britannica, there are more than 43,000 species of spiders in the world. These spiders live in almost all parts of the earth, except for the polar regions, the highest mountains and the oceans.

7. Snail

Snails are invertebrate animals with soft bodies and heads that have tentacles to feel their surroundings. Snails themselves have a mouth made of a radula or a tool that can be used to scrape food from most surfaces.

Snails are known to have strong, muscular legs and thick slime. This will be very helpful for movement on rough surfaces. Mucus owned by snails can also prevent it from drying out. However, the mucus can also harden to form a blockage.

8. Squid

Squid is an example of an invertebrate that belongs to the Mollusca phylum. Today, there are hundreds of species of squid scattered throughout the world’s oceans, from the shallowest waters to the deepest.

Squids also have a tubular body, a small internal shell like a rod, and are equipped with two tentacles that are much longer than the arms. In addition, squid can change color and swim backwards. This is done by utilizing the thrust of water that comes out of his body.

9. Worms

Worms are examples of legless invertebrates with flat or round bodies with heads and tails. Worms themselves are known as animals that do not have a hard skeleton. Worms are usually found in water or wet soil, they can even be in other, larger animals.

Worms are animals that can live in a variety of habitats, such as parks, hydrothermal vents, deep ocean, toxic environments, to the cold waters of Antarctica. The size of the worms themselves varies greatly, ranging from small worms such as microscopic sizes to very long worms.

10. Leeches

Leeches are an example of an invertebrate animal that belongs to the phylum Annelida. The leech itself has a bilaterally symmetrical shape and thick muscles. The shape of the leech itself is almost the same as a worm, it’s just that there are many leeches that have a shape similar to a pear and are wide.

Most leeches spend their habitat in fresh water. However, there are some juha leeches that can live on land and sea. Land-dwelling leeches are especially easy to spot on the ground or low leaves in wet rainforests. Leeches are known to be unable to swim in water, but they can live by immersing themselves in water.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

Examples of Invertebrates – Broadly speaking, the kingdom animalia can be grouped into two groups, namely the class of vertebrates (animals with backbones) and the group of invertebrates (animals without backbones). The following will explain the characteristics, body layer structure, and classification of the kingdom Animalia Invertebrata Sinaumed’s!

DEFINITION OF INVERTEBRATES (Invertebrates)

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone or vertebral column. Most of the animals are invertebrates. The term Invertebrata itself is an early form of ‘Vertebra’ which comes from the Latin word. ‘Vertebra’ generally means joint, the specific meaning is ‘vertebral joints of the spine’. This word is added with the prefix “in” meaning not or without, which means ‘those who are not veterbrae’.

Porifera Invertebrates or Invertebrates is a term expressed by Chevalier de Lamarck to designate animals that do not have a backbone. Invertebrates include almost all animals except vertebrates (reptiles, birds, fish, amphibians, and mammals). Invertebrates are the most diverse group and have about 12 million living species. Most of the animals on earth are invertebrates. They are cold-blooded animals with a body temperature that depends on the temperature of the atmosphere.

In learning more about invertebrates, Sinaumed’s can read the book Invertebrate Zoology (Theory and Practice) by Adun Rusyana which provides all information about invertebrates.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INVERTEBRATES

The main feature that separates invertebrates from other organisms is the absence of a spine and backbone. They are multicellular organisms, they really don’t have a cell wall:

• Animali Invertebrates do not have a hard endoskeleton due to the lack of a complex bone system, some invertebrates tend to be slow and small in nature. Due to the lack of a backbone and a complex nervous system, invertebrates cannot inhabit some environments, although they are found in harsh environments.
• Invertebrates’ bodies are divided into three parts – head, thorax and abdomen. They do not have lungs for respiration. Respiration occurs through the skin. Several groups of invertebrates have a hard exoskeleton of chitin. Most of them are networked, with a certain cell organization. Most also reproduce sexually by the fusion of male and female gametes. Some invertebrates such as sponges are sedentary, but most organisms are motile. Most invertebrates are arranged with a symmetrical body organization. They are unable to make their own food or
• Invertebrates are the most diverse organisms present on earth. Almost 95% of the animal population from invertebrates. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2009, more than 1.3 million invertebrates were identified. Invertebrates make up about 75% of the known species on the Planet. The actual number of invertebrates is unknown, there are some predictions that there may be tens of millions of invertebrates, mostly insects. Invetebrata includes all animals that do not belong to the phylum Chordata. Common examples include clams, slugs, spiders, cockroaches, worms, star fish, octopus, the following are some of the Sinaumed’s class of Animalia invertebrates:
• Porifera – Sponges, Sycon (scypha), Spongilla (freshwater sponges) and Euspongia (bath sponges).
• Cnidaria – Aurelia, Adamis, Hydra, sea anemone, Physalia (Portuguese warship), Pennatula, Gorgonia, Meandrina.
• Ctenophora – Pleurobranchia and Ctenophora.
• Platyhelminthes – Taenia (tapeworm), Fasciola (liver worm).
• Aschelminthes – Ascaris (round worm), Wuchereria (filaria worm), Ancylostoma (hookworm).
• Annelida – Nereis, Pheretima (earthworms) and Hirudinaria (bloodsucking leeches).
• Arthropods – Apis (honey bee), Bombyx (caterpillar), Laccifer (lac insect); Mosquitoes – Anopheles, Culex and Aedes; Locusta (grasshopper); Limulus (crab).
• Mollusca – Chaetopleura (Chiton), Loligo (squid), Pila (apple snail), Pinctada (pearl oyster), Sepia (cuttlefish), Loligo (squid), Octopus (devil fish), Aplysia (sea hare), Dentalium.
• Echinodermata – Asterias (star fish), Echinus (sea urchin), Antedon (sea lily), Cucumaria (sea cucumber), Ophiura (brittle star).

 

CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES

Animalia Invertebrates are the most diverse organisms on earth. Nearly 95% of the animal population falls into the category of invertebrates. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature 2009 more than 1.3 million invertebrates were identified. Invertebrates make up about 75% of the species on Planet Earth, until their actual number is unknown. The following is the classification of Animalia Invertebrata Sinaumed’s.

ORDER ASTERIODEA

The order Ateriodea is also called the starfish, has a star-like shape with five arms, short and blunt spines, has a mouth and anus, very high regenerative power, and locomotors in the form of ambulacral legs. For example: Astrias vulgaris (large starfish).

ORDER OPHIUROIDEA

Order (class) Ophiuroidea Its body is in the form of a pentagonal disc with 5 long arms. The ambulacral lobe apparatus has a mouth but no anus. For example: Ophiothix fragillis (sea star snake).

ORDER ECHINOIDEA

The Echinoidea class is also called the sea urchin class, the body is round, without arms, has movable spines, a locomotion system with ambulacral legs, some species have poison glands in their spines, and have a complete digestive tract, namely the mouths. anus. For example: Echinocardium cordatum (sea urchin).

ORDER HOLOTHUROIDEA

The order (class) Holothuroidea has an elliptical body, smooth ossicles, has a mouth and anus, and around the mouth there are movable tentacles (pulled and extended), ambulacral locomotores. For example: Cucumari planci (sea cucumbers).

ORDER CRINODEA

Order (class) Crinodea has a body shaped like a lily, attached to the seabed, lives in the deep sea and has high regeneration power.

INVERTEBRATES phyla

PROTOZOA phylum

Protozoa are single-celled animals that live in water, protozoa eat plants and animals, protozoa reproduce by unsexual or vegetative reproduction by dividing and by sexual or generative conjugation. Phylum Protozoa is divided into several classes:

• Vibrating-haired animal class (cikata)
• Pseudo-legged animal class (rhizopoda)
• Class of spores (sporozoa)
• Class of animals with whips (flogellato)

 

phylum porifera

Porifera are aquatic animals and live in the sea, their body shape is like a plant attached to a seabed, so they can move around freely, Porifera’s body is like a tube that has many pores (small holes on the sides and has cavities on the inside) Porifera can develop reproduce by generative and vegetative ways. Porifera consists of three classes, here are some of them:

• Corcorea class: Consists of spicules and lives in shallow seas, for example seghpha SP, charsarina SP
• Class hexactinelida: Consists of a gritty substance and lives in the deep sea. For example pnerorepa SP
• Class demospangia: Soft bodies don’t even have a skeleton, for example spongia SP

Phylum Coelentrata

Coelentrata comes from the words coilos (hollow) and entron (intestine). Coelentrata has two forms, namely the passive form which attaches to a base and does not move. Coelentrata consists of 3 classes Anthozoa Class, Hydrozoa Class and Scyphozoan Class. The characteristics are as follows:

• Multicellular, and radially symmetric (cutting a plane through the center creates identical segments, they have a top and bottom but no sides)
• It has a tube-like shape
• Surrounded by tentacles around the mouth. The body layer of the coelenterata consists of the outer tissue (exoderm), inner tissue (endoderm), and the longitudinal and crossed muscle system (mesoglea).
• Has a cnidoblast, which is an exoderm cell that contains a thorny poison called a nematocyt.
• Live in fresh water, sea water, in solider (attached to the bottom of the waters) and colonize.
• Have stinging cells (nematosis)
• Is a carnivorous animal (eats small invertebrates)
• Has no organs or organ systems
• They have no brains, but only nerve impulses that travel through their bodies and can detect signals in their environment.

PLATYHELMINTHS PHILUM

The word platyhelminthes comes from the Greek words plays (flat) and hemlines (worms). Platyhelminthes berate also has plates. This group of animals has a bilaterally symmetrical body (both sides are the same). Platyhelminthes is divided into three classes, namely Class turbellaria (vibrating hair worms), Class trematodes (sucking worms), and Class cestroda (tape worms). General characteristics include the following:

• Bilaterally symmetrical body
• Body shape flat and soft
• Body unsegmented except Cestoda
• Acoelomate Triploblastic body layer
• The excretory tool uses a flame cell
• Have eyes
• Hermaphrodite
• Does not have a means of respiration
• Digestive system via Gastrovascular
• The nervous system is a ganglion
• Free-living in fresh water and damp places

phylum MOLLUSCA

Mollusca (in Latin, molluscus = soft) is a soft-bodied animal. The soft body is protected by a shell, although some are not shelled. These animals are classified as coelomate triploblastic. As the name implies, soft animals have a soft body that is protected by a shell of calcium (lime) material. Molluscs are hermoporite, have a digestive system, respiratory system and excretory system. Molluscs are divided into 4 classes: Class lamilli brancuiata (corals and oysters), Gastropods (snails), Cephalopods (squid) and Amphineura. The characteristics are as follows:

• The body is bilaterally symmetrical
• The body wall is triploblastic
• The short body is protected by the graft which is composed of a calcified substance produced by the mantle substance. Mollusca head structure is growing
• Digestive apparatus is fully developed Except for cephalopods, the blood circulation is open, the heart consists of a dorsal part surrounded by a pericardium
• Breathing is done by pulmonum, epidermis, gills or mantle
• Excretion tools in the form of kidneys Sexual reproduction
• The nervous system consists of three pairs of nerve nodes (ganglions), namely the cerebral ganglion, visceral ganglion, and pedal ganglion, all three of which are connected by nerve fibers.
• The genitals are generally separate (dioesus), but some are hermaphrodites. The sexes are separate, fertilization is external

PHYLUM OF ENCHINODERMATES

Echinoderms (in Greek, echino = hedgehog, derma = skin) are a group of coelomate tripopoblastic animals which have the characteristic feature of a spiny endoskeleton that penetrates the skin. The phylum echinodermata consists of five classes, namely the starfish class (asteroidal), the sea urchin class (echinoidal), the sea star class (opiuroidal), the sea wax class (crinoidal) and the sea cucumber class (holothuroidae). With the following characteristics:

• Has three embryonal layers (triploblastic)
• Bilateral body symmetry in the larval phase and radial in the adult phase
• There is an anterior and posterior division of the body
• Euseelomata or coelomate
• Has no body segments
• The digestive system is perfect, with some species lacking an anus
• Does not have a circulatory system
• The respiratory system is in the form of small gills or papulaedan. There are also those who use ambulacral feet (tube feet), or sea cucumbers
• Does not have an excretory system
• The nervous system is formed by ring nerves, radial nerves and mesh nerves
• Reproduction asexually (regeneration) and sexually.
• In general, have separate sexes, but some types are hermaphrodite
• Body support in the form of an internal framework (endoskeleton), in the form of plates and under the skin.

ANTHROPOD phylum

Arthropods or book organisms. Phylum Arthropoda has the largest species, which is 75% of all animals in the world. Arthropoda comes from the Latin: Arthra means segment, book, segment, and Podos means leg which means an animal with jointed, jointed or segmented legs. Arthropod bodies are bilaterally symmetrical and coelomate triploblastic. This phylum has the largest number of species compared to other phyla. Body and legs segmented and bilaterally symmetrical, exoskeleton contains chemicals. Anthropods have blood circulation, but their blood is colorless, their growth takes a long time to undergo metamorphosis (change in shape). Phylum Anthropoda consists of:

• Insect class (insecta)
• Spider class (arachoidae)
• Class crustaceans (erustacea)
• Centipede class (mynapoda)

To find out more clearly about what belongs to invertebrate animals, you can read the book Aves Invertebrates – Exploring the Animal World by Genevieve De Becker which presents various examples of invertebrate animals with pictures so they are easier to understand.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN INVERTEBRATES

Digestive system in Invertebrate Animalia For example in amoeba which is a single-celled animal, all of its life activities occur within the cell itself. Likewise the digestion of food takes place in the cells, it is called the digestion of the senses of the cells. When an amoeba gets food, it immediately forms a pseudo foot which leads to the next food, which is surrounded by pseudo legs, then the food is carried to the protoplasm. In the protoplasm that contains food that produces digestive enzymes. In the food cavity occurs digestion of food. Digested food is in the form of food essence which is absorbed from food residues and excreted from the body.

Digestive system in the hermes group For example in earthworms with a digestive tract consisting of a mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine and anus. The front part of the esophagus is slightly enlarged, called the pharynx, which functions to suck food from the mouth and moisten it with mucus. The food of earthworms is in the form of humus which is found in acidic soil, surrounded by an esophagus with three pairs of glands which produce lime which can neutralize the acidic nature of their food.

The digestive system in insect or insect animals, for example grasshoppers, has a cache that functions to temporarily store food. At the bottom of the crop there are salivary glands which drain through the main duct into the oral cavity. From the cache the food enters the gizzard and in the gizzard the food is destroyed, then the food is passed on to the stomach. At the front of the stomach are six pairs of appendixes which function as digestive glands. Undigested food is absorbed in the stomach. Leftovers from the intestine through the pelletum are removed through the sewer or anus.

 

BENEFITS OF INVERTEBRATES

• For the Environment:
  • The roles of invertebrates in the environmental area are: Creation of diversity (biodiversity) at the biosphere scale. The number of invertebrates is huge, especially in the Animalia kingdom.
  • Symbiosis with other organisms, for example ready to protect other organisms, such as coral populations, sponges and sea anemones can act as a home or nest for fish and other marine animals.
  • Participate in the food chain. It is not only as consumers that there are species that also act as agents of decomposition. Some members of the annelids such as Lumbricus SP. Is a destroyer in the food chain. While in marine ecosystems, some Echinodermata species can also act as decomposition in water.
  • Ecotourism attractions, such as coral reef ecosystems with various corals, anemones and other invertebrates as protection for invertebrates can be a tourist attraction. In addition, some National Parks can also have an abundance of invertebrate species such as populations of different species of Butterflies in the NP. Bantimurung, which is called the Butterfly kingdom. In Indonesia there are also tourist attractions that have stingless jellyfish.
• For Health: In the health sector, some members can act as medicine and also act as parasites and cause dangerous diseases for humans, especially members of Phylum Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes:
  • Manufacture of bioactive compounds for medicines, can be found in Porifera members in symbiosis with bacteria.
  • Wellness Therapy, such as Leam application and acupuncture with bee stings.
• For Agriculture: Helps pollinate agricultural crops as bees, butterflies and other insects do. Help maintain, galvanize, ventilate the floor, as earthworms do. As a pest plant destroyer, as occurs in fruit flies, stink bugs, grasshoppers and Mollusca members such as slugs.
• For Livestock: As a honey producer. Honey bees and several other species of Insecta members that can produce honey. Manufacture of silk materials, where silkworms can be cultivated to be taken from their cocoons as materials made of silk thread. Several species, such as earthworms and several types of insects, are deliberately grown for use as raw materials for Asian medicine, food, cosmetics and animal feed.
• For Education or Research: The simple body structure makes invertebrates an object of research. For example, fruit flies are often used as objects of genetic research, monitoring of embryonic development with sea urchins as objects, and invertebrates can also be used as a review. In addition, several types of insects are also used as an important source of information in the forensic field.

Thus the definition, characteristics, classification, phylum, digestive system, and benefits of animalia invertebrates in Sinaumed’s’ daily life. Hope it is useful!

Examples of intransitive verbs, definition of intransitive verbs, and generic structures of intransitive verbs – Hello Sinaumed’s, how are you guys? During the Implementation of Community Activity Restrictions or what is often referred to as PPKM, what activities did you do?

So, instead of being confused, let’s learn together, come on! We will both explore our insights, especially those related to foreign languages. This time we will learn a foreign language, namely English.

Sinaumed’s, we often hear about day and night, morning and evening, black and white, ups and downs. In everyday life, words like that often appear and we hear, because there are things that are opposite to each other.

After some time ago, we discussed about verbs or verbs, and transitive verbs,  or transitive verbs, now we will discuss about intransitive verbs or which are more popular, often called intransitive verbs . Intransitive verbs are verbs that are not followed by a direct object, or what is often known as a direct object, so that they become complete sentences and have meaning.

How is it different from transitive verbs ? More curious? Come on, let’s look at the following reviews.

Definition of Intransitive Verb

Intransitive verbs are verbs that are not followed by a direct object, or what is often known as a direct object, so that they become complete sentences and have meaning . This happens because the object does not function as a recipient of the action because the action that occurs does not involve a direct object. In other words, even though it is not followed by a direct object, this verb already has a meaning that is easy to understand.

Unlike transitive verbs, intransitive verbs don’t need to be followed by an object because their meaning can be understood properly even without an object. In other words, even though it is not followed by a direct object, this verb has meaning and is easy to understand.

Let’s look at the following example sentences!

She is tired.

An example of a sentence that uses the intransitive verb if translated reads he is tired . Even though it is not followed by an object, the sentence already has meaning, and the reader can understand the meaning conveyed. In this sentence, is tired is referred to as an intransitive verb.

In English, we also know linking verbs, or also called linking verbs, linking verbs are also included in the intransitive verb group. Why is that? Because this connecting verb does not need to use an object.

Use of Intransitive Verbs

Gramed, you need to know that the use of intransitive verbs has a difference, where a verb can become a transitive verb if it is used in a sentence. But it can also be an intransitive verb in other sentences. To make it clearer, let’s look at the two examples of the form of the sentence below.

1. He drank coffee and chocolate milk. (He drinks coffee and milk chocolate) transitive verb
2. He drank a lot today. (He drank a lot today) intransitive verb

In the sentences above, the two sentences both use the word drank as a verb . The difference is, in the first sentence, the word drank is used as a transitive verb , because it is followed by an object, while in the second sentence, the word drank is used as an intransitive verb.

Well, next we will learn about how to distinguish these sentences including intransitive verbs or not? What you can do is, you can use question words to provoke an answer that leads to a transitive or intransitive sentence, the question word is usually what or whom to differentiate between the two.

If the sentence cannot be used to bring up an answer from one of the question words above, then the verb used is definitely intransitive. For example, in the two sentences above, we use the question word what (what do you drink?)

In the first sentence, can you are used to answer the question, while in the second sentence, cannot be used to answer the question. So, it can be concluded, if the verb in the first sentence is a type of transitive verb while in the second sentence it is a type of intransitive verb .

Intransitive Verb List

For more details, here is a list of words that are included in the type of intransitive verb. You can start to understand, so you can use it verbally or in writing, this list is complete and easy to understand because it is equipped with its meaning.

No.	Intransitive Verb List	It means
1.	Adapt	Adapt
2.	arrived	Arrive
3.	Agree	Agree
4.	Admit	Confess
5.	Appear	Appear
6.	Become	Suitable
7.	bark	Barking
8.	Belong	Owned by
9.	Consist	Consists
10.	cost	Price
11.	come	Come
12.	Cough	Cough
13.	Cry	Cry
14.	depend	Depends
15.	dreams	Dream
16.	die	Die
17.	Disappear	Disappear
18.	emerge	Appear
19.	Eat	Eat
20.	exist	Life
21.	Expand	Expand
22.	Explode	blow up
23.	fast	Fast
24.	fall	Fall
25.	Fly	Fly
26.	grow	Grow
27.	Go	Go
28.	Have	Have
29.	happened	Happen
30.	Jump	Jump
31.	left	Left
32.	learn	Study
33.	Listen	Hear
34.	Look	See
35.	live	Direct
36.	leave	Permission
37.	laugh	Laugh
38.	move	Move
39.	march	March
40.	Party	Party
41.	Pause	Pause
42.	panic	Panic
43.	pray	Pray
44.	relax	Relax
45.	read	Read
46.	Respond	Respond
47.	Roll	Rolls
48.	Results	Consequence
49.	run	Road
50.	Shakes	Whisk
51.	Shout	cheers
52.	sing	Sing
53.	Skip	Miss
54.	sleep	Sleep
55.	Slides	Glide
56.	Spit	Spit
57.	sprints	Run
58.	Stay	Stay
59.	swing	swing
60.	Swim	Swim
61.	stands	Stand
62.	Twist	twist
63.	Travel	traveling
64.	Vanish	Gone
65.	Wait	Wait
66.	Walk	Road
67.	wanders	Wander
68.	wave	Waving
69.	Work	Work
70.	Yell	scream

General Structure of Intransitive Verb / Generic Structure of  Intransitive Verb

Referring to the notion of an intransitive verb, which means a verb in a sentence or conversation that does not need to be followed by the object behind it to be able to bring out meaning in a written sentence or in a complete line of conversation.

Now, instead, to complete the meaning in this intransitive sentence, various kinds of information will be added, such as adverbs of time, place, person, manner, and so on.

Examples of Using Intransitive Verbs 

Unknowingly, in everyday life, you actually often use sentences with intransitive verb types. In intransitive verbs, this example sentence is often used for notifications when carrying out activities. To make it clearer, let’s look at the following examples:

The various examples of sentences that will be presented in the points below have been completed with translations, into Indonesian, so that it will be easier for you to understand them. For the part of the word in Bold in intransitive verbs, it is also used so that we can see clearly the part of the emphasis on intransitive verbs which we will study this time.

Meanwhile, for words that are underlined, they are used for various types of information that follow behind the intransitive verb.

Here are some examples of sentences accompanied by explanations that emphasize the intransitive verb form.

I felt anxious upon knowing that my dog ​​had died . (I felt tense after knowing my dog ​​died).

Explanation : Look at the example sentences above! After the word dies, there are no other words or phrases that follow behind it, Dies is an intransitive verb . Wait a minute, intransitive verbs can also be added with the letter s or the affix es , as in dies , in the example sentence above, which comes from the word die (die) plus the affix es .

Yudhis said to me that he wanted to leave. (Yudis told me he wants out).

Explanation: In fact, the word leave in the example sentence above can be an object verb , or a transitive verb . However, because there are no other words or phrases behind it, the word leave becomes an intransitive verb.

My uncle sneezed when we were in that icy place . (My uncle sneezed when we were in that icy place).

Explanation: The development of intransitive verb sentences can also involve the verb twoo or the past tense, such as sneezed (sneezing) which comes from the basic word sneeze (sneezing) in the example sentence above. In addition, the adverb used in the sentence is an adverb of time, which is shown in the word starting with when (when) in when we were at that icy place (when we were in that icy cold place).

She went to work.
Meaning: He goes to work.
Even without a more detailed explanation, this sentence is quite understandable and does not make this sentence confusing, because you already understand its meaning, that She (she is a woman) goes to work.

He cried .
Meaning: He is crying.
Without further explanation, this sentence is also enough to provide an explanation, that He (he is a man) is crying.

The next example is a sentence that has a similar meaning flow, namely:

Toto go late.
Meaning: Toto left late.

Kuspriyani often coughed .
Meaning: Kuspriyani often coughs.

My teacher is running.
Meaning: My teacher ran.

Tido will go to school.
Meaning: Tido will go to school.

Uncle will arrive at home tomorrow.
Meaning: Uncle will be home tomorrow.

Sani often smiles .
Meaning: Sani smiles often.

Bowo took the book in the drawer.
Meaning: Bowo takes a book in a drawer.

Wahyu left yesterday.
Meaning: Wahyu left yesterday.

Wahya eats with his friends.
Meaning: Wahya eats with his friends.

She leaves when it’s hot.
Meaning: He goes when the weather is hot.

Marco feels happy today.
Meaning: Marco is feeling happy today.

My bird sleeps at night.
Meaning: My bird sleeps at night.

We laugh together.
Meaning: We laugh together.

My eraser fell from the table.
Meaning: My eraser fell off the table.

They swim someday.
Meaning: They swam on the same day.

She acted so sweet this evening.
Meaning: she was acting cute last night.

Waryo lies when wrong.
Meaning: Heru lies when he is wrong.

He works at a university.
Meaning: He works at a university.

Examples of Questions and Discussion of Intransitive Verb

After we have explored and understood the explanation, as well as examples of using intransitive verbs, in sentences, now test your skills by practicing using some of the following practice questions.

1. If you …… late, I’ll go to the party without you.
(If you arrive late, I will go to the party without you.)

a. arrived
b. arrive
c. have arrived
d. arrived

Answer: b. arrive

If translated, this means: If you arrive late, I will go to the party without you.

2. Aaron often ……… while cleaning her room.

a. sneakers
b. sneezed
c. snooze
d. is sneezing

Answer: a. sneezes

Translated, this means: Aaron often sneezes while cleaning his room.

3. They must …… through the jungle before dark.

a. running
b. run
c. run
d. is running

Answer: b. run

Translated, this means: They must run through the forest before dark.

4. Edwin looked annoyed when his friends ……. to her house.

a. come
b. came
c. comes
d. coming

Answer: b. came

If translated, means: Edwin looks disturbed when his friends come to the house.

5. To lose her weight, Stephanie doesn’t ….. after 7 pm
(To lose weight, Diana doesn’t eat after 7 pm.)

a. eaten
b. eatingc
. eat
d. ate

Answer: c. eat

If translated, means: To lose weight, Stephanie does not eat after 7 pm.

6. The students ……. on the grass.

a. sit
b. sitting
c. is sit
d. Is sitting

Answer: a. sit 

If translated, it means: The students sat on the grass.

7. He is ….. because of a love letter from his girlfriend.

a. smile
b. smiling
c. smile
d. smiled

Answer: b. smiling

If translated, it means: HE smiles because of a love letter from his girlfriend.

8. She …… weird this morning.

a. act
b. acting
c. acts
d. acted

Answer: d. acted

If translated, means: He was acting strange this morning.

9. The books are ….. from the rack.

a. falling
b. falls
c. fall
d. fell

Answer: a. falling

If translated, it means: The books fell from the shelves. 

10. I ….. my money in my wallet.

a. putting
b. put
c. put
d. putted

Answer: c. put

If translated, it means: I put my money in my wallet.

Sinaumed’s, after so many minutes of taking the time to read this article to the end, how do you feel? Now you know the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs ?

Hopefully you understand more about all the reviews above, and you will be even more active in learning. Take the time to practice, invite your friends or anyone you can invite to have a conversation using English.

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There are various examples of stakeholders within the scope of a company itself. When asked about a party that has an interest in the establishment of a company, none other than stakeholders. Stakeholders can be said to be one of the factors a company can run well or not.

Stakeholders in a company itself can be divided into two, namely internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. A complete explanation along with examples of each stakeholder can be read by Sinaumed’s below.

A. Know Stakeholders

Stakeholders can be said in Indonesian as stakeholders. Stakeholders are generally found in business companies and even organizations and institutions. Stakeholders are counted as an important part of a company. Stakeholders have an active and passive role in efforts to develop the goals of a company.

The existence of stakeholders is needed in the continuity of a company. That is because stakeholders can become supporters in moving forward or developing business activities of a company. Basically, stakeholders are a group of people who fulfill a role in the company. For example, the role of a stakeholder is as a shareholder or provider of capital. This role is very important because it can help companies run their business smoothly and grow.

As quoted from the Corporate Finance Institute, stakeholders or stakeholders are a group of parties from individuals, groups or communities who have an interest in the existence of an organization or company. Stakeholders here have a very influential role regarding business continuity.

Stakeholders are actually divided into two types, namely internal and external stakeholders.

B. Types of Stakeholders

1. Internal Stakeholders

Internal stakeholders are a group of stakeholders within a company. These internal stakeholders have a direct interest in the company as well as greatly influence the running of a business.

These internal stakeholders also have ownership and have a role in determining the company’s decisions in carrying out its functions. That important role in a company is what makes them referred to as internal stakeholders. The parties included in the ranks of internal stakeholders are such as business owners and employees.

2. External Stakeholders

By definition, external stakeholders are the opposite of internal stakeholders. If internal stakeholders are parties who have an interest in a company, then external stakeholders are parties who have part of the business stakeholders outside the company. Stakeholders from outside the company do not have a structural relationship of ownership or job responsibilities with the company.

The role of external stakeholders is actually the same as that of internal stakeholders, namely mutual impact on the company. External stakeholders have a role that can influence the decisions of internal stakeholders of the company, both from owners of capital to employees.

Parties that are included in external stakeholders or as company stakeholders from outside the company include customers, suppliers, investors, competitors, banks, government, and so on.

C. Examples of Stakeholders and Their Roles and Functions

Stakeholders or stakeholders in a company actually have different roles, it is adjusted to the functions and responsibilities they carry out. However, the two stakeholders from the company have the same goal in an effort to develop the company, both in terms of business-related needs to economic needs.

After understanding the two types of stakeholders, from internal to external stakeholders. The following are examples of internal stakeholders and examples of external stakeholders and their roles and functions.

1. Example of Internal Stakeholders

a. The company/organization itself

The first example of internal stakeholders, namely companies or organizations included in the part of stakeholders who have relationships related to the interests of all stakeholders. The company itself plays an important role in terms of managerial decision making.

Managerial decisions made by the company will provide a number of useful information both mandatory and voluntary.

b. Shareholders or Owners

The second example of internal stakeholders, namely these shareholders act as investors who provide capital to run the company. These shareholders also carry out a supervisory function within the company in order to monitor employee performance and the company’s financial condition.

c. Employee

The third example of internal stakeholders, namely the performance of a company will also depend on the performance of its human resources. In a company, employees certainly have an important role where they are the people who interact directly with the production process.

Comfortable and at the same time harmonious conditions for employees will result in good cooperation, regardless of their interests.

2. Example of External Stakeholders

a. Supplier

The first example of an external stakeholder, namely a supplier or commonly called a supplier is a party responsible for providing raw materials or basic materials that will be used for the production process in a company. That’s what makes suppliers become external stakeholders of a company.

On the one hand, suppliers benefit because the products sold already have certain customers. However, if suppliers encounter problems that cause delays in providing raw materials. So it will result in the production process of a company being disrupted so that it hampers the marketing and distribution process. This will also indirectly affect the supply chain or supply chain management (SCM) to be late.

b. Consumer

An example of the second external stakeholder, namely consumers, is a party that uses or uses products from a company. In this case, consumers are not only as users, they are also observers or observers of the products being marketed. Whether or not a product is used by consumers becomes a parameter in the final sales process. In this case, the success of attracting as many consumers as possible is the key in making progress and development by the company.

The development of a company is largely determined by the interest of consumers. That should be the basis for the company to always provide products that match the wants and needs of consumers, both from product quality to the purchase value of the product. Therefore, consumers have a very important role so that they enter as one of the external stakeholders of a company.

c. Banks (Creditors)

The third example of external stakeholders, namely in an effort to set up a company, it will be difficult if you do not have very large capital. It has become a common way in doing business to use debt in developing, or even expanding a company. Therefore, banks or natural persons or financial institutions enter into the list of external stakeholders of a company.

Creditors are parties that have an important role for the company. However, creditors don’t just lend money easily. There are many processes that a company must go through in order to get a loan, of course this can be seen from the company’s ability to return the money at a predetermined time and interest, whether by means of installments or in cash.

d. Competitor

The fourth example of external stakeholders, namely competitors become one of the external stakeholders of a company because they have a role as competitors. Competitors are companies that produce the same products or services in a particular industry. A company must realize the importance of competitors, because competitors can encourage companies to be more innovative in creating products or services.

For example, the competition between Honda and Toyota. The two automotive companies from the country of Sakura have long competed in Indonesia to win market interest. A competition in any business world can increase the demand or demand for an item to increase.

e. Government

The last example of external stakeholders, namely the government is one of the external stakeholders that has an important role for a company. The government is directly the party that has the power and authority to issue development permits to the operation of a company. As policy actors, companies must build good relations with the government in the areas where factories operate because this can determine the long-term sustainability of a company.

Well, internal and external stakeholders have the ability to influence the various economic resources used in operating a company. Of course, this makes the strength of the function of each stakeholder, from internal stakeholders to external stakeholders within the company, to be determined based on the large or small amount of power they control over these sources.

In determining stakeholders, the company will choose based on the interests and impacts that can be given. As a result, the company can take actions that can create a harmonious relationship between the company and its stakeholders.

D. Stakeholder Social Responsibility

After understanding the meaning and examples of stakeholders to their functions and roles, the following will discuss further about corporate social responsibility to stakeholders. To create a balance between the roles and relationships of each stakeholder. Companies should take action as a form of social responsibility. The concept of social responsibility is usually known as Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR. This social responsibility needs to be carried out by a company if it wants to get guaranteed sustainability in operating for the long term, this is of course one way to maximize profit.

So, here are five forms of corporate social responsibility to its stakeholders, including:

1. Social Responsibility towards Employees

A company can run optimally if it has employees who work according to procedural provisions. Therefore, in carrying out work in a company, business actors must provide social responsibility to employees.

Forms of social responsibility that must be given by companies to employees, such as providing comfortable and proper facilities for company employees, providing certainty of wages in accordance with work contracts, and not discriminating.

2. Social Responsibility towards Consumers

In the development of the business world, companies must not make consumers only as buyers who use products or services. Now, companies must view that consumers are partners of the company. This is done so that companies value consumers better, not only take advantage of consumers’ purchasing power.

Companies can use a Customer Relationship Management or CRM approach so that they can provide good profits and customer loyalty by selling products or services in the hope that they can be reordered.

3. Social Responsibility towards Suppliers

Collaboration between companies and suppliers must be carried out fairly in pricing and right to sell, encourage tolerance to build long-term business relationships, always exchange information with suppliers and make timely payments to suppliers.

4. Social Responsibility of Shareholders

In making a decision, the company must involve all shareholders. Because the company is responsible for investor satisfaction, and all decisions taken by the company are in the interest of investors. This relationship must be maintained so that the company runs according to the desired goals.

5. Social Responsibility towards the Environment

Social responsibility here refers to environmental sustainability. Some common things that companies do are to provide benefits to the surrounding community, such as in the fields of education, health, public facilities, and welfare.

That is the explanation that Sinaumed’s needs to know along with the functions and roles of internal stakeholders as stakeholders from within the company as well as external stakeholders as stakeholders from outside the company. Knowledge or insight about stakeholders will be very useful in understanding how the process of establishing a company, operating a company to the social responsibility given by the company to its stakeholders.

Book & Article Recommendations Related to Stakeholders

Examples of inorganic waste – There are lots of human activities that produce waste in the form of residual materials that are not useful and are discarded by humans. This material will continue to grow every day as long as humans are still carrying out their activities.

If this condition is allowed to continue, the remaining material will accumulate and cause serious problems for the earth. The remaining material is then referred to as waste.

Garbage accumulation in nature must be handled properly, because if not it will have a bad impact on all aspects of life such as animals and plants, including humans. Not to mention that waste that cannot be decomposed will exacerbate pollution.

Garbage is the result of disposal of living things that are no longer wanted or needed. Garbage is always present in the midst of human life, both as inorganic and organic waste.

Based on the material, waste is divided into two types, namely organic waste and inorganic waste. Organic waste is waste that comes from natural materials while inorganic waste is waste that comes from unnatural or non-natural materials. Sinaumed’s, this article will discuss the meaning of inorganic waste along with examples and types. Come on Sinaumed’s friends , see the explanation!

Definition of Inorganic Waste

Inorganic waste has characteristics that are opposite to organic waste. This type of waste is waste generated from materials that do not originate from nature (biological materials) but from man-made materials or synthetic materials (unnatural waste) .

Most of this synthetic waste comes from certain manufacturing facilities or product processing techniques.

Quoted from the Journal of Service Dynamics 1, inorganic waste is waste from natural resources and industrial processes that cannot be renewed. Examples of non-renewable natural resources are oil and minerals. Industrial processes that are a source of inorganic waste include plastic and aluminum.

Another definition of this type of waste is also written in Formative Journal 4. Inorganic waste in this article is defined as waste produced by non-biological materials in the form of synthetic products or the results of processing of mining materials technology.

The problem of inorganic waste has not yet found a bright spot. Although various efforts have been made, the amount of waste in Indonesia is still very high. According to data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) in 2019, the amount of waste reached 67.8 million tonnes, consisting of 57% organic waste, 15% plastic waste, 11% paper waste and 17% other waste.

Based on data reported by the Minderoo Foundation, every Indonesian citizen produces inorganic waste or the equivalent of around 9 kg of disposable plastic waste. Indonesia is even the country that disposes of the most disposable plastic waste per capita in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is ranked sixth.

Examples of Inorganic Waste

Examples of inorganic waste we can easily find in everyday life and in the surrounding environment. For example, covering the household environment in the form of plastic bags, styrofoam , cans, plastic bottles, broken pots and pans, etc. Meanwhile, non-organic office waste includes unused stationery, plastic book covers, leftover plastic folders and others.

In contrast to soft waste, inorganic hard waste has characteristics that are not easily destroyed because it contains strong material. This waste can only be disposed of by certain disposal methods such as incineration or heating. In particular, the categories of non-organic waste are as follows, namely:

1. Plastic Waste

Plastic is generally used to pack goods. Plastic is also used as a raw material for home furniture or household appliances. Plastic products have several advantages, such as not rusting and being durable.

However, if the item is made of plastic, if it no longer functions it will become plastic waste. This type of inorganic waste is difficult to decompose naturally or takes a long time.

2. Metal Trash

This waste is waste that comes from metal materials. Examples of inorganic metal waste are iron, cans, aluminum, tin and other types of metals. Cans are the most commonly found and recycled metal with good economic value.

3. Garbage Glass or Glass

This non-organic waste is made of glass. An example is a glass or plate that has been broken and can no longer be used.

4. Paper waste

Paper waste is a type of inorganic waste. Even though paper is made from natural materials, because this waste can be recycled like other non-organic waste such as (glass, cans and plastic), paper is classified as non-organic waste.

5. Battery Junk

Batteries and lamps are electronic waste containing hazardous substances. If the battery is dead or has been used up, it is disposed of in a landfill or landfill. Then the battery will rot and leak. When batteries corrode, the chemicals seep into the ground and contaminate the soil and surface water.

Citing the Technical Aspects of Waste Recycling, the many variations and sizes of batteries make recycling relatively difficult. Battery waste should be chosen because it has something in common, because each type of battery has a different recycling technique. Car lead-acid batteries are often recycled for the recovery of a metal.

Apart from the five examples of inorganic waste mentioned in the previous point, there is also inorganic waste in the form of gas or wind that cannot be touched by humans. Examples of this waste usually come from the chimneys of production factories which are very dangerous for health and can cause the earth to get warmer.

Types of Inorganic Waste

Non-natural waste consists of various shapes and types. The following are explanations and examples of common inorganic types that are often found in society, namely:

1. Soft Inorganic Waste

Soft inorganic waste is a type of unnatural waste that can be easily generated or processed. The waste material consists of a flexible material. Various soft inorganic waste, including plastic waste, packaging, textile waste (eg patchwork).

2. Hard Inorganic Waste

Hard inorganic waste contains materials that are difficult to decompose and are stronger than soft waste. Most of this waste is difficult to recycle. Recycling this waste requires more sophisticated technology and tools. Various hard inorganic waste, including cans, glass or glassware, and scrap metal.

Characteristics of Inorganic Waste

The characteristics of inorganic waste, among others:

1. Hard to Unravel

The main characteristic of unnatural waste is that it is difficult to decompose. Inorganic waste is not fully biodegradable at all, but it takes a very long time to decompose and decompose naturally. Some types of inorganic waste take up to ten years to decompose into smaller components, for example plastic waste in the sea.

2. Made of factory materials

The next feature is that it is made of manufactured or synthetic materials. An example is styrofoam which is classified as unnatural waste. Styrofoam is made from a mixture of synthetic materials such as polystyrene and CFC gas (Freon) which can damage the ozone layer.

3. Can be recycled

Even though it is difficult to decompose, the advantages of inorganic waste can be processed again. Either processed for other needs, or reprocessed into new items that are more useful. For example, plastic bottles that can be used for crafts, potted plants, and more. In addition, the collected plastic bottles can also be processed into new plastic bottles with new shapes and packaging.

Principles of Inorganic Waste Processing Method

Inorganic waste often causes various problems because it is difficult to decompose. Therefore, waste management is needed to reduce the problem. Below are the principles of non-natural waste treatment that can be applied, namely:

1. Reduce

Reduce or reduce, is the simplest waste management principle. This method is easy to apply, but public awareness is the obstacle. The more people who are environmentally aware, the more reliable this reduce principle is. Some examples of how to reduce inorganic waste in daily activities are:

• Don’t use a straw to drink from. Even though it looks small, straw waste is waste made of plastic and is waste that is difficult to decompose.
• If you buy food, it’s a good idea to bring your own lunch box to reduce the use of food packaging.
• Bring your own shopping bag to reduce plastic waste in the form of shopping bags.
• Bring your own water bottle and don’t buy bottled drinks.

2. Reuse

Another principle is reuse or called reuse . We sort inorganic waste that can still be used for other purposes. Reuse items that are still fit for use can be reused.

• Refill pen ink that has run out so that it can be reused and does not become inorganic waste.
• Use cans for plant pots.
• Use a large paint can for the bathroom water tank.
• Use an old plastic bottle to fill in dishwashing liquid or liquid detergent.
• Use food containers to store small items or children’s toys

3. Recycle

Recycle or recycling is one of the principles of inorganic waste management that has been widely discussed lately. The mechanism is to recycle leftovers that can still be used into new goods with a higher selling value and use.

Here are some examples of applying the principle of recycle or recycling, namely:

• Make patchwork crafts.
• Beautiful lantern made of plastic bottles.
• A trash can that can be converted into a cafe chair.
• Unique and creative pots or tables can be made from used car tires.
• Packaged food packaging that can be used as a material for making bags, brooches and other fashion items.

4. Replace

The principle of replace or replace, is a principle that can be used to process inorganic waste. Synthetic waste is sent back to the factory to be processed into new products. For example plastic bottle waste that can be recycled back into new plastic bottles.

Negative Impact of Inorganic Waste

All types of waste have a negative impact on the environment and people’s lives. However, large amounts of inorganic waste are certainly more dangerous than organic waste. Then why? Because this type of waste is not easy to decompose or takes years to decompose. Of course, this can have long-term effects. Not to mention the amount of waste that continues to grow from year to year.

1. Causes Health Problems

Who says inorganic waste only pollutes the environment? It also turns out that its presence can increase the risk of health problems both from physical waste and from the production process itself.

For example, inorganic waste such as cans and plastic bottles can be filled with rainwater and become a breeding ground for mosquitoes. It is no exception that mosquitoes that breed in the area are dangerous mosquito species such as dengue fever mosquitoes.

Another example is the material and manufacture of cans and the plastic itself, plastic contains synthetic materials that are unsafe for humans. One of them is dioxin which can cause various health problems, ranging from nervous disorders to cancer.

Odors from the disposal area can also impede a person’s breathing. Especially those who live near landfills.

2. Causing Environmental Problems

Environmental issues are very important. In addition to global warming, the waste problem is a topic that is often discussed.

The first example is the increase in natural disasters caused by the accumulation of inorganic waste. Call it the flood that occurs almost every year. The reason is none other than the accumulation of rocks that block the flow of river water. As a result, the increasing stream of water overflows because there is no other way to flow.

Another example is that it can cause water pollution. Like it or not, every waste that enters the water pollutes the water. When water is polluted, the purity and health of the water is no longer maintained.

Not to mention the trash that spoils the aesthetic appearance. Starting from dirty and dirty city spaces to slum areas due to piles of garbage.

3. Causes Problems for Other Living Beings

Inorganic waste not only disturbs the environment and humans, but also disrupts the survival of other living things such as animals and plants. There are many cases of water pollution that enters the oceans from inorganic waste.

Worse, this sea water pollution causes many fish and other marine biota to die from poisoning. There have been other cases occurring on other continents. Garbage on the ground can become a trap for animals in the area. So many of them died because they were trapped in the ruins.

Benefits of Inorganic Waste

Even though inorganic waste has many negative impacts, this waste also has many benefits. Here are some of the benefits of inorganic waste, namely:

1. Craft Materials

In accordance with the principles of waste management, inorganic waste is widely used as handicraft materials. In fact, many schools also provide training or education to their students in making handicrafts from waste materials. This is certainly a new breakthrough in the world of creative industries in developing new innovations to reduce the negative impact of inorganic waste

2. Recycled Materials

As explained above, one of the principles of waste management is recycling . Waste can be processed into goods with a higher use value.

Inorganic waste can be used as recycled material which will certainly be beneficial for people’s lives.

3. Reusable

Inorganic waste is waste that takes a long time to decompose, and of course it is very possible to reuse this waste. Other simple items can be made from household scraps. Such as paint tank to water tank and so on.

4. Children’s Toys

Another advantage of inorganic waste is that it can be used as a material for children’s toys. If we want to train children’s creativity, invite them to make their own toys at home from inorganic waste.

No need to use complicated tools, just use the devices that are at home. Besides being able to produce something, this method is also beneficial for the growth and development of children. We hope that children will be more creative and care more about the environment.

5. Increasing Economic Income

Make money from trash, why not? This is one of the benefits of garbage that many people forget. Even though inorganic waste that is processed properly can help increase economic income.

Especially when someone succeeds in running a special business in the waste recycling sector, job opportunities are increasing.

A small waste collection business is a simple form of business that generates additional income. The collected inorganic waste is then sold to be reprocessed into new goods that are more marketable.

In addition, waste can be used as a steady source of income for creative industry players. For example recycling used tires into unique cafe chairs. In addition, this business requires experts in making chairs, in order to create jobs and opportunities to increase personal income.

Closing

Well, Sinaumed’s is a review of examples of inorganic waste and how to process it so it doesn’t pollute the environment too much. We must be diligent in selecting waste so that it can be processed properly. That way, our environment will be cleaner and healthier and avoid several kinds of diseases.

Hopefully all the reviews above are useful as well as add insight to Sinaumed’s . So, do you know what are the examples of inorganic waste and how to process them?

If Sinaumed’s wants to read about books about waste or other books, then Sinaumed’s can read and buy his books at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s have information and insights #MoreWithReading.

Author: Ziaggi Fadhil Zahran

Also read:

Get to Know the Different Types of Waste that Are Hard to Decompose and the Time!

Get to know examples of organic hard waste and how to process them

Get To Know Organic And Inorganic Waste

Understanding 3R in Overcoming Waste & Managing Waste at Home

Definition & Examples of Inorganic Waste

Examples of Indonesian cultures – Culture is a term that is very familiar to the people of Indonesia. However, there are still many people who do not know about the meaning of culture itself.

Basically, culture can be said to be a material that is quite interesting for us to discuss more deeply. Because even though it only has one word, culture has a very interesting meaning.

It should be understood that culture itself has a very broad influence and will even be passed down from generation to generation. A culture can influence aspects of religion, politics, traditional buildings, clothing, customs, and also language.

So, by trying to get to know the culture in more depth is the right thing for us to do.

In general, the term culture is a lifestyle that develops within a group or society and is passed down from generation to generation. Thus, culture itself is a lifestyle that has been carried out since birth or even since it was still in the womb until it died.

Generally, this culture creates a custom, which will later be applied by the community to all aspects of life. Then these customs must also be obeyed by the people in the group even though there is no written law regarding its application. All elements and forms of culture will be conveyed orally.

Title: 70 Unique Tribal Traditions in Indonesia

If we want to go deep into the meaning of culture, then of course we will understand very well about how this culture can survive and can continue to be passed on. In addition, when discussing culture, we will also discuss the inclusion of various kinds of culture in a community group. For example, in Indonesia, they have started to recognize western culture, Korean culture, and also cultures from other countries.

Examples of Indonesian Cultures

The following are some examples of Indonesian cultures that you need to understand.

1. Traditional Ceremonies

Traditional ceremonies are a form of customs or habits of the people who still adhere to tradition and still have relevant values ​​for life and also the needs of the surrounding community.

This is believed to be a form of human effort to be able to communicate with the spirits or spirits of the ancestors and also a form of the ability of the surrounding community to harmonize with nature and the wider environment.

Generally, traditional ceremonies are known as one of the ancestral legacies originating from their respective regions which have been guarded and preserved for generations. Even though the times have become more advanced and sophisticated, traditional ceremonies have not been forgotten by some Indonesian people.

Especially for people who are still thick with customs. This is because this traditional ceremony is considered to have a philosophical value and also its own strength by some people.

In Indonesia, traditional ceremonial traditions are mostly carried out by people in various regions, where each region has its own traditional ceremonies. The following is an example of traditional ceremonies in Indonesia.

Traditional Ceremonies in Aceh

The traditional ceremony in Aceh is known as Peusijuk. Peusijuk is known as a tradition that has been carried out for generations and is generally carried out by the people of Aceh as a manifestation of gratitude for the gifts that have been given by God. Usually, this traditional ceremony is held at births, weddings, pilgrimages, and so on.

2. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Society Debus

This debus art comes from Banten, where the name is taken from Arabic. The meaning of the word debus itself is a sharp weapon, has a sharp shape, and the material for which it is made is iron.

This art was introduced in the 16th century. When Islam first entered Indonesia as a means of preaching. So that people want to follow these teachings. The performance of this martial action is generally accompanied by reading a prayer to ask God for salvation.

It should be understood that in doing this attraction, it should not be done by just anyone. However, those who have performed special rituals are prohibited from stealing, drinking alcohol, having sex, fasting, and also praying.

This art was born from the beliefs of the people of Banten, which at that time were animism and dynamism. Therefore, the guardians try to change this habit by showing a debus performance.

3. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Society Karapan Sapi

After discussing the culture of the Banten area, we will now turn to the Madura area. Where this salt-producing area has a tradition that is very exciting and also fun, namely Karapan Sapi.

This tradition is usually held once a year. Generally it will be held in August or September until the final match in October. This tradition is a competition where cows are used as animals to pull carriages made of wood.

The race track is about 100 meters away. Uniquely, this competition will also raise the owner’s name if he can win. It’s no wonder that those who participate in the Cow Race will prepare their favorite animal before competing. By caring for and training it, it is fed high nutritious food.

In fact, usually for food that must be prepared, you can spend up to Rp. 4 million. Before participating in the competition, the animals will be paraded and accompanied by Madurese gamelan music.

4. Interesting examples of culture in Indonesian society

Merarik is a culture originating from the Sasak tribe, Lombok. This tradition is usually carried out before the wedding. Where there is a play to be done first. The bride must make an escape before being made a wife.

In the process, generally the bride and groom have promised to meet at a place. Then, the groom and his family will bring the bride home for three days.

After that, local community leaders will come to the woman’s house. The community leader will inform the woman’s family about the escape.

This example from regional culture will be followed by a discussion of pisuke, namely money that will be used to pay for thanksgiving. If it has been agreed by both parties, the new contract can be implemented. Lali, the man will give offerings to the bride.

But it’s just that, recently, this culture is often abused as an attempt to marry underage children. Although at this time, the practice has been discontinued.

5. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Society Makepung

If Madura has a culture in the form of bull races, then when we go to Bali, we can enjoy the culture of buffalo racing or what is commonly referred to as makepung.

In the beginning, this competition was just a game while plowing the fields. So this activity feels very fun.

However, as the times progressed, eventually local residents turned the competition into a mandatory activity. Historically, this tradition has been carried out since 1925.

An example of this traditional culture is usually done once a year. This tradition will be followed by participants from all walks of life. The implementation will be carried out from June to October and generally held on Sundays.

It is recommended for those of you who are interested in seeing it, try to come earlier. This is because there are relatively many Makepung enthusiasts. Arriving early will give you the opportunity to get the best seats to see this race up close.

6. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Melasti Society

Still in Bali, you can also see another Indonesian culture, namely the Melasti ceremony. This tradition is a sacred activity carried out for the process of self-purification. Where the ceremony can be done anywhere.

Generally, the Melasti ceremony will be held a few days before Nyepi Day. The implementation procedure will be carried out at Melasti Beach.

In this event, many people who wear white clothes come in droves and bring niskala, which is a Parung to be cleaned.

The main purpose of this ceremony is to purify oneself and ask God for strength. In order to be able to carry out worship on Nyepi Day solemnly. So that perfection will be created in accordance with His teachings.

7. Examples of Culture in Indonesian Society Saman Dance

As we know, Aceh is known as Veranda of Mecca which has the strongest Islamic law in Indonesia. It is not surprising that the Saman Dance tradition originating from Aceh has gone global. In the 17th century Sheikh Muhammad As-Saman used it as part of his da’wah. He is a Sufism teacher who was born in Medina. Many of his students claim to be happy with his learning style.

Until finally, he asked all his students to do ratib saman. This one culture will sound like combining dance movements with the chanting of ancient Malay poetry that mentions the name of Allah. In its development, this Saman Dance no longer contains praise to God or the prophet. But more mention of figures who have contributed to the struggle for independence,

8. An example of culture in Indonesian society is the Stone Burning Party

Not only the finger-cutting tradition, Papua also has several other very interesting traditions to discuss. One of them is the Bakar Batu party. They will carry out the tradition as a form of gratitude.

Although at first it was done on a whim, its development continues to be preserved. Especially by people who are still in the interior tribes. The ritual is generally carried out by first burning the stone until it is hot. Then it is used as a place to burn pork.

It’s just that now the meat used is no longer pork, but replaced with chicken. This is a form of tolerance for Muslims in Papua.

Title: Nusa Jawa Cross Culture

Values ​​and Elements in Culture

Apart from the definition of culture itself, there are other important things that we must understand about culture, namely the values ​​and elements of culture. The value of a culture can be said to have an abstract form. Where the value is stored in the minds of the people who are used to solve general problems to big problems.

Cultural values ​​are then used as a way of life from the behavior of people in a group. For the value that is in the mind, it will be difficult to describe or explain in more detail later. However, when it is explained and tried to do it directly, then of course we will understand very well about the value of the culture itself.

Cultural values ​​that have a character like this will make the culture deeply embedded in each individual. Then this culture can last a very long time and remain, then be passed on to the next generation. Also through this trait, culture is not easily replaced by other cultural values.

Even so, there are several factors that make a culture change due to the inclusion of values ​​from outside cultures. For example, related to the interest of moving house or place of residence, then where the earth is stepped on there the sky is upheld.

As immigrants, of course we are obliged to follow the local culture. Except for a few things, for example, the culture inherited from their own ancestors which must be carried out personally.

In addition, related to religious issues, which often occurs in someone who persists in one religion even though he has physically moved to an area or residence with a different culture and religion.

Meanwhile, regarding the elements in culture, there are several elements that play a role in building a culture. This is still related to the notion of culture that we have discussed above. The following are some details of the cultural elements in question, including:

1. Knowledge

Culture has a scope related to knowledge, namely everything that is understood by a certain group of people. This knowledge is very important to support their survival. Starting from knowledge about the types of plants, time, animals, behavior, and so forth.

2. Living Technology Equipment

The next cultural element is living technology equipment, namely all types of goods or equipment used for survival. Through technological equipment, a community group will understand how to process food ingredients into food, how to process yarn into cloth to then make clothes, and so on.

3. Societal

The third element is society, because culture itself is very synonymous with society. Sometimes culture is used by a group of people to survive, build customs, patterns of behavior, and so on. Then culture is also able to form a society with distinctive characters and habits.

4. Language

The next element is language, because culture will form a special or distinctive language used by a community group. Thus, language is also included in the form of culture. Indonesia itself has many regional languages. This proves that culture can influence the language of a group of people.

5. Religion or Religion

As culture develops, it influences the religion or religion that is believed by a group of people. Culture in this aspect of religion then creates a pattern or action that is often logical. The scope of this religious element includes communication of religious ceremonies, beliefs, views of life, and so on.

6. Livelihoods

Livelihoods are also included in the cultural element. This is because all human ways of fulfilling their daily needs are strongly influenced by local culture. For example, people’s habits for hunting, gardening, trading, farming, and others.

7. Art

All things related to human desire or desire for beauty is a form of art. This art is then included in the cultural elements which include dance, literature, and also fine arts. That is what makes people in other areas have a distinctive dance art.

These are examples of Indonesian cultures that should be preserved. Sinaumed’s can read various books related to Indonesian culture at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products for Sinaumed’s.

Author: Siti Badriyah

Also read:

Example of Implementation – The word “implementation” is generally related to how something is implemented in human daily life. That is, this implementation must be carried out by real humans and work in various aspects of any life.

Even though implementation and application have the same definition, the word “implementation” is more likely to be used in scientific matters, especially in the academic and professional world.

Before it can be implemented in life, of course, the existing plan must be prepared in advance so that it is finally able to achieve the desired goal. That is why, the implementation process will generally be planned by institutions or organizations related to the community at large.

So, what are examples of implementation that can be found easily in everyday life? Come on, look at the following reviews so that Sinaumed’s won’t feel confused for too long!

Examples of Implementation in Various Aspects of Human Life

Examples of Implementation on Citizenship Aspects

Pancasila Precepts 2nd

An example of implementation on the aspect of citizenship can be seen through the existence of Pancasila, one of which is in the 2nd precept. The precept reads: “Just and Civilized Humanity” which is of course related to human rights and the freedom to exercise their rights and obligations as citizens of this country. So, here are some examples of the implementation of the 2nd precept of Pancasila on the aspect of citizenship.

• Treating other individuals according to their nature and dignity as creatures of God Almighty.
• Appreciate the differences of religion with other people.
• Against human trafficking .
• Does not discriminate between friends who have different ethnicities and races.
• Don’t hurt a friend’s feelings.
• Respect other people’s opinions when negotiating.
• Pay attention to the teacher when he is explaining the subject matter.
• Develop an attitude of helping each other to people who are in need of help.
• Develop a mutual cooperation attitude.
• Recognizing that Indonesian society is pluralistic in nature, consisting of various ethnicities, races and religions.
• Not bullying someone who is weaker.
• Participate in social service events.
• Do not cover up the existence of a crime.
• Imitating the attitude of the heroes who fought for Indonesian independence.
• Be proud of the achievements of Indonesian athletes.
• Participate in international activities, for example student exchange.
• Dare to defend truth and justice.
• Love one another human.
• Do not make malicious comments on other people’s social media posts.
• Perform account reporting actions if there is fraudulent information on social media.
• Appreciate the fun and hobbies of others.
• Participating in gotong royong events in the village or housing complex around it.
• Carry out daily pickets at school.
• Cooperate with other nations as a form of mutual respect.
• As a doctor, you must treat patients as best you can without discriminating against their social status.

The 4th Pancasila Precepts

Furthermore, it is still an example of implementation on the aspect of citizenship which refers to the 4th Pancasila precept. The 4th precept reads: “Populist Led by Wisdom in Deliberation/Representation” , of course, will be closely related to democratic culture and deliberation activities. This deliberation activity is not only carried out by adults with high positions, but can also be carried out by school children to learn the meaning of democratic culture. So, here is an example of the implementation of Pancasila precepts-4.

• Choose the student council president at school by way of general elections.
• Choose a candidate for class chairman by deliberation and choose it by general election.
• Conduct deliberations to negotiate homework that must be carried out by each family member.
• Receive and consider the opinions of the deliberation participants.
• Always be prejudiced against deliberation participants when they are submitting opinions.
• Utilizing any differences in views or opinions to enrich knowledge and thoughts, so that one can choose the best views or opinions among the various views that arise.
• Accept the decision together with a big heart.
• Carry out joint decisions.

Examples of Implementation on Public Policy Aspects

When discussing public policy, it will definitely be related to regulations that have been set by the previous government regarding general problems in society. Starting from education to health issues, it must have been regulated in laws and regulations and all Indonesian citizens must comply to implement them. So, here is an example of implementation on the public policy aspect.

• Provision of KIS (Healthy Indonesia Cards) especially for every underprivileged family so that they get health facilities.
• The company provides facilities to employees in the form of BPJS guarantees.
• Provision of BOS funds (School Operational Assistance) especially for every underprivileged family so that they get adequate facilities and means for learning.
• Providing scholarship assistance to underprivileged students along with pocket money with specified conditions.
• Innovative replacement of the curriculum with the aim of improving the quality and quality of Indonesian education.

Examples of Implementation on Aspects of Children’s Moral Education

In this aspect of children’s moral education, it tends to be carried out by the school in the form of mandatory activities for all students at the school. This moral education is of course not only related to matters of citizenship, but also to matters of religion and the spirit of literacy. Well, here is an example of implementation in the aspect of children’s moral education.

• Make it a habit to greet the teacher both inside and outside the classroom.
• The implementation of literacy corner activities with an agenda for one week must read one literary work and record it in each other’s notes.
• The implementation of worship activities every hour ishoma, especially for Muslim students.
• Tadarus Al-Quran is carried out every Friday.
• The spirit of literacy culture is carried out with the teacher reading a short story and all students must listen and record what the moral advice is from the short story.

Examples of Implementation of Basic Competence in Subjects

Implementation is not only related to “abstract” aspects of life that are lived daily, but also as a form of written learning process, especially in subjects. Generally, subjects must have Basic Competencies that must be followed by teachers in teaching students. So, here is an example of implementation of basic competencies in Indonesian language subjects.

Basic Competency Class VII : 3.15 Identify information about local fables/legends that are read and heard.

Technique Used : Close-Reading Technique

Technique Implementation on Students :

1. Students apply reading skills to the text given.
2. Students try to understand the content of the text given.
3. Students remember the information contained in the text, about the characters, setting, plot of the fable/legend text.
4. Surveying the contents ( survey : S),
5. Asking questions that can guide us in reading activities ( question : Q),
6. Read the contents ( read : R),
7. Telling the contents of the reading in our own words ( recit : R),
8. Reviewing the contents of the reading, whether what we tell through our own words is in accordance with the actual content or not ( review : R).

Examples of Implementation on Cultural Aspects of Local Wisdom

Reporting from the education magazine , culture, especially local wisdom, which is currently being displaced by technology, can be realized again through educational institutions. Examples of implementation on aspects of local wisdom culture that can be done.

• Holding exhibitions on the theme of Indonesian local wisdom culture and students are asked to participate directly.
• Organize extracurricular activities related to culture, such as dance clubs and drawing clubs.
• Organize cultural art exhibitions.
• Introducing traditional games that are almost extinct, such as tops, engklek, gobak sodor, and others.
• Holding a traditional game competition on Indonesian Independence Day.
• Invite students to routinely speak local languages ​​on special days, for example Thursday.
• Running the Regional Thursday program in regional clothes and using the regional language.

Examples of Implementation on Economic Aspects

Next is an example of implementation on the economic aspect which of course aims for the prosperity of the country. So, here’s an example of implementation on the economic aspect that can be done by young people, especially to fill Indonesia’s independence.

• Support local products by continuing to buy local branded products.
• Proud to use local branded products.
• Empowering cooperatives in the people’s economy.
• For the government, it should improve the anti-monopoly law and unfair competition in the economic field.
• Carry out export and import cooperation to improve the country’s economic level.

Re-understanding What is Implementation

After listening to examples of implementation, especially in several aspects of human life, does Sinaumed’s understand the definition of implementation? If not, let’s see the following review!

Definition of Implementation

If you look at KBBI (Big Indonesian Dictionary), the word “implementation” means ‘implementation’ and ‘implementation’ . The use of this term will usually relate to the existence of an activity that must be carried out or implemented in order to achieve predetermined goals. In short, this implementation becomes an activity or concrete action from a previously detailed plan to achieve a goal. Therefore, the implementation process can only be carried out if the planning is really mature.

According to the theory put forward by Jones, implementation includes a definition in the form of: “Those Activities directed toward putting a program into effect” (The process of realizing the program to show the results). That is, this implementation becomes an action taken after a policy has been established and is the main way so that the policy can achieve its goals.

Meanwhile, in a book entitled Implementation Context Based on Curriculum , there is a definition of implementation put forward by Nurdin Usman, which reads: “Implementation is based on activities, actions, actions, or the mechanism of a system. Implementation is not just an activity, but an activity that is planned and to achieve the objectives of the activity. ”

Then, according to Webster’s Dictionary, put forward a definition of the term “implementation” briefly, namely ” to provide the means for carrying out ” alias cause a certain impact or effect. That is, an implementation in any aspect of life must be accompanied by supporting facilities so that it can have an impact or effect on the target community.

So, based on these definitions, it can be concluded that:

“implementation is not just an action or activity, but also part of a planned activity that must be carried out in earnest and based on references according to plan, so that it can have an impact on the target community.”

That is why this implementation cannot stand alone, of course it must be influenced by other objects, namely the plans and objectives of a program. Implementation is usually carried out by an institution or organization that has many participants.

Implementation Stages

Previously, it was explained that this implementation action must definitely go through the planning stage in advance to achieve the desired goals. According to Van Meter and Van Horn (2008: 67), implementation in any aspect of the field must have 3 stages namely planning, exemplary, and implementation.

In the first stage, planning ( planning ) becomes the process of setting goals, developing strategies, and breaking down tasks and schedules to achieve more systematic goals. Then, in the second stage, exemplary ( exemplary ) is a requirement for commitment in setting the best example and not making it up. That is, at this stage requires a person to address a problem more wisely and with full awareness. Finally, in the third stage, implementation becomes an implementation process in the form of actions from plans that have been prepared previously.

Well, that’s a review of what are the implementation examples and their definitions according to some experts. Can Sinaumed’s mention examples of other implementations in this aspect of life?

Source:

https://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/6411/4/BAB%20III.pdf

https://sc.syekhnurjati.ac.id/esscamp/resetmhs/BAB214111410004.pdf

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• Implementation: Definition, Purpose, and Types
• IMC Definition, Elements, Process, and Implementation
• Factors Occurrence of Diversity and Its Implementation
• Management Theory: Definition, Types, and Implementation
• Humanistic Learning Theory: Definition and Implementation

Examples of If Clause Type 0, 1, 2, 3 – There are many types of text that you need to know about their uses and functions. One of them is conditional sentences. Conditional sentence is a form of sentence that is used to express wishes, suppositions or even the possibility that will happen. Then, what is the relationship between if clause and conditional sentence? if clause as one of the clauses used to form a conditional sentence. Check out the more detailed explanation below:

Definition of If Clause

If Clause or also known as conditional sentence is a form of conditional sentence, wish, or possibility in Indonesian-English. Before getting to know more about the if clause, first get to know the conditional sentence.

Conditional sentence is a form of sentence in Indonesian and English used to express supposition, wish, or even possibility.

Examples of If Clause Sentences

1. If Clause Type 0

If Clause Type 0 is the type of the first if clause. This type then shows a fact, as well as certain events that produce a certain thing. If clause type 0 itself is often used in reverse with type one, if in type one the if clause and the main clause use the straightforward tense. In this type the tenses used are simple present tense. Here are some examples:

• If you’re hungry, go get some food/Go get some food if you’re hungry | Meaning: If you are hungry, go look for food
• If you combine blue and red, you get purple color / You get purple color if you combine blue and red | Meaning: You will get purple if you mix blue and red
• If I’m late to get up, don’t watch for me/ Don’t watch for me if I’m late to get up | Meaning: Don’t wait for me if I wake up late

2. If Clause Type One

If Clause Type 1 is often used when you want to express an event that is happening now and in the future when a certain condition then meets. Using a clause as a conditional, then this conditional occurs in the future. In this type, the simple present is used for the if clause and the simple future for the main clause. Examples of If Clause Type 1, including:

• If I don’t study, my mommy can get angry and ground me/ My mommy can get angry and ground me.
• My mother will be angry and punish me if I don’t study | If I don’t study, My mother will be angry | Meaning: My mother will be angry and punish me if I don’t study
• If she doesn’t leave me, everything is okay / Everything is okay if she doesn’t leave me | Meaning: Everything will be fine if he doesn’t leave me
• If I pass the communication, my mommy can get a dress on behalf of me / My mommy can get a dress on behalf of me if I pass the communication | Meaning: My mother will buy me a dress if I pass the exam

3. If Clause Type Two

The form of if clause type two is often used in an event or situation that is unlikely to occur. This form is usually used when imagining something that is unrealistic. Meanwhile, the tense used in the if clause is the straightforward past. In the main clause, use conditional gifts that use would, could, should, and may. Example :

• If I had cash, I’d get a bag for my sister / I’d get a bag for my sister if I had cash
• If I were a cook, I’d cook delicious food everyday / I’d cook delicious food everyday if I was a cook
• If she visited South Korea, she would see the Namsan Tower / She would see the Namsan Tower if she visited South Korea

4. If Clause Type Three

This form of if clause is used in events that have ended. If clause type three is used when imagining activities that are different from reality. The perfect tense is used in the if clause. Example :

• If she brought her phone, she might need to be known as her mother/She might need to be known as her mother if she brought her phone
• If you had served on behalf of me a lot of, you’d have incomprehensible the train/you’d have incomprehensible the train if you had served on behalf of me a lot of
• If Steve had married with her, she would be the luckiest girls in the world/she would be the luckiest girls in the world if Steve had married with her

English Grammar Skills Booster is a complete module for self-taught practice in English. It contains simple steps to understand tenses and grammar, thousands of the most frequently used vocabularies, situational conversation packages, also equipped with practice questions, and much more.

The If Clause formula

1. If Clause as Reminder

If Clause as Reminder Conditional sentence is a conditional sentence that is generally used when reminding the consequences that must be done if you want something to happen. The following is the formula for a conditional sentence as a reminder

If + straightforward gift, S + have to/must/has to + V1

Example:

• If you wish to win the competition, you need to study onerous | Meaning: If you want to win in a competition, you have to study hard
• If she wants to form fixings, she must get tomatoes | If you want to make tomato alimentary paste, American state, of course, must buy tomatoes
• If I would like to get up at five o’clock, I have to sleep early | If I want to get up at five, I have to sleep earlier

2. If Clause as Suggestion

The if clause as Suggestion is used when giving suggestions about an action that must be taken if you want something to happen. The following is the formula for the conditional sentence as a suggestion. The following is the formula for the Iranian conditional sentence as a suggestion:

If + straightforward gift, S + should/ought to/had higher + V1

or
If +simple gift, Why don’t + S + V1?

Example:

• If you wish to but the most recent novel, you ought to attend a shop | Meaning: If you want the latest novel, you have to go to the bookstore
• If you wish to be slim, why don’t you stop eating at night? | Meaning: If you want to be slim, why don’t you stop eating at night?
• If he wished to enhance his English skills, he had higher be a part of an honest English course | Meaning: If military intelligence wants to improve its English Indonesian skills, the American state should go to a good English Indonesian course

3. If Clause as Imperative

Conditional sentence is a conditional sentence that is used to invite someone to take various actions when they want something. The following is the formula for the conditional sentence as imperative:

If + simple present, V1 + Object/Adverb

Example :

• If you don’t want to be late, get up early | Meaning: If you don’t want to be late, get up early
• If she comes, tell me immediately | Meaning: If he comes, let me know right away
• If you want to win this competition, be passionate and work hard! | Meaning: If you want to win this competition, be passionate and work hard!

4. If Clause as General Truth

Same with type 0, conditional sentence is a conditional sentence which is generally used in stating a fact or general truth. Unlike type 0 which is used to express a habit, this if clause can only be used to state facts. Here are some formulas for conditional sentences as general truth:

If + simple present, simple present/future

For example:

• If you want hot water, you need to boil water | Meaning: If you want hot water, you need to boil water
• If you are thirsty, go get a cup of water | Meaning: If you feel thirsty, take a glass of water
• If the strawberries are ripe, they will turn red | Meaning: When the strawberry is ripe, it will then turn red

5. If Clause to Show a Dream

Conditional sentences are generally used to show someone’s dreams or goals in the future if he succeeds in having or doing something. The following is the formula for the conditional sentence to show a dream:

If + simple present, simple future

Example :

• If she graduates from high school, she will continue her study to America | If he graduates from high school, he will continue his studies in America
• If I get the prize, I will buy a car for my dad | Meaning: If I get a present, I will buy a car for my father
• If I have free time, I will meet you there | Meaning: If I have free time, I will meet you there

This book is very useful in guiding you to speak English fluently in the context of very diverse situations. By reading this book, for example, you will understand what to say when you are in a souvenir shop or asking someone else to show you the way when you get lost in someone else’s country. There are many examples of other conversations with the use of various expressions.

Practice If Clause Problems

Answer the Multiple Choice Questions regarding the If Clause below correctly. Listen carefully to each question:

1. i’ll visit your town you have known
A. If I come back to Paris.
B. If I came to Paris.
C. If i’ll come back to Paris.
D. If i’d come back to Paris.

2. If I had had liberal to
A. I’ll watch the motion picture along with my friend.
B. I watched the motion picture with my friend.
C. I watched the motion picture along with my friends.
D. I’m looking at the motion picture along with my friends.

3. What’s the very fact of the previous sentence? (question no. 2)
A. I didn’t have free time. Therefore, I didn’t watch the motion picture with my friend.
B. I don’t have free time. Therefore, I don’t watch the motion picture with my friend.
C. I used to not have free time. Therefore, I used to not look at the motion picture along with my friend.
D. I’m not having free time. Therefore, I’m not looking at the motion picture along with my friend.

4. If I were you,________
A. I’ll obtain that edition iPhone.
B. i’d obtain that edition iPhone.
C. I’d have bought that edition iPhone.
D. I’m shopping for that edition iPhone.

5. What’s the very fact of the previous question? (question no.4)
A. I’m not you
B. I wasn’t you.
C. i used to be not you
D. I actually have not been you.

6. My mom would obtain ME a replacement bike
A. If I passed the state university entrance check.
B. If I pass the state university entrance check.
C. If I actually have passed the state university entrance check.
D. If i’m passing the state university entrance check.

7. What’s the very fact of the previous sentence? (question no.6)
A. I didn’t pass the state university entrance check.
B. I didn’t pass the state university entrance check.
C. I wasn’t passing the state university entrance check.
D. I’m not passing the state university entrance check.

8. What’s the very fact of question no. 8?
A. I don’t go along with my folks 5 hours ago, so one is alone right away.
B. I failed to go along with my folks 5 hours ago, thus I’m alone right away.
C. I used to not go with my folks 5 hours ago, thus I’m alone right away.
D. I’m not going with my folks 5 hours ago, so I’m alone right away.

9. If Maria had obeyed her mother’s recommendation to simply accept the scholarship
A. She would have graduated from a renowned university.
B. She is going to graduate from a famous university.
C. She graduated from a renowned university.
D. She graduated from a renowned university.

This book is presented to help you master the ability to converse in American English as well as understand the daily habits of the people. Trust me, you will no longer be busy speaking English and you will be free from ‘culture shock.’

If Clause Answer Key

The following is the answer key to questions No.1-9 above:

1. The answer key to question no. 1 is A. If I come back to Paris.
2. The answer key to question no. 2 is C. I watched the motion picture with my friends.
3. The answer key to question no. 3 is A. I didn’t have free time. Therefore, I didn’t watch the movie together with my friend.
4. The answer key to question no. 4 is B. I would buy that limited edition camera.
5. The answer key to question no. 5 is A. I am not you
6. The answer key to question no. 6 is A. If I passed the state university entrance check.
7. The answer key to question no. 7 is A. I don’t pass the state university entrance check.
8. The answer key to question no. 8 is B. I did not go with my parents five hours ago, so I am alone right now.
9. The answer key to question no. 9 is A. She would have graduated from famed university.

This is an explanation of If Clause: Definition, Example Sentences, Formulas, Practice Questions and Key Answers, enjoy learning!

Source: from various sources

Examples of Ideological Threats – The state is not always in a state of peace and control. Sometimes there are disturbances that even threaten the integrity and sovereignty of the state. One of them is the threat of ideology that can completely change the order and perspective of society. Before examining more deeply about ideological threats, it is better for Sinaumed’s to first pay attention to the meaning of threats.

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), threats are defined as efforts made conceptually through political acts and/or crimes that are expected to endanger the order and interests of the state and nation.

An expert named Treats argues about threats as the occurrence of important situations that exist in a company or others where it is not profitable. Another expert gave his views on threats.

For him, a threat is any activity or effort, whether carried out abroad or within the country, which is considered to endanger the sovereignty of the state and the territorial integrity of the country as well as the safety of the entire nation and state.

The purpose of the threat, namely to change the order of a nation and a state that was initially fine became messy and destroyed. Therefore, there is a need for unity and unity in solving various problems that occur so that they do not pose a significant threat.

After understanding about threats in general. The following will explain the ideological threats that have been summarized from various sources on the internet.

Understanding Ideology

Etymologically, ideology comes from the Greek, namely idea and logic. Idea comes from idein which means to see. Idea is also interpreted as something that exists in the mind as a result of the formulation of a thought or plan.

Meanwhile, logia means science or theory. Meanwhile, “logical” comes from the word logical from the word legein which means “to speak”. Meanwhile, in language, ideology means the utterance or expression of something that is formulated in the mind.

To better understand the definition of ideology, Sinaumed’s can listen to the following expert opinions which have been summarized from the Katadata.co.id page.

• According to Francis Bacon, the notion of ideology is the synthesis of fundamental thoughts from a concept of life.
• Gunawan Setiardjo argues that ideology is a set of basic ideas about human beings and all realities that are used as guidelines and ideals of life.
• Karl Marx defines ideology as a false consciousness because ideology is a product of thought created by its owner who is determined by his interests.
• Nicollo Machiavelli argues that ideology is knowledge about how to hide the interests of obtaining and maintaining power by utilizing religious conceptions and deception.
• Descartes revealed, ideology is the core or principal of all human thought.
• The etymology of ideology according to John B. Thompson in the International Grandbook of the Studies in the Theory of Ideology, notes that the term ideology is a derivation of ideologues, which emerged after the French Revolution. Thompson noted, ideology is thinking about others, thinking about people other than himself. To assess an ideological view, one must be critical because ideology is not a neutral term.
• Soerjanto Poespowardojo in Philosophy of Science defines ideology as a concept of knowledge and values ​​which, as a whole, provide the basis for a person or group of people to understand and determine the earth and universe, the basic arrangements for solving them.
• According to Erich Fromm in Revolution of Hope , ideology is ideas that are formulated for public consumption, satisfying everyone’s need to lift his guilt in the belief that he acts according to something that seems good or desirable. F
• Rans Magnis-Suseno explains that in a narrow sense, ideology is an overall idea or theory about the meaning of life and values ​​that will absolutely determine how humans should live and act. Ideology in this sense is called “closed ideology”.
• In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), ideology is interpreted as a collection of systemic concepts that are used as the basis of opinions (events) that provide direction and purpose for survival; the way of thinking of a person or a group; understand, theory, and goals which constitute a socio-political program.

It can be concluded that ideology is belief, doctrine, and symbols that are used as a reference for the state by the community to achieve national goals or those that have been formulated together. Ideology is also a characteristic of a particular group of people. Usually, ideology contains ideas or ways of thinking based on philosophy.

After understanding the meaning of ideology, here are the characteristics of ideology in the Citizenship Education book.

• Ideology has a high degree as the value of national and state life.
• Ideology embodies a spiritual principle, a world view, a view of life, a way of life, a way of life that is maintained, developed, practiced, preserved for the next generation, fought for and defended with a willingness to sacrifice.

Ideology Type

Ideology has various kinds, along with an explanation of several types of ideology that exist in society.

1. Liberalism

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), liberalism is interpreted as a constitutional and economic genre that wants democracy and personal freedom to do business and trade (the government must not interfere); struggle for freedom.

Liberalism itself comes from the Latin language, liber and ism. Liber which means free and not a slave or a condition in which a person is free from the possession of another person. Meanwhile, ism means understanding. Free, then developed so that it has a variety of meanings.

John Locke considers that a tradition based on a social contract, arguing that everyone has the natural right to life, to liberty and property and that the government must not violate those rights.

The freedom referred to consists of the freedom to reside. The right to oppose oppression, personal liberty, and the right to protection of person and property. Launching from the Tirto.id page, Dwi Siswanto mentioned five characteristics of liberalism as follows.

• Democratic form of government is the best.
• Society has complete intellectual freedom.
• Government regulations are limited.
• One’s power is interpreted as a bad thing in life.
• Individual happiness is the ultimate goal.

Meanwhile, Heru Susanto classifies liberalism along with its characteristics as follows.

• Politics: The emergence of democratization.
• Social Sector: Freedom of opinion, equal opportunity in business, social reform, and feelings of egalitarianism.
• Arts and Culture: Freedom of expression, such as painting, drama, art, music, and others.
• Economics: A democratic market economy.

2. Capitalism

Capitalism in the view of Karl Marx is a system in which prices of goods and market policies are determined by the owners of capital to achieve maximum profit. Adam Smith also gave his views on capitalism, namely a system that can create prosperity for the people of the country if the government does not intervene in market policies and mechanisms.

Meanwhile, Max Weber argued about capitalism as an economic system that applies to a market and is driven to generate profits by exchanging activities in that market. Indonesian proclaimer Soekarno also gave his views on capitalism as a social system in society that arose because of the mode of production that separated the workers from the means of production.

Meanwhile, JM Romein gave his opinion on capitalism as an economic system that has the aim of carrying out production activities with the aim of making a profit. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), capitalism is a system and economic understanding (economy) whose capital (investment, industrial activity) comes from private capital or private company capital with the characteristics of competition in a free market.

Capitalism can be identified through several characteristics as written on the Quipper.com page, as follows.

• Recognition of the personal rights of each individual.
• Ownership of the means of production by individuals.
• Individuals are free to choose their own work or business.
• The economy is governed by market mechanisms.
• The government has a very small role in economic activity.
• The motive that drives the economy is to make a profit.
• Humans are seen as  homo-economicus , namely individuals who always pursue their own profits.
• The notion of individualism is based on materialism or hedonism (an inheritance from the ancient Greek era).

3. Socialism

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), socialism is defined as the teachings or understanding of the state and economy which seeks to make property, industry and companies belong to the state. Socialism was born as a critique of capitalism that developed in Europe at the end of the 18th century.

Launching from the Tirto.id page, socialism is an economic-social system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and self-management of workers. This ideology includes the theories and political movements associated with it.

Meanwhile, well-known figures in the ideology of socialism, namely Simonde de Sismondi, Lauderdale, to Karl Marx. This thinking focuses on class differences between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. In the view of socialism, the capitalist economic system is considered only to make the proletariat exploited by the bourgeoisie.

Countries that adhere to the ideology of socialism can be identified through several characteristics listed in the State Education book as follows.

• Put the power and interests of the state first.
• The interests of the state are more important than the interests of the citizens.
• The interests and freedoms of citizens are defeated by the interests of the state.
• Religious life is separate from the state, so that citizens are free to have religion, not diverse, and are free for anti-religious propaganda.

Ideological Threat Concept

Ideological threats are disturbances that have the potential to cause threats to the mindset or ideological basis adopted by a country. There is no single ideology in the world, there are various types, including socialism, liberalism and capitalism.

Ideology becomes something that is fundamental and actual in a country. Indonesia has the ideology of Pancasila which is contained in IV of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. When Indonesia experiences an ideological threat, there are a number of consequences that will occur, as stated in the book “Pancasila and Citizenship Education” for class X SMA/MA as follows.

• The weakening of people’s understanding of the nation’s ideology so that the behavior of Indonesian citizens is not in accordance with the values ​​contained in Pancasila;
• Bringing up separatist or separate movements due to ideological differences;
• The nation’s ethics and morals are damaged because of attitudes and behavior that are inconsistent with ideology.

Ideological threats do not just appear. There are various factors surrounding it as stated in Detik.com as follows.

• There is widespread spread of ideologies other than Pancasila.
• Inequality in the demographic field.
• Gaps in natural resources in various regions.
• Unstable political conditions.
• Slow economic development.
• Reducing the level of tolerance between community groups.

Examples of Ideological Threats

Indonesia has experienced ideological threats, but failed. The threat is the emergence of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). GAM is a separatist organization that has appeared in Indonesia. The goal is to separate Aceh from the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI).

The conflict occurred because of differences in goals or desires between the Indonesian government and the Indonesian Aceh Movement. Therefore, GAM activists want to separate themselves from the Republic of Indonesia.

The conflict has several consequences as listed in Kumpaaran.com, as follows.

• Weak public understanding of the nation’s ideology, namely Pancasila. This resulted in people’s behavior not in accordance with the values ​​of Pancasila.
• Emerging various separatist movements due to ideological differences.
• Damage to the nation’s ethics and morals due to attitudes and behavior that are not in accordance with the values ​​contained in Pancasila.

Strategies for Handling Ideological Threats

Ideological threats must be prevented and crushed if they grow. Handling it should not be haphazard because it involves the ideology of a nation. Indonesia has several strategies for dealing with ideological threats which have been summarized from the Detik.com page, as follows.

1. Strengthening the Nation’s Mentality Based on Pancasila

Strategies for handling ideological threats can be carried out by strengthening the beliefs and truths of Pancasila as an ideology. The goal is to unite Indonesia as a whole and thoroughly.

This is done by providing insight into the meaning of Pancasila to every student starting from the lowest level of education. Not only that, Pancasila can also be used to crush separatist movements and instill Pancasila values ​​in people’s lives.

2. Instilling the Pancasila National Insight

Insights about Pancasila must be spread, encouraged, and applied to society in public life. Thus, it will not be easily influenced by the thoughts of other nations whose ideology is different from the Indonesian nation. This is because Indonesia adheres to ethics and morals that have been passed down from generation to generation and are not the same as other countries.

3. Layered Defense Concept Strategy

Strategies to deal with ideological threats can be carried out by using the concept of layered defense as follows.

• The front layer is non-military defense elements such as ministries and government and non-ministerial agencies that control the field of ideology.
• Ministries and elements of government in the field of domestic politics to mobilize all political power and strength to face threats in the field of ideology.
• The government element in the information sector has national power to carry out “counter information operations”, so that the public receives information that can ignore various foreign influences that have the potential to divide national unity.
• The government element in the education sector organizes the learning process and raises awareness among students about the importance of Pancasila and Citizenship education.
• Government elements in the field of religion partner with religious leaders to synergize strategies against foreign ideologies that endanger the life of the nation and state.
• The layered role carried out by the military in maintaining security through the TNI’s service implementation program in accordance with its work area. This program can improve TNI’s social communication and awareness to defend the country, both in education, employment and housing.

Examples of Figure of Hyperbole – Consciously or not, Sinaumed’s must have used examples of figure of speech hyperbole in everyday life. For example, when you are working on a UAS in Indonesian and then say a sentence like this:

“My eyelids felt heavy, as if they were being pressed down with 50 kilograms of iron, while reading the UAS Indonesian assignment.”

If you think about it, that sentence sounds exaggerated, doesn’t it? But that’s what hyperbole is, exaggerating something. Even though you really don’t have to be exaggerated either, with a figure of speech you can convince your interlocutor.

For example, you can just choose the sentence “The Indonesian UAS question made you sleepy, didn’t you”. When compared to the first sentence, the second one feels normal and doesn’t really describe your situation.

In Indonesian lessons, there are many figures of speech that you can learn. Well, in this article you will study hyperbole in particular. Starting from the definition, characteristics, functions, to examples.

Definition of Hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech that describes something exaggeratedly, even when the depiction doesn’t make much sense or is difficult to understand further. This is because the hyperbole figure of speech uses words that are not in accordance with reality. Even so, compared to other figures of speech, hyperbole is the most unique and interesting.

As explained by Yettik Wulandari in the book Collection of Indonesian Proverbs, Figures and Expressions.

This figure of speech is quite often used in everyday life, especially to attract attention and give a dramatic impression to readers or listeners. Therefore, not a few people think of it as an exaggerated figure of speech. Some say it is a beautiful figure of speech.

Gorys Keraf in his book Diction and Style of Language (2010) reveals that a figure of speech is a style of language that contains exaggerated statements by exaggerating something to make it appear dramatic.

From the past until now, both writers and poets have used hyperbole in literary works to beautify and convey messages in shorter language. More than that, depending on how it is used, figure of speech can also give a certain impression to the reader or listener.

Maybe Sinaumed’s has come across the phrase “never mind, don’t cry all the time, your room will flood with tears” in books, movies, or even in real life. This sentence is an example of hyperbole.

Why is that? Because no matter how great a person cries, his tears will not be enough to cause a flood. In other words, too much to be true.

Characteristics of Hyperbole

Just like any other figure of speech, hyperbole also has its own characteristics. With the help of these characteristics, it will be easier for Sinaumed’s to distinguish hyperbolic figures of speech from the others. Well, here’s an explanation.

1. Nonsense

The first characteristic of a hyperbole figure of speech is using language that doesn’t make sense. When you find words, phrases, or sentences that feel redundant or even difficult to make sense of, you can be sure that this is a hyperbole.

2. Exaggerating (exaggerated)

Yes, in KBBI, exaggeration means exaggeration, so this word is very appropriate to describe the figure of speech of hyperbole. After all, this one figure of speech often exaggerates something so that it seems bigger than it actually is. But, exaggeration here doesn’t only apply to the style of speaking or writing, huh. Not appearance or anything else.

3. Dramatic

Besides exaggeration, hyperbole is also often conveyed in a dramatic way. And this is closely related to the previous characteristics. And if you pay close attention, in fact, Sinaumed’s will find lots of hyperbolic figures of speech in everyday life.

4. Able to influence readers or listeners

The last feature of hyperbole is that it is able to have a big influence on the reader or listener. Usually, this influence will be followed by certain effects. Like sad, angry, annoyed, or something else.

Hyperbole Functions

Hyperbole is formed to fulfill certain functions. One of them is influencing the reader or interlocutor. For example, as used in poetry. Just imagine, what would happen if poetry used sentences that felt flat and heavy like scientific writing.

Does the poem make the reader feel sad or touched? Of course not, bro. If poetry only contains flat and heavy words and sentences, the message and feelings of the writer will not be properly captured by the readers

Figure of speech can indeed be a medium for writers, writers, and poets to convey an idea. With hyperbole, they can use language that is more aesthetic and interesting. Not only that, there are three other functions of the hyperbolic figure of speech, including:

1. To give a dramatic impression

Hyperbole is generally used in a literary work to give a dramatic impression. The main goal is to get the attention of other people and realize the interests of the creator of the literary work.

2. Embellish sentences

Writers, poets, or speakers often use hyperbole in their works to embellish sentences. This method is considered effective in giving a good impression on connoisseurs of literary works.

3. Give emotional emphasis

The last function is to give emotional emphasis to a sentence. In fact, readers or listeners tend to more easily feel sentences that have emotion. Perhaps, it can also display a certain imagination and impression.

Sinaumed’s can find hyperbolic figures of speech anywhere, from novels, film dialogue, advertisements, newspapers, or comics. To make it easier for you to understand this figure of speech, here are some examples of hyperbole and their explanations.

To understand the function of hyperbole further, Sinaumed’s can read the Complete Collection of Pantun & Majas Proverbs written by Ernawati Waridah.

Hyperbole Example

1. Examples of hyperbole in poetry

Figure of speech, when used in a poem, will make it easier for the poet to convey certain effects to his readers. On the other hand, readers will also enjoy poetry using this figure of speech more because it is more interesting.

Although it takes more effort to feel these effects because they are usually only implied in the words chosen by the author. Therefore, a connoisseur of literature must have the ability to grasp this implied message.

In terms of aesthetics, hyperbole in poetry serves to attract the attention of the reader or listener. In Indonesia, there are many prolific poets who produce amazing poems every year. One of them is Goenawan Mohamad.

The poetry written by GM was so interesting that Septiani used it as material for the research he conducted in 2020. GM’s poem researched by Septiani is entitled “Mishima”, a poem consisting of seven parts.

Septiani conducted research with the aim of finding out what figures of speech were used by GM in the poem. As a result, Septiani found several figures of speech, namely repetition, simile, litotes, personification, polyidentical and asindenton, metaphor, rhetoric and hyperbole. And the hyperbolic figure of speech is in the seventh chapter.

Here is the full text of the seventh part of the poem “Mishima”:

Through the sliding door, Mishima seemed to see them,
in the smoke: The defeated sailors
hidden
in the time box. 

This unagi restaurant doesn’t want to disclose it.
On the second floor, guests are frozen. Frozen bottles.
On the walls are canvases: Guadalcanal jungle,
sand untouched by war,
bunds heaving,
brides carried into the bush
with almost drunken songs. 

But there have always been people like me, says Mishima,
who don’t want alternative stories.

Day is only one narrative.
God named it death.

And Mishima lay, staring at the ceiling,
from the season-gilded mats.

The sentence “on the second floor, the guests are frozen” expresses the state of complete silence of the guests. The word “frozen” is used to describe a cold and silent atmosphere because the guests are silent. So guests aren’t completely frozen or lifeless.

2. Examples of hyperbole in television commercials

Television (TV) has a crucial role in disseminating information and providing entertainment to the wider community. That is why, from year to year, the Indonesian television world never stops developing.

To make this development, of course, a lot of funds are needed. Television station managers utilize various sources to collect the necessary funds. One of them is commercial advertising.

The symbiosis of mutualism between commercial advertisements and television stations has brought endless innovations that we can all enjoy today. For television stations, commercial advertising is a source of funds that must be carefully guarded. As for the world of advertising, television is the right medium for promotion.

Television can affect and put a strong pressure on people’s sight and hearing. In order to achieve this goal, advertisers compete for creativity in combining words and images into a visual display that appeals to all walks of life. The combination must also be able to convey important information about the goods or services they have. Especially for new products and superior products.

Because there are so many commercials that appear during breaks in television shows, it feels like the phrase “no day without commercials” is an appropriate description. Slowly but surely, television audiences are being influenced by persuasive language styles and visual designs in advertisements.

After all, the main purpose of an advertisement is to attract as many partners or customers as possible. Therefore, advertisers must use various strategies to convey their products well. Even if you have to exaggerate.

This is where the role of hyperbole is needed by advertisers. With this figure of speech, they can convey messages briefly but still look attractive. More than that, hyperbole can also affect potential customers.

Try Sinaumed’s to imagine, advertisers have to realize all of that in a relatively short time. Not to mention the increasingly fierce competition. Without hyperbole, advertisers cannot attract the attention of television audiences and lose to their competitors.

This is what made Sitompul interested in conducting research on 26 commercial advertisements that had aired on television. To find out what words were most prominent in 2014. Of the 26 advertisements studied, one of them was an advertisement for ABC coffee products.

In the ad there is a sentence that reads “The perfect blend of coffee and milk makes life more stable”.

The phrase “the more steady” is included in the figure of speech hyperbole because it is too exaggerated. Because after all, it’s impossible for someone’s life to get better just by drinking coffee.

3. Examples of figurative language hyperbole in song lyrics

Not only novels and poetry, hyperbole is also used by songwriters when creating their own works. Song lyrics can be categorized as a literary work because they are the result of human composition.

In addition, song lyrics are also compiled based on the songwriter’s personal experience. Most importantly, there are a lot of lyrics that contain aesthetic, socio-cultural, and life teachings values. In short, through literary works, it will be easier for people to understand the customs, beliefs, values ​​of life, and views of other people’s lives.

As a literary work, a songwriter definitely needs creativity in expressing the ideas he has. He also has to pay attention to the right style of language so that the lyrics are written short but contain.

Just like poetry, song lyrics require figurative language hyperbole to bring out certain effects for listeners. After all, song lyrics must be made interesting and beautiful so that you don’t feel boring when you listen to them repeatedly.

Without beauty and certain effects, song lyrics only function as a complement to the musical arrangements being played. There is no emotion and soul in it at all. A song like this definitely wouldn’t last long.

The role of hyperbole in a song lyrics is so important that it made Nadiah interested in doing research on the 10 song lyrics on Slank’s album “Kissme” in 2020 yesterday. From the research she has done, Nadiah found 17 figures of speech hyperbole in several Slank songs. One of them is the song “Alami”, to be precise in this section:

The wind blows slowly.
Insects shout.
Black butterflies fly
. Don’t know what kind they are

The sentence “insects shouted” is a hyperbolic figure of speech that describes the boisterous sound of insects. Even so, in reality, only humans can shout.

4. Another example of hyperbole

Some examples of other hyperbolic figures of speech are as follows:

1. Tono ran as fast as lightning
2. My head was like being hit by lightning when I heard the news
3. The germ across the ocean is visible, the elephant in the eyelid is invisible

The first sentence uses a figure of speech of hyperbole to describe Tono’s running speed which is very fast, so that it seems to match the speed of lightning. In fact, Usain Bolt, who is nicknamed the fastest man in the world, cannot even match the speed of lightning. Usain Bolt holds the record for the fastest 100 meter run with a time of 9.58 seconds. While lightning has a speed of 670,000,000 meters per second.

In the second sentence, hyperbole is used to describe the strong shock experienced by the speaker. But the phrase “like being struck by lightning” is too much because it is impossible for humans to survive a lightning strike.

Meanwhile, for the last sentence taken from proverbs, the words “germs”, “across the sea”, “elephants”, and “in the eyelids” are figures of speech hyperbole. Germ, is used to indicate a small mistake. Across the ocean describes a great distance. Elephant for a very big mistake. And in the eyelids for human vision distance. So it can be concluded, hyperbole is used to describe the size of abstract objects (errors) and the size of distance.

You can find other examples of figurative language hyperbole in the Smart Book of Poetry and Poetry, written by Ulin Nuha Maruchin.

How’s Sinaumed’s? Of course, now you understand better after reading the various examples of hyperbole in this article. Hopefully Sinaumed’s will continue to look for more complete information from books written by its experts, ok!

Sinaumed’s can also read books related to examples of hyperbole and other Indonesian material by visiting sinaumedia.com. sinaumedia always provides the best products so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Household Waste: Impact, Type, Example, and Management – Humans in carrying out their daily lives have various needs that must be met. In fulfilling these needs, residual materials or waste will be produced which are called household waste.

Household waste is residual material resulting from household activities

Household waste is now growing along with the development of population and the number of increasingly dense settlements. The existence of this household waste has become a concern for the community and the government because it can cause various negative impacts.

Examples of Household Waste

• water left over from washing clothes
• dishwashing water,
• smoke
• food waste
• vegetable waste
• plastic waste

The Impact of Household Waste on Society

Household waste is often disposed of carelessly without prior sorting or processing, causing pollution and environmental damage, from water, soil to air. Pollution and environmental damage caused by household waste disposal is not something that can be underestimated because in the future it will be able to disrupt the health and comfort of the community. The following are some of the impacts that will be felt by the community due to the disposal of household waste indiscriminately or without management.

1. The Impact of Household Waste on Health

Indiscriminate disposal of household waste can have a negative impact on the health of the surrounding community. Some diseases that can be caused by this waste are diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, fungal diseases, and intestinal worms.

2. The Impact of Household Waste on the Environment

Careless handling of household waste will result in damage and pollution to the environment. This environmental damage and pollution will have a negative impact on the community, such as causing flooding and causing an unpleasant odor.

3. The Impact of Household Waste on Social and Economic Conditions

Careless handling of household waste will have a negative impact on the social and economic conditions of the community. Household waste can cause many diseases which can result in high health costs. Dirty and polluted environmental conditions due to waste will ultimately have an impact on the social life of the community.

Types, Examples, and Methods of Household Waste Management

Efforts to manage household waste properly really need to be done to overcome the impact of pollution and environmental damage that occurs. Household waste management can be done according to each type. Types of household waste are divided into three, namely solid waste, liquid waste, and waste originating from human waste. The following is an explanation of the types of household waste and how to manage them.

1. Solid Waste (Garbage)

Solid waste or garbage is produced from various materials that are left over or no longer needed to meet household needs. Solid waste that is disposed of carelessly will cause problems, in the form of pollution and disruption to the sustainability of the environment. Solid waste or household waste is divided into two types, namely organic waste and inorganic waste.

A) Organic Household Waste or Garbage

Organic waste is waste generated from food waste, such as fruit, vegetables and rice. Organic waste will decompose and decompose by itself. Disposal of organic waste containing protein can cause various impacts, namely causing a bad smell and causing the waters to become very fertile or eutrophication which will increase the amount of algae and phytoplankton rapidly so that they will compete with each other for light which is useful in the process of photosynthesis. .

Here is a book on an easy way to make organic fertilizer.

B) Inorganic Household Waste or Garbage

Inorganic waste is waste generated from leftover or used materials that are difficult or even cannot be decomposed through biological processes, such as glass, plastic, synthetic cork (styrofoam), aluminum and iron. The accumulation and disposal of this type of waste will greatly impact the environment, ranging from disturbing the view and comfort to causing the soil to become polluted.

Management of solid waste or household waste can be done using various methods. The following are some recommended processes for managing solid waste or household waste.

Solid Waste Management Process

1) Sorting

Segregation is one of the most common ways of managing solid waste. This method is carried out by sorting or separating organic waste (wet waste) and inorganic waste (dry waste) by each household actor. Organic waste (wet waste) can be processed into organic fertilizer or compost by household actors who own crop or agricultural land. Meanwhile, inorganic waste (dry waste), such as cans, bottles, plastic and bottle caps, can be sorted again to be given to scavengers or recycled so that they become valuable items.

Here is a book about various unique creations made with bottle caps.

2) Container

Container is an independent temporary waste storage activity before being transported or transferred to a Temporary Shelter (TPS) or Final Processing Site (TPA). In this method of waste management, household actors need to provide containers, which will separate inorganic waste based on type or material, in the yard or on the side of the road to facilitate the collection and transportation of waste and its subsequent processing. To avoid odors and leakage in the container, waste containers need to meet several requirements, namely being closed, made of non-perishable and watertight materials, easy to empty or transport.

3) Collection

The process of collecting solid waste or household waste is carried out by cleaning workers who visit each house and transport or move the waste to the Temporary Storage Site (TPS). The process of collecting solid waste or household waste can also be done in another way, namely through direct communal. Direct communal is the process of taking solid waste or garbage at each communal point to be transported directly to the Final Processing Site (TPA) without being moved first.

4) Freight

The activity of transporting solid waste or household waste in the communal collection process is directly carried out using a compactor truck type transport vehicle , which has a capacity of 6 m3, and an arm roll truck , which has a capacity of 4 m3. The two vehicles for transporting solid waste or garbage are equipped with a hydraulic pull arm which is controlled by the driver so that they can move automatically. With the hydraulic pull arm, loading or unloading of waste can be carried out more easily without direct contact with the waste. Compactor truck type transport vehicles have the advantage of pressing solid waste or garbage so that it can increase its capacity.

5) Temporary Shelters (TPS)

Garbage that has previously been collected and transported will be brought to the Temporary Storage Site (TPS). TPS is a storage place before waste is moved back to the processing and recycling site or Final Processing Site (TPA).

6) Final Processing Site (TPA)

Solid waste or waste that has arrived at the Final Processing Site (TPA) will be safely isolated or stored so as not to cause disturbance to the environment. In addition to isolating or stockpiling waste, the TPA will also process waste by sorting waste, recycling inorganic waste, and composting organic waste. Handling this waste is expected to reduce the amount of household waste and the disturbance it causes.

7) Waste Management with the 3R Concept

Another effort that can be done by the community to reduce the amount of solid waste or household waste and its impacts is to apply the 3R concept, namely reduce , reuse and recycle .

Reduce is an activity to reduce the amount of waste by reducing the use of materials or goods for daily needs. Reducing the number of materials or daily necessities can be done in six ways, namely: (1) using materials or necessities that can last a long time or are durable, (2) reducing the use of disposable items, (3) reducing the amount of groceries that are not too needed, (4) maintain and repair existing toys, household appliances, clothing, and tools, (5) use the same plastic bag for shopping several times, and (6) use eco-friendly shopping baskets or bags.

Reuse is an activity of sorting various items or materials that can be reused and avoiding the use of disposable items. By applying this concept, the usage period of goods will be longer so that the amount of waste will be reduced. There are three forms of reusing used goods that can be done: (1) reusing packaged goods, such as bottles and cans, with the same function; (2) using packaged goods as a place to store something, such as using old newspapers to wrap vegetables or other goods and using used bottles as containers for plant seeds; and (3) choosing to use goods or materials that can be used repeatedly, such as rechargeable batteries.

Recycle is an activity of recycling used goods or materials that are no longer useful. Currently, more and more formal industries are carrying out recycling activities by utilizing used goods or materials into valuable goods. Some inorganic household waste that can be recycled, namely paper, glass, bottles, plastic, cans, and cloth scraps. These items can be collected to be given away or sold to people who collect waste for recycling activities.

Here is a book on waste management to produce valuable goods.

2. Liquid Waste (Wastewater)

Household waste water is produced from various activities or daily needs of household actors, such as water used for bathing, water used for washing clothes, water used for washing cutlery, and food waste in liquid form.

Household waste water needs to be managed to avoid environmental pollution. One of the ways that can be done to manage household waste water is to make sewage channels or impregnation tanks. Some things that need to be considered in making sewerage channels or impregnation tanks, namely:

• It should not cause clean water sources in the environment to be polluted
• Do not get dirty on the ground surface.
• Prevents the spread of hookworms on the soil surface.
• Prevents the breeding of flies and other insects.
• Must not cause bad odors that will disturb the surrounding community.
• Make construction simply by using materials that are cheap and easy to obtain.
• Water sources and infiltration tanks have a minimum distance of 10 m.

 

3. Waste from human excrement

Human waste is one of the causes of pollution in the environment. Waste from this dirt, including feces and urine. This waste can disrupt the balance of ecosystems in soil, water and air. Therefore, this waste disposal site needs to be managed properly to prevent environmental pollution.

One way that can be done to reduce pollution from sewage is by using a Bio Septic Tank . Bio septic tanks can be used to decompose sewage from household wastewater which can cause pollution to the environment. This tool has a good filter so as to reduce the smell of sewage and avoid soil contamination. Bio septic tanks are made of thick fiber to prevent leakage so that they can hold water and dirt with a large enough capacity.

Examples of greeting words – Every language in the world must have greetings, including Indonesian. However, it turns out that you also have to learn greetings, you know Sinaumed’s, of course in learning Indonesian greetings there are examples of greeting words along with their meanings and types.

Examples of greeting words are used by individuals to groups. In addition, there are also greeting words that use formal and non-formal language. So, to understand and make examples of greeting words in Indonesian, you must understand these greeting words.

Definition of Greeting Words

According to Roger Brown and Albert Gilman (1960), greeting words are pronouns used to greet the second person. Then according to Abdul Chaer (1998), greeting words are words that can be used to greet, admonish, mention a second person or anyone who does not want to be spoken to.

So, the word of greeting is the second person pronoun used in the communication process. Unknowingly, the word greeting is an important word because it is used in almost every daily conversation.

In addition, greeting words are also used by oneself to communicate in groups. In its use, there are those who use formal and non-formal language. Greetings are words that are used to greet someone or both singular and plural.

Greeting sentences are often used in the delivery of news sentences or radio broadcasts. However, greeting words are also used in Sinaumed’s’ daily activities. Greetings are divided into several types according to close relationship, position or respect to personal pronouns.

Types of Greetings

Before Sinaumed’s makes examples of greeting words, he must know the types of greeting words first. The type of greeting itself is distinguished by various things such as close relationships, position or respect, names, to personal pronouns. There are several types of greeting words that Sinaumed’s can use in everyday life. There are nine types of greetings, including:

1. Personal Pronouns

This personal pronoun is a type of address that replaces the role noun in a group. There are three charm pronouns, namely singular, second and plural personal pronouns. Examples of personal pronouns:

• Singular personal pronouns: I, me and me.
• Second personal pronoun: you and you
• Plural personal pronouns: he and she

2. Personal name

Proper name as a greeting word which is a person’s name. For example, like Adi, Budi, Chandra, Dewi, Galih, Hasna, and other personal names.

3. Kinship Terms

Examples of kinship terms are mother, father, brother, grandmother, sis, mas and sister. The term kinship does not always refer to families with blood relations that are used generally in communicating with other people,

4. Titles and Ranks

Greetings based on a person’s title and rank. For example doctors, giri, captains, commanders and trainers.

5. Said the Doer

The actor’s word is a type of address that has the form pe + verb. For example, readers, viewers and listeners.

6. Nominal Form

Nominal forms of greeting have the form N (nominal) + ku. For example, my God, my darling and also my lover.

7. Word Index

The index word is a greeting word in the form of a hint word. An index word is a word whose referent moves or alternates depending on who is the speaker, the time and place it is spoken. Examples of index words as greeting words are there and here.

8. Other Nominal

The next type of address is a nominal address, for example, sir and madam.

9. Zero feature

Zero or zero feature greetings are greetings that are no longer accompanied by the form of the address. For example, the sentence “do you want to go?”. This sentence is used to ask someone, but there is no greeting form in the sentence.

In addition there are also other types of greetings, including:

1. Greetings that show the relationship of relatives such as grandfather, grandmother, father (father), mother, uncle, aunt, brother, brother, sister, ananda, mas and miss.
2. Addresses in the form of pronouns such as you, you, brother, you, sir, madam, miss and so on.
3. Greetings that show respect such as your majesty, honorable and others.
4. Greetings followed by names such as Hasan’s brother, Susanto’s father, Amir’s mother and so on.

Examples of Greeting Words

Greeting is greeting directly both when face to face (face to face) or through media such as telephone or other media. This direct greeting activity only occurs if the person we greet is the second person (the other person, the person being spoken to), not the first person (the speaker) or the third person (the one being talked about). Here are some examples of good and correct greeting words:

1. Kaka asked “What time will you come home from piano lessons?”

The word sister is a greeting word that is useful for greeting the second person you are talking to. This greeting word must be written using capital letters.

2. Dad said, “Tell mom, daddy will buy grilled chicken for dinner.”

The greeting word father in this example sentence is used to greet the first person (himself) so it is not included in the greeting. In greeting the mother which refers to the third person / being discussed may not use capital letters.

3. We must respect the services of the heroes who have fought for the independence of this nation.

The hero greeting above refers to the third person being talked about so it is not considered a greeting. It does not need to start with a capital letter.

Apart from being a greeting, greeting words that are used as initial references must also be written in capital letters, as in the following example:

1. They went to the sub-district head’s house.
2. Tomorrow we will visit Mrs. Saniah who is sick.

Example Sentences of Greeting

Already know the types, definitions and examples of greeting words. So that Sinaumed’s can find out more about greetings, it is also necessary to know the following examples of greeting sentences:

Examples of greeting sentences

1. Welcome to our restaurant. Please order your favorite menu here.
2. Welcome ladies and gentlemen. On this occasion, we would like to thank you for your presence at our event today.
3. Welcome ladies and gentlemen. On this occasion, let us give thanks to God for all His gifts to all of us.
4. Good afternoon, miss. Sorry to interrupt his lunch break.
5. Welcome, gentlemen. Come on, please taste the dishes we have provided.
6. Good morning, Mayor. Sorry, we are here asking for your signature for this proposal letter.
7. Welcome, Mr. Handoko. Come on, I’ll take you to the meeting room.
8. Good morning ladies and gentlemen. Let’s just have a meeting this morning.
9. Good afternoon, madam. Come on, I’ll take you to the hall.
10. Good afternoon, sir. Can I help you?

Examples of Usual Greeting Sentences

1. Good night all. See you again.
2. Excuse me, guys. Can you guys help me?
3. Hello brothers and sisters. Are you ready to play?
4. Hi all. Sorry, I came late.
5. Hi all. This time we will give you tips on how to recycle bottled waste around you.
6. Good morning all. Meet again with us on today’s morning broadcast program.
7. Hi, friend. Have you had breakfast this morning?
8. Hello viewers. See you again at the Greet Greeting Morning event.
9. Hi everybody. Been waiting a long time huh?
10. Hi, Karli. How are you? It’s been a long time we didn’t meet.

Examples of Informal Greeting Sentences

1. Hello buddy. Have you had breakfast this morning?
2. Hey, Jo. You want to come with us on a picnic, right?
3. Hey dude, what are you doing here?
4. Hey, Rin. Where are you goin?
5. Hey, man. Did you see Rose?
6. Hey, Jack. Do you know the latest news from Sophie?

Writing Examples of Greeting Words

Already able to use greeting words in everyday life, of course you also need to understand how to write them. What needs to be remembered in this case is the way of writing kinship words that are used as greeting words, which are written with the initial capital letter.

Writing examples of greeting words:

1. What grade are you in?
2. Good morning Mr Mayor.
3. Where is the captain on duty today?
4. After arriving in Yogyakarta, where will you be staying?

Function of Using Form of Address

The function of this greeting is related to the factors that influence the use of greetings. For example, someone who is older, has a higher social status than greeters and conversations occur in formal situations, so he will be more respected.

Likewise for people who are easier will still be respected because the relationship between the two is not familiar or they don’t know each other. This is done so as not to be considered impolite. Usually a sign of respect is marked by the use of kinship greetings that are attached to certain greetings. Following are the functions:

As a Mark of Respect

This function is characterized by an age that is considered older or a higher social status, so that the greeter will respect the greeting more. For example, a student greeting the teacher/miss teacher at school.

As a Marker of Familiar Relations

This function will be found in personal greetings, charm pronouns, kinship and titles. The greeter and the addressee in this case have the same age and status and both of them already know or are familiar with each other. So this situation will lead to an informal situation.

As a Marker of Affectionate Relations

This is indicated by the use of the greeting Dinde and Nune as a sign of affection between parents and children. Greeting Dik as a sign of affection between brothers and sisters or older people to younger people. In addition, greetings of affection / yang or other forms are also a sign of a lover or husband and wife relationship. Thus, this function shows the affection, closeness and attention given by seniors to juniors.

As Affirmation Function

This function is marked by the repetition of the form of greeting, for example, is that right, Miss Lely? This is to confirm to whom we are talking or to whom our attention is directed. This function is usually found in personal greetings and kinship greetings.

As for other functions of the use of greeting words, among others:

• Rebuke or greet the interlocutor.
• Attract the attention of others.
• Demonstrates decency and social class.
• Expresses the social relationship between the speaker and the interlocutor.

Greeting form

The following forms of greeting words according to Mansur Pateda , include:

1. Forms of Greetings from the Side of Gender

This form of address refers to the gender of the other person or person being addressed. Examples of the use of greeting forms for men, for example, father, mas, cak, kang, and others. While greetings for women, for example mother, miss, aunt, yu, neng, and others.

2. Forms of Greetings from the Side of Age or Age

The next form of greeting is a word of greeting that shows the age of the other person. Examples of this form of greeting are brother, sister, mas, miss, teteh, brother, brother and so on.

3. Forms of Greetings in terms of Social Status

Another form of greeting is a word of greeting that indicates social status in terms of position, title, occupation of a person or his interlocutor. This form of address usually involves a job or position or role in a society. For example, such as Mr. President, Mrs. RT, Mr. Ustadz, and so on.

4. Forms of Greetings in terms of Kinship

The next form of greeting is in terms of kinship which shows the relationship between the speaker and the person he is talking to, for example father, mother, sister, brother and so on.

Factors Influencing the Use of Address Forms

The use of greetings in communication will be influenced by several factors, both factors related to social and situational issues. Factors related to social problems such as age and gender.

While situational factors include who the speakers of the language are, to whom the greeting is addressed, when and where. The factors that influence greetings, among others:

1. Situation

This situation is when a speech event occurs. The situation is both formal and informal. Formal situations place speakers in an unfamiliar position, while informal situations vary greatly in the choice of greeting forms.

2. Age

When viewed in terms of age, the use of greetings will be adjusted to the age or age of a person. Is the person being greeted older, the same age or younger. This is because the accuracy of the selection of greetings will also affect the relationship between greeters and being greeted.

3. Social Status

A person’s social status also determines the use of greetings. For example in various criteria such as power, wealth and intelligence.

4. Kinship Relations

Kinship relations also determine or influence the choice of greeting words in acts of communication. When greeting relatives with a higher kinship status, he must use certain kinship terms.

5. Familiar Relations

Familiarity is a relationship in which the speaker is well acquainted with his interlocutor, which can be either familiar or not. The use of greetings indicating close relationships can be indicated by choosing the second personal pronominal form, such as you, you, you can also use the form of address, nicknames and personal names.

Closing

Those are examples of greeting words along with the types and meanings that you can find out. Hopefully, with the examples of greeting words above, you will understand better how to use Indonesian properly and correctly, Sinaumed’s. I hope this article inspires you!

If Sinaumed’s is still confused, still needs references related to greetings along with their complete types and meanings, you can visit the sinaumedia book collection at sinaumedia.com .

Author: Rosyda Nur Fauziyah

Also read:

Examples of Rules at Home – Family at home is the figure that is first encountered when an individual is first born into this world.

The family at home usually has a father, mother and siblings. However, it is also undeniable that in a house there is a complete family with grandfathers, grandmothers, aunts, nephews and others.

Wherever we are, be it at home, school, or in the public environment, there must be certain rules. The rules in a house are usually not the same as in other houses, but in general, the rules are the same.

These rules are made so that family members at home feel comfortable with each other and do not cause certain problems. These rules must also be obeyed by all family members.

Examples of House Rules

Here is an example of the rules that exist in a house:

• You can’t waste electricity. When finished using an electronic device that requires an electrical connection, turn it off immediately. During the day, there is no need to turn on the lights, unless it is necessary.
• If you want to enter another family member’s room, knock on the door first.
• You have to get up early and make your own bed.
• Can’t waste water. Use water sparingly.
• Helping clean the house, for example sweeping, mopping floors, washing dishes, cleaning window panes, and so on.

• Do not speak in a high and harsh tone.
• If the child is baligh, teach him to wash his own clothes.
• You can’t insult other family members.
• Must ask permission first if you want to use the belongings of other family members.
• Return the item to its original place.
• Study hours start at 19.00 (optional), so other family members must respect.
• For Muslim families, the five daily prayers are obligatory and must be performed on time by all family members.
• Don’t sleep too late because it can disturb your morning activities.
• It is mandatory to have breakfast before your daily activities.
• Throw garbage in its place. On certain days, the trash in the bins must be disposed of in an environmental trash can so that it can be picked up by the cleaning staff.

• Cannot scribble on the walls.
• If you want to leave the house, get permission first from your parents or other family members who are at home.
• Put shoes on the shoe rack, not in front of the door.
• If there are serious problems in the family, discuss them with other family members and give each other opinions regarding these problems.
• Make it a habit to brush your teeth after eating and before going to bed so that your teeth are well cared for.
• Schedule washing dishes can be done alternately. If there are family members who are unable to do so, talk to other family members.
• Must do homework by yourself. If something is not understood, immediately ask a parent or sibling.
• Always say thank you after getting help from others.
• Always say the word “I’m sorry” when you are guilty of someone else.
• Must love and respect each other family members.
• Make it a habit to say hello when you come home.
• Maintain the good name of the family by not acting and behaving recklessly.
• Manage pocket money wisely. If there are additional needs that are considered important, immediately talk to your parents.
• If you come home late, tell other family members so they don’t worry.
• Say the word “please” when you want to ask for something or help from other family members.
• Always wash your feet and hands after coming home.
• After school, the uniform is immediately hung if it is still being used for the next day. If the uniform is dirty, immediately put it in the wash.
• After eating, the food on the dining table is immediately covered with a serving lid so that flies don’t fly.

• Hold a special time to tell stories or share among family members about how activities are today. For example on Saturday night.
• If you feel sick, immediately talk to your parents to get the right help.
• You are not allowed to wear sandals inside the house because it can cause dirty floors. Use special slippers that are provided in the house.
• After bathing, towels should not be placed on the bed. Dry immediately.
• After using the toilet, try to dry your feet on the mat first.
• Put unused items in the warehouse. Don’t just throw it away. Who knows, it can still be used someday.
• Do not interfere with the activities of other family members.
• If there are guests, must greet and be polite.
• Always lock doors and gates at night.
• Provides a curfew with a maximum of 9 p.m.
• Make it a habit to exercise to keep your body healthy.
• Can’t pick and choose food. When you cook, you are not allowed to order food from outside the home.
• Making instant noodles is allowed a maximum of three times a month.

• When homework is finished, you can play cellphones or play with friends.
• Do not make noise because it can disturb other family members or even other neighbors.
• If you have a tree on the terrace of your house, when the leaves fall, you must alternately sweep and clean the yard between family members.
• Sharing with other family members, both in terms of food and today’s stories.
• Giving friends’ contacts to parents so they can be used in conditions or emergencies.
• Teach children from an early age to understand parents’ names, parental telephone numbers, and home addresses. If there is an emergency, the child can report to the authorities.
• If you have pets, you must routinely feed and drink them. Don’t forget to provide a cage as well as a place to defecate.

• Must help mother cook and clean the house, when she is free.
• Do not eat in bed because it can cause ants and other animals so that sleep will be disturbed.
• Always thank Mom for the food she has made.
• Must close the toilet door after use.
• It is not allowed to make litter carelessly or tuck it in certain places.
• If you have a guitar instrument, after use, put it in its original place or hang it on a special hanger.
• Must respect the privacy of other family members.
• It is not permissible to ridicule or ridicule other family members.
• For Muslim families, when Maghrib time comes, leave activities beforehand to fulfill the obligation to pray. After that read the holy book Al-Quran.

• Obey parental orders.
• It is forbidden to steal the belongings of other family members.
• Can’t lie. Whatever happened, tell the truth to your parents and other family members.
• Help each other with other family members.
• Do not watch television until late at night.
• Prepare for school needs at night.
• It is not permissible to issue bad opinions towards other family members.
• You have to come home from school on time.

Well, in educating children to become good personalities, it must start early. By having rules in the house, it will train them so that when they grow up, they can be useful for this nation and state.

Dear children, don’t be lazy and angry if the rules in the house seem “limiting”. Your parents don’t mean to curb you , they just want you to be a disciplined individual.

Book & Article Recommendations

• Definition of Education
• School Goals
• Definition of Curriculum
• Legacy of Islamic History in Indonesia and Photos
• Definition of Tolerance in Islam
• Explanation of the Pillars of Faith and the Complete Pillars of Islam
• Figures of Islamic Scientists (Muslims)
• The Pillars of Buying and Selling in Islam and the Conditions
• Recommendations for Islamic Children’s Stories to Be a Good Example
• History of Islamic Economic Thought

Examples of Javanese Geguritan – Geguritan in the Java region developed from tembang, so that several different forms of tembang are known. At first, the songs were in the form of songs and had certain rhymes that were made by poets to be presented to the ruling leaders.

This is what causes the classic Javanese literary work in the form of poetry to be anonymous. In general, poets who compose songs do not want to highlight themselves and their works are considered to be shared property.

The definition of geguritan in Java then developed and has the synonym of free poetry, namely poetry that does not bind itself to the rules of metres, rhymes, and songs.

In the following, an example of Javanese geguritan will be presented with the theme of life or the surrounding environment, which is taken from the book Geguritan Kidung Karangkitri Anthology published by the Department of Culture for the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2020.

Example of Javanese Geguritan

The following are some examples of Javanese language geguritan that you can read related to the theme of life and the surrounding environment, see the following information.

Prambanan Temple (Nurlistiyati)

Prambanan Temple

Panggah jejeg ing the land of Mataram

Sansaya is endah and heartbreaking

Kawentar sinawang rina klawan wengi

Prambanan temple

Nut simbah said

Sela kang pideksa willing

Minangka sexy

Bandhung Bandawasa and Roro Jonggrang

Sih tresna kinalang satru

Hamung palastra sulaya kang mungkasi lelakone

Genti madeg candi kang sulistya

Fairy tales just press simbah’s words

Actually, everything is just a made-up story

Minangka rerenggan nggo ngenthenngi sanggan

Dadi fairy tale kanggo paesing interrupted

Prambanan Temple

Time synchrony

Be the go-to for foreign people

Gumun anyekseni sulistyane

Mugiya sustainable ing salamiya

Sega Gudheg Sepincuk (Tri Wahyuni)

This little boy just manthuk

Aweh sasmita, without swara

What dheweke wanuh?

Yen ing Tanah Klairane iki Duwe Macapat song

Kang mbabar sakehing guidance

This little boy is very eager for parikan books

Sinambi ngaba marang biyunge

Yen wetenge kluruk njaluk filled

Sega gudheg pinincuk kanthi writing paper

“Urip is like dene gudheg, ndhuk, the various flavors of dadi siji. Pralambang yen urip iki ora mung sawarna. Wedange also tastes. Curry chooses endi, I want tokcepi. Kabeh wants to hang on to your crew. Prosperous and miserable life, ginaris ing your cheeks. Nanging everything you want, can Mbok Pulasi hold on to anchor swinging sakehing papadhang ing your behavior is just too hot?”

Oseng-Oseng Mercon (Triwik Darmayanti)

Pedes…. tambane body kang again gumreges

Nyos… nyulaki gom broke mom plain

Hoh huh… slenget garba twist gurah

Ah wuh… Riwe collapsed and was excited dadi ewuh

Lombok kethok ngasadani gurung ngethok

Kenyil kikil sandhung, caslamur, sega mawur

Onion brambang anjamoni chronic pain

Blimbing tomatoes are fresh, salira karumat

Greetings from Laos, Andudut Mrentul Siing Raos

Dhong lemongrass, samadya oranges, just dry

Sarem soy sauce lerema jaganen pang say

Beringharja Fiber (Purwadmadi)

Banarawa binarung pedestal Bering gung

Pacethokan merdusun siniti ratapun

Binale wake up build up

Sitihinggil srantun mucuki took a step back

Mangku wengkon bumine Hyang Manon

 

Bering, reja swamp

Kurug siti’s pillow flat bawera

Kandhang lodhang pepulung sandhang food

Patrap tuna satak bathi relatives

The practice of soul ngayogya is luru leluri larasing kartya

Titi tata calming praja raharjane kawula

 

Beringharja

Mustika tandha

Linambaran siti toya

Jejeg adeging Sri Narendra

Mangku mengku kumumala

Memayu hayuning bawana

 

Beringharja

Peken Pancawara

Pasar gedhe nagari gung binathara

Paningset jumbuhing Gusti-Kawula

Ngrenggo ngayogya koncar kuncara

Carita Kutha Ngayogyakarta (Eko Wahyu Nugroho)

Kababar sawijing story

Story of Kutha Ngayogyakarta

Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat kang Kaloka

Kaloka is full of culture

Grapyak sumanak wargane

Alus sublime bebuden

Prasaja tuminda

Gandhes supple and pantes agemane

Kabeh sarwa ginambar wela-wela

Gawe tourist guests interest

Nalika nancik Ngayogyakarta

The karta raharja ayem tentrem board

Pinggir Progo ing Wayah Afternoon (Margaret Kusalamani)

Wayah afternoon to go to Kali Progo

Prawan sumengit slowed down amarikelu

“Ngger, my daughter is a beautiful child, rahayu satekamu”

Priyagung sepuh iket wulung mbagekake

The prawan was shocked, sumungkem null the pitakon

“You punika sinten, grandma?”

Priyagung wants to mesem banjur ing sandhinge

“Grandmother, wonten coffers patilasanipun Eyang Wanabaya?”

“What’s wrong Ngger, kowe nggoleki?”

“Kula mundhi dhawuhipun mother swarghi”

The prawan banjur pitakon maneh

“Punapa leres Eyang Wanabaya mbalela dhumateng Mataram?”

 

Banjur ing mripate kang liyep lindri cumithak image

Mangir bedhah, a descendant of the Wanabaya breed

Oncat, sumingkir saka kinasih earth

Ora marga wedi taker ludira, nanging ana petung seje

Kelebu ancestor, ngawa baby sibling durung genep eight dina

Kedharang-dharang rises to the mudhun mountain, a ravine, crossing the river

This baby of the Wanabaya breed must be saved

 

Lan dheweke, what kind of baby do you want

Teka ing bumi Mangir ngruru ancestor

 

Priyagung wants Kanthi to stroke Sirahe the virgin

Mesem pait banjur pitutur,

“Ngger, manebna think you, sumendhe mring Gusti

Binareng lakuning urip, you will manage it

What’s the difference between building the earth, Kang Wis Menehi Panguripan?

Karo mbalela lan wants to take care of other darbeking”

 

Sawise pitutur priyagung wants to be gone

The prawan was shocked, she was fussing over the mripat and being observant

“Grandmother… Grandmother… You won’t have a purse?”

……….

“Do I want to just dream”, pangudharasane

Tedhak Sinten (Kartika)

Weak kang kokpi not follow or not act

Setya was dumbfounded

Ora nate splice to the bushes

Nanging hands are fierce

The rhyme is less graphic

It can be just as damaging

 

Weak, …..

Mbokmenawa ana kang wrong

Anggone padha polah

Nupadi tukon uyah

Kamangka

Wejange simbah tan will owah

Marang relatives sometimes putu wayah

In order to keep worshiping

Lord Kang Maha Mirah

 

Tedhak siten

Want to listen to Kowe Saiki?

Menawa sleep, just cry wedi

Ah, sometimes I don’t understand

Head to Bali

Like you promised

Sadurunge mudhun ing siti

 

Wernane is an asshole who is not here

Durung’s rhymes are well established

Ana ati kang funny

Nggegem paugerane kanthi kebak

Dalan wis ambyar kasampyuk gumerlape wedhak

Kang ambune smells good

 

Siti, …..

I hope you are still at ease

Dadya punjering fortune

Marang kang is happy to cook

Ngebekti mring Gusti

Hamemayu hayuning bawana

Katetepi pinangka promise

Baladha Mbokdhe Setra (Nita Nuryanti)

Mbokdhe Setra basket tela Soga Market

Tomorrow, you will have krekat-krengket talking about the old pit

gabions kiwa tengen contents have continued life

nyuwak pedhut ngipatke adheme hawa

the sadawane behavior of ndalidir is cute, the pinangka rowang song

dhemit ora ndulit satan ora hooked

Mbokdhe Setra tan wedi nadyan dhewekan

 

Press the trade market set sinambi ura-ura

Tembang Pangkur otak-athike when you are unemployed

Mbakyu-mbakyu is totally dead

niki tela is soft, delicious tuwin legi

fluffier nyamleng yen den ulu

amirasa legend

tela kaspa, tela pendhem, tela purple

complete pack of sarwa ana

mangoes samya mriki

 

Mbokdhe…., Mbokdhe Setra

why are you so adventurous?

ura-ura dadi means

fortune mara anyaketi

kang passing padha stop by

kang krungu melu payu

tela rong gabion entek entek

 

Mbokdhe…., Mbokdhe Setra

nembanga maneh no video huh

the longish boy hates the cellphone

Mbokdhe Setra was recorded at the Bawane school

great Mbokdhe Setra!

top markotop Mbokdhe Setra!

Mbokdhe Setra kondhang sapasar Soga

 

Grimis riwis-riwis

Mbokdhe Setra is in pain

ngonceki tela kulakan ka village

thanks to Mr. Kang Kuwasa

wis borrowing in catering

 

Mbokdhe…., Mbokdhe Setra

kemlenyer theka car

noman dashing pideks

nuduhake video kang jare viral

Mbokdhe Setra was asked to record

Mlebu tipi, ura-ura, sleepy load

Mbokdhe Setra Kaloka and Numpuk Bandha

 

Mbokdhe Setra basket tela market Soga

kudune is happy, gumyak, happy

geneye mbrebes milli caranta

son of putu ana ngendi

let’s discuss Javanese culture

Sometimes the Basket of Bantul Market (Dalle Dalminto)

Bagaskara ing brang wetan durung methungul

Ngatonake praupan and sunare njedhul

Bun tomorrow, fill pating grandul

Ing poking godhong lan grumbul

 

The baskets of cancut are sometimes entangled

Mecaki in oil kandele pedhut

Gumregah looked up

Gumbregut bent his knees and elbows

 

Cool air nicoki epidermis

Kadya pointed and landhepe eri

Ora will do giggrige ati

The spirit of kadhung anjenggirat

Planned intent

Hunt thanks to the sumebar ing universe

 

Ing Pasar Bantul

The baskets sometimes bake the wakul

Jumangkah nyadhong blessings

Kanthi ati surrenders sumarah

Love Spell (Suwarsidi)

Sun wateg compassion mantra

Sih asih asah foster

The love will be sleepy

Sing asah tansah antuk landheping galih

The foster care will be happy with the rocking sakehing

 

This is a mercy spell

daktamakake mring sasama ing saindhenging donya

dimen raharja is more than sadaya balak pikolehing tumindaksing

the act of dur will melt

the main follow-up will be by begja

the prawira will be dhuwur in rank

 

This spell is the Prince’s wisiking compassion spell

My prince, your prince, is worshiped by my subjects every now and then

I feel sorry for you tresna-tinresnanan

I’m sorry

Tentrem, tram tram mrih ati rasa ayem

Suh, suh, suh…..

just don’t mess up

the riotous act is hard to see wayah-wayah

 

Hmmm…

kuwat slamet, najan katone just grumbled

Naning Ngango Petung Sarwa Memet

met-met-met slamet

kanthi mripat memem dhipet

nora Nyayang ngiwa, Nyayang Nengen, Nyayang Muntung Tuwin Mudhun

PANDULU only goes forward

 

forward-forward-ju-ju-ju

heck-hell

compassionately cured

sing compassion mantas because of anxiety

sing tresna atine tansah rena

 

Hmmm…

Handsome Mantra of Mercy

mugi Prince paring kasembadan

Pure (Albertus Sartono)

it’s not easy to beat the knights

but galihe asura

what is the use of pandhita papaya

if the truth is evil

 

endi gunane esem guyu

but all of them want to be fake

sweet words and exchanges

missing tegese but tenane just lamis

 

gedhe rumangsa ndaku wong prawira

without pakra if you are saberere culika

Pepacak is full of irons

nyingidake the crew is confused

wedhakan kandel katon funny

maybe you can cover kadhas and phlegm

 

the fires engkak-bent becik

Mung Merga carried Melik

ubeg rowang noisy fires

tundhane mung arep mbebidhung

 

wasis micara teteh ngethuprus

jebul isine just sucks

but conscience is impure

mawohe duraka, pageblug, utawa pepati

sliramu choose sing endi

Jathilan (Agus Suprihono)

Screaming cumether ing ear

Kasadran nerve inlusup

Skip the ruddy steps

Ing sirah nyawiji ing rah

 

Swara bendhe curvy

Invite sakabehing to flower

Nundhung sakehing dredah

Ingsun lilani sira angslup ing body

Kareben padha surak mawuran

Lan panjeriting virgins

 

This is God’s paringane body

Dakpepetri murih aja duwe misbehaved

Iki sukma just change the summisih give in

Ing’s time, Kang Padha asked me to lose

Sinta Obong (Agus Suprihono)

Dakdilat shooting agni

Dakgendhong destiny pepesthi

Tan winates heartless

Lir gumanti kumlebating papaya

 

Dhuh God of heaven and earth

Hopefully kaseksenana iki kasyaning ati

Kang ora kendhat tansah mbanyu mili

Dakuji kanthi ngrungkebi kobaraning geni

 

Dhuh gurulaki kang daktresnani replaced my heart

Nadyan katresnanmu durung my pocket irenge Rahwana

Kang ora mredhuli najan wis ora Suci

Geneya kowe is tidha-tidha sad because of his life

Kang must do the sawise uwal saka Rahwana

Mbuktekake my chastity is really hot?

Language Without Ukara (Dwi Winarno)

Tan needs to speak up

Kanggo lare kang subasita hell

The tumindak lacks trep, it misses the incoherent clutter

Sangarep guest, elder Utawa Pangarsa praja

 

Caterpillars and highlight nets can’t you like them

Without lingsem kanggone lare

Krasa and banjur rumangsa

methany missingsun,

Banjur must be kepiye

Kanthi tlaten paring wewarah uga tuladha

This pinangka real picture

You have to protect your noble cultural etiquette

Kemis Pahing (Christina Sri Purwanti)

Gedhe-little, enom-old

So dhusun in our reason

Waradin ing tlatah Ngayogyakarta

Mring sadaya’s office and law

Miwah’s sister, Putri Kapatah Sami

Tan Miwang was asked to be nuri-uri

Raytan raos handarbeni

Sesarengan anadi Jawi fashion

The legacy of the noble kang ancestor

Pri Putri Angagem sided with Rikma Ginelung

Bebed surjan iket blangkon kakungipun

Mrih tan supe wosing fashion nanipun

 

Kemis Pahing chose samya

Ginayut hadeg of Kraton Ngayogyakarta

Swasana bombong tumekaning nala

Sinawang recipe and perfect

Nyamping and bebed batik gagrag Ngayogyakarta

Mbayak ugi surjan sumangga kersa

Pinareng angagem various colors

Abang, green, yellow, plain, casumangga pattern

Kewes gandhes supple woman

Pambeg is dashing and pideksa kang shy

Sangsaya is like a recipe for ping PANDULU

Layang Kanggo Mother (Mulyati)

Mak, sliramu anyeksèni kridhaning aji the culture of manungsa Jawi

tansah also cinathet sesuluh hamemayu hayune nagara iki

Wiwit from the Kartini era

kenceng ancas ing nguni:

sluman-slumun yasa dadi ramu

valley manah tansah dadi sangu

“Don’t knock on the neck, the gifts, and the room

Don’t get confused, don’t get confused, don’t be surprised, just calm

just so pisan-pisan angadhepi mompyoré nowadays

just getun jroning panemu kang becik

just be surprised if it’s just a pethingan

aja aleman ginayuh nyandhak sesawangan kerepan”

Mom, I’m wong dhusun

wiwit little tansah miserable and getun

my expert is just tandur karo matun

naning ora kendhat my anggon dikon kèri

sabab akèh sawan manis sing tansah mbebayani

Mom, the small level of soft food, urip needs to be served

sing kudu kasinau, chapter bakuné kadewasan dhiri

dadia wong kang piguna

rawé-rawé pait bitter with rantasi

ngadeg jejeg or pijer miyar-miyur

sarwa ndedonga kabèh kaagungane Ingkang Maha Widhi

Mak, worship prostrate plus pangèstu

I’m really saderma

don’t be reckless, bro

kabèh iku merga ati rinasa prungsang

the barrel of the sacred seagrass

kanggo benchmark gesang

order of peace of mind of the inner foe

Nglembah Manah (Suyati)

Ngger, I wish you were talking about managing it

Tatane tembung kang rinakit duwe meaning

Miliha tembung kang becik dirungokake

Get rid of rough and sarcastic lines

Kareben adoh saka panacad also panyendhu

Kang nuwuhake doesn’t feel good at heart

Utawa makes Rinasa grisi ears

Winedhar ing ukara say ing suwara

Kanthi’s words are soft and slow

Don’t get excited

Sinartan patrap kang pray

Netepi werdining subasita

Datan snuggles with the etiquette

Ngger, sanaja mung saklimah tembung

Efforts pure ora gawe confused

Sakecap tembung kang kawedhar

You can make Greged, ask me to eat

Can aweh panglipur kang nandhang branta

Can dadi pamuji urip raharja

So, that’s a brief explanation of the Javanese Geguritan Example . Sinaumed’s can visit sinaumedia’s book collection at www.sinaumedia.com to obtain references about literary works apart from examples of Javanese language geguritan.

The following is a recommendation of sinaumedia books that sinaumedia can read to learn about beliefs in Java so that they can fully understand them. Happy reading.

Find other interesting things at www.sinaumedia.com . sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will always present interesting articles and recommendations for the best books for Sinaumed’s.

• Biography of Ir. Sukarno, the proclaimer of Indonesian independence
• Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa Biography: His Life History and Struggle
• Biography of WR Supratman, the creator of the song Indonesia Raya
• After the Proclamation, Why Should the Indonesian Nation Defend Independence?
• History and Meaning of the Proclamation of Independence for Indonesia

Examples of gas objects – In this world we will find various forms of objects. Not only solids and liquids. But gas objects are also often encountered in everyday life. It is undeniable that in this life the existence of gas objects really helps humans. For example, oxygen is also the largest gaseous form on earth.

Just like other forms of matter, gas objects also have the properties needed to meet the needs of our daily activities besides oxygen. Besides needing to know what are the examples of gas objects, you also need to know what things are related to gas objects.
Starting from the definition of gas objects, examples of gas objects, properties of gas objects, forms of changes in the form of gas objects and others. Even though you might have known a glimpse of gas objects before when you were at school.

But in this article, we will explain more deeply all things related to gas objects.

Definition of Gases

The first thing we will learn together is about the meaning of gas objects. Knowing the meaning of gas is the basis. So that it can also be said that an understanding of the meaning of gas objects is a foundation before going any further to understand what gas objects are.

A gas is a shape and form of matter that has a volume and shape with changing conditions according to the space it occupies. Even so the presence of gaseous bodies is very difficult to see with the naked eye.

Apart from not being able to be seen by a pair of human eyes, the presence of gas objects also cannot be grasped like solid objects. You can find gaseous substances anywhere because gaseous matter is air in the form of oxygen which can be in all corners of the earth.

Air or oxygen is an example of a gas object that we can use everyday to meet our survival needs. When the air or oxygen gas is from this earth, humans will automatically disappear or die. Therefore oxygen is a form of the largest gaseous matter on earth that can be found anywhere.

Furthermore, substances from gas objects will also always move freely wherever they want. This is what makes gaseous substances not have a fixed shape and can follow the shape of the container. In addition, the volume of gas objects will also continue to change.

These conditions make gas objects different from liquid or solid objects which incidentally have a more stable shape and volume. The freedom of molecules and motion makes air easier to change into other substances. In fact, these changes can change naturally without the need for human intervention.

Properties of Gases

Just like liquids and solids, gases also have their own properties. The existence of the nature of this gas object can also be a characteristic of the presence of gas objects. So below are some of the properties possessed by gas objects.

1. Always Fills the Entire Room It Occupies

Air is a mixture of various substances invisible to the eye. In addition, air also has no color and is odorless or odorless. However, air can still occupy a space which will then follow the shape of the space or container.

This can be proven when you blow air into a balloon. Within a certain period of time the balloon will change shape to become bigger. This condition occurs because the balloon is filled with air gas which is able to exert pressure on the rubber layer of the balloon.

The more you blow air into the balloon, the bigger the shape of the balloon. From this event it can be concluded that the shape of the gas can follow the shape of the container like a balloon. If a balloon has the shape of an animal’s head, then the gas form will also follow the shape of the balloon.

2. Be Every Place

Gas objects are also able to be in every place, so it will be easier for us to find wherever the place is. Ride it in the house, road or any environment there is always a gas object. Even in an empty room or place there must be a gas such as air or oxygen.

The colorless and odorless form of gas makes it invisible and undetectable. Even so, we as humans can still feel the existence of these gas objects.

The nature of gas objects that are always everywhere proves that human life is very dependent on the supply or presence of oxygen.

3. Able to Press in All Directions

Besides being able to fill every space it occupies, gas objects also have the property of being able to suppress in all directions the space they occupy. This can make gas objects not only fill or press in one direction but in all directions.

To prove the existence of the properties of gas objects that can press in all directions, you can try to blow up a balloon. Later the balloon will be filled with gas until it gets a certain pressure which makes the change in the shape of the balloon bigger than its previous size. The gaseous substance is able to fill the entire balloon container by applying pressure to all parts of the container.

This condition can occur because gas objects have molecules that can move freely more easily so that they are able to exert a pressure on a certain space from all directions. The movement of gaseous substances in all directions can be caused by the presence of chemical gas elements which are indeed lighter when they are in the air.

4. Gases Have Heavy Mass

Even though gas objects are basically invisible, who would have thought that gas objects also have mass or an object’s weight. The mass or weight of a gas object is of course different from the mass size of a liquid or gas object.

Even in the calculations, the mass or weight of gaseous substances is also different, you know . For example, when calculating the mass of carbon dioxide gas with the dry weight of biomass and calculating the ideal gas equation.

To be able to find out the mass of a gas substance will also be influenced by the size of the pressure, volume and temperature around the substance. The gas mass on Earth has a rough volume composition of 68 percent nitrogen molecules, 21 percent oxygen molecules and 1 substitution of other gases which are contained in carbon dioxide molecules.

5. The distance between gaseous particles can change

As with solids and liquids, gases also have particles and molecules in their constituent elements. Although basically the level of velocity between particles of gas objects will be different from the particles in gas or liquid objects.

In addition, it is also necessary to know if the particles and molecules that make up the gas object have a distance that can change so that they are not fixed. This is very different from the particles and molecules in solids and liquids which tend to be more fixed.

The changing distance of the particles in the gas also makes it easier for gas objects to move freely to fill in all directions of the room or face even though the room is empty.

Even gaseous and liquid objects sometimes also have gas in them. This can happen because of the density of particles and molecules in gaseous substances that are so free and also tenuous.

6. Has an Irregular Particle Arrangement

When the distance between particles and molecules in a gas object is not fixed, the arrangement of particles in a gas object will also be irregular. The arrangement of particles will be easier to move which can also make it easier to change. This occurs in the form of other substances or only in the reduction of particles and also molecules.

Its irregular arrangement allows gas particles to easily change their mass and volume.

Basically, the particles that make up a gaseous body are very irregular. This makes gas substances not easily recognized by the human eye due to the chemical elements present in them. The chemical elements of gases will also be difficult to distinguish from one another from various kinds of symptoms, even though in this condition the chemical elements they contain are also different.

7. Has a Weak Particle Tensile Force

Gases have attractive forces that tend to be weaker between each particle that makes up the substance. In fact, many scientists explain that the attractive forces between the particles of gas objects are almost non-existent.

This can occur when the particle elements that make up the gaseous substance are very light and irregular, making it easier for the gaseous substance to be unstable. As a result, the force of attraction between the particles of gas is absent.

8. Free Particle Movement

The nature of gas objects that can move freely is influenced by the properties of other gas objects, such as particles that are not fixed and irregularly arranged, making it easier for them to move more freely in all directions. Of course this makes gas objects able to fill all the empty space.

Interestingly, gas objects can also be media for the propagation of certain energies such as light energy, sound to heat. Besides that, gaseous substances that move easily can also make a lot of energy appear more easily or form more easily.

You can try to prove the nature of gas bodies that move freely in naturally occurring winds. This makes it easier for gas objects to move irregularly according to the pressure or temperature in a particular room or area. Even though we can’t see it, it’s still easier to feel the gas moving in every time we are.

Examples of Gases

From the explanation of the properties of gas objects above, of course, you also already know what are the examples of objects that are included in gas objects. It cannot be denied that currently the existence of gas objects will be very easy to find in this life, both naturally and gas objects made by human hands.

The existence of gaseous objects on earth is often used in various kinds of human activity needs. Even so there are several forms of gas objects that endanger human life. Therefore, we must know what gaseous objects are good or which can harm human life.

So below are some forms of gas objects that are around us today.

1. The presence of oxygen is needed for human survival.
2. There is a wind that moves in the air with a denser gas content.
3. Fart is also an example of a gas object that comes out of the human body.
4. There is smoke coming from the combustion process of solid or liquid objects.
5. Carbon dioxide that exists naturally or as a result of human activities.
6. The presence of carbon monoxide comes from human activities and occurs naturally.
7. Nitrogen.
8. Hydrogen.
9. The occurrence of water vapor due to the evaporation process of liquid objects.
10. The air in the balloon is blown by humans or through a pump.
11. The air that is in a motorcycle tire or car tire.
12. An empty glass that can be filled with air.
13. An empty bottle that can be filled with air.
14. A pump that can deliver air to several other objects such as tires or balloons.
15. LPG.
16. Perfume.
17. AIR CONDITIONING.
18. Oxygen cylinders in the medical world.
19. A fridge that has freon in it.

So, those are some examples of gaseous objects that you can read in full above.

Changes in the Form of Gas Objects

Not only solids and liquids that can change. Gases can also change. These changes can occur naturally or due to human intervention.

Then later these changes can be marked as physical and chemical changes that can affect the structure of the chemical elements contained in the gas. Now, to be clearer, here are some changes in the form of gas objects.

1. Condensing

Condensation is a change from a gas to a liquid. This process of change can occur due to changes in temperature pressure that are lower than before.

The easiest example is the condition of the leaves in the morning which become wet with dew. This condition can occur because the air at night becomes lower at the bottom compared to the air temperature at the top.

At night a lot of oxygen or O2 will be released resulting in H20 water in the form of dots or droplets of water which we will find more easily on the surface of the leaves in the morning. The change from a gas to a liquid is a chemical change caused by a change in the chemical element oxygen into water, even though the change in that element does not occur too far or is still one derivative.

2. Crystallize

Crystallization is a change from a gas to a solid. Just like changes in the condensation process, crystallization is also caused by lower changes in the air and when it reaches the earth’s surface.

The easiest example of crystallization is occurring in snow or empty bottle caps where over time spots or lumps of water will appear. From the existence of this change process, it can be a sign that a gas object is greatly influenced by the temperature and pressure conditions it receives.

When the gas in the air moves freely, it can trigger its unlimited distribution and temperature pressure can occur at any time. In addition, crystallization is also included in physical changes because it does not change chemical elements and only changes in shape and form.

3. Sublimation

It is a change of state from a solid to a gas. Gaseous substances produced from sublimation will be able to move freely in the air without any restrictions.
These changes can be found in mothballs that are simply placed in an open room. Which within a certain period of time the camphor will sublimate into the air.

4. Evaporation

Evaporation is also a process of changing from a liquid to a gas due to the help of heat or heat energy. Evaporation can change a liquid object into a gas object that can move freely in the air.

The easiest example of evaporation is when you boil water until it is boiling. When water boils, over time it will release steam into the air.

So that’s a summary of gas objects. Starting from the definition, properties, examples of gas objects, and the changes they have, you can read them here in full. Hopefully all the discussion above is useful and adds to Sinaumed’s’ insight.

If you want to find various kinds of books about science, then you can get them at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information .

Author: Hendrik Nuryanto

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Forms of ASEAN Cooperation in the Economic Sector – Human nature as a social being is evidently not only manifested in relations between humans, but also between countries. ASEAN is one of the interstate cooperation that is taken into account because it increasingly shows its strategic position.

One form of cooperation is in the economic field. So, what are the forms of ASEAN cooperation in the economic field? Come on, see the explanation below!

A. The Establishment Process of ASEAN

Before we explain further about this economic cooperation, we need to know in more detail what ASEAN is and how its history was founded.

ASEAN is the abbreviation for Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Association of Southeast Asian Nations, according to the translation. ASEAN is an organization at the regional level which is a forum for cooperation for ten countries in the Southeast Asian region.

This organization was formed by five countries, namely, Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. ASEAN was officially established with the signing of the Bangkok Declaration on August 8, 1967.

As the name implies, the declaration was held in Bangkok, Thailand. At that time each country was represented by its Foreign Ministers. Indonesia was represented by Adam Malik, Thailand by Thanat Khoman, Narsisco Ramos represented the Philippines, S. Rajaratnam represented Singapore, and Malaysia was represented by Tun Abdul Razak.

As a representative from Indonesia, Adam Malik played an active role in designing, compiling, the establishment of the ASEAN organization on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand. You can read the whole story in the book Series of Leaders of the Nations-Adam Malik Actors of the ASEAN Declaration.

The Bangkok Declaration is proof of the strong commitment of the five ASEAN founding countries to create a safe, peaceful, prosperous and stable region.

The discourse to form a forum for countries in Southeast Asia surfaced because during the 1960s the region was characterized by a situation prone to conflict.

The existence of territorial struggles to spread ideological influence carried out by major powers is one of them. Not to mention that the countries in the Southeast Asian region also have to face conflicts among themselves.

Conflicts like this, if allowed to continue, could threaten regional stability and hinder the course of development.

As the ASEAN organization grew, five other Southeast Asian countries gradually joined.

Brunei Darussalam joined on January 8, 1984, then Vietnam joined eleven years later, namely in 1995 on July 28 to be precise. Laos and Myanmar entered simultaneously two years later, namely on July 23, 1997. The joining of Cambodia on April 30, 1999 completed the ten ASEAN member countries.

B. ASEAN Cooperation Objectives

1. Accelerate the pace of economic growth , cultural development and social progress through joint efforts in a spirit of friendship and equality to strengthen the foundations of a peaceful Southeast Asian society
2. Strengthening relations of mutual assistance and active cooperation in overcoming problems in the corridor of common interest in various fields, such as science, engineering, administration, and especially economic and social
3. Strengthening regional stability and peace by mutually respecting law and order and justice in relations between countries in the Southeast Asian region, as well as adhering to the principles in the UN Charter
4. Mutual assistance between countries in providing a wide range of research advice and training in the professional, technical, educational and administrative sectors
5. Increase the effectiveness of cooperation to strengthen the use of industry and agriculture between countries, expand trade and carry out studies on international commodities, improve communication and transportation facilities, and elevate people’s living standards
6. Succeeding the process of studying the Southeast Asian region
7. Build and maintain strong and fruitful cooperation with various organizations—both at the regional and international levels—that share the same vision and goals, and maintain all possibilities for building close relations between ASEAN countries.

C. Encouragement of Cooperation Between ASEAN Countries

Establishing cooperation between countries is not easy, there are many things that need attention. Likewise with countries in Southeast Asia.

The cooperation they build in ASEAN must have a solid foundation. There are at least two main factors driving cooperation between ASEAN countries. These two factors are:

1. There are several similarities and differences in natural resources

Even though they are in the same region, in reality ASEAN countries do not have uniformity in natural resources.

For example, Singapore and Indonesia. The short distance between the two countries does not mean that Singapore has as much mining wealth as Indonesia. However, on the other hand, Indonesia is still behind in port management arrangements compared to Singapore.

Thus both ultimately benefit equally. The process of exporting Indonesian mining products must pass through the port of Singapore. This is because the Lion City is located in a strategic position on world trade routes, which connect the Southeast Asian region with countries on the European continent.

In addition to the natural resources contained in the bowels of the earth, food resources can also be a reason for encouraging cooperation between countries in one region. In the case of ASEAN, the existence of different food resources in its member countries makes them work together.

For example, Indonesia sells its agricultural products to Singapore. However, at the same time, our country also buys rice from Thailand as well as Myanmar to meet domestic consumption needs.

2. There are similarities and differences in geographical conditions

As the name suggests, the Southeast Asian region is a number of countries located in the southeastern Asian continent. Geographically, these countries are surrounded by two continents, namely the continent of Asia and the continent of Australia, and two oceans, namely the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

It is because of the similarity in geographical location that a number of countries in one region usually develop cooperative relations. This aims to maintain the security and stability of the region in general and the country itself in particular. ASEAN is one example of cooperation because of its geographical similarities.

D. Results of ASEAN Cooperation

1. The results of ASEAN cooperation in the form of infrastructure:

ASEAN succeeded in establishing several factories for the common good. These factories and their locations are:

• ASEAN fertilizer factory established in Indonesia
• The urea-ammonia fertilizer plant is located in Malaysia
• ASEAN copper factory built in the Philippines
• Soda ash factory established in Thailand
• Hepatitis B vaccine factory in Singapore

Apart from being in the form of factories, ASEAN countries are also working together to build infrastructure in the education sector, namely in the form of campuses. Currently, ASEAN University has stood firmly in North Sumatra Province, in Pematangsiantar City to be precise.

2. Results of ASEAN cooperation with developed countries outside ASEAN:

To add benefits to its member countries, ASEAN is also exploring cooperation with other developed countries. Japan is the target of this cooperation. In Tokyo City, the capital city of Sakura Country, ASEAN has succeeded in establishing a promotion site for tourism, investment and trade of its member countries.

3. Results of ASEAN cooperation in the security sector:

Settlement of territorial disputes in the South China Sea is one form of cooperation between ASEAN countries in the security sector. Apart from that, ASEAN has also succeeded in forming a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, abbreviated as ZOPFAN, which means Free and Neutral Zone. ZOPFAN was formed to protect the sovereignty of ASEAN member countries.

E. ASEAN Economic Community

The ASEAN Economic Community or commonly abbreviated as MEA, is referred to in international languages ​​as the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). MEA was formed with the aim of realizing economic integration in the ASEAN region.

This economic integration includes a safe Southeast Asian region with a higher level of integrated development dynamics, reduces the poverty rate of the ASEAN people, and strives for economic growth to obtain sustainable and equitable prosperity.

The book entitled Towards the 2015 ASEAN Economic Community is here to provide information about the 2015 AEC and the various opportunities and challenges behind it.

To realize this, the AEC has four main characteristics, namely a production base and a single market, an economic region that has high competitiveness, an area with equitable economic development, and a regional area that is fully integrated with the world economy.

1 Pillars of the ASEAN Community

In MEA there are several pillars of the economic community that support it. These pillars are a form of cooperative relations to deepen and expand economic integration, both within the ASEAN region and with countries outside the ASEAN region.

The Four Pillars of the ASEAN Community consist of:

a. Pillar 1 is the Single Market and Production Platform

This pillar contains the free flow of goods and services, the free flow of skilled labour, the free flow of capital, as well as the priority integration sectors, agriculture, food and forestry

b. Pillar 2 is a Competitive Economic Area

The second pillar of AEC contains consumer protection, intellectual property rights, taxation and electronic commerce ( e-commerce ), competition policy, and infrastructure development.

c. Pillar 3 is Equitable Economic Development

This third pillar contains emerging initiatives for ASEAN integration and SME development

d. Pillar 4 is Integration with the Global Economy

The last pillar of the AEC contains an integrated approach towards external economic relations and broader participation in supply chains at the global level.

The four pillars are contained in the blueprint document approved at the 38th ASEAN Economic Minister Meeting (AEM). The meeting was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in August 2006.

F. Benefits of ASEAN Cooperation for Indonesia

Every ASEAN member will always benefit from the results of cooperation between members as well as Indonesia. Then, what benefits will Indonesia experience after carrying out ASEAN cooperation?

1. Can Increase Togetherness Among ASEAN Communities

The first benefit felt by Indonesia, especially its people, after carrying out ASEAN cooperation is that it can increase or foster togetherness among ASEAN peoples. With this togetherness, every ASEAN community will try to maintain peace with each other.

2. Increasing the sense of security and peace

ASEAN cooperation is beneficial for Indonesia, especially in increasing the sense of security and peace within the country and fellow ASEAN members. This sense of security and peace can make ASEAN cooperation even closer, so that economic growth and trade between members can run optimally.

3. Can Realize Helping Fellow ASEAN Members

By cooperating with ASEAN, Indonesia can participate in helping ASEAN members who are experiencing difficulties. By doing so, Indonesia can also get help from other ASEAN members in times of trouble.

4. Can Fight for National Interests

Every country must have national interests as well as Indonesia. This national interest must be realized immediately so that a country can continue to develop and the people can live more prosperously. In ASEAN cooperation, Indonesia can fight for national interests, so that they can be realized more quickly and precisely.

G. ASEAN Cooperation Principles

Every ASEAN member in carrying out cooperation has principles that must be upheld. The following are the principles of ASEAN cooperation.

1. Each ASEAN member is not allowed to interfere in the internal affairs of other ASEAN members.
2. Every ASEAN cooperation must be realized in a useful, effective, efficient and rational manner. 
3. Mutual respect for the sovereignty, equality, independence and integrity of each member country. 
4. If there are problems between members, they must be resolved without using weapons that can cause conflict and war.

H. Examples and Forms of ASEAN Cooperation in the Economic Sector

1. ASEAN Cooperation in the Industrial Sector Through the ASEAN Industrial Cooperation (AICO)

The collaboration carried out through AICO is realized by building a number of industrial centers in several countries—as mentioned above—, namely:

• The ASEAN Vaccine Project , a factory that produces this vaccine, stands in Singapore
• ASEAN Urea Project , this urea fertilizer factory has been built in Malaysia
• The ASEAN Aceh Fertilizer Project , as the name suggests, is a fertilizer industry center in Aceh, Indonesia
• ASEAN Copper Fabrication Project , namely a copper industrial factory that stands in the Philippines
• Rock Salt Soda Ash Project , is a factory that produces soda ash, based in Thailand.

2. ASEAN Cooperation in the Food Reserves Sector

ASEAN has two main rice storages, namely Vietnam and Thailand. The two countries also continue to be committed to becoming providers of food reserves for their neighboring countries, other ASEAN members.

Apart from the two rice granaries, other countries, such as Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia also have commitments to provide food reserves in emergency situations.

3. ASEAN Cooperation Through the Free Trade Area, ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)

The ASEAN Free Trade Area or ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) is a form of cooperation that functions to assist producers from the production sector at the local level to obtain special facilities.

For example, they are entitled to a Common Effective Preferential Tariff of only 5%-10% per product. This provision applies to both imported and exported products.

AFTA plays an important role in the trade process between ASEAN member countries. With this cooperation, a number of trade obstacles can be overcome.

In turn, indirectly this cooperation can also help improve the competitiveness of locally made products from member countries in the ASEAN market.

ASEAN cooperation in the field of trade does not only apply to products in the form of commodities or goods. Service products are also applied, with quite varied variants. For example, service products in the form of telecommunications and transportation, finance, and tourism, all of which can be accommodated by AFTA.

4. ASEAN Cooperation in the Tourism Economy

It is very likely that this sector will become a top priority for our country. It cannot be denied that this tourism sector is the biggest economic supporter, not only for Indonesia but also for the average ASEAN member country. In addition, this sector is also a strategic area to open employment because it is able to absorb a large number of workers.

ASEAN cooperation carried out in the tourism economic sector can be a bridge to promote and preserve the local culture of each ASEAN member country.

This is important, considering that both domestic and foreign tourists are very interested in this local culture. That’s why culture is one that continues to be developed and becomes an attraction in this tourism sector.

The strategic plan to prioritize culture in the tourism sector for ASEAN countries has actually started to be implemented in 2016 and will be evaluated in 2025.

Not only limited to introducing, but this program also makes efforts to deepen the mindset and connect intercultural dialogue from each ASEAN member.

Apart from tourism, sports competitions between countries are also able to attract tourists. Therefore cooperation in this sector is not only attention-grabbing, but also strategic.

One of the most popular sporting events is the SEA Games or Southeast Asian Games, which are biennial sports competitions among ASEAN member countries.

5. Establishment of the ASEAN Promotion Center

Even though it is quite well-known on the international stage, the existence of ASEAN must still be promoted. Some strategic sectors to be used as promotional materials are tourism, trade and investment.

The ASEAN Promotion Center has now opened in Japan. The hope is that this rapidly developing country can increase exports of ASEAN member countries to its own country. In addition, the promotion in Japan is also intended to attract investors from Japan to ASEAN countries.

This is a review of ASEAN and ASEAN cooperation in the economic field that we need to know. For Indonesia itself, there are many benefits to be gained by joining and being active in ASEAN. Not only the economy, the benefits of cooperation for Indonesia also cover the social, cultural, political and security sectors. We can enjoy all of this together as citizens and the people of ASEAN.

In order to better understand this form of cooperation within the ASEAN organization, the book Business Contracts in ASEAN by Sophar Maru Hutagalung can help Sinaumed’s in business & economics.

 

I. Forms of ASEAN Cooperation in the Political Sector

Not only in the economic field, ASEAN cooperation is also carried out in the political field, namely:

1. Sending Ambassadors from Consulates Representing a Country

The first ASEAN cooperation in the political field is sending ambassadors from consulates representing ASEAN countries. The sending of these ambassadors can facilitate ASEAN members in conducting international relations. In addition, the function of sending this consular ambassador is to maintain communication between ASEAN members and play a role in maintaining ASEAN political stability.

2. Establish a Nuclear Free Treaty

The existence of this free from nuclear agreement indicates that the use of nuclear weapons is strictly prohibited. Not only that, this agreement also prohibits ASEAN members from making or designing nuclear weapons.

3. There is a Peace, Neutral and Free Agreement

Every ASEAN member is definitely eager for peace, neutrality and freedom, so that a form of ASEAN cooperation emerges in the political field, namely peace, neutral and free agreements. So, each ASEAN member must mutually protect the area that has been agreed upon and may not violate it. In fact, it is not permissible to intervene in other ASEAN members.

4. There is an Extradition Agreement between ASEAN Members

Each ASEAN member also cooperates in hunting down crime suspects who have fled to other ASEAN countries. With this agreement, fugitive criminals will be more easily arrested and economic stability will be well maintained.

J. ASEAN Cooperation in the Field of Education

Below will be explained further about ASEAN cooperation in the field of education.

1. Student Exchange

The first ASEAN collaboration is a student exchange which makes students enthusiastic in carrying out learning activities. This student exchange is usually carried out within the ASEAN University Network. The duration of the student exchange varies depending on the agreement of the educational institutions of the ASEAN members. For example, student exchanges can be done in 1 semester and some are done in just 3 months.

2. There are educational scholarships

Almost everyone would be happy to get a scholarship. ASEAN cooperation in the next field of education is the existence of educational scholarships. ASEAN students will be able to study abroad, so their knowledge will increase.

Not only within ASEAN, but from outside ASEAN countries also provide scholarships for students from developing countries.

3. Meeting of the Ministers of Education of Each ASEAN Member

The organization has a goal of improving the quality of education in Southeast Asia. In addition, it also functions as educational equality for every Southeast Asian community.

4. Education Olympiad

In this case, ASEAN students can participate in the educational Olympiad, so that the level of education in Southeast Asia can continue to increase. With ASEAN cooperation in the form of educational Olympiads, ASEAN students do not rule out the possibility of participating in Olympiads at a higher level.

K. Asean Cooperation in the Social Sector

Each ASEAN member also cooperates in the social field with the aim of increasing the welfare of the people of Southeast Asia. The form of ASEAN cooperation in the social field is as follows

1. ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Rural Development and Poverty Eradication (AMMRDPE)

In the form of ASEAN cooperation, AMMRDPE is a ministerial level meeting between ASEAN members discussing rural development and poverty alleviation.

2. ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Social Welfare and Development (AMMSDW)

ASEAN cooperation in the social field prioritizes social welfare, one form of cooperation is the ASEAN Ministers Meeting on Social Welfare and Development (AMMSDW). This meeting is a ministerial level meeting.

3. ASEAN Conference on Civil Service Matters (ACCSM)

The economic field will always be related to employees, so that for the welfare of existing employees within ASEAN, the ACCSM conference was formed.

4. ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)

Natural disasters are difficult to predict, so prevention is needed. In addition, after a natural disaster occurs, assistance is also needed so that people can return to their normal activities. ASEAN cooperation in the social sector is called the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER). With this cooperation, each ASEAN member can help each other, especially when natural disasters occur.

5. ASEAN GO-NGO Forum for Social Welfare and Development

With this form of cooperation, the welfare of ASEAN members can continue to be improved. Not only that, this form of ASEAN cooperation also discusses development.

L. ASEAN Cooperation in the Field of Culture

ASEAN members also cooperate in the field of culture. The following is an example of ASEAN cooperation in the field of culture.

1. The existence of the ASEAN Cultural Week (ASEAN Cultural Week)

With the ASEAN cultural week, there will be a lot of ASEAN people who know the culture of each ASEAN country. This activity is usually carried out alternately by ASEAN members and is usually carried out in a few days or weeks.

2. ASEAN Performing Arts (ASEAN Best Performing Arts)

In this ASEAN art show, we will see various kinds of arts owned by each ASEAN member. Thanks to this activity, it can be said that art from ASEAN members is being promoted to the world community.

3. ASEAN Cultural Show (ASEAN Cultural Show and Exhibition)

As the name suggests, in this event there will be a lot of ASEAN culture that will be exhibited to be introduced to the world community.

4. ASEAN International Film and Festival Awards (ASEAN International Film Festival and Award)

ASEAN also has awards for films, so that films from ASEAN members can be recognized by other ASEAN people. Thanks to this festival, filmmaking in ASEAN countries can continue to progress.

Recommendations for Economic Books and Articles

For those of you who are studying economics, here are some recommendations for studying economics that you can have:

1. Globalization, Constitutional Economics, and the Economics Nobel

2. Monetary Economy: Case Study of Indonesia

3. Indonesian Economic Politics

Example of Foreign Exchange – Does Sinaumed’s know why Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) are often called foreign exchange heroes?

The reason for giving this nickname is because the income of the migrant workers in foreign currency will also be sent in part to our country. So, when they send it to Indonesia, there will be a contribution to the country’s foreign exchange system. How can this happen? Namely, these TKI have to “buy” rupiah currency with foreign currency according to which country they work in, so that the country’s foreign exchange also increases.

Then, what are the examples of foreign exchange? Does the existence of foreign exchange provide benefits to the Indonesian state?

So, so that Sinaumed’s can understand this, let’s look at the following review!

Foreign Exchange Example

It should be noted that foreign exchange is goods (an amount of gold or foreign currency) that can be used as a means of payment transactions between countries and is recognized by the international community.

Examples of foreign exchange can be in the form of foreign currency, gold, and securities.

1. Foreign Currency

This foreign currency or foreign exchange is an example of the foreign exchange that is most often used in the process of payment transactions internationally.

We certainly already know that the currency in each country is different, let’s say that in Indonesia it is called Rupiah, in Japan it is called Yen, in Korea it is called Won, in Thailand it is called Bath, and so on.

Well, in our country, foreign currencies that can be used as foreign exchange are Dollars (America), Yuan (China), Euros (European countries), Yen (Japan), and Pounds Sterling (UK).

Then, how do you apply this foreign exchange when there is someone from Indonesia in an international payment transaction? Namely by “exchanging” the rupiah currency with the foreign currency.

For example, there was a businessman from Surabaya named Mike who wanted to buy a machine from Japan. The Japanese ruler only wanted to be paid in yen.

What should Mike do?

That is, he can contact a foreign exchange bank to buy foreign currency as needed (in the form of Yen) and pay the foreign exchange in Rupiah.

The reason why when international transactions occur, foreign parties always ask for payment in Dollars (America), Yen (Japan), Euros (Europe), is because these foreign exchange values ​​are relatively more stable.

2. Some Gold

Apart from foreign exchange, gold can also be used as a means of payment in international payment transaction processes. However, not all gold can be used. Only those in the form of bars are considered valid as foreign exchange.

For foreign exchange payments using gold bullion, the value must be equivalent to the value of the goods to be purchased. In addition, foreign exchange payments using gold must first obtain permission from the government.

3. Securities

The letter used to process international payment transactions is not just any letter, you know…

The securities in question are those that have a valuable value and are issued by the government. The form of these orders can be in the form of SDR, Cable Order, TC, to Wesel.

• SDR or Special Drawing Rights , are credit rights for member countries of the IMF (international monetary fund organization) which aim to help countries that are experiencing difficulties in the international payment process.
• Cable Order or Telegraphic Transfer , is a check sent via telegram, radiogram, or telephone from a domestic bank to a destination bank abroad.
• TC or Traveler’s Check is a check that is usually carried by tourists when traveling to a foreign country and the check can be cashed at certain bank representatives.
• Bill of Exchange or Wesel is an order addressed to the bank to pay a certain amount of money to someone.

Foreign Exchange Benefits for the Country

• Help pay off foreign debt
• Funding various activities including trading in foreign countries
• Paying official expenses abroad
• Accommodate athletes who want to compete abroad
• Helping the process of procurement of goods from and to abroad

Foreign Exchange Function for the State

The existence of foreign exchange greatly affects the economic sector in a country. In general, we certainly know that the country’s foreign exchange serves as a means of payment in international transactions only. Even though in fact there are many functions of the existence of this country’s foreign exchange you know…

1. Means of Payment in International Trade

In this case, the country’s foreign exchange acts as a second currency for countries that are in the process of exporting and importing.

2. Sources of State Revenue

Not only serves as a means of payment, but this foreign exchange can also function as a source of income in a country. Therefore, the existence of foreign exchange can indirectly help the process of national development and economic improvement in a country.

3. International Relations Financing Tool

It should be noted that when conducting international relations involving countries, certain costs are required. Certain costs can come from existing foreign exchange.

International relations are for example official trips abroad, diplomatic activities, athlete competitions, and others.

4. Means of Payment of Foreign Debt

Especially in developing countries, it is “usual” to make debts to other countries. So, to pay off or pay off the debt, you can use foreign exchange as a means of payment.

Foreign Exchange Sources

Previously, it was explained that most of the foreign exchange sources came from Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) working abroad. That is also why they are called Foreign Exchange Heroes.

However, it turns out that a portion of our country’s foreign exchange also comes from international activities, for example the export of goods and services. Then what are the international activities that are the source of foreign exchange?

1. Goods and Services Export Activities

This activity also plays a big role as a source of foreign exchange for the country. A country that exports goods and services abroad, of course, will generate many benefits, one of which is that the foreign exchange will increase.

2. Tourism Activities

This activity relates to examples of foreign exchange, namely foreign exchange. In tourism activities, especially foreign tourists, they will exchange their country’s currency for the currency of the country being visited. When the process of exchanging the currency, there will definitely be a certain value deduction. Well, this certain value can be a source of foreign exchange for a country.

Therefore, tourism conditions will of course affect the source of foreign exchange in a country. The better the tourism, the more tourists will come, the more foreign exchange the country will earn.

3. Foreign Debt

Especially for developing countries, it is certain that they will make loans to other countries. So, loans from abroad will later be recorded as foreign exchange.

Even though the loan will be returned, foreign debt can also be referred to as a source of foreign exchange.

4. Fees for Services Overseas

The services in question are banking services, goods delivery services, to ship port services. Countries that rely on these services will of course get rewards which can later be used as a source of foreign exchange.

5. Aid, Grants, or Gifts From Overseas

In the international world, it is common for countries to provide assistance, grants, and gifts for certain purposes. If the assistance, grants, or gifts given are in the form of money, they can later become a source of foreign exchange for the country.

However, if the aid, grant or gift is in the form of goods, it can be used as a measure to save foreign exchange because the state does not need to spend money to buy these goods.

6. Import Duty Collection

Import duty levy can also be a source of foreign exchange in a country. Import duty levy is an amount of money paid for various goods coming from abroad.

Therefore, the more goods that come from abroad, the more they will be collected, so that they can become a source of foreign exchange in a country.

Well, that’s an explanation of examples of foreign exchange that apply in a country. Sinaumed’s also needs to know that the applicable foreign exchange must be recognized and have government permission, especially at Bank Indonesia.

Source:

https://source.belajar.kemdikbud.go.id/

Related article:

1. Definition of Foreign Exchange
2. Get to know Import Export
3. Domestic and International Trade
4. Negative Impacts of International Trade
5. International Trade Theory
6. Foreign Exchange Rates
7. Positive Impact of International Trade

Examples of fiction books – Books are windows to the world, therefore everyone should be used to reading books. Because, this activity can open and broaden horizons about anything. On the other hand, many readers look down on fiction books – for various reasons. In fact, all books are the same and all books will find their own readers.

In the world of books, the term ” bookshaming ” is known, which refers to behavior that demeans/undermines/looks down on other people’s reading books. Or it could also be said to make fun of certain types of books, such as fiction, teenlit, or comics.

People who do bookshaming often feel that their reading books are fuller and better than other people. In fact, all books are written because there are readers. Does the perpetrator of bookshaming think about how the author feels whose book is being looked down upon?

This kind of behavior must be stopped as soon as possible because it will indirectly hinder people who are just getting used to reading books. Readers of books in Indonesia should support one another so that reading is seen as fun, not boring.

So, for those of you who might just want to start reading books, don’t take other people’s opinions too seriously. Especially on the books you like. If you like fiction books, gobble up and finish every story you find interesting. Because basically reading is not a competition.

And to add to your reading references. In this article you will find definitions, types, functions, and examples of book contents. Read carefully, yes!

Definition of fiction book

The word fiction is taken from the word fiction which means fantasy, fiction, not based on reality. Muhardi & Hasanuddin in the book Fiction Analysis Procedure (2021) explains that fiction is a genre of literature created by relying on a description of a person or an event.

In other words, in a work of fiction, an event or character is written in such a way as to make the reader perceive it as if it really existed and had existed. Even though the event or character is just a fabrication.

When viewed from the writing process, fiction consists of two main factors, namely the source of creation and process. The source of the creation of a work of fiction can be taken from things that exist on this earth, especially those that take place in the author’s own environment. So from this point of view, works of fiction are the same as non-fiction that take inspiration from real life.

However, fiction and nonfiction are actually different. And the difference appears in the second factor, namely the process of creation or writing. Fictional storytellers respond to the things that happen around them with their own imagination.

That’s why, when you read fiction, you sometimes feel like you’re witnessing the event directly in the real world or as if the event really existed.

Examples of Fiction Books by Type

Short Stories (short stories)

Short stories or often called short stories are one type of fiction book. In a short story, the story presented is the result of the author’s imagination, not reality and is not based on facts.

However, that does not mean the author has to make up the entire contents of the story. Short stories can also use true stories to be used as inspiration and outlines of the story, it’s just that the contents of the short story must be developed by the author himself using his imagination.

Generally, short stories are written in a narrative style so that there are dynamics and conflicts between the characters in them. That way, the storyline will be more interesting and drain the reader’s emotions. One of the main criteria for a short story is that the number of words is no more than 10,000 words.

Some examples of short story collection books are Nadira and the Last Night written by Leila S. Chudori, and Eka Kurniawan’s Scribble on the Toilet .

The last night

Doodle on the Toilet

Novel

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), what is called a novel is ” a long prose essay containing a series of stories of a person’s life with those around him by highlighting the character and characteristics of each actor “. Thus, the novel is also included in the fiction book.

In the novel itself there are intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The first is the elements which include the storyline, theme, characters, mandate, style of language, to the characterizations. While the latter are the elements that make up the novel from the outside. Such as the author’s background, the author’s inspiration, community background and others.

To distinguish it from other types of fiction books, a novel must have certain characteristics, including:

• At least 35,000 words
• Using a descriptive and narrative writing style
• Has a complex storyline. So there must be an initial conflict, climax, anticlimax, up to the conflict resolution part.

So unlike short stories which can be read in one sitting, reading novels takes a relatively long time because they have more pages. Bloomington’s People and 1984 are examples of popular novels.

Bloomington People

1984

Comic

You may include people who are quite familiar with comics. In Indonesia alone comic fans can not be said to be few. This is evident from the number of visitors who come to comic-related events, which are always packed.

Besides, comics have attractive visuals and not too much writing, so reading them is fun and exciting. Basically, comics are created as entertainment. As the name is taken from the word “comicus” in Greek, and ” comique ” in French which means funny.

Figure,. plots, stories, morals, themes, images, and language in comics are arranged by combining text with visuals. So comic writers must master the techniques of writing, telling stories, and also drawing.

Some of the comics that are still in great demand in Indonesia are One Piece , Detective Conan , Spy X Family , and so on.

One Piece

Detective Conan

Spy x Family

Collection of Fairy Tales

A collection of fairy tales is also a type of fiction book. This book, which contains various folk tales, is very popular with children. And even Sinaumed’s may already be familiar with the stories of Timun Emas, Malin Kundang, Sangkuriang, Si Kancil, and so on. These fairy tales are fiction written using the author’s imagination.

Illustrated Stories (comics)

The next type of fiction book is a picture story or comic. In Indonesia, this type of book was initiated by Zam Nuldyn, a comic artist from Medan in the 1970s media. The term “playgam” itself appeared in magazines around 2006 to denote columns containing works by comic writers.

On the other hand, the debate over comic strips and comics continues to this day. Many consider that there is no difference between the two. But there are also those who argue that comic is different from comics.

Comics are stories that are accompanied by pictures. In other words, the content is still a story, and pictures play a role in completing the story. While comics, the content is a collection of images that contain stories.

Examples of comic books are Kampungan Romansa , The Worm and His Favorite Story , and so on.

Fiction Book Function

Some people read fiction books with the aim of filling their free time, entertaining themselves, while taking a break from their busy life. There is nothing wrong with that goal, but Muhardi & Hasanuddin explains further about the function of this fiction book.

Nurturing practical values ​​as well as enriching normative values ​​and aesthetic values.
All works of fiction will always be related to existing reality, even though it has been modified in such a way by the imagination of the author. Therefore, the reality in fiction books is very close to the reality of human life, both as individuals and members of society. In other words, in fiction there is a reality of human inner experience that underlies behavior in everyday life.

The embodiment of this inner experience is then formulated into values ​​in life. Well, these values ​​are divided into three, namely normative values, aesthetic values ​​and practical values.

Normative values ​​are closely related to ideal human behavior (prohibitions and obligations); aesthetic value is more focused on the harmony of behavior between humans (what is liked and hated); while practical values ​​relate to how to manifest behavior based on normative and aesthetic values ​​(what can be done and what can’t be done).

Well, in this life, we tend to understand a phenomenon based on the practical values ​​that we adhere to. Rarely do we view it with aesthetic and normative values.

This is where the role of fiction books is needed. As explained by Muhardi & Hasanuddin, ” fiction functions to nourish practical values ​​and enrich normative values ​​and aesthetic values .”

Practical values ​​in fiction are usually taken from problems that arise in the life of the author or in the environment around him. Meanwhile, normative and aesthetic values ​​in fiction books are the result of the author’s intellectual maturity.

So it can be concluded that fiction books are a collection of attitudes, feelings, thoughts, policies, and reflections of the author’s views on human problems that exist in real life.

Creative Thought Transmission Media

Fiction is a work written by relying on the power of the author’s imagination. This imagination is in charge of separating problems in fiction from real life. On the other hand, imagination also shows how the author’s response to the problems that occur.

Imagination itself is an individual interpretation related to the inner experience of a human being. With imagination, one’s mind can develop creatively, increase sensitivity, even grow wisdom.

Through works of fiction, writers convey their thoughts, feelings, policies, and visions to readers.

Stimulating Readers to Recognize, Live, Analyze, and Formulate Humanitarian Values

Every writer of fiction must have different motivations, but basically they include the results of a long thought process on the human values ​​around them – consciously or not.

Like Budi Darma who shows various kinds of human life problems to his novel readers.

After all, fiction or literary works in general, do not always have to evoke a sense of serenity to their readers. But it can also be pain, amazement, and whatnot.

Fiction Book Sample Review

Story Sea

Laut Bercerita is a novel that tells about Laut and his fellow activists who struggle to get justice for the regime that led during the New Order era.

This book can open the eyes of its readers about the condition of Indonesia at that time. The story is written very neatly and nicely so that it makes anyone feel as if they have experienced first hand every event that is told.

Leila S. Chudori manages to narrate events very well. Utilizing 2 characters’ points of view, Leila invites the readers of Laut Bercerita to feel every emotion and struggle that each character feels.

Beauty is Wound

Beauty Is a Wound is a novel by a Tasikmalaya-born writer, Eka Kurniawan. In this novel, Eka tells the story of Dewi Ayu, a very beautiful, intelligent, and determined woman who was forced into prostitution by the Japanese military.

Dewi has three daughters from three different men. The first child is the result of his intimate relationship with a Japanese soldier. The second, the son of a revolutionary hero. And the third is unknown who the father is. Even so, the three of them were able to study at the top schools, learn the Koran to a kiai, and inherit the house that belongs to their extended family.

Dewi’s three children inherited her beauty, so many men wanted to make them their wives. Unexpectedly, Dewi became pregnant again when she was 50 years old. Because she was tired, Dewi prayed that the child would not be born with a face that was not beautiful, even better if it looked ugly. His prayer was granted.

Her fourth child was born with a plug-like nose, pot-like ears and charred skin. After giving birth, she passed away. Previously, Dewi gave her daughter the name Si Cantik, because she was not sure that her prayer would be answered. Yes, she never saw her own youngest child after giving birth.

Through this novel, Eka tells the fate of human children who become victims of power and karmic curses. Not only that, through the characters in it, Eka reveals the absurdity of beauty perched on a woman’s face.

Many readers recommend this novel, especially for those of you who want to read original Indonesian literary novels. Apart from the story, Beauty Is a Wound carries a lot of satire, tragedy, and bitter jokes in it.

Earth series by Tere Liye

Another example of a fictional book is Serial Bumi, written by the famous writer from Sumatra, Tere Liye. The Bumi series consists of 11 novels with amazing stories and invites readers to join them on an adventure to a parallel world with Raib, Ali and Seli.

Yes, Serial Bumi is a novel with a fantasy theme. However, Tere Liye succeeded in embedding messages about friendship, caring for others, sincere intentions, and other kindness in the story.

The first book in this series is titled Earth, which was published in 2014. Then continued with the novel Bulan which was published one year later by sinaumedia Pustaka Utama Publisher.

The third is The Sun, which rose in 2016 and has 390 pages. Then the fourth, titled Bintang. Published by sinaumedia Pustaka Utama Publishers in 2017.

After that, Tere Liye successively issued fifth to eleventh books every year. Starting from Ceros and Batozar (2018), Comet (2018), Comet Minor (2019), Selena (2020), Nebula (2020), The White One (2021), Lumpu (2021), Bibi Gili (2022), and the last Sagaras (2022).

So it can be concluded, this Bumi series is clear evidence that Tere Liye is a top writer who is very productive in producing quality books for his loyal readers.

That’s a review of examples of fiction books , hopefully after reading this article, Sinaumed’s will be more interested in reading fiction books. After all, all books are the same-no one is better or worse-the only difference is the judgment of the readers of the book. Sinaumed’s can also get fiction books at sinaumedia.com .

As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best! sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have #MoreWithReading information. Hope it’s useful!

Author: Gill

Also read:

Examples of Email Addresses and How to Make It – Advances in technology make it easy for humans to do work or things related to school. This can be seen from the ease of sending letters via the internet. In the past, you had to wait days or even months to send news or send letters by post.

Now, sending letters and news is easier via email. Everyone can connect with each other just by knowing an email address. Of course with email, jobs become easier and more efficient. Of course with the presence of email can save time waiting for the arrival of the letter.

Then, since when did email start to appear and be used? How to make? And, an easy email address example? Sinaumed’s can listen to the following explanation which has been summarized from various pages on the internet.

Concept and History of Email

Email or also known as electronic mail is a means to send and receive letters or messages in digital format through computer networks and the internet. In the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), electronic mail is interpreted as electronic mail.

On the Jatikom.com page, email is defined by several experts as follows.

1. Ali Zaki and Smitdev Community

Email is electronic mail that allows everyone to send messages to each other with the internet network.

2. Happy Chandraleka

Email is a letter delivered through an electronic device called a computer.

3. Jasmadi and E-media Solusindo

Email is an abbreviation of electronic mail. In short, e-mail is a method of sending messages electronically with or via the internet.

4. Tyas Vanneza

Email is a service that can be used to send instant messages electronically.

5. Darma, Jarot S, Shenia A

Email stands for electronic mail, has more or less the same principles as when we send letters, only via the internet, not by post.

6. Erima Oneta and Yosep. S

Email is one of the most popular facilities on the internet and is the earliest facility developed on the internet. By using e-mail, we can compose, send, read, reply, and manage messages electronically easily, quickly, precisely, and safely.

7. Indar Kertarajasa Furqon

Email is an abbreviation of electronic mail which in Indonesian means electronic mail. As the name implies, email is used to carry out correspondence activities with the internet network.

8.Jack Popo

Email is one of the means to share photos via the internet. All you need to do this is, of course, a connection to the internet and an active email account.

Launching from the Blog.opencloud.id page, email was invented by Raymond Tomlison, a programmer from America in 1971. The email was first used by Raymond containing only the words “QWERTYUIOP” on his computer. It also uses the @ symbol for the purpose of linking emails as well as being a differentiator from other messaging machines. Therefore, since then, the default email usage has become user_name@computer_name.

Raymond Tomlison worked at Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., one of the contractors on the ARPANET. The company is the forerunner of the United States Department of Defense (US) internet network developer.

Before creating email, Raymond used an operating system called TENEX. TENEX also covered the ARPANET control program. He also wrote the CPYNET program in the form of a file transfer program by implementing the ARPANET program.

Initially, Raymond used email with a very simple work system. Like leaving a message on someone else’s desk. The trick, computer users put messages on other computer users. However, at that time, e-mail could only be sent and received via a computer network that was in a Local Area Network (LAN) only.

Email has developed quite rapidly from time to time. Its development did not stop in the Raymond era. This was proven, in 1975, when email management software was invented by John Vital. Therefore, email can be used by the public to meet internet traffic as much as 75%.

The first important email was used by Queen Elizabeth II. At that time, he sent an e-mail via the ARPANET from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment on March 26, 1976. Then, in the fall of 1976, e-mail was used for the first time for Jimmy Carter’s presidential campaign.

Email continues to grow until its use is paid. Email users can use email at a rate calculated every minute. This was done because email has used neat features and implemented a commercial email system in the form of Eudora. The Eudora system itself was invented by Steve Dorner in 1988.

Later, the World Wide Web (WWW) was discovered by the Bernes-Lee team in 1991. It provides e-mail for free and with a friendlier interface. Then, this service is provided by email service providers such as Hotmail and Yahoo.

How Email Works

Email works in fairly simple ways. Sinaumed’s can imagine how e-mail works the same as when writing letters to other people. Launching from the Maxmanroe.com page, here’s how email works.

1. The email owner opens his email and then writes the contents of the message to be sent.
2. Next, the e-mail user provides instructions to the e-mail application to send messages to other e-mail addresses.
3. The email server will identify the destination email address, then send the message to another email server that is located close to the destination address. Sometimes an email is sent through several email servers , depending on the route it goes through.
4. When an email message is sent to the recipient’s email address, the contents of the message are stored on the email server until the recipient opens it.
5. When the recipient opens the message in the postbox/ inbox , the recipient’s email application will request a new email from the email server and then download it to the email recipient’s computer.
6. Furthermore, email recipients can view and read the contents of the message that was downloaded earlier.

Types of Emails

Emails come in various types based on how they work. Based on the Maxmanroe.com page , email is classified into three types as follows.

1. POPMail

Post Office Protocol ( POP Mail ) is a type of e-mail that is obtained by ISP users who are subscribers or work e-mail addresses that companies provide to their employees.

2. Webmail

Webmail is a web-based email . E-mail users can only open their e-mail by opening the e-mail service provider’s site page.

3. Forward Mail

Forward mail is an email service that forwards emails received by users to other email addresses. This type of email is usually used by people who frequently change email addresses.

Benefits of Using Email

Email has various benefits for its users. Launching from the Maxmanroe.com page, email has the following benefits.

1. Sending and Receiving Messages

In general, email is used to send and receive messages. These messages can be sent in a very short time. However, the sending speed also depends on the strength of the internet network at the sender and recipient of the email.

2. Sending and Receiving Files

Email is also used to send various types of digital files and documents. However, it is limited by the file size of photos, videos, text, and so on. Usually the file is added to an attachment in an email.

3. As Self Identity

Email can be used as a self-identity on the internet where other people can contact via the email address that we use. In some aspects, the use of e-mail for someone becomes an obligation. Not infrequently, email is used as an absolute requirement for the activation process of various digital services. For example, for device activation, mail subscription services, and so on.

4. Email to Register on Various Sites

Most applications, websites, software and other sites use e-mail as a condition for using it. For example in social media services, e-commerce, online games, forum sites, and various other services. These sites require verification from their users via a valid email address.

5. Email as a Marketing Media

In this online era, creating a marketing system must also adapt. Companies or business actors can use email to market their products or services. It is one of the oldest types of marketing. However, it is still effective today.

How to Create Emails       

Email addresses that are often used are Yahoo and Gmail. Here’s how to create an email account using Yahoo and Gmail.

1. How to Create a New Yahoo Mail Email

Here’s how to create an email in Yahoo Mail.

• Type Yahoo Mail Indonesia in Then select Yahoo—sign in—Yahoo mail
• Click register for the account
• Then, type some of the following.

1: First name

2: Username (example: yourname) do not need to write @yahoo.com see image below

3: Password (please combine uppercase and lowercase letters as well as numbers, for example: 1985computer): the password must not contain spaces, and must be at least 7 characters long.

4: Your cellphone number that is still active and you are holding/close to you (+62) is the Indonesian region code which means the number 0, for example: +6285782645966

5: Date of birth

6: select click girl or boy. Recovery number is not required

7: Click create account when finished

• When finished, click create an account
• Enter the code that appears on the screen according to the uppercase and lowercase letters.
• It’s not uncommon for code verification to be done via a code sent to the device. When the code has been received, it must be entered in the column provided.
• After that, skip the configuration stage.
• The email is ready to use, to send a message, Sinaumed’s can click write and enter the email address.

2. How to Create a New Gmail Email

Indonesian people usually use a Gmail email address. Here’s how to create a Gmail account.

• Type Gmail Indonesia in the Google search field . Then, select Gmail.
• Then select create an account.
• Then, fill in each column that appears on the screen as follows.

1: first name

2: last name

3: your username, for example, jatiinformation (no need to use @gmail.com)

4: password (please combine uppercase and lowercase letters as well as numbers, for example: 1985komputer): password must not contain spaces, and must have a minimum of 9 characters.

5: confirm password (must be the same as the password above)

6: date of birth eg september 06 1985

7: gender male = male female = female

8: Your cellphone number that is still active and you are holding/close to you (+62) is the Indonesian region code which means the number 0, for example: +6285782645966

9: confirmation code 1513

10: click if it is filled

11: Click Next step when finished

• In the your current email address section, just leave it blank. Then, just skip it , prove you’re not a robot .
• It’s not uncommon for Sinaumed’s to pass a verification code.
• After everything is finished. Then, Sinaumed’s will send an email so just click write and enter a new message.

Email Address Example

One easy way to create an email is to use a personal name. Following are some examples of references for creating emails, which are quoted from the Berita.99.co page.

• ayu@gmail.com
• kaesang_pangarep@gmail.com
• rakabuming87@gmail.com
• prabowo1984@gmail.com
• Mawargeni190@gmail.com
• widodo01@yahoo.com
• amen01@yahoo.com
• prabowo_subianto02@yahoo.com
• sandiaga_uno02@yahoo.com
• kalla@yahoo.com
• yudhoyono@outlook.com
• sputri@hotmail.com
• habibie@live.com
• soeharto@aol.com
• 01@icloud.com
• juniana@abcpresident.com
• fullmasari@adyawinsa.com
• recruitment@framas.co.id
• marito_sitompul@ferron-pharma.com
• putri@hoyu.co.id
• esra@maxmanroe.com
• brian@maxmanroe.com
• johanes@gmail.com
• blog@yahoo.com
• photographer@live.com
• designer@hotmail.com
• olshop@outlook.com
• brian@gmail.com

The difference between compounds and mixtures – In everyday life, you often hear the terms compounds and mixtures. Most people think that compounds and mixtures are the same. However, it turns out that the two materials are something different. Compounds and mixtures actually belong to three classes of matter, namely elements, compounds and mixtures. However, in this article we will only discuss compounds and mixtures, that is because they are both combinations of elemental matter.

Matter itself can be defined as something that fills up to occupy space and also has a mass. That makes everything in this universe belong to the class of matter. Materials are very easy for us to find in our daily lives, such as books, tables, chairs, cupboards, pillows to our own bodies which are material.

The many types of matter that make up the universe make matter classified into two types, namely pure substances or so-called single substances and mixtures. Pure substances or single substances themselves can be further classified into two types, namely elements and compounds. Meanwhile, mixtures can be further divided into two types, namely homogeneous solutions or mixtures and coarse mixtures or heterogeneous mixtures.

Well, in this article we will discuss the differences in compounds and mixtures clearly and in detail based on differences in properties, constituent components, formation processes, mass ratios to separation techniques. However, before knowing the difference between a compound and a mixture, it’s a good idea to first discuss the meaning, examples, and types of the two.

A. Definition of Compounds

A compound is basically a single substance consisting of two or more substances as a result of a chemical reaction. Substances in compounds themselves can still be decomposed if there is a chemical reaction, so that these substances change into simpler forms. Therefore, a compound can be defined as a new substance that is formed from a combination of various elements through chemical reactions which then react with one another.

We can see chemical reactions in compounds by observing the following examples:

If a sugar is placed in a spoon and then burned over a fire, then what happens is that the sugar changes to a black color and has a bitter taste. The nature of sugar after burning is very different from sugar in its original white color and sweet taste.

In this example, it is known that sugar is a compound, while sugar has a black color and a bitter taste because the combustion process is the element carbon. This happens because sugar has a chemical composition, namely oxygen, hydrogen, to carbon (C12H22O11).

This example proves that a compound is a pure substance formed from two or more elements through a chemical reaction. Compounds can also be broken down into the elements that make them up. On the other hand, many of the properties of elements differ from those of compounds.
For example, water or H20 is the result of a combination of hydrogen and oxygen in the form of a gas, but oxygen itself has properties that can help combustion so it is highly flammable. However, water is a substance that can dampen fires. Water can be separated into elements of hydrogen and oxygen by means of electrolysis.

Examples of Compounds and Their Benefits

• Sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl can be used as table salt
• Sodium hydroxide with the chemical formula NaOH can be used as a dryer
• Sucrose with the chemical formula C12H22O11 can be used as a sweetener
• Sulfuric acid with the chemical formula H2SO4 can be used as a sweetener
• Urea with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2 can be used as fertilizer
• Hydrochloric acid with the chemical formula HCl can be useful for cleaning floors
• Magnesium hydroxide with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2 can be used as an acid antidote
• Aspirin with the chemical formula C9H8O4 can be useful for reducing pain
• Baking soda with the chemical formula NaHCO3 can be used to make bread
• Carbon dioxide with the chemical formula CO2 can be used to refresh drinks
• Calcium carbonate with the chemical formula CaCO3 can be used as a building material
• Ascorbic Acid with the chemical formula C6H8O6 can be beneficial for vitamin C
• Ammonia with the chemical formula NH3 can be used as a coolant
• Acetic acid with the chemical formula CH3COOH can be used as food vinegar
• Water with the chemical formula H2O can be used for drinking

So, here are two types of compounds that we need to know about, including:

1. Organic Compounds

An organic compound is a compound or a single substance whose main chain is the element carbon. Organic compounds are actually substances that make living things or organisms as a source to form together with certain elements. Organic compounds will not show back their original properties which are elements in a process of preparation.

Some examples of organic compounds, namely:

a. Salt or NaCl
b. Sugar or C12H22O11
c. Urea or CO(NH2)2

2. Inorganic Compounds

An inorganic compound is a single compound or substance whose main sequence does not consist of a particular atom. Inorganic compounds can be found in nature. That’s because inorganic compounds do not form a complex molecular bond that can allow the presence of carbon.

Some examples of inorganic compounds, namely:

a. Nitric Acid or NHO3
b. Sodium Chloride or NaCl
c. Aluminum Hydroxide or Al(OH)3
d. Carbon Dioxide or CO2

B. Mixed

All living things that breathe on planet Earth must carry out activities that breathe air and emit carbon dioxide or CO2. In the composition of the air that daily supports all living things, this is a mixture of gases such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and so on. The same goes for drinks that have tin containers or what people call soft drinks, weights or brass, to dough for building materials or even dough for cakes. These various substances can be put into the form of a mixture.

Mixture itself has an understanding as a process of combining a form consisting of two or more types of substances. With the characteristics of the substances that carry out the combination, they still have their original properties because no chemical reactions occur.

Mixtures have two types of combinations, namely homogeneous mixtures with heterogeneous mixtures. The following is an explanation of the two mergers:

1. Homogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous mixtures or solutions can be said to be a process of combining two or more types of substances that cannot be seen the difference. Substances that have combined will turn into one type of solution together in it or it can be said that there are no boundaries.

To better understand the incorporation of substances in a homogeneous mixture, it can be seen from the following explanation:

If a spoon of salt is mixed with a glass of water, it can make the water in the glass taste salty. Salt particles are invisible to the eye even with a microscope, however, salt particles are actually still in the water. For the record, homogeneous mixtures or solutions do not always have a liquid state, but some also have a gas-like or solid form like metal.

Some examples of homogeneous mixtures, namely:

a. Alcohol
b. Vinegar or CH3COOH
c. Sulfuric Acid or Battery Water or H2SO4
d. water
e. Perfume

2. Heterogeneous Mixture

Heterogeneous mixtures are a process of combining one or more single substances, in which the properties of each single substance can still be seen in a mixture. In contrast to a homogeneous mixture, a heterogeneous mixture will not be able to combine these elements or substances.

To better understand the incorporation of substances in a homogeneous mixture, it can be seen from the following explanation:

If a spoon is filled with coffee and then dissolved in a glass of water, soaking it for a while will cause the coffee powder that is put into the glass to settle to the top so that it has a different color from that at the bottom.

Some examples of heterogeneous mixtures are:

a. Oil mixed with water
b. Lime mixed with water
c. Sand mixed with water
d. Flour mixed with water

Examples of Mixes and Their Functions

Mixed Name	Ingredients	Function
Coffee water	Water and coffee	Drink
Sugar water	Water and sugar	Drink
Air	O2, CO2, N2, and H2O	Breathing
Syrup	Water, sugar and dye	Drink
Bronze	Copper, zinc, tin	Medal
Brass	Copper, zeng	Ornament
stainless steel	Steel, chrome, nickel	Kitchen tools, medical devices
White gold	Gold, silver, copper	Jewellery
Tenol	Tin, lead	Cable splicing while soldering

C. Differences between Compounds and Mixtures

After you understand the meaning of compounds and mixtures as well as types and examples, of course you already know the differences between the two materials. However, to make it easier for you to differentiate between the two materials, here are the differences between a compound and a mixture:

circumstances	Compound	Mixture
Compiler	Composed by more or two elements	Composed by several elements or several compounds
Characteristic	The properties of compounds differ from the elements that make up the compound	The properties of the mixture are in accordance with the constituent elements of each mixture
Formation	Formed through chemical reactions	Formed through physical changes
Mass comparison	Comparison of the constituent masses of fixed and certain compounds	The ratio of the mass of the components of the mixture is not certain
Separation method	Through chemical reactions the constituent elements of compounds can be separated	Through a physical process the elements of the mixture can be separated

D. Summary of the Differences between Compounds and Mixtures

1.In a compound, there are chemical bonds or chemical reactions between the elements, while in a mixture, there are no chemical reactions or chemical bonds between the elements.

2. The number of elements in a compound will remain according to their origin, while the elements of a mixture will be adjusted according to the number of each variable.

3. The particles in the compound will not be able to maintain all of their original properties, but the particles of the mixture can retain all of their original properties.

4. Compound components will require a very large energy input when separating, whereas mixed components only require relatively small energy because they can be easily separated.

5. Compounds can be formed as a result of chemical reaction processes, while mixtures can be formed as a result of mechanical means and are not too difficult.

Broadly speaking, the difference between compounds and mixtures has characteristics or characteristics that at first glance are similar, but not the same. A compound is a type of matter that can be formed due to the combination of two or more elements with unequal calculations or comparisons in a chemical process. Meanwhile, a mixture is a type of matter that can be formed from two to more substances with various properties by chemical processes.

Thus, such is the complete explanation of the differences in compounds and mixtures along with examples and their meanings this time. Hopefully this article can provide benefits as well as add insight and knowledge to all of us.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

 

We can find examples of democracy in everyday life. One of the simplest examples is deliberation in selecting class leaders. This democratic attitude can be interpreted as an action based on democratic values. Where this attitude will support the implementation of democratic principles.

The meaning of democracy according to Herlina Sari in her book entitled Faces of Indonesian Democracy is the government system of a country as an effort to realize people’s sovereignty which is run by the government. There are many countries that implement a democratic political system, including Indonesia.

Each country implements this democratic system with its own understanding. The difference in understanding is divided into three points of view. What are the various perspectives of democracy?

Types of Democracy

Below are several types of democracy according to a book entitled Democracy Teaching Materials by Dwi Sulisworo, et al, including:

Based on Ideology

If based on an ideological point of view, this democratic system is divided into two, namely:

1. Constitutional Democracy or Liberal Democracy

Liberal democracy is democracy that uses a political system with understanding to provide individual freedom. Where this liberal democracy can also be said to be a democracy that prioritizes the protection of individual rights from government power with notes that are in accordance with constitutional law. Therefore, in this democracy, every decision one wishes to vote for will be taken from the majority decision. This is done so that every policy that has been made does not violate the rights of every individual.

2. People’s Democracy

This people’s democracy aspires to a life without social class and without private property. This democratic system is also known as proletarian democracy with a viewpoint of Marxism and communism.

Based on the Way of Channeling the Will of the People

A democratic political system based on the people will be divided into three types, including:

1. Direct Democracy

Direct democracy, also known as pure democracy, is a type of democracy in which the people have direct power without any representatives, intermediaries or parliamentary assemblies. This democracy requires broad participation in politics.

If the government has to pass certain laws or policies, then those regulations will be determined by the people. They will vote on an issue and play a role in determining the fate of their own country.

2. Representative Democracy

This representative democracy is what will be done when the people can choose who will represent their voice in parliament. Where this democracy is the most common form of democracy throughout the world. The emphasis itself is on protecting the rights of not only the majority of the people in the state, but also minorities. By electing more qualified representatives, the minority will then be able to speak out in a more efficient way.

3. Referendum System Representative Democracy

This democracy is a combination of direct democracy and representative democracy. The people will elect their representatives to sit in representative institutions which are then controlled by the people themselves.

Based on Points of Interest

If based on the point of concern, the democratic political system is divided into three types, including:

1. Formal Democracy

Formal democracy is a democratic political system that upholds political equality, without eliminating disparities in the economic field. In a formal democracy, everyone is considered to have the same rights.

2. Material Democracy

Material democracy is a political system that focuses on efforts to eliminate differences in the economic field. Meanwhile, equality in the political field is given less attention and sometimes even omitted.

3. Joint Democracy

This combined democracy combines the good and throws out all the bad of formal democracy and material democracy. In this, the equality and rights of everyone are recognized, but people’s activities are limited for the sake of welfare.

Democracy characteristics

Democracy itself is carried out so that the needs of the general public can be met. Policy making in a democracy depends on the wishes and aspirations of the people in general.

By determining policies in accordance with the wishes of the people, then in a democratic country there will be people’s satisfaction. In addition, a country itself can be said to be a democratic country if it meets the following characteristics:

1. Have People’s Representatives

Indonesia has a legislative body called the People’s Representative Council or DPR which has been elected through general elections. Therefore, state affairs, people’s sovereignty, as well as power will be represented by these DPR members.

2. Decisions Based on Citizens’ Aspirations and Interests

All decisions made by the Government will be based on the aspirations and interests of the people and not just personal or group interests. This also prevents rampant corruption.

3. Applying Constitutional Characteristics

This relates to the will, interests, or power of the people. Where this is also stated in the determination of the law or law. The law that is created must also be applied fairly.

4. Holding General Elections

People’s parties must be held regularly until representatives or leaders are elected to run the government system.

5. There is a party system

The party is a means or media to implement a democratic system. With the existence of a party, the people can also be elected as representatives of the people who have the role of being the successors of aspirations. The goal itself is of course so that the government can realize the wishes of the people, as well as being a representative of the people who can control the work of government. If there are irregularities, the people’s representatives can take legal action.

Democracy Goals

In general, the purpose of democracy itself is to create a prosperous, just and prosperous society with the concept of prioritizing honesty, fairness and openness. In concept, the goals of democracy in the life of the state include freedom of opinion and people’s sovereignty. For more details, the following are some of the goals of democracy.

1. Freedom of Opinion

The purpose of democracy is to provide freedom of opinion and expression. A country that adheres to a democratic system of government, where its citizens have the freedom to express their opinions and express their aspirations and expressions.

This is one of the fundamental things for a democracy. The guarantee of basic rights is also carried out in an open way as a way of uncovering and overcoming social problems that have not materialized.

2. Establishing Security and Order

In general, democracy has the goal of creating security, order, and also peace in society. Democracy will guarantee the rights of every citizen and also promote deliberation to solve common problems so that there is mutual security in the community.

3. Encouraging Active Communities in Government

Democracy prioritizes people’s sovereignty, so that they will be involved in every government process, from direct general elections to giving aspirations related to public policy. The people are encouraged to be actively involved in the political field to advance the performance of the country’s own government.

With the role of the people in government, it will also make every citizen more responsible for the role they have as a citizen who is obliged to maintain the integrity of the country.

4. Limiting the Power of Government

The highest power in a country that implements a democratic system is in the hands of the people. That means, the people have the right to give their aspirations and also criticize the government. The democratic government system also has the goal of limiting government power so as not to create absolute or dictatorial power.

With democracy it is hoped that it will create an accountable government, where the government only functions as a representative of the people who are given the task of summarizing all the needs of the people.

The people themselves can assess and also demand if there is a discrepancy between the needs and the policies formulated. The people can make demands if the government violates the policies that have been made.

Example of Democracy

As explained above, this democratic government system is centered on the community itself. Therefore, human principles and values ​​can be upheld.

As for examples of democracy that can be found in social life, be it the scope of the family, school, state, and also the environment that surrounds us. The following are some examples of democracy you need to know:

Examples of Democracy in the Family Environment

The scope of the family is the smallest environment in social life, of course democracy can start from our own family. The following are some examples of democracy in the family environment, including:

1. Be Fair to All Family Members

The first democracy is our attitude towards all existing family members, where we must be fair to our parents, siblings or closest relatives. This can make family relationships harmonious.

2. Free Expression of Opinion

All family members have the same right to express opinions. This must be maintained properly so that there are no misunderstandings because of a matter. What’s more, if the misunderstanding is not resolved properly, it will later have fatal consequences if it is not straightened out immediately.

3. Overcoming Family Problems with Deliberation

If there is a problem in the family, then do deliberations together with all family members. Never hesitate to do this because family is the closest person and will definitely understand if discussed properly.

4. Prioritizing Common Interests

Even though you have a harmonious family, never be selfish. The family should be the most valuable thing that must be taken care of properly, one of which is by prioritizing common interests.

Examples of Democracy in the School Environment

In addition to the family environment, there are also examples of democracy in the school environment. Here, both students and teachers, must uphold democracy. There are many examples of democracy in the school environment, including:

1. Election of Class Leaders by Voting or Deliberation

One example of democracy in the school environment is the election of class presidents. Where the election can be done by deliberation or voting led by the teacher. Not only the election of the class leader, but the election of other chairmen can also be done by way of deliberation. For example, the election of student council president, activity head, class administrator, and others.

2. Respect the Opinions of Others

Instilling mutual respect for others should have started since school. Here, the role of a teacher is very important to teach students about this attitude. This can be started from trivial things such as respecting students’ opinions, not laughing when other students answer, and so on.

3. Implement a Rotating Picket Schedule

Implementing a picket schedule is certainly a good lesson for students. With a rotating picket schedule, this can make students know that everyone has the same rights and obligations. The picket schedule is not only limited to cleaning pickets, but can also be in the form of ceremonial pickets, class arranging pickets, and others.

4. No Discrimination

School has become a second home for students. Therefore, protecting the school environment from various unpleasant things such as discrimination is a very important thing to do. Both teachers and students can play an active role so that school conditions are not contaminated with acts of bullying or discrimination. Because, in school all students have the same rights.

Examples of Democracy in the Neighborhood

Democracy in the neighborhood must of course be implemented, bearing in mind that this is where a person is required to play an active role in keeping the social system running. The following is an example of democracy in the neighborhood.

1. Exercising Rights and Obligations in the Community

Every citizen in society has the same rights and obligations. Surely this must be done by all citizens regardless of status, economy, or position of the community.

2. Participate in Maintaining Security and Order

The security and orderliness of an environment is largely influenced by the people in it. If there is a riot because of a problem, then all people can participate in solving the security problem as a family.

3. Mutual Cooperation with All Citizens

This gotong royong activity is one of the positive activities that has been carried out since ancient times. However, along with the development of the times, this one culture is increasingly faded and we rarely meet. In fact, these activities have enormous value to the establishment of a democratic government.

4. Routine Meetings

One of the most traditional democratic actions is deliberation. Where everyone has the right to participate and express their opinion in solving a problem through the deliberation. So, it will produce a decision and be supported by all members which it thinks is the best solution.

Examples of Democracy in the State

The last example of democracy is democracy in the system of state government. Here, everyone, be it from the government or society has a role to advance the country. Examples of democracy in the state can be seen below.

1. Election of President and Vice President

The general election of the president and vice president becomes a democratic party in a country. Where all countries have the right to choose leaders from that country. In Indonesia, the election is a very big event for democracy. In fact, this day is a national holiday.

2. Leaders can carry out tasks according to the mandate

Countries like Indonesia have a leader called the president. The president who was elected to lead the country for about 5 years has a very big responsibility. One of them is carrying out the task in accordance with the mandate that has been given by the community. It is an obligation to run a democratic system of government.

Closing

This is an explanation of examples of democracy from various layers. For Sinaumed’s who want to know more deeply about other examples of democracy, they can read related books by visiting sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information .

Author: Human

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Example of Customary Law – In Indonesia, especially in some areas, people still uphold customary values ​​to carry out several activities. Such as traditional ceremonies if you want to hold a wedding, funeral ceremonies, and even when someone commits an immoral act, customary punishment will be carried out on the culprit.

Each region has its own cultural history background and this also influences the implementation of the punishment according to the beliefs prevailing in each region.

As part of Indonesian society, we should also respect and appreciate the applicable regional regulations even if they conflict with our beliefs. Because, mutual respect will create harmony between Indonesian people and avoid existing disputes.

For this reason, in order for us to understand the values ​​of unity among Indonesian people, especially those in the regions, it is better if we look at some examples of customary law that exists in Indonesia and is still valid today.

Furthermore, we have summarized the discussion regarding examples of customary law in Indonesia and can be listened to below!

Customary Law in Indonesia

Indonesian customary law (Dutch: adatrecht; English: Indonesia Common Law) are unwritten rules and guidelines for all legal communities in Indonesia, and are adhered to by Indonesian people in their daily social life, both in cities and in villages.

In fact, there are still many people who use customary law to regulate their daily activities and resolve existing problems. Each region in Indonesia has its own customary law system that regulates the lives of various people, most of whom are customary law. Not in the form of written regulations, customary law is formed following the development of society and the traditions of the existing community/citizens.

A Brief History of Indonesian Customary Law

As a country inhabited by many tribes, Indonesia also has many customary laws. The role and status of the common law in Indonesia continues to grow. During the colonial period, the status of common law was considered lower than European law. This vision did not last long and appeared around 1808-1811.

The Governor General of England, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then formed a commission to examine and investigate the regulations that apply in society. This was done to improve the law of government during his reign.

The results of the survey were then collected on February 11, 1814. From there a rule was born called the Ordinance for More Effective Judicial Administration of the Javanese High Court.

The post-independence government also recognized customary law status. Recognition is written in the constitution. As stated in Article 18 B of the 1945 Constitution, “the state declares and respects customary law community units along with their traditional rights as long as they are still alive and according to the principle of society and the unitary republic of the state as regulated by Indonesian Law (UU).

The Origins of the Word “Customary Law”

There are two opinions about the origin of the word adat. On the other hand, there are also those who say that custom is taken from Arabic which means habit. Customary law was first introduced by Snouck Hurgronje, an expert on oriental literature from the Netherlands (1894). Before the term Adat recht was developed, the term Adat Recht was known. Snouck Hurgronje noted in his book on Aceh in 1893-1894 that uncodified Indonesian public law belonged to Aceh.

Later, the term was also used by Cornelis van Vollenhoven, a Bachelor of Letters who is also a Bachelor of Law who is also a professor at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. He included the term Adat Recht in his book Adatrecht van Nederlandsch Indie (Dutch East Indies Customary Law) from 1901 to 1933. , Rules of Dutch Law), Article 13 paragraph (2), which came into force in 1929.

Customary law is unknown in Indonesian society. Hilman Hadikusuma said the term was only a technical term. It is said that because the term grew and developed by jurists who studied laws in Indonesian society, which was then developed into a scientific system.

The term Customary Law is also known in English, but the development of Indonesia itself is only known as Adat, referring to the legal system referred to in the academic world as common law.

This opinion is reinforced by the opinion of Muhammad Rasyid Manggis Dt Radjo Penghoeloe, by Prof. Amura : Continuing the perfection of life in times of excessive prosperity, because the people were a little worried about the abundant natural wealth, then people learned abdat.

Examples of Customary Law in Indonesia

Examples of Indonesian common law vary. Rules relating to marriage, traditional ceremonies and death ceremonies are regulated by customary law.

Various examples of customary law exist in Indonesia. Before learning about the various types of customary law, here is the definition of customary law. Quoted from the book Indigenous Peoples Law by Dr. Teuku Muttaqin Mansur, MH Customary law is unwritten customary rules decided by jurists, the sanctions have been around for a long time, are still developing and are followed by local indigenous peoples.

Customary law is a hereditary belief of the local community that is still adhered to. The following are examples of customary law in Indonesia:

Customary Law of Calculation of the Javanese Calendar

An example of the customary law of the Javanese people which is still alive and continues to this day is the tradition of counting calendars. Calculating the Javanese calendar is not only related to mystical matters, but is a condition for obtaining the pleasure of Allah. Javanese calendar calculations are generally used as:

• Set a wedding date
• Define important holidays
• Set a suitable wedding time.

Customary Law: Awig-awig in Pakraman Village, Bali

Quoted from the JDIH Karangasem website, Balinese Awig-awig customary law is listed in Bali Provincial Decree No. 3 of 2003. The awig-awig adopted by the Balinese Pakraman Village includes several things such as:

• Forgive (forgive)
• Sins (financial fines)
• Kempang (property valuation)
• Kasepekang (not speaking) for a certain period of time
• Kaselong (expelled from his village)
• Prayascita ceremony (village cleansing ceremony)

Kalis Dayak customary law, Kalimantan

Another example of customary law is the Dayak community in Kalimantan. According to the Cultural Site of the Ministry of Education and Culture, there are four types of customary law in the Kalis Dayak community, including:

• Saut: a type of punishment that begins with a small incident. The death penalty is a symbol of peace with the supernatural spirits that surround it.

• Sanga’ Bar (half of the soul): the decision of the case, whether intentional or not. The consequences for the victim are lifelong disability or serious injury.

• Life or Body Starch or Bar: A kind of decision in any case that causes someone’s death. Criminals comply with existing customary and formal laws (notified to authorities)

• Kampung Adat: The type of punishment given to criminals if the case is immediately caught and it is proven that their actions have violated village customs.

Finger Cutting Customary Law, Papua

Grief over the death of a family member is usually expressed by crying or mourning the loss until the sadness subsides.

However, the Dani people who live in the mountains of Halmahera, Papua are different. Existing customary law even seems to add to the suffering of the families left behind by having to cut off their fingers.

Every time a family member dies, tribe members must cut their knuckles as a reminder that the family member is no longer complete.

Why knuckles? Since hands represent perfection, if something is missing, life is obviously no longer perfect.

Derivative Customary Law, Aceh

In Aceh, the example of customary law that applies is multilevel law based on injustice committed by the community, regardless of whether it is the lower class or superior.

Starting with a reprimand, then having to apologize in public, until finally there is a big law and until the culprit is physically punished.

Land Stabbing Customary Law

The Tikam Tanah ceremony is a traditional ritual performed by outsiders who enter Selaru Island for a specific purpose. According to the indigenous people of Selaru Island, the entire area of ​​Petuan Village, especially some areas that are sacred to the community, are still inhabited by their ancestors. Therefore, visitors from outside the village must perform an introduction ritual called the traditional muspika ritual, as a signal to the ancestors, so that village guests are not disturbed. This ritual shows that village guests are considered part of the village community.

Customary Inheritance Law, Bali

Bali, which adheres to patrilineal or male gender, has family inheritance laws that are one hundred percent in the hands of men.

Even though it can only be worn by girls, this is based on the fact that men’s responsibilities in the family are considered greater than those of women.

The law changed slightly in 2010, when women were granted the right to inherit, namely: half of the property, a third of which was previously used for inheritance.

But this law only applies to Hindu women. This does not apply to Balinese women who change religions.

Mahar Customary Law, Maluku

The Naulu tribe still followed the dowry customary law in the form of a severed human head until 2005.

It is terrible, but local people believe that it will bring immortality to their families in the future. Fortunately, the government prohibits enforcement of this law.

Mualang Butang Dayak Customary Law

Indigenous peoples in general, especially the Dayak Indigenous Peoples of West Kalimantan, must be governed by regulations or customary law. Of course the customary laws of each region, sub-tribe or community are not the same. The existence of this custom is ancestral heritage. Different customary laws apply to each indigenous West Kalimantan Dayak community or Dayak sub-tribe. From the common law of marriage, the common law of Butang (cheating/adultery) to the general law of murder or the nature of life. Customary law also regulates the management and utilization of natural resources, such as the use of shared forests (common jungle). The same is true for the native Dayak Mualang or the Dayak Mualang sub-tribe.

One of the Dayak Mualang villages that still follows its customs and traditions is the Dayak Mualang in Resak Balai Village, Belitang Hilir District, Sekadau Administrative Region. This village is a small village with 63 families. There is still a very strong sense of kinship and attachment here in everyday social life. A sense of kinship and a sense of belonging cannot be separated from obedience and obedience as a guideline for living together. For the Dayak Mualang people here, whenever there is a problem or dispute in the village, they always prioritize customary law. Dayak Mualang Kampung Resak Balais believes that customary law is the best way and still provides a sense of justice in resolving problems or disputes. There is nothing that common law cannot handle. For the original Dayak Mualang community, The purpose of customary law is to regulate order in society. Customary law is very important because it maintains and regulates the relationship between humans and humans, humans and nature, and humans and the Creator so that they are maintained, balanced, peaceful and harmonious.

Dayak Mualang customary law consists of several types or levels. Starting from the common law that regulates human behavior to the common law relating to the management of land and natural resources. So for Dayak Mualang, customary law is a very sacred thing. Therefore, if there is a violation of the common law, all violators must be subject to the ordinary punishment and must pay attention to the ordinary punishment in the form of a tail. Saba, according to Dayak Mualang, is a unit of customary sanction.

Conclusion

This is a brief discussion of examples of customary law in Indonesia. Not only discussing examples of customary law but also discussing in more detail the customary law that applies in Indonesia, its brief history, the origins of the word customary law, and related matters regarding the application of customary law that is still valid in Indonesia.

Studying customary law is a very basic thing, especially for a human being as a social being because understanding the various customary laws that apply and develop in each region makes us more respectful of each applicable regional regulation and of course it varies according to the cultural background of the area and the reasons why. they apply the customary law, of course, for certain reasons according to their respective customary beliefs.

Thus a review of some examples of customary law in Indonesia. For Sinaumed’s who want to understand customary law and knowledge related to other laws, you can visit sinaumedia.com to get related books.

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have the best and latest information for you. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.
Author: Pandu Akram
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Examples of conjunction sentences – In our daily lives, we unconsciously often use conjunction words or sentences in communicating with other people. This conjunction sentence can be used both in written and spoken language directly. So, what exactly are examples of conjunction sentences themselves? Check out the following explanation!

Without realizing it, in our daily activities and association with friends or community groups we will make several use of conjunction words or sentences. These conjunctions are also known as connecting sentences.

For information, conjunctions or conjunctions also have their own meaning, function, to their own kind, you know .

Basically, a conjunction or conjunction is a word that can connect two different words, two phrases, two sentences, or two paragraphs. Meanwhile, the special feature of this conjunction sentence is its layout.

Conjunctions or conjunctions are never located at the end of a sentence. In addition, conjunctions or conjunctions are also not always followed by nouns or nouns.

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary or abbreviated KBBI, conjunctions or conjunctions have the meaning as a word or expression connecting words, between clauses, between phrases, or between sentences.

For another meaning of conjunctions, according to Moeliono et al. In his book entitled Indonesian Standard Grammar, conjunctions are assignment words that have the function of connecting two language units that have the same degree. The unit of language can be a pair of words with words, phrases with phrases, or clauses with clauses. Any type of language unit can be used, but provided that the language unit has the same degree.

Then, what exactly is the function of the conjunction sentence? What are the types of conjunction sentences and what are examples of conjunction sentences?

To answer the question above, let’s look at the following summary of information about examples of conjunction sentences, meanings, functions, and types of conjunctions. Check this out !

Functions and Definition of Conjunction Sentences

As we know, in communicating and talking to other people, whether directly or indirectly, we often use conjunctions. It’s just that most of us are not aware of the existence and explanation of the conjunction sentence itself. So that it leads to us not knowing what the conjunction sentence means.

Actually, in the explanation above, several meanings of the conjunction sentence itself have been explained. However, for more details, see the following explanation, come on!

Based on what is written in the KBBI or the Big Indonesian Dictionary, it is stated that a conjunction is a word or expression used to connect words, between clauses, between phrases, and or between sentences. Meanwhile, according to Anton Moeliono (2003), explained that the meaning of the word conjunction is an expression that connects other expressions with almost the same meaning.

According to him, a conjunction is a word that will connect two language units with the same or equivalent degree. Examples of language units with the same degree are pairs of words with words, clauses with clauses, or phrases with other phrases.

In addition, conjunctions also have a very important role or function in the position of a sentence or paragraph. This is because later this conjunction will make two different sentences more coherent and easier for the recipient of the information to understand. The reason is, each type of word from this conjunction or conjunction also has its own use.

Types of Conjunctions and Examples of Conjunction Sentences

Conjunctions or conjunctions have quite a lot of types. This is of course in accordance with the use and units of language. To find out several types of conjunctions along with some examples of conjunction sentences, just look at the explanation below, come on! Keep on reading , ok !

• Equivalent Conjunctions or Coordinating Conjunctions

Equivalent conjunctions, also known as coordinating conjunctions, are conjunctions that are usually used to join two clauses of equal rank. The reason is, after the application of this coordinating conjunction, a sentence will be produced which is called an equivalent compound sentence.

In general, these coordinating conjunctions connect parts of sentences that are considered equivalent. In addition, this sentence also cannot be placed at the beginning of a sentence. So, the use of the conjunction is in the middle of the sentence. Examples of equivalent conjunctions or coordinating conjunctions are the words and , but , or , and whereas .

Examples of coordinating conjunction sentences include:

• Dad wrote a message and Mom cut vegetables in the kitchen.
• Dewi and Novi are doing school work.
• Ridwan wasn’t doing his homework, but he was playing a video game.
• Farhan feels that his work is better than Putra’s.
• Arfan has never wanted to play basketball, even though he could be one of the top players on the school team.
• Ica dreams of becoming a doctor, while Sari dreams of becoming a businessman.
• Raisa was asked to choose whether to attend in Bandung or Jakarta.
• Salsa’s house is huge, but also very messy.
• After graduating from school, Odin was confused about whether to continue studying or go straight to work.
• Mother asked me to become a doctor, but Father wanted me to become a teacher.
• Andi loves his mother, father and two younger sisters very much.
• Dodi is no longer included in the millennial generation category, but is already included in the gen Z generation.

• Conjunctions or Subordinating Conjunctions

A multilevel conjunction or subordinating conjunction is a conjunction that has the function of joining two or more clauses that have a cascading relationship. Slightly different from coordinating conjunctions which after their use will produce an equivalent compound sentence, subordinating conjunctions will actually produce a multilevel compound sentence.

In addition to this conjunction connecting the multilevel parts of the sentence, this one conjunction is also usually placed at the beginning of the sentence. Examples of subordinating conjunctions include since , if , with , and so .

These subordinating conjunctions also have several categories. Thus, the distribution of examples of conjunction sentences is also separated into several groups. The types of subordinating conjunctions are as follows.

• Subordinating conjunctions for time : since, since, while, since.

Examples of tense subordinating conjunctions:

– From a long time ago, I was aware that I would not be able to be with him.

– Since meeting him, I’ve fallen in love.

• Conditional subordinating conjunctions : when, if, if, if.

Examples of conditional subordinating conjunctions:

– I will report this incident, if until tomorrow night he does not come and apologize.

– He threatens to leave if I don’t reply to his messages.

• Subordinating conjunctions for comparison : as if, as.

Examples of comparative subordinating conjunctions.

– He always acts casually, as if all his past affairs are finished.

– She always looks charming like a princess from a fairy tale.

• Subordinating conjunctions if : if, for example.

Examples of subordinating conjunctions:

– If I were a bird, I would surely fly freely dancing in the air all day long.

– Like a flower, you must be as beautiful and fragrant as a rose.

• Concessive subordinating conjunction : even though, even though.

Concessive subordinating conjunction examples:

– Eko always looks happy, even though he doesn’t have much wealth.

– Orvi said he would still wait, even though his past never intended to come home.

• Subordinating conjunction results : so, until.

Examples of product subordinating conjunctions:

– Adam fell off his bicycle , bruising his leg.

– Lino continued to practice dancing until he understood the movement outside his head.

• Subordinating conjunctions because : because, because, and because.

Examples of subordinating conjunctions because:

– Ina missed the school bus because she woke up late.

– Herry cheated in the final assessment because he had big ambitions to win.

• Subordinating conjunctions for complementation : that.

Examples of complementary subordinating conjunctions:

– Ara said that her new drawing book caught fire.

– Terry has finally revealed that he is a fan of a girl group from Korea.

• Subordinating conjunctions way : with, without.

Examples of subordinating conjunctions:

– Today Lila learned to eat noodles using chopsticks.

– Dudi went to watch a movie at the cinema without his sick girlfriend accompanying him.

• Comparative subordinating conjunctions : more than, equal to.

Examples of comparative subordinating conjunctions:

– Tyo became one of the students with the same intelligence as his teacher.

– Judging from the data on paper, Lucy’s abilities are more than Sheren’s in dance.

• Paired Conjunctions or Correlative Conjunctions

Paired conjunctions or correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that will connect two words, two phrases, or two clauses whose two elements have the same syntactic function and are equivalent. In general, these conjunctions will connect equal parts of sentences in pairs.

Examples of conjunctions in this group include ‘ not only… but also… ‘, ‘ not even… even… ‘, ‘ not… but… ‘, ‘ not… only… ‘, and ‘ so… so… ‘. Meanwhile, examples of correlative conjunction sentences are as follows:

• Manchester City not only won the FA Cup, but also became the most prolific football club in scoring goals this season.
• Not only the artists who went home, but also fans were asked to leave the event.
• Not that I didn’t want the ticket, but that it was too expensive.
• Dina is not lazy at school, but she has been sick since yesterday.
• The food has been prepared in such a way, so it will taste very good and refreshing.
• He has sacrificed in such a way for you, so you don’t have to be afraid to lose him.
• Never mind the lake in front of my eyes, I will go through the sea to meet you.
• Not even one glass of soda, Rian can finish even one large bottle of his favorite drink.
• Fino wasn’t an accelerated student, she was just an ordinary transfer student.
• Not a private secretary, Nina is just the right hand of the big boss.

• Conjunctions or Conjunctions Between Sentences

Conjunctions or conjunctions between sentences are connecting words that have a function to combine one sentence with another sentence to form a unified whole. Therefore, this type of conjunction is usually always at the beginning to start a new sentence, so the first letter is also written in capital letters.

In addition, this conjunction between sentences is also always separated by commas in other parts of a sentence. As for examples of conjunctions between these sentences are however, thus, therefore , and so on.

In some explanations, each conjunction word has its own meaning. The division of meaning in inter-sentence conjunctions is:

• The word ” as a result, thus ” means an effect or consequence.
• The word ” different from, on the contrary ” means something that is the opposite.
• The word ” then, after that, next ” means the next situation that will happen.
• The word ” that, actually, actually ” means the actual situation.
• The word ” even, not only that, instead ” means about the previous situation.
• The word ” however, unfortunately, but ” means a contrast to the previous situation.
• The word ” even though, even so ” means feeling sad or sad.

Thus, the examples of conjunctions between sentences are as follows:

• Sentences that express a willingness to do something that is contrary to what has been stated before.

Example: Class 12 MIPA believes in the class leader. Even so , they said they would continue to monitor its performance on the right track.

• Sentences that express the continuation of a situation or event in the previous sentence.

Example: Rudi goes to the soccer field. After that , he joined his friends to play soccer.

• Sentences relating to the existence of events, incidents, or other things beyond what has been previously stated.

Example: Ardi has a cold and cough. In addition , he also had a high fever.

• Sentences that refer to the opposite of what was previously stated

Example: PERSIKABO football club fans don’t care if their team has to be relegated. On the contrary , they will continue to provide support.

• Sentences that state the actual situation.

Example: Arsenal FC officially won the Premier League this season. In fact , this achievement was foreseen.

• Conjunctions or Temporal Conjunctions

Conjunctions or temporal conjunctions are conjunctions that have a relationship with adverbs of time. Basically, this temporal conjunction is always related to time, either in the sentence or between the sentences themselves.

Like its name and meaning, this temporal conjunction has two main functions. The first function is to connect two compound sentences, either sentences that are equal or sentences that are not. Meanwhile, the second function is to express adverbs of time in sentences.

This type of temporal conjunction is actually divided into two types, namely temporal conjunctions that are equal and temporal conjunctions that are not equal. The examples of temporal conjunction sentences are as follows.

• Equivalent temporal conjunction

These conjunctions are usually equivalent, meaning that they are in the middle of the sentence. Examples of equivalent temporal conjunctions are then, then, next, after , and before .

Example sentence: After boiling water , add instant noodles and other seasonings.

• Unequal temporal conjunctions

In contrast to temporal conjunctions which are equal, this temporal conjunction which is not equal will connect several sentences, whether it is multilevel compound sentences or equivalent compound sentences. This type also makes conjunctions can be placed anywhere, such as at the beginning, end, or even in the middle of a sentence. Examples of temporal conjunctions that are not equivalent are since, when, if, while , and when .

Example sentences: Everyone has moved locations while they are still relaxing on the beach.
;

Conclusion

Conjunction sentences or conjunctions are words and expressions that have the function of connecting words, between clauses, between phrases, and also between sentences. In addition, conjunctions also have a very important role or function in a sentence or paragraph.

This is because these conjunction sentences will later help make these sentences more cohesive and easier for the audience to understand.

In the explanation above, we have also seen the types of conjunctions along with examples of conjunction sentences. Hopefully, this explanation can add insight into #Friends Without Borders about examples of conjunction sentences, okay!

If you want to find books about Indonesian sentences, then you can get them at sinaumedia.com . To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author Name: Raden Putri

Reference:

• https://www.sonora.id/read/423478041/30-exemplary-kalimat-konjungsi-temporal-materi-language-indonesia
• https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5904964/15-exemplary-kalimat-konjungsi-conditions-dan-pengertiannya-bisa-untuk-belajar-nih
• https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2022/06/13/103000269/20-exemplary-kalimat-konjungsi-aditif-gulungan-
• https://tirto.id/exemple-konjungsi-tipe-tipe-kata-connect-dan-pengertiannya-giV3

Examples of Adjectives – In Indonesian and English there are adjectives. It is important for us to know more about adjectives. This is none other than because the more adjectives we have, the better the use of language and the easier it is to understand what other people are talking about.

In compiling a sentence there are many supporting elements in it. Starting from subjects, verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs, pronouns and many more. Of the many supporting elements, it turns out that the adjective is one of the most used elements.

Simply put, an adjective is a word that can describe the nature, state of character and also the character of a person or animal or thing. In general, the existence of an adjective can be has a function as a predicate, object and subject description.

Besides that, there are still many things that we can learn together from adjectives. So, for more details, you can read the explanation in this article.

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary or KBBI, adjectives are words that can explain nouns or nouns and in general will be able to join the words more and very.

Adjectives can also be interpreted as a class of words that change nouns or pronouns, usually also participate in explaining and making it more specific.

Then the function of the adjective or adjective itself is used to describe the nature or state of an object. The objects used are also quite diverse, such as humans, animals, plants and other objects.

Adjectives are also a class of words that can not only describe or explain, but can also change and add to the meaning of an object. This is what can make an object have a more specific meaning.

An adjective is a word that can describe the quantity, adequacy, sequence, quality or emphasis of a word. In English, the existence of adjectives is able to explain or limit pronouns and nouns which still have general characteristics and can be in the form of people, places, animals, objects and also abstract concepts.

Examples of Adjectives in Sentences

In order for Sinaumed’s to understand the use of adjectives in a sentence, here are some examples of adjectives in a sentence.

1. I think you are more suitable to wear pink clothes.
2. You are indeed my best friend.
3. Classrooms are neatly arranged.
4. Linda did not like physics lessons.
5. He’s a quiet kid, but he’s not a bad boy.

Examples of Adjectives Based on Their Characteristics

Adjectives (adjectives) in Indonesian have several characteristics. Of course, these characteristics will make it easier for you to recognize adjectives compared to other types of words. So that you know more about the characteristics of adjectives, here is a complete explanation.

1. Adjectives (adjectives) or adjectives can be added or given with adverbs of comparison that will use words like the examples provided below.
   • The word “Most”, for example, is the sweetest, most handsome, brightest and other words.
   • The word “More”, for example, is easier, prettier, more handsome and so on.
   • The word “Less”, for example, is less beautiful, less beautiful, less handsome and so on.
2. Adjectives can provide additions or be added with adverbs as reinforcement. Some words that can be used as adjective reinforcement are as follows.
   • The word “True”, for example: really beautiful, really beautiful, really generous and so on.
   • The word “Once”, for example: very rich, very beautiful, very generous and so on.
   • The word “Too”, for example: too charming, too beautiful, too generous and so on.
   • The word “Amat”, for example: very charming, very beautiful, very generous and so on.
   • The word “Very”, for example: very charming, very beautiful, very generous and so on.
3. Adjectives (adjectives) can be used as a form of rejection or denial. Usually the word used is the word no. Some examples of rejection words that use adjectives are as follows.
   • Not smart.
   • No fool.
   • Not true.
   • Not handsome.
   • Not generous.
   • Can not wait.
   • Not friendly.
   • Not beautiful.
4. Adjectives (adjectives) can be used repeatedly or have a function as a repetition word. Which will start with the word “se-” and end with the word “-nya”. An example is as explained below.
   • The best.
   • Sincerely.
   • Smoothly.
   • Smoothly.
   • As much as possible.
   • The worst.
   • How beautiful.
   • How handsome.
5. Adjectives (adjectives) can also be found in certain words which will later use certain endings as well. An example is as explained below.
   • The ending “-er”, for example, is kaires, honorary and so on.
   • The ending “-wi“, for example, is human, earthly, heavenly, chemical and so on.
   • The ending “-iah”, for example, is scientific, Islamic and so on.
   • The ending “-if”, for example, is naive, positive, active, passive, communicative, narrative and so on.
   • The ending “-al”, for example, is normal, formal, structural, functional, neutral and so on.
   • The “-if” ending, for example, is electric, hypocritical, attractive and so on.

Those are some of the characteristics possessed by adjectives (adjectives). Every characteristic possessed by an adjective can always make the adjective more easily recognized and more easily distinguished from other adjectives.

Examples of Adjectives Based on the Word Formation Process

Adjectives or adjectives can also be formed due to several processes. Some of the processes that can form adjectives are as follows.

1. Formed from Basic Words

Adjectives can be formed from basic words, for example, tall-short, old-young, rich-poor, fail-success, big-small, back-and-forth, up-down, strong-weak, and so on.

2. Formed Based on Affix Words (Invention)

Adjectives can be formed from a word affixes or derivatives. For example, the word richest, wealthiest, handsomest, prettiest, smartest, tallest, shortest, oldest, youngest, biggest, smallest, top, bottom, strongest, weakest, interested, stretched out and so on.

3. Formed from the word repetition or repetition

Adjectives can also be formed from words of repetition or repetition. Then for examples of adjectives that are formed from repetition words, such as the word ragged, tossed around, helter-skelter, ravaged, pitch-dark and so on.

4. Formed from absorption words

Adjectives can be formed from an absorption word, for example creative, legal and so on.

5. Formed from Words or Groups of Words

Adjectives can be formed from a word or from a group of words, for example, smiling, kind, weak-minded, stubborn and so on.

The explanation above is about several processes that can form an adjective or adjective.

Examples of verbs based on their function

Adjectives in Indonesian also have several functions in them. There are at least three functions of adjectives such as attributive, predicative and substantive. Each function of the adjective has a different meaning.

So that you understand more about the function of adjectives, here is a complete explanation.

1. Attributive Function

The attributive function is one of the functions of the adjective. Where the attributive function of an adjective or adjective will explain the nomadic nature and is always bound to that noun. Quoted from the 1998 Indonesian book Grammar, it explains that an adjective is a word that can provide specific information about something that can be expressed by a noun in a sentence.

This will make attributive adjectives have attribute properties that can complement or explain a noun. An example of an attributive adjective or adjective is like in the sentence “she is a beautiful and gentle girl”.

These beautiful and gentle words are adjectives that function as attributes and explain girl nouns.

Some examples of attributive adjectives or adjectives are as follows.

• Teak trees have a sturdy and strong body.
• Human rights are clearly stated in the 1945 Constitution.
• Tissue culture is carried out in a sterile container.
• Arrogance will bring problems in life.
• The presentation is explained briefly and accompanied by illustrations.

2. Predicate function

Sry Satriya Tjatur Wisnu Sasangka, et al in the book Adjectives and Adverbs in Indonesian (2000) explained that at the sentence level, most of the adjectives have a function as a predicate.

An example of an adjective that has a predicative function is something like “The taste of seawater is foreign”. Where the word salty is an adjective that has a function as a predicate and is located to the right of the subject of the taste of sea water.

Some other examples of adjectives that have a predicative function are as below.

• The child’s pants are too long.
• My school is near from home.
• The game is very fun.
• His heart is restless when it rains.
• Rain wet clothes.

3. Substantive Function

Adjectives also have a substantive function. Where this substantive function is an adjective function that will usually complement or accompany the subject. An example of an adjective that has a substantive function is in the sentence “The little one was brought by the father yesterday”.

The small word in the sentence is an adjective with a substantive function that describes the word as the core of the sentence. For other examples of adjectives with substantive functions are as follows.

• His behavior is childish despite his mature age.
• The maturity of a person’s thinking can be seen when he faces difficulties.
• Evolution is a natural process.
• Suddenly the sky became dark because it was about to rain.
• The development of online buying and selling applications is taking place very rapidly.

Those are some explanations about the function of adjectives.

Types of Adjectives According to Their Meanings or Semantics

Adjectives or adjectives are divided into several types. In the division of the types of adjectives can also be seen based on several things such as the types of adjectives based on their meaning or semantics. The types of adjectives based on that are further divided into two, namely graded adjectives and ungraded adjectives.

The explanation of the two types of adjectives based on their meaning or semantics is as follows.

1. Graded Adjectives

Graded adjectives fall into one of the types of adjectives that are seen based on their meaning. In graded adjectives it is also divided into several more types as explained below.

a. Adjectives or adverbs giving adjectives.

Where the adjective giving this attribute has the meaning as an adjective that can explain the quality or intensity

For example, clean, tidy, comfortable.

b. Adjectives or measure-giving adjectives.

Where this measuring adjective is an adjective that can explain the quality that can be measured with a quantitative measure or can be explained in the form of a number.

Examples for example: Weight, length

c. Coloring adjectives or adjectives.

Coloring adjectives are adjectives that can show or describe a certain color.

Examples are: Blue, white

d. Timing adjective or adjective.

A time-giving adjective is an adjective that can describe a time or period in a job or event.

Examples are: briefly, long.

e. Spacing adjective or adjective.

Spacing adjectives are adjectives that can describe the space between objects or places.

For example: Far, near

f. Adjectives or adjectives that give attitude.

An attitude giving adjective is an adjective that can describe an emotion or mood.

Examples are: Happy, sad, angry

g. Adjectives or absorption adjectives.

Absorbent adjectives are adjectives that can describe something that can be felt by the five senses.

Examples such as: Bitter, sweet, sour, smelly.

2. Ungraded Adjectives

An ungraded adjective is an adjective that describes membership in a group. For example, eternal, circular and others.

Types of Adjectives According to Syntax

Adjective types can also be seen based on their location or function or syntax. For more details, you can read the review below.

1. An adjective or attribute adjective is an adjective that has a function as a complement or clarification in a particular sentence. If this type of adjective comes after the subject, it is often considered as a description of the subject. Meanwhile, if it is located after the object, then the adjective is used to describe the object. For example, Dila has grown into a beautiful and kind-hearted daughter.
2. A predicative adjective or adjective is an adjective that has a function as a predicate in a certain sentence. An example is the old house is still comfortable to live in.
3. Inversion predicative adjectives or adjectives are types of adjectives that have a function as a predicate in a sentence but are located at the beginning of the sentence. An example is the beautiful view of the village from the top of this hill.

Types of Adjectives According to Their Nature

The type of adjective can also be seen from its nature. Some types of adjectives that are seen based on their nature are as follows.

1. Basic Adjectives

A basic adjective is an original adjective that does not undergo a process of affixation or affixation and cannot be broken down into simpler forms. Some examples of basic adjectives are beautiful, new, many, tall, old, few and so on.

2. Derivative Adjectives

Derivative adjectives or polyfermis are adjectives that have undergone a process of affixation or addition of affixes, repetition or reduplication, compounding and absorption. In general there are four groups of derived adjectives or adjectives as follows.

• Derivative Adjectives That Experiencing Affixation
• Derivative Adjectives That Experiencing Repetition
• Multiple Derivative Adjectives
• Absorbent Adjectives

That’s a review of examples of adjectives and explanations. It turns out that there is a lot in adjectives. By understanding every explanation in this article, of course you will also understand more about adjectives more broadly. Garmeds can also read related books by visiting sinaumedia.com so you have #MoreWithReading information.

Examples of Community Values ​​– Pancasila is the foundation of the Indonesian state. The Pancasila principle is a pillar in the life of the nation and state. Pancasila has five commandments, one of which is in the fourth precept which reads, ” Populist led by wisdom in deliberations of representatives. “As stated in the fourth precept, there is a populist term in it, so the fourth precept has a populist value.

In addition, the fourth Pancasila precept emphasizes and supports social values ​​and wisdom in society. What is the form of these civic values? Then, what are examples of populist values ​​that are in accordance with the fourth precept in Pancasila? Check out the following explanation of civic values!

Values ​​in the Fourth Precepts of Pancasila

Pancasila is a formulation and guideline for the life of the nation and state which has been applied to all Indonesian people. Every precept of Pancasila has values ​​that must be implemented in everyday life for all Indonesian people.

The fourth precept in Pancasila is no exception, where there are examples of the application of populist values ​​in the daily life of the Indonesian people. In general, the meaning of the fourth precept of Pancasila is that Indonesian citizens have equal obligations and rights.

Community values ​​in Pancasila can be interpreted as qualities or characteristics that are attached to an object and have ideals, obligations, hopes and dreams. There are two types of values ​​that need to be understood, the two values ​​are material values ​​and vital values.

Vital values ​​are all things that are useful for humans to carry out activities, while material values ​​are all things that are beneficial to spiritual and physical health.

Because Indonesia upholds social values, decisions must be made through deliberation. In addition, every citizen must mutually respect the opinions expressed by other people, regardless of status, race, religion or gender.

This populist value has been directly applied in Indonesia, one example of which is the holding of regional elections and presidential elections which are carried out by taking the most votes cast by the community.

In short, the meaning of the fourth precept of Pancasila is that all Indonesian people have the same position before the law and government. Based on the symbol, namely the bull which is the symbol of the fourth precept. The bull is an animal that has considerable strength, so that Indonesian people have great strength if they respect each other.

In addition, bulls are animals that prefer to live in groups rather than living alone. If one of the bulls in the group is injured, the other bulls will help. For this reason, the bull’s head is used as a symbol of the fourth precept in Pancasila.

The bull’s head symbol is also a reflection of the Indonesian people who have always upheld mutual cooperation since the colonial era. Mutual cooperation attitudes and actions will facilitate the community in completing work or problems.

Mutual cooperation attitudes and behavior can be used as counseling activities. Therefore, the Indonesian people must always prioritize attitudes and actions of mutual cooperation.

In addition, the red symbol in the fourth precept of Pancasila also symbolizes courage. This is in line with the attitude and behavior of Indonesian people who are brave and strong.

Therefore, the Indonesian state is known and synonymous with a brave and strong country. In deliberations, everyone must have the courage to express their opinions factually. In addition, everyone must have the ability to be responsible for carrying out and solving challenges that arise when making counseling decisions.

Populist Values ​​in the Fourth Precepts of Pancasila

According to the website of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemdikbud) it is explained that the meaning of the fourth precept of Pancasila is that Indonesian citizens have the same rights, position and obligations.

Therefore, fellow Indonesian citizens must hold deliberations in making decisions. Respecting the opinions of others, is one of the keys in conducting consensus deliberations.

The populist value or fourth precept value in Pancasila has points that have been listed in TAP MPR No.I/MPR/2003. The following are the points of populist values ​​in Pancasila.

1. As citizens and citizens, every Indonesian human being has the same rights, position and obligations.
2. You can’t force your will on other people.
3. Prioritizing deliberation in making decisions for the common good.
4. Deliberations are carried out to reach consensus with a spirit of kinship.
5. Respect and uphold every decision that has been reached as a result of deliberations.
6. In deliberations, shared interests are prioritized above personal and group interests.
7. Deliberations must be carried out using common sense and in accordance with a noble conscience.
8. Good faith and a sense of responsibility must be owned when accepting and implementing the results of deliberation decisions.
9. Decisions taken must be morally accountable to God Almighty, values ​​truth and justice, uphold human dignity and value and prioritize unity and integrity for the common good.
10. Giving confidence to representatives entrusted with the trust to carry out deliberations.

Values ​​in the Fourth Precept

Apart from the points of the fourth precept in the TAP MPR, there are several values ​​in the fourth precept of Pancasila. Here’s an explanation.

discussion

The main value of the fourth precept is deliberation. Deliberation means a joint debate that has the aim of resolving a problem that is present. Therefore, the decisions taken must prioritize the common interest above personal interests.

The social values ​​in this fourth precept teach every individual, especially the Indonesian people, to fight for the advancement of common interests. By prioritizing common interests, the Indonesian people will feel that they are treated fairly and live in harmony.

Not Doing Something by Force

Populist values ​​teach and invite people not to act by force. Through forced counseling, the results of counseling will not be in accordance with logical thinking. This coercion usually comes from within oneself or from others. Such coercion can be dangerous, because it will result in decisions that are not based on joint determination.

So as a result, many Indonesian people will be harmed. That is why the fourth precept of Pancasila has values ​​so that people have their own views, especially when holding meetings. That is, decisions produced by individuals from a deliberation are not coercive.

Have a Big Soul and Appreciate Every Decision

Sinaumed’s needs to know that not all ideas owned by an individual can be used as a final decision. That is, every individual should have a big heart when deliberating and be open-minded to be able to accept the final decision. This will enable one to accept and respect all well-thought-out decisions.

Actions and attitudes that are open and respect all decisions that are well thought out are the same as the values ​​contained in the fourth precept of Pancasila. In short, these two things reflect the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, the Indonesian people must apply these values ​​in extension activities.

Accepting Other People’s Opinions

In the fourth precept, society is not only encouraged to accept all decisions, but also must be willing to accept the opinions put forward by other people even if those opinions differ. Opinions can be in the form of criticism, contributions, ideas or ideas.

Democracy

Indonesia is a democratic country, which means that all decisions must come from the will of the people, in accordance with the slogan ” from the people for the people “. Therefore, as a democratic country, every regional head election will be held with the votes of the Indonesian people through General Elections and Pilkada.

Voices come from the people, so the people have the right to monitor what elected officials do. To oversee all the activities of elected officials, it has been stated in the fourth precept value which reads ” populist led by wisdom in representative deliberations ” or populist values.

Examples of Community Values ​​in Accordance with the Fourth Precepts of Pancasila

After understanding the meaning of the fourth precept of Pancasila and the populist values ​​contained in the fourth precept of Pancasila, Sinaumed’s must actively participate in implementing populist values ​​in social life. How to?

To make it clearer, here are some examples of community values ​​that Sinaumed’s can implement in everyday life in various aspects.

At Home or Family Environment

Deciding something with the family

In family life, of course, Sinaumed’s may have to have discussions with father, mother, wife, husband or children to formulate a point. Starting from simple things or even complicated things. A simple example is when you want to plan a vacation trip with your family, the head of the family should hold a discussion with family members, where to enjoy the vacation time, when, for how long, and so on. That way, all family members will enjoy the holiday period.

Do not hesitate to listen to the opinion of children, as one of the characteristics of a wise parent

Listening to children’s opinions is an important value and one of the characteristics of wise parents. Even if children are young, it is not good to ignore children’s opinions. Preferably, to practice social values, parents must be willing to hold discussions with their children if something happens.

Listen and follow the instructions of the head of the family

The father is the head of the family or a family leader who has an important role. Therefore, it is important for family members to listen to and follow instructions from the head of the family, especially when it comes to positive things.

Do not impose opinions or wishes on other family members

When having discussions or deliberations with other family members, there will usually be differences of opinion in the discussion. So, it is important for all family members not to impose their opinions or wishes on other family members.

In the Community Environment

Participate in general elections, presidential and regional elections

General Elections (Pemilu), Presidential Elections and Pilkada are activities that are no strangers to being held in Indonesia every five years in an open or transparent manner and are attended by Indonesian people who are old enough. The form of information disclosure in these activities shows that the democratic system in Indonesia is running.

Therefore, as an Indonesian citizen who upholds Pancasila values, Sinaumed’s needs to participate in the election of people’s representatives. By participating in these three activities, Sinaumed’s has carried out activities that reflect the fourth precept or social values.

Participate in student organizations

If Sinaumed’s is still at school, then Sinaumed’s can participate in organizations at school such as OSIS or Student Executive Board (BEM). By participating in student or student activities like this, Sinaumed’s has taken actions that reflect the fourth precept.

Someone who is appointed as a representative of another person must be ready to listen to the aspirations of others

When Sinaumed’s is appointed as a representative for another person, Sinaumed’s must be willing to accept the wishes and aspirations expressed by other people.

All human desires and hopes that can be realized, must be treated fairly, so that they can produce desires that can be beneficial for the common good. Representatives of the people who are willing to accept and listen to the aspirations of the people, then they have shown actions that are in accordance with the values ​​of the people.

Accept wisely all decisions from the results of deliberations

Selfish attitude in society, if not avoided it will lead to less optimal decisions. Therefore, the choice taken because of one’s selfish nature will cause losses.

When the deliberations have been carried out and the decisions made in the deliberations are made, the members must wisely accept these decisions and throw away their egoism.

In the School Environment

Choose a class leader by means of deliberation and consensus

The class leader has an important role, especially for contacting teachers, making important announcements, as a communication intermediary between teachers and students. Therefore, the election of class president cannot be done unilaterally.

If the class president is elected unilaterally, maybe the person elected feels reluctant to carry out his duties or vice versa. Therefore, the class leader needs to be chosen by means of deliberation and consensus which is followed by all students in the class.

Appreciate the results of decisions from the election of class leaders or deliberations

When the deliberation process is running and decisions have been obtained, each class member must respect the results of the decisions from the selection and deliberation.

Discuss with classmates when making decisions

In teaching and learning activities, there will definitely be situations or activities that require Sinaumed’s to make a decision. Whether it’s for self-interest or the benefit of the group.

When there are activities involving group interests, Sinaumed’s must discuss with other classmates to make decisions. That way, no one in the class will feel disadvantaged.

If there is a dispute or problem at school, it needs to be resolved by deliberation

Another example of implementing community values ​​in the school environment is when there is a dispute or problem in the school environment. Whether it’s between students and students or between students and teachers.

If this happens, the problems and disputes must be resolved by way of deliberation. That way, the problem will be resolved peacefully and will not recur.

Do not impose personal will on other students

Whether it’s a teacher or a student, it’s not good to impose personal will on others. A teacher may not force a student to do things that the student does not want. Especially when personal will has a negative charge value. Likewise with students, it is not permissible to impose personal will on other students or teachers.

Every teacher and student must comply with the rights and obligations in accordance with their respective roles, especially in the school environment. That way, the school environment will be safe, comfortable and peaceful.

Those are some examples of the populist values ​​listed in the fourth precept of Pancasila. As good citizens, Sinaumed’s needs to actively implement community values ​​in everyday life.

To understand other Pancasila values, Sinaumed’s can learn them by reading books, because books are windows to the world.

sinaumedia.com supports Sinaumed’s who want to broaden their horizons by reading books and provides various books according to Sinaumed’s’ needs, including about Pancasila values. So don’t hesitate to buy books at sinaumedia!

As #FriendsWithoutLimits, sinaumedia always provides the best products, so you have #MoreWithReading information. Hope it’s useful!

Author: Khansa

Also read:

Civil law is generally known as one of the legal provisions governing the rights and obligations of every individual with a legal entity. For the first time, the term civil law was known in Indonesia using Dutch, namely Burgerlijk Recht. Sources of civil law were codified, known as the Burgerlijk Wetboek, then translated into the Civil Code or the Civil Code.

There are several views regarding the Civil Code, one of which is that the Civil Code is seen as a guide only, because there has never been an official translation of the Burgerlijk Recht, the original of which is still in Dutch. Certainly, the definition of civil law and its examples are varied and interesting to discuss. Check out the full explanation below:

Definition of Civil Law

Civil law can be divided into two, namely material civil law and formal civil law. Which material civil law relates to content or material regulated in the civil law itself While formal civil law is law related to civil proceedings or everything that regulates how the implementation of civil law enforcement itself, such as carrying out a lawsuit in court. In addition, formal civil law is also known as civil procedural law.

Broad and Narrow Understanding of Civil Law

The following are some explanations about the notion of civil law in a broad and narrow sense.

1. Broad Meaning

Civil law in its broadest sense is legal material as stated in the Civil Code a(BW), namely all the basic laws governing individual interests. Apart from that, the Wetboek van Koophandel (WVK) Trade Law Code and also a number of laws which are called other additional laws such as regulations in the Civil Code, as well as a number of additional laws such as the capital market law, the law on PT, and so on.

2. Narrow Meaning

Civil law in a narrow sense is civil law as contained in the Civil Code.

Definition of Civil Law According to Experts

Below are some definitions of civil law from experts:

1. Understanding Civil Law According to Riduan Syahrani

Civil law is the law that regulates the legal relationship between one person and another person in society, where the law focuses on individual or private interests.

2. Definition of Civil Law According to Sudikno Mertokusumo

Civil law is a law between individuals that regulates the rights and obligations of individuals with each other in family relationships and also in social relations. Implementation is then left to each party.

3. Definition of Civil Law According to Salim HS

Civil Law is the entire rule of law, both written and unwritten and regulates the relationship between one legal subject and another in family relations and also in social relations.

4. Definition of Civil Law According to Masjchoen Sofwan

Civil law is the law that regulates the interests of individual citizens, that is, one individual to another.

History of Civil Law

The civil law in the Netherlands originally came from civil law originating from France, which was compiled based on the Roman law Corpus Juris Civilis, which at that time was considered the most perfect law. The private law that applies in France is contained in two codifications called civil law and the Code de Commerce or trade law. When France controlled the Netherlands, namely from 1806 to 1813, the two codifications were enforced in the Netherlands which were still in use until 24 years after the independence of the Netherlands from France, namely in 1813.

Then in 1814, the Netherlands began to compile the Civil Code or what is known as the Dutch Criminal Code, based on the legal codification compiled by JM Kemper which is also called Ontwerp Kemper. However, Kemper unfortunately died in 1824 before completing his assignment. Then finally it was continued by Nicolai who occupied the position of Chairman of the Belgian High Court.

Examples of Civil Law and Examples of Cases

One type of law in Indonesia is civil law. This one law regulates the relationship between individuals with one another. For example, namely regarding defamation between one party and another, marriage law, and so on. We often find examples of civil law in everyday life. This is because violations of this law are actually very common violations. Violations in these cases have characteristics and also have several things. Are you curious about what goes into an example of civil law? Let’s see the full explanation below:

1. Marriage Law

The first civil law is no less important and also exciting, namely the marriage law. In a marriage itself there is a law that regulates between husband and wife. The marriage law regulations are regulated in Law no. 1 of 1974. Basically, the legal status of marriage has a law that is no less important. Among them are regulating marriages that can be carried out based on religious law, marriages will be based on agreement, rules on the minimum age limit for marriage for women and also for men.

2. Inheritance Law

Another example of civil law that is no less important and always hot for discussion is the law of inheritance. In the law of inheritance will regulate the distribution of a person’s inheritance to his children. Which rules of inheritance law will regulate matters of wills, namely about anyone who has the right to receive and reject inheritance, inheritance that is not in order, fidei-commis, legitieme portie, inheritance rights under law, about inheritance distribution, executor-testamentair and bewindvoerder.

3. Family Law

Who would have thought that family law also has its own legal rules. Of course, you also will not realize and understand what these rules look like. This example of civil law regarding family law will regulate relations within the family and also regulate the relationship to wealth that is already owned. The laws that will be reviewed will generally relate to the law of heredity, parental authority, guardianship, maturity, missing persons, and curatele.

4. Engagement law

Furthermore, a civil example that is no less important to understand is the law of engagement. Where the law of this engagement is the law that governs the area of ​​property and wealth only. As for the contents of the engagement law, among others, it will discuss the conditional agreement of the actual agreement, namely regarding time engagements, legal threat agreements, alternative agreements, and many more.

5. The Law of Wealth

The next example of civil law is the law of wealth which will discuss the world of wealth and law. Where this one law will explain how much property will be distributed. This includes sharing objects or items to be shared. This civil law offers a solution to problems arising from the distribution of wealth. The solution will also be regulated in law.

6. Divorce Law

The next example of civil law is divorce law, where this one law we often encounter in everyday life. Who would have thought that divorce cases, which may have become natural, are included in examples of civil law. We all know that divorce is prohibited and not allowed in religious regulations. Not only Islam, even other religions such as Catholicism or Christianity also prohibit divorce. Even so, we cannot avoid divorce that occurs in real life. Surely the divorce that occurs also has laws governing it.

7. Defamation Law

Reported in several law books, examples of civil law that we often see and also hear about are due to freedom of expression through social media, namely the law of defamation. Of course, without mentioning the case, you must already understand the problem of defamation. Cases of defamation are often experienced by those who are public figures or influencers. We often see this in television news shows, namely about defamation and similar cases. Where are trivial cases such as giving negative comments in the social media comment column to very big problems and ending in civil law.

Examples of Civil Law Cases

The following are examples of civil law cases that have occurred in Indonesia:

1. Ruben Onsu’s legal case

Ruben Onsu once reported Z’s Youtube channel for accusing his restaurant of using pesugihan. The Youtube account is also considered defamatory and detrimental to the company managed by Ruben. Therefore, Ruben’s party reported it to the authorities. The account was finally subject to an article on violation of the ITE Law which will later be traced and further explored.

2. Grandma Minah’s Civil Law Case

This civil example occurred on November 19, 2009. Minah’s grandmother, who at that time was 55 years old, was sentenced to 1 month and 15 days in prison for stealing three cocoa pods at the PT Rumpun Sari Antan plantation in Banyumas. However, it turned out that the trial process was full of emotion and drama. Until the chairman of the panel of judges, whose name was Muslih Bambang Luqmono, cried when he read out the legal verdict.

Scope of Civil Law

The following is an explanation of the scope of civil law, including:

1. Civil Law in a Broad Meaning

Civil law in a broad sense basically covers various matters that are included in material private law, namely all the basic laws or material laws that regulate individual interests, including laws contained in the Civil Code or BW, Criminal Code, and also those regulated in several other regulations, such as regarding commerce, cooperatives, bankruptcy, and so forth.

2. Civil Law in a Narrow Meaning

Civil law in a narrow sense is interpreted as the opposite of commercial law. Where this civil law is civil law as contained in the Civil Code. So that the written civil law as regulated in the Civil Code is civil law in a narrow sense. Meanwhile, civil law in a broad sense includes civil law in the Civil Code and commercial law in the Criminal Code.

Meanwhile, civil law also includes civil procedural law, which regulates how a person obtains justice before a judge based on civil law, regulates how the rules for carrying out a lawsuit against someone, which court’s power has the authority to carry out a lawsuit and others. Civil law also exists in the Copyright Law, the Law on Trademarks and Patents, all of which are included in civil law in a broad sense.

Material Civil Law and Formal Civil Law

The following is a complete explanation of material civil law and formal civil law:

1. Material Civil Law

Material civil law is a variety of legal provisions governing the rights and obligations of a person in relation to other people in society. Material civil law is the various rules governing the civil rights and obligations of a person. In other words, material civil law generally regulates the civil interests of every legal subject, which are regulated in the Civil Code, Criminal Code, and others.

2. Formal Civil Law

Formal civil law is all the provisions governing how a person obtains rights and justice based on material civil law. The way to obtain justice before a judge is commonly known as civil procedural law. Formal civil law is a provision that regulates how a person can claim his rights if he is harmed by another person, regulates how the fulfillment of material rights can be guaranteed.

Formal civil law intends to maintain material civil law, because formal civil law is useful for applying material civil law. In addition, formal civil law, for example civil procedural law, is contained in the Revised Indonesian Regulation or RIB.

Sources of Civil Law

The source of civil law is anything that can give rise to rules that have coercive power, namely rules that if violated will result in very strict and real sanctions. While the source of civil law is the origin of civil law or the place where civil law is found.

Volamar divides the sources of civil law into four types, namely the Civil Code, jurisprudence, treaties and customs. These four sources will later be further divided into two types, namely sources of written civil law and sources of unwritten civil law. What is meant by written sources of civil law are places where the principles of civil law originating from written sources are found.

Usually, certain civil law rules exist in statutes, jurisprudence, and treaties. Sources of unwritten civil law, namely where the principles of civil law are found that originate from unwritten sources. As it is in customary law. The following are some of the things that are sources of civil writing, including:

1. AB (algemene bepalingen van Wetgeving) general provisions of the Dutch East Indies government
2. Civil Code (BW)
3. Commercial Code
4. Law No. 1 of 1974
5. Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Agrarian Affairs.

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Meaning of Pantun

Pantun is a cultural work or non-object literary work in the form of old poetry which is very well known in the archipelago. Pantun comes from the Minangkabau word pantutun which means guide. In Indonesia, each region has its own name for this rhyme designation, for example, in Java, rhyme is called parikan. Meanwhile, in West Java, rhymes are called paparakan. While in Batak or in the Batak language, rhymes are called umpasa.

Even though they have different names in each region, the structure of this rhyme generally has the same structure from one region to another. Generally, a pantun has 4 lines or four lines, each line or line usually has a final pattern rhyme, for example abab or aaaa (no ending rhyme aabb or abba).

Initially pantun was oral literature which was later used as written literature which entered the category of old poetry literature. One of the main characteristics of rhymes is that they do not include the name of the composer or are anonymous, this is because the rhymes are spoken orally.

Currently, pantun has been recognized by UNESCO which is an organizational institution from the United Nations that deals with culture. Pantun has even been named as an intangible cultural heritage from Indonesia and Malaysia, because pantun does not only exist in Indonesia but also in Malaysia. In our neighboring country, namely Malaysia, pantun literature is also quite popular, considering that we are still a nation of the same family, namely the Malay family. So it’s no wonder that some of our cultures have something in common with Malaysian culture.

Read more: Definition of pantun and its types

Examples of rhymes for children

Pantun is an oral culture and literary work that needs to be preserved, this is because pantun has become part of the life of the Indonesian people. The pantun has even won the title of non-object world cultural heritage from the United Nations agency, namely UNESCO.

As citizens of Indonesia, we should be proud because pantun is one of the cultural heritages, even though it has similarities with neighboring countries, namely Malaysia. But even though they have similarities with Malaysia, rhymes from Indonesia and Malaysia certainly have some differences and characteristics of each, especially in terms of language and pronunciation.

In order for rhymes to exist and be preserved for generations, we must introduce rhymes to children from an early age. So that when they grow up, children will be familiar with rhymes and be able to use them when they grow up. rhymes that are commonly used for children are commonly referred to as children’s rhymes.

Children’s rhymes have the characteristics of language that is light and easy to understand, apart from that children’s rhymes also have an implied meaning in which the contents of children’s rhymes usually contain advice, praise and other things that teach children about goodness. In this children’s rhyme there are also various types, adjusting to the delivery or what will be conveyed to these children.

There are several examples of children’s rhymes based on their type, here we provide a review below.

1. Examples of witty children’s rhymes

Like limericks for adults, limericks for children are also commonly used to entertain children. Children’s limericks are usually used at children’s events such as birthdays and other events related to children.

These children’s limericks are usually not too serious and have nothing to do with love or matters relating to adults. This children’s limerick is also educational and simpler. For this reason, here we provide examples of children’s limericks that are funny and entertaining but full of meaning and educational for children.

Sitting on a wooden bench
in the afternoon drinking iced cendol
Friends, let’s admit it
Who still wets the bed a lot?

The pantun above is an example of a rhyme that is intended to satirize children who like to wet their bed. By reading the rhyme, the child will laugh and be embarrassed because he still wets his bed even though he is already big, for example. so that these rhymes can be used so that children do not pee in the bed again by way of satire but using the delivery of rhymes that are easy to understand and do not make children angry or rebellious.

2. Examples of educational children’s rhymes

Furthermore, there are the best children’s rhymes, the meaning here is children’s rhymes that are educational and good for advising children so that children will easily understand the contents of the rhymes and after hearing the rhymes the child will understand and practice them.

Some examples of the best children’s rhymes include rhymes that can motivate children to be even better, rhymes that make children more confident, rhymes that provide advice for children so that they can be applied in everyday life and various other types of rhymes that are useful and educational for children. children to teach kindness. For this reason, the following are examples of the best children’s rhymes which are quite educational and good for children.

Drinking coffee on a rainy day
It tastes really good.
A good boy, an exemplary child.
So the family is proud

The rhyme describes parents who are so proud of their children, so they give praise by conveying it using rhymes. When parents read or convey this rhyme to their children, the child will feel proud because they are considered good by both parents and even become the pride of the family.

By being given such rhymes, children will automatically become more confident and motivated to be good children and exemplary children so that they become the pride of their families, especially the pride of their parents.

3. Examples of children’s rhymes for advice

Advising children is easy and difficult, if you are advised in a rough way, usually the child will rebel and later it will have a bad effect on the child’s development and development and can even carry over into adulthood.

On the other hand, if you advise a child in a subtle way, usually the child will not obey because the child will not be afraid and will be disobedient. Therefore, to advise your child, you have to be really careful and recognize the personality of the child itself, moreover, you as a parent know very well the character of your own child.

One way to advise children that can be done by parents if they want to advise in a different way is to use rhymes, advising children by using rhymes can introduce children to rhymes as well as to provide advice that children can accept with a relaxed rhyme demeanor. The following is an example of advising children with rhymes that you can use.

Make sweets from salak fruit
For sale at various prices
Be a dutiful child to your mother and father
So that one day you can go to heaven

The rhyme above is an example of a rhyme for children that can be conveyed by both parents to advise their child so that their child becomes a dutiful child to both parents so that they can go to heaven. That way, the child will try to be devoted to both parents because they remember the advice conveyed through the rhyme, so that the child will avoid actions that make their parents and family disappointed in the future, especially when they are adults.

4. Examples of rhymes for happy children

You can convey rhymes for happy children to your child when your child does good things so that the child will feel praised and be happy with what he has done. By giving praise to children, children will become more motivated to repeat these good deeds.
For this reason, we provide examples of happy children’s rhymes that you can read or pass on to your child.

To the market to buy hot air balloons
On the way the balloon popped
How happy the heart was.
Scored a hundred

The example of the rhyme above is an example of a rhyme that you can use when your child gets a hundred marks in his exam or test. That way your child will feel happy and proud because he got a perfect score in the test.

Giving praise to children can have a very good impact on children’s growth and development, but don’t overdo it in praising because later the child will grow and develop into an arrogant and arrogant child.

By giving joyful rhymes to children, the child will feel that both parents are proud of the achievement of the child, so that the child will become even more active in learning to make his parents even more proud.

Those are some reviews about rhymes, starting from the meaning of rhymes and some examples of rhymes for children. as a cultural heritage that has been passed down from generation to generation, we are obliged to preserve the oral literature of this rhyme, because if we do not preserve this rhyme, then in the future this rhyme literature will be lost in time.

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The cash account is one of the most frequently encountered accounts when compiling financial statements, because every transaction will definitely involve the use of cash, be it in metal, paper, or other forms. In the field of finance, this one term has several meanings. In this article, we will discuss in full the meaning of cash accounts obtained from several literatures. The discussion of cash accounts often involves other terms, namely accounting, bookkeeping, and cash itself.

You may already be familiar with cash in business. The definition of cash or cash in accounting is cash paid directly without debt. However, cash itself has a broader meaning. This is one of the most liquid asset classes, where the higher the nominal, the higher the liquidity.

While based on the general understanding, cash can be considered as a place to save money or to pay and receive money. You could say that cash is cash that is used to exchange debts, goods, or services. But when it comes to accounting, it means something completely different. A cash account is a form of accounting that is based on recording the actual transactions that occur.

So, in this article, the discussion will focus more on understanding cash accounts in accounting. Not only that, we will also discuss the types, examples, and benefits for businesses that use them.

Definition of Cash Account

A cash account is an account that contains details of incoming and outgoing money. These are recorded for the purpose of showing the remaining cash that must exist or a cash account. Another understanding of a cash account is an account that is used to record various activities in the form of changes in nominal currency due to receipts and expenditures. Accounts involving cash and the like that are classified as cash accounts, such as demand deposits, checks, and so on, which can be used according to the function of money. Although time deposits are not included in the cash account, they are also very beneficial for business.

Definition of Cash According to Experts

The definition of cash in accounting is company assets in the form of cash, ranging from banknotes, coins, money orders, checks, and so on that are held by the company or kept in a bank and can be used for general company activities. According to the Indonesian Institute of Accountants or IAI, cash is an investment that can be liquid, has a short term and can be quickly turned into cash in a certain amount without the need to face the risk of significant changes in value.

In addition, IAI also states that cash consists of cash on hand balances, checking accounts or cash equivalents. On the balance sheet, cash will appear as the first item at the top because it is the most liquid asset in the company. Companies often include cash equivalents in this category, namely money market mutual funds and other short-term investments that are easy to convert into cash.

To make it easier to understand the meaning of cash itself, here are some explanations regarding the definition of cash according to experts:

1. Thomas Sumarsan

According to Thomas Sumarsan, cash is a current asset that is highly liquid and can be used directly for the continuity of business activities in the company.

2. Zaki Baridwan

Zaki has the opinion that cash is a medium of exchange and can be used in the form of measurements in the field of accounting.

3. Rudianto

According to Rudianto, cash is a company’s means of payment or exchange and can be used directly for company transaction activities when needed by the company.

4. Theodorus M. Tuanakotta, AK

According to this accounting expert, cash is all the money and deposits kept in the bank. Where the money can be disbursed directly at any time without reducing the value of the deposit.

5. Dwi Martani

The definition of cash according to Dwi Martani is as a financial asset that is the most liquid and can be used every day for the company’s sustainability activities and also to fulfill the company’s obligations.

Types of Cash Accounts

There are several types of cash accounts in the books. Depending on the size, a business can manage revenue and bill payments in one or more types of accounts. For example, a retail business may have separate operating accounts and merchant accounts, for example as a credit card transaction storage account.

Other large companies may also have separate operating and payroll accounts. In addition, they also have a cash account to earn interest income. With these various possibilities, there are several types of cash accounts that you need to know, including:

1. Operational Current Account

A business will generally allocate a certain checking account. Where this account is called an operating account and is used to handle business activities such as paying bills and depositing income.

2. Payroll Current Account

As the name implies, this payroll account is used to make payroll. There are lots of medium to high-end companies that have special checking accounts to pay their employees’ salaries.

3. Merchant Account

If a business allows its customers to pay by credit card or debit card, it probably has a merchant account. The account is only used for financial traffic from trading activities.

4. Petty Cash Account

This one account is also called an imprest account because it always has the same balance. Most companies have a cash box to use to pay for small daily expenses. The money in the petty cash is what is used.

5. Sweep Accounts

This one account is a way for companies to get investment income automatically. Every day, any extra money that is in the company’s operating account is collected and also transferred to the investment account.

Types of Cash

Cash in the company can be divided into several synchronous parts based on their designation. The following are several types of cash accounts in the company, including:

1. Petty Cash or Petty Cash

Petty cash is a cash account in the form of cash that is prepared by the company to pay various kinds of expenses which are relatively small and economical in value. In other words, petty cash or petty cash is money prepared by the company to pay for various company expenses which are small and uneconomical when paid by check.

2. Cash in the Bank

Cash in the bank is the company’s money in a bank account. Generally, this type of cash is used for relatively large expenditures and it is impossible to give cash in transactions because the amounts are large and vulnerable from a security point of view. Usually this type of cash is related to checking accounts from banks for companies.

3. Cash Reporting

Even though cash reporting can be done immediately, there are problems in reporting. Issues related to cash reporting are divided into 3 parts, including:

a. Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents or commonly referred to as cash equivalents are a group of company assets that have a maturity of less than three months. This will be very useful when used in difficult or unstable economic conditions. Examples of cash equivalents are government bonds and treasury bills.

b. Restricted Cash

Restricted cash or commonly referred to as limited cash is cash that is deliberately set aside for future obligations which are quite significant. The following is an overview of restricted cash to make it easier for you to understand:

The company has an obligation to pay for environmental damage worth 15 million rupiah for the next five years. Based on these conditions, the company will set aside 15 million rupiah to the restricted cash account.

c. Bank Overdrafts

Bank overdrafts are when a company issues a check whose value is greater than the balance in the bank. For example, regarding bank overdrafts, Maju Jaya Company issued a check for 120 million rupiah, even though the balance in their account at the bank was only 100 million rupiah. So the existing 20 million went into short-term debt.

Cash Account Criteria

Because it can have an impact on accounting, this cash account is assessed as a special bookkeeping. The cash account is usually used as a general ledger and also as a main entry book in accounting. There are two criteria for a cash account, including:

a. Available: there must be cash available in it to be used as the company’s daily expenses.
b. Free: if accepted as a means of payment in general according to its nominal value, then each item will be classified as cash.

Cash Example

The following are some examples of cash that need to be understood, including:

a. Cash: This is money that you can use in the form of paper or metal that applies to payments.
b. Travelers Check: This is a check issued by a commercial bank, which can be used to serve customers who want to travel or travel for a certain time over a long distance.
c. Wesel Pos: The meaning of money order itself is a document that can be used as cash when you suddenly want to use it.
d. Check: This is a document that can be accepted as payment from another party.
e. Company Money: Money kept in a bank and can be withdrawn at any time, can be categorized as cash and cash equivalents.
f. Cashier’s Check: This is a check drawn up and signed by a bank which can be drawn by that bank to make payments to other parties.

Examples of Use of Cash

As previously discussed, this term is also used in bookkeeping. Small companies usually use cash accounting because it is relatively easy and also basic. Cash accounting provides a clearer picture of how much money a company really has. However, the downside is that when payments are registered in cash, the cash has a delayed impact on the account. Therefore, it is often less precise for the near future than other types of accounting. The following is an example of its use.

For example, B2B transactions occur between company A and company B. Company A gets Rp. 25 million from the sale of 5 computers to company B on February 15th. The transaction is recorded as occurring on 15 February even though the order was placed on 20 January. When does the order occur doesn’t matter? Because company B doesn’t pay for it until February 15th, when the computers actually ship.

On the other hand, company A continues to document transactions worth Rp. The 25 million was on January 20 under accrual accounting, even though no money was actually paid that day. With this accounting, companies report expenses when they pay them.

Benefits of Cash Accounts in Business

Despite its weaknesses, cash accounting has several important functions in a business. This type of accounting is quite useful, especially for small companies. Here is a full explanation.

1. Friendly For Beginners

You no longer need to be an accounting expert to start bookkeeping with this cash account. Where you only need to record transactions when you pay a fee and are paid for a service or sale. Plus, you won’t have multiple accounts to keep track of and you won’t have to understand double-entry bookkeeping.

2. Cash Flow Tracking

Another benefit of using a cash account is that it can provide a clear picture of how much cash you have for later use. This is very useful for small businesses and beginners, because they can manage expenses more easily. What you have in your cash account is what you have to spend at any given point in time. Vice versa, with accrual accounting, you only need to factor future payments as well as receivables into the equation.

3. Regarding Liquidity

Because it can only be used to record cash transactions, potential investors who wish to invest in this business do not need to go through any liquidity ratios. Potential investors can look at the accounting system, see incoming and outgoing flows, and find out for themselves the net cash flow of the business/

This is an explanation of the meaning of a cash account, its types, and its benefits for business. For Sinaumed’s who want to know more deeply about economics and other accounting, they can read related books by visiting sinaumedia.com. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Example of a vernier caliper problem – Hello friends of Sinaumed’s, are you still unfamiliar with the vernier caliper? You may already be familiar with rulers, clocks, and weight scales, which are measuring instruments, as well as vernier calipers that are used to measure the outside or inside diameter of an object. If you use a ruler to measure a flat surface, you can use a vernier caliper to measure the length of objects that are not just flat.

Humans definitely need a more detailed length measuring tool to measure the length of an object shape. This is what causes humans to need a caliper measuring instrument which has its own characteristics to measure an object. This measuring instrument in the study of physics has been introduced since attending Junior High School (SMP).

Caliper is a measuring instrument that has a very good or accurate level of precision and accuracy. Calipers can be used if an object cannot be measured using a ruler. In general, the function of the calipers is as a tool for measuring the outer and inner diameters of objects, measuring the length of objects that are small in size, and measuring the depth of objects.

Sinaumed’s doesn’t need to worry about difficulties using this measuring instrument. Watch this article to the end because it discusses caliper measuring devices. The following is an explanation of the meaning, function, types, parts, how to read, and examples of calculation questions using caliper.

Definition of Caliper Gauge

Calipers are a measuring tool that can be used to determine the length, outside diameter, and inside diameter of a particular shape. Calipers can also be used to measure the depth of a hole or certain geometric shapes, such as a tube.

Sinaumed’s needs to know that vernier calipers are only intended to measure objects that are relatively small in size, although they can measure the diameter of the shape of objects. This is because the units are limited and usually objects that cannot be measured with a ruler.

Calipers have a higher level of accuracy compared to a ruler. The level of accuracy in question is the form of the smallest scale value that can be measured by a caliper that is more detailed or accurate. The smallest scale of the caliper is 0.01 cm or 0.1 mm, while the smallest scale of the ruler is 0.1 cm or 1 mm.

This is what shows the advantages of vernier calipers compared to a ruler for measuring the shape of objects that are not in a flat plane. Its detailed and accurate size makes the vernier caliper a measuring tool that workers in the engineering field rely on, moreover, it is relatively small and easy to carry around.

The vernier caliper was first discovered by a French mathematician who is also an engineer named Pierre Vernier who was born on August 19, 1584. He published the invention of this measuring instrument in 1631 which became an accurate measuring instrument, namely vernier calipers or by another name Vernier calipers . The vernier caliper measuring instrument scale is named after the name of its inventor, namely vernier.

Caliper function

Calipers in practice have functions that really help humans to measure the length of an object. This measuring instrument was indeed created to answer unresolved problems, such as being able to measure the shape of objects other than flat surfaces like a length measuring instrument using a ruler. In fact, we also need measuring tools that are more precise and accurate.

The following are the functions or benefits of the caliper that Sinaumed’s needs to know.

• Serves to measure an object from the outside by means of being flanked.
• Serves to measure the side in the shape of an object which is usually a hole like a pipe by stretching it.
• Serves to measure the depth of a gap or hole in an object shape by plugging or piercing the measuring instrument.
• Used to measure the thickness of an object.
• Serves to measure the diameter in the form of objects using fixed jaws and upper sliding jaws.
• The function is to measure the depth of an object shape using the bottom measuring rod, for example the depth of a tube, a small hole, or a relatively small difference in height.
• It has two scales, namely the main scale and nonius.

Types of Calipers

Based on the various functions that a vernier caliper has, this tool also has various types. So, Sinaumed’s can use several types of calipers as needed. The following are the types of caliper that Sinaumed’s needs to know so that they can be used as a reference if you want to use this measuring instrument.

1. Analog or Manual calipers

This type of calipers is usually used for practicum in schools or school laboratories. How to use it is also quite difficult because it is only for practical purposes, which is still done manually, so it requires more accuracy when using it. Furthermore, to find out the measurement results, Sinaumed’s needs to calculate it first.

2. Digital shovel

This type of caliper has been developed from the previous type which was still analog or manual. Sinaumed’s may find it difficult to find digital calipers in schools or in school labs. This caliper has a screen that can display the value of the measured object size without having to calculate it manually first.

This digital caliper will greatly facilitate and speed up when measuring the shape of objects, for example in large quantities. However, in terms of price, digital calipers are more expensive than analog types.

3. Hours or Hours shove

The vernier caliper is a type of vernier caliper that can be read using an analog gauge needle attached to the face or using a stopper . This vernier caliper uses a measuring hour instead of a nonius scale when interpolating the index line to the measuring rod scale.

4. Altitude calipers

A height caliper is a type of slide rule that is used to measure height. This vernier caliper has measuring jaws that move vertically on a rod that scales perpendicular to the anvil. The measuring jaws of the vernier calipers are parallel to the reason that the measuring line is perpendicular to the ground surface. That is why the use of this caliper requires a flat reference surface, such as a flat table surface.

Caliper Gauge Section

Sinaumed’s certainly needs to know the parts of the calipers and their functions in order to be able to use this measuring instrument. If Sinaumed’s understands the parts of a caliper, it will be easy to use it to measure the diameter or depth of certain shapes.

The following are the parts of the vernier caliper that Sinaumed’s needs to know in order to be able to use it.

1. Deep Jaws

The inner jaw consists of two jaws, namely sliding jaws and fixed jaws which function to measure the inside such as the diameter of the hole or gap of an object shape.

2. Outer Jaws

The outer jaw consists of two jaws, namely the sliding jaw and the fixed jaw which function to measure the outside, for example the diameter, width or length of certain shapes.

3. Stalk Depth Measure

The depth measuring rod serves to measure the depth of the hole of a particular object,

4. Main Scale

This section serves to state the main measurement results which are usually expressed in units of cm or inches, usually the main scale length is 15 to 17 sm.

5. Nonius Scale

This vernier caliper serves to add an extra level of measurement accuracy which is usually expressed in inches or mm.

6. Locking Bolt

The vernier caliper locking bolt serves to hold the jaws in place so that the object being measured can be held or not released and the scale does not shift while being measured.

How to Use and Read a Caliper Gauge

After knowing the meaning, function, and types and parts of the caliper, Gremeds needs to know how to measure and read the results of this caliper measuring instrument. If Sinaumed’s succeeds in measuring the diameter or depth of an object, but cannot read or interpret the results, it will be useless.

Here’s how to read the measuring results on caliper.

1. Prepare the object or object to be measured in advance, such as marbles, coins or other objects.
2. After that, open the sliding jaw of the caliper to the left until it is really tight so you can produce an accurate measurement
3. Make sure again that both jaws are closed and the scale reads zero. Sinaumed’s needs to pay attention to this so that measurement errors do not occur or commonly referred to as zero errors.
4. Loosen the locking bolt and pull the sliding jaw to the right, until the object you want to measure can be placed between the two jaws.
5. Next, place the object between the two jaws and make sure that the position is correct and correct.
6. Pull the sliding jaw to the left until it clamps the object to be measured, then rotate the locking screw until you hear a click sound .
7. Note the squeezed line between the upper and lower scales or the nonius scale. Find the number that connects straight to the line from the nonius scale.
8. Calculate the measurement results obtained by adding up the two numbers, that is the diameter of the object that Sinaumed’s is looking for.

The principle of how the shove term works

The main principle when using a vernier caliper is that if the key on the vernier caliper is loosened, the nonius scale board can move as needed when measuring the shape of a particular object. Next, to measure objects, clamp between the two clamps or jaws on the calipers as accurately as possible or in the right position.

The results of the size of the object can be determined directly by reading the main scale to one-tenth of a cm or 0.1 cm. After that, add the results of the nonius scale reading to one thousandth of a cm or 0.001 cm. Calibration of the calipers is carried out by pushing the sliding jaw to touch the upper jaw.

The vernier caliper is said to have been calibrated perfectly if the sliding jaw is in the right position with zero, ie the zero on the main scale and the zero on the nonius scale completely coincide in one straight line. The calipers are ready to be used to measure objects. The working principle of vernier calipers in practice has advantages and disadvantages when used to measure certain objects.

Following are the advantages and disadvantages of vernier calipers that Sinaumed’s needs to know.

1. The advantages of the shove caliper

• Has a better reading accuracy, namely the reading accuracy ranges from 0.05–0.01 mm
• Can measure the outside diameter easily, i.e. the way it is sewn .
• Can measure the inner diameter easily, that is, by stretching it out.
• Can measure depth accurately.
• Cheap and affordable prices compared to other measuring instruments with the precision and accuracy of the results.

2. Disadvantages of shoves

• Cannot measure objects that are large in size.
• Expansion of measuring instrument material can occur if not treated.
• The shape of the sensor that is in direct contact with the workpiece will allow scratches or impacts to appear which can cause unevenness of the two sensors or the two jaws of the caliper.

If Sinaumed’s decides to buy a caliper because of the need for its use, you also need to pay attention to the maintenance of this measuring instrument. Calipers must be maintained so that they last longer, even though they are often used. The factor that usually causes equipment damage is the temperature instability of the storage room and the place where the caliper is stored.

Incorrect storage methods may allow the calipers to expand or contract, get bumped or scratched. So, store it in a place where the temperature is stable, for example a room or a special place using a storage box for certain measuring instruments so that it doesn’t get scratched or expands easily. When finished using clean the tool and put it back in place.

Example of a probationary question

If Sinaumed’s already understands the caliper explanation above, it’s time to learn to solve this measuring instrument problem. Here are some examples of questions about measuring using calipers in physics lessons.

Example of a probing term problem 1 

What is the measurement result of the sample question above in centimeters?

Discussion:

• The main scale reading is 10 cm (the number 10 is obtained because it is directly opposite the zero on the right side of the vernier scale).
• The reading of the Vernier scale or nonius scale is 0.02 cm (obtained from the second line after zero on the Vernier scale, which is exactly straight with the line next to it).

So, the measurement results for the example question 1 above are 10 cm + 0.02 cm = 10.02 cm or 100.2 mm.

Example of a push term problem 2

What is the result of the final calculation of the measurement of the sample image in question 2 above in millimeters?

Discussion:

• The main scale reading is 1.1 cm or 11 mm (found from a line after the 1 on the main scale that is directly opposite the zero on the vernier scale to the right).
• The reading of the vernier scale or nonius scale is 0.65 mm obtained from the vernier scale line which is exactly straight with the line above it, which is between 6 and 7.

So, the measurement results for the example question 2 above are 11 mm + 0.65 mm = 11.65 mm or 1.165 cm.

Example of a push term problem 3

What is the result of the final calculation of the measurement of the sample question 3 above in centimeters?

Discussion:

• The blue circle shows 5, 3 cm , we will get this much in the red circle.
• The red circle shows 5 cm.
• So, the result is 5.35 cm.

—

That’s an article related to “How to Read and Examples of Questions for Measuring Calipers” that you can use as a reference for physics subjects. If there are suggestions, questions and criticisms, please write in the comments box below. Also share this article on social media accounts so that your friends can also get the same benefit.

To get more information, Sinaumed’s can also read books available at sinaumedia.com . As #FriendsWithoutLimits we always try to give the best. To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight and knowledge, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithMemreading information . Hope it is useful!

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Example of Biographical Text – As a writer, you are certainly no stranger to hearing the word biographical text . Most people must have read and learned how to write biographical texts since they were in school. Biographical text is a literary work that can provide information, insight and moral messages to its readers.

However, writing biographical texts cannot be arbitrary. You have to understand the meaning and purpose of writing biographical texts. Therefore, let’s study the meaning of biographical text and look at examples.

Definition of Biographical Text

Biography is a literary work about the biography of a character. This biographical text usually contains life history, experiences to the person’s success story. Generally, the characters written in biographical texts are well-known, successful, exemplary, national fighters and affect the lives of many people.

Biography comes from the Greek ” bios ” and ” grafien “, which means life and writing. Biography itself is divided into two kinds, namely portrayal and scientific biography. A biography is definitely different from an autobiography. Biographical texts are literary works written by other people, while autobiographical texts are works written by oneself.

A portrayal biography is a biography that tells a character, while a scientific biography is a biography that tells a character based on the analysis and use of certain concepts that make up a historical story.

Biographical texts usually highlight the strengths, achievements, life problems, and sacrifices of a character. This work aims to set a good example to its readers. In addition, this biographical text also helps enrich the reader’s insight and educates the wider community about the character being told. However, experts still have different opinions regarding biographical texts.

1. Mahsun

Mahsun argues that biographical texts are narrative texts that have the aim of telling the stages of a person’s life, which includes facts and the biography of the character being told. As for things that need to be conveyed in biographical texts, such as issues of privilege, family background, identity, organizational history, and something that is achievement or achievement.

2. Istiqomah

According to Istiqomah, biographical text is the history of someone’s life told through writing. In this case, the biographical text writer acts as a third person. The author of this biographical text owns the copyright for the work written and the character written on acts as a resource person.

3. Wahono

Wahono defines biographical texts as factual stories. That is, this biographical text is written based on the facts presented by the author. For example, the strengths of the person, achievements achieved and ideology.

Features of Biographical Texts

There are several characteristics of biographical texts that you should know, namely:

• Contains facts about the character to be told;
• Text is narrative or tells a story;
• There are facts about the success stories of the characters being told, so that lessons can be learned;
• Have a clear flow and structure;
• As well as all biographical texts written by other people.

Biographical Text Structure

An important part of designing a biography is structure. Structure can be said as a reference or framework that can make it easier for you to write biographical texts.

The biographical structure is as follows:

• Title: like other types of writing, you must put the title at the beginning of the article.
• Orientation: the part at the beginning of writing to introduce or general description of the character to be told. You could say this section is the background that contains, who, when, what, where, and why.
• Problems or important events: the core of the writing, containing the experiences of the characters encountered, can be sad stories, touching, heroic, and so on. Until the character can be like now.
• Reorientation: closing or conclusion. This section can be created or not.

Example of Biography Text

Example of Biography Text 1

Firman Abdul Kholik (born August 11, 1997) is a badminton player from Indonesia who plays left-handed or left-handed in the men’s singles sector. He comes from the same club as Gregoria Mariska Tunjung, namely Mutiara Cardinal Bandung.

Firman is a slightly special player, considering that it is rare for an Indonesian badminton player to play with his left hand. This Banjar-born man started his junior career in 2013, then advanced to the senior level in 2015. That same year he managed to contribute a gold medal at the 2015 SEA Games team badminton championship held in Singapore.

Firman has been part of the Indonesian badminton team in several international team championships such as the Asian Badminton Championships, SEA Games, Thomas Cup and Sudirman Cup. In the Thomas Cup event which took place in Bangkok, Thailand on 20–27 May 2018, he was trusted to appear in the preliminary round and managed to record three wins. The Indonesian team, who are in group B, met Canada in the first match.

Firman, who played in the fifth party, managed to beat Paul Antooine Dostie Gunidon with a final score of 21-8 and 21-11. Next, the Indonesian team faced the host Thailand in the second match and Firman met a tougher player than before, namely Pannawit Thongnuam. He managed to win the match with a final score of 21-19 and 21-14.

Finally, the Indonesian team met again with South Korea who were defeated in the Asian Badminton Championships. Firman won over Ha Young-woong in three sets with a final score of 20-22, 21-15, and 21-12. This victory led the Indonesian team to win the group, although in the end Indonesia had to lose to China in the semifinals with a score of 3-1.

Example of Biography Text 2

Hyung Min-woo (born April 14, 1974) is a manhwa artist originally from South Korea. He is known for creating a comic entitled Priest which was released in the United States by Tokyo Pop. Min-woo dares to take on the controversial theme of the fight between humans and angels who were expelled from heaven. The comic is full of swear words and scenes of violence.

However, since 2006, he has stopped continuing the comic and stopped at volume 16. This is what makes his readers curious about the continuation of the comic’s story. As well as being a manhwa artist, Min-woo is also part of a group of South Korean artists working on comic labels for the United States.

Example of Biography Text 3

Harold Arthur Crouch or Haris Amir (born 18 July 1940) is an Indonesianist and political scientist from Australia. Since 1968 he began to live in Indonesia because he taught at the University of Indonesia (UI). She married a Malaysian historian named Khasnor Johan on 14 June 1973 and was blessed with four children.

Initially, he was more interested in studies of Asian countries than studies of Indonesia. However, he eventually became known as an expert on the political role of the Indonesian army in the future and most of his works are concerned with the political condition of Indonesia during the New Order era.

Crouch was born on July 18, 1940 under the name Harold Arthur Crouch at Mercy Hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. His father was named Harold Crouch, while his mother was named Marjorie Hilda Morris (Crouch). His parents married on 7 August 1934 and lived in Elwood, Victoria (a suburb of Melbourne) when he was born. As for his sister named Marjorie.

Since 1968 Crouch began to live in Indonesia for teaching at the University of Indonesia. He then regularly held discussions with various parties and read books related to Islam, especially the works of Fazlur Rahman, Nurcholis Madjid, and Harun Nasution. After his knowledge of Islam was sufficient, he decided to convert to Islam in 1973.

To carry out this intention, he then went to a mosque located in the Preston area, Melbourne, Australia and asked the imam of the mosque to convert himself to Islam. In that same year, on June 14, 1973 to be precise, she married a Malaysian historian named Khasnor Johan. Through his marriage, he was blessed with four children, all of whom were given Islamic names, namely Zamir, Azlan, Nurida and Zaid. He himself has an Islamic name, namely Haris Amir.

Crouch began his political science studies at the University of Melbourne in 1958 – which was then led by William Macmahon Ball (Australian delegate to the United Nations conference held in San Francisco in 1945). He received his Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree from the university in 1960.

Next, he chose India for his further studies, namely at the University of Mumbai from 1963 to 1966. Crouch was one of the few Australian citizens studying at Asian universities at that time. He holds a Master of Arts (MA) degree with a thesis on the role of trade unions in India.

A year later, Crouch returned to Australia and continued his studies at Monash University under the tutelage of Herbert Feith. That same year, Feith, who taught at the University of Indonesia, resigned and asked Crouch to replace him. He then replaced Feith as a lecturer at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Indonesia in 1968 or when Suharto officially became President of the Republic of Indonesia.

While teaching from 1968 to 1971, Crouch collected various information that was used for his dissertation. In 1975, he earned his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree with a research entitled The Army and Politics in Indonesia. This dissertation was first revised and published by Cornell University in 1978.

In his work, Crouch discusses the major role of the Army which was led by Suharto before and after he became president. One of the chapters in it also discusses the economic interests of the Army and the castration of political parties. The book also deals with mass killings and imprisonment without trial of people suspected of being communist.

Example of Biography Text 4

Siti Munjiyah (Van Ophuijsen’s spelling: Siti Moendjijah; born in Kampung Kauman, Yogyakarta in 1896 and died in Tasikmalaya, West Java in 1955) was the figure of the 16–20th General Chairperson of the Aisyiyah Center. He is the sixth child of Haji Hasyim Ismail, while his family is known as “Bani Hasyim Kauman”, who are supporters of the Muhammadiyah movement.

Munjiyah is one of the early generations of women in the Dutch East Indies who has a good educational background. The education he received includes Madrasah Diniyah Ibtidaiyah, Sopo Tresno, and Al-Qismul Arqo. This education gave rise to a critical awareness in her that the customs in society at that time hindered the pattern of women’s progress.

Her role on a national scale was to become a participant in the First Indonesian Women’s Congress together with Siti Hayinah Mawardi, which was held in Ndalem Jayadipuran on 22–25 December 1928. She expressed her opinion about the status of women in the speech delivery program. The speech she delivered was a response to the liberal feminism movement that was developing at that time. He classifies the degrees and nobility of women into three parts, namely high in mind, lots of knowledge, and good behavior. Her appearance at the forum opened up new perspectives for women to be able to play a role in society and get rid of traditional barriers.

Suratmin in the book Biography of Leaders of the First Indonesian Women’s Congress which he wrote with other researchers described that the Aisyiyah activist had a chubby frame, rather tall stature, and a round face. Even though she is one of the daughters of Lurah Hasyim, her appearance is still simple.

Apart from that, Djarnawi Hadikusuma, whose status is his nephew, also added that his aunt did not like wearing luxurious jewelry and was firm in her stance in upholding Islamic law. This behavior according to Al-Fauzan (Islamic scholar) is a worship. Worship itself has various scopes of obedience that can be seen from the tongue and limbs.

Munjiyah married KH Ghozali who also came from Kauman, but the marriage was not harmonious. The household he built did not last and the two of them divorced. After the divorce, he did not remarry and devoted his energy to the Aisyiyah organization. At that time, he was still at home with Bagus Hadikusumo and adopted Bariyah’s children who died, namely Siti Antaroh, Ichnaton, and Fuad.

Some literature and references from Aisyiyah state that Munjiyah breathed her last in 1955 due to breast cancer. At that time he was in Tasikmalaya City to attend a conference organized by Aisyiyah. Badiyah Dahlan, who knew that Munjiyah was in pain, immediately took her to the hospital and asked that the conference be dismissed.

However, his friend’s life was beyond help, despite receiving intensive treatment. Munjiyah’s body was then brought back to Yogyakarta and buried in the Kauman Cemetery which is behind the Gedhe Kauman Mosque.

Example of Biography Text 5:

Kiai Haji Muhammad Sangidu or Kanjeng Raden Penghulu Haji (KRPH) Muhammad Kamaluddiningrat (born in Kampung Kauman Yogyakarta in 1883 and buried in the Karangkajen Cemetery after he died in 1980) is the 13th Head of the Penghulu Sultanate of Yogyakarta who was appointed in 1914 to replace the previous prince, KRPH Muhammad Khalil Kamaluddiningrat.

Sangidu is a relative of Ahmad Dahlan and a supporter of the Muhammadiyah organization founded by Dahlan. He is known as the holder of the first stamboek (Muhammadiyah member card), because he was the first member of the Muhammadiyah organization. In addition, he was the one who suggested the name “Muhammadiyah” to Dahlan.

When he became the head of the Penghulu Sultanate of Yogyakarta, Sangidu played a role in making Muhammadiyah teachings the dominant ideology in Kauman Village. Although previously there had been tension between Ahmad Dahlan and the traditional clerics in Kauman Village, his cooperative approach with the palace managed to avoid conflict. He also utilizes local culture as a medium of preaching.

Sangidu has also tried to change the community’s wedding customs to only provide simple treats, and he once worked on the accuracy of 1 Shawwal (which is the date of Eid al-Fitr in the Hijri calendar) using the rukyat bil aini (observing by sight) method instead of calculating aboge ( Javanese year ) . ). In addition, he pioneered the establishment of modern system schools which are now known as Madrasah Muallimin Muhammadiyah and Madrasah Muallimat Muhammadiyah, and helped pioneer Frobelschool which was the first kindergarten founded by the Indonesian people.

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One example of bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and other countries can be seen at the time of the tragedy of the sinking of the KRI Nanggala-402. In this tragedy, many countries helped search for the KRI Nanggala-402 ship. However, not only that, there are many examples of bilateral cooperation that have been carried out by Indonesia.

The main reasons Indonesia and other countries help each other are to work together in strengthening friendship, creating world peace, increasing economic growth, and so on. In this article, sinaumedia.com will discuss specifically what are the examples of bilateral cooperation as well as the differences from other international cooperation.

Definition of International Cooperation

Cooperation between international countries is actually a relationship that is forged between two or more countries in various fields to achieve common goals. Examples of cooperation between countries that often occur are usually student exchanges, imports, exports, stocks, investments, and so on.

Factors triggering cooperation between countries are known due to similarities and differences. For example, the Indonesian state has advantages in terms of natural resources, such as coal. In addition, there is a Japanese country that has advantages in the field of technology. The advantages possessed by each country are the main trigger for international cooperation in exports and imports.

Not only that, geographical conditions can also trigger cooperation. This can be seen in the cooperation between Indonesia and European countries for the palm oil commodity. Palm oil can be found in Indonesia and hard to find in Europe. As a result, countries in Europe chose to import from Indonesia.

Kinds of International Cooperation

Of the several examples of international cooperation above, there are several collaborations that often occur, ranging from cooperation between two countries, cooperation by multiple countries, to cooperation between countries due to regional and regional relations. So, the following is an explanation of the various types of international cooperation, namely:

1. Bilateral Cooperation

Bilateral cooperation is cooperation involving two countries in the form of diplomatic relations, trade, education, and culture. In establishing bilateral cooperative relations, Indonesia tends to prioritize values ​​of mutual respect, not interfering in other countries’ internal affairs, refusing to use violence, and prioritizing consensus.

An example of bilateral cooperation is the cooperation between Indonesia and Japan which has been incorporated in the Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) since 2008. In addition, another example of bilateral cooperation is cooperation between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia regarding the pilgrimage.

Some other examples of bilateral cooperation, viz

1. Special strategic partnership or special strategic partnership Indonesia – Korea which has a focus on defense and trade.
2. Indonesia – Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership or commonly called Indonesia – Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership or IK-CEPA.
3. Cooperation between Indonesia and the United States in handling Covid-19 as well as cooperation in increasing the trade balance
4. Indonesia-Brazil cooperation in an effort to improve the genetic quality of animal protein and the development of national livestock.
5. Plantation export cooperation between Indonesia and Germany, in the form of coffee, tea, tobacco and palm oil. Apart from that, Germany also exports several electronic goods that cannot be made in Indonesia.
6. Indonesian-German cooperation in business investment, for example Krakatau Steel and the Nusantara Aircraft Industry (IPTN).
7. The collaboration is in the form of an exchange of Indonesian and Japanese students and students in the field of technology.
8. Indonesia’s cooperation with several other countries in Asia Pacific related to economic and trade agreements in Asia Pacific.

2. Regional Cooperation

In addition to bilateral cooperation, there is also regional cooperation which includes cooperation between countries in one region. An example of regional cooperation carried out by Indonesia to date is ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations). This organization for countries in the Southeast Asian region has 10 member countries.

The form of cooperation that occurs in ASEAN is like international cooperation in the fields of politics and security. cooperation in the social and cultural fields, to cooperation in economic matters based on production and a single market.

In addition, ASEAN member countries also often conduct student exchanges as a form of regional cooperation in the field of education. In the industrial sector, ASEAN is also a media in cooperation for the ASEAN Cooper Fabrication Projects mining industry in the Philippines and Singapore.

3. Multilateral Cooperation

The next international cooperation is multilateral cooperation. This cooperation is the opposite of bilateral cooperation because it is global in nature. That is, multilateral cooperation is cooperation carried out by several countries without any regional or regional boundaries.

Multilateral cooperation usually has two types of members, namely main members and active members. Main members can be said to be countries that have middle powers, while active members are small countries that have a limited role. The limited role can also be understood as a power smaller than the main members.

An example of multilateral cooperation is the United Nations or the United Nations, which until now has 193 member countries. Within the UN itself there are four main pillars, namely peace, security, social, and economy which are oriented towards global development.

In addition, there are also several other multilateral international collaborations, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement or (NAFTA), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries or (OPEC), the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Center. Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank or World Bank Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Islamic Cooperation Organization (OIC) Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), and so on.

International Cooperation Objectives

As previously explained about the meaning and types of international cooperation. International cooperation from several countries is carried out with the aim of obtaining mutual benefits. So, here are some other objectives of international cooperation, namely:

1. Strengthen Friendship

The first goal of international cooperation is to strengthen friendship between countries. By establishing cooperation, relations between countries become more harmonious. This can avoid feelings of hostility between countries.

2. Creating World Peace

In accordance with the first goal, friendship between countries can be harmoniously established so as to create world peace. World peace itself is a dream for everyone. This is because world peace is able to lead to a better life later.

3. Increasing Economic Growth

The next goal of international cooperation is to support and increase economic growth for the country. Economic growth is one of the important factors for a country to establish cooperation with other countries.

For example, Indonesia, which is a developing country, aims to become a developed country. These reasons make Indonesia need various types of international cooperation, such as exports and imports.

4. Expanding the Workforce

The goal of increasing economic growth is in line with the next objective, namely expanding the workforce. By carrying out international cooperation, a country can more easily carry out student exchange programs. This program will certainly be very useful for forming experts in the future.

The existence of experts in the future can have a positive impact on the future progress of the country. In addition, citizens who are already experts can create new jobs and expand the existing workforce in the country.

5. Improving Progress in Various Fields

Then, the purpose of international cooperation is to increase progress in various fields. A country that establishes international cooperation with other countries has the hope of bringing equality of progress in various existing fields.

6. To Complement State Needs

In an effort to complement the needs of the country, international cooperation is very important in achieving it. Based on geographical conditions and different climatic conditions, it can make it difficult for the country to meet the country’s needs, namely harvesting food from agricultural products.

For example, like Indonesia, which can be said to be a country with an agrarian culture. Indonesia certainly has more rice reserves than countries that don’t really have agricultural land, such as the majority of countries on the European continent. This is a reason for other countries to establish international cooperation with Indonesia in order to complement their country’s needs.

7. Prevent Conflict

With the establishment of a cooperation between countries in the international world, the potential for a conflict can also be reduced. Cooperation has proven to be able to awaken and strengthen brotherhood between countries. This sense of brotherhood can bind the two countries to lower their egos and prioritize cooperation.

So, the ultimate goal of international cooperation is to prevent conflict. Conflict is certainly one of the forerunners to destroy world peace. Therefore, the existence of cooperation will form a close friendship with the cooperating countries.

Benefits of International Cooperation

There are seven objectives of international cooperation carried out. In addition, there are several benefits that can also be obtained by a country when doing cooperation. So, here are the benefits of international cooperation, including:

1. International cooperation is able to advance the country’s economy, the economy of a country can be said to be advanced as can be seen from the travel or export and import transactions of goods and services that are carried out.
2. International cooperation can lead a country to have opportunities or opportunities to seek knowledge and technology from more developed countries.
3. International cooperation can strengthen the country’s bargaining power and position in the eyes of the international community.
4. International cooperation is a way for foreign countries to provide investment to a country more easily.
5. International cooperation can increase the demand for goods and services from a country, so that the basic price per unit in that country can be further reduced.
6. International cooperation allows countries to participate in importing goods at higher prices.
7. International cooperation provides the potential for a smarter workforce, increasing skills to creativity. In a cooperation, the workforce is required to have good skills and competence to carry out export activities to other countries quickly.
8. International cooperation will facilitate a country in obtaining raw materials and auxiliary materials that can be used for the production process.
9. International cooperation can make a country able to have more new jobs, so that it can reduce unemployment.
10. International cooperation is able to maintain the price stability of goods by importing and exporting goods that are surplus or lacking to other countries.
11. International cooperation can enable a country to experience accelerated national development, through loan schemes from the World Bank and so on.
12. International cooperation can make a country take precautions against the damage and loss of culture.
13. International cooperation can make a country have a more advanced state defense and security sector.

Examples of Bilateral, Multilateral and Regional Cooperation

International cooperation is cooperation between countries carried out by countries around the world, without any territorial or regional boundaries. The following are examples of bilateral, multilateral and regional cooperation, including:

1. World Trade Organization (WTO)

The World Trade Organization, abbreviated as WTO, is an international cooperation that has the aim of being able to discuss and solve problems related to trade from one country to another. Within the WTO, there are several principles that must be obeyed, namely the principles of trade liberalization, non-discrimination, and the stability of trade relations between countries.

2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The second example of international cooperation is the International Monetary Fund, or what can be called the IMF. The IMF is an example of cooperation formed within an organization in the form of providing loans to countries that are in need of funding.

Countries that usually need funds from loans are countries with unstable currency values ​​and unable to pay debts. The IMF was formed as a solution to various international financial problems, especially the unstable currency value of a country.

3. South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

The third example of an organization as international cooperation is the South East Asia Treaty Organization or commonly called SEATO. This organization is a cooperation that stands with the aim of preventing the growth of communism in the Southeast Asian region. This cooperation was established based on a military pact.

4. Australia, New Zealand, United States (ANZUS)

The fourth example of international cooperation is ANSUZ. ANSUZ itself is a military pact that stood to prevent the development of communism in the three regions of the country, namely Australia, New Zealand or New Zealand, and the United States or the United States.

5. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

NATO or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of cooperation that was born from a military pact. As the name implies, NATO has the scope of countries that are in the North Atlantic. NATO itself has three objectives, namely eliminating all forms of international political disputes, preventing military threats that occur in international circles, trying to resolve disputes in a peaceful way and defending member countries from NATO.

6. Asian-African Conference (KAA)

Next, there is the Asian-African Conference or abbreviated KAA. We have often heard of this organization. The Asian-African Conference is a non-aligned organization that was founded in 1955, or more precisely April 18 to 24. The Asian-African Conference was established with the aim of creating peace and tranquility in the lives of countries in the Asia-Africa region.

It should be noted, there were many newly independent countries in this period on the continents of Asia and Africa. The Asian-African Conference is a form of cooperation between several newly independent countries in world life, including Indonesia.

Thus, examples of bilateral, multilateral, and regional cooperation. Hopefully all the discussion above is useful for you. For those of you who want to find books about various other international collaborations, you can get them at sinaumedia.com .

To support Sinaumed’s in adding insight, sinaumedia always provides quality and original books so that Sinaumed’s has #MoreWithReading information.

Author: Umm

Examples of Attitudes in Accordance with the 5th Precept – Pancasila is the idealism and foundation of the Indonesian nation. This means that Pancasila is used as a guide or basis for regulating the life of the Indonesian nation and state. Pancasila consists of two syllables, namely “Pancasila” and “Precepts”. Panca means five, and Sila means foundation. Therefore, Pancasila is the five foundations of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia.

The five Pancasila precepts are Belief in One Almighty God, Civilized Justice and Humanity, Indonesian Unity, Democracy led by wisdom in representative deliberations, Social justice for all Indonesian people. In each precept, the sound of Pancasila has its own values ​​that can be applied in the lives of Indonesian people as good citizens.

In practice, Pancasila includes values ​​and attitudes that can be practiced in our daily lives. As good citizens, especially in social life, we need to apply the values ​​contained in every Pancasila regulation. Even in behaving at home with family or school environment. Including examples of attitudes that are in accordance with the 5th precept which have the meaning of good values ​​for Indonesian people.

There are many attitudes that can be applied as a form of practice of the 5th precept Pancasila values ​​that can be practiced by every Indonesian citizen. The following is a collection of the practice of Pancasila values, especially examples of attitudes that are in accordance with the 5th precept in practicing Pancasila principles in everyday life which will be thoroughly discussed as follows:

Get to know the 5th Precepts of Pancasila

As the basis of the state, Pancasila contains five important points that serve as guidelines for the nation and state. One of them is like an appeal to the 5th precept of Pancasila which reads

“Social justice for all the people of Indonesia”.

The 5th precept of Pancasila is symbolized by the shape of rice and cotton. Both are symbols of basic needs and basic things for Indonesian people, regardless of their position, degree or status, so there is no gap between the two in terms of these needs as citizens.

The 5th Pancasila practice of the precepts, “Social Justice for All Indonesian People”, details practices that contain meaning and noble values. An example of an attitude that is in accordance with the 5th precept in practicing its values ​​can be applied to the smallest environment, namely in the home or family, school, to the wider environment. Sudarmono explained through his book entitled Pancasila and Some Thoughts About the 1945 Constitution (1997). Important attitudes and practices of Pancasila can be broken down into practical points that guide the life of society and the nation.

In the opinion of PJ. Suwarno in Pancasila Budaya Bangsa (1993) reveals that Pancasila is the culture of the state, but the five commands are an inseparable unit, but in practice we can trace the differences in the strengths of each precept. There are still five, but not all commandments are of the same nature. As previously explained, the term Pancasila itself comes from Sanskrit which consists of two words, namely Panca and Sila. Panca means “5” and Sila means “base”, “principle”, or “principle”.

Soekarno, who later became the first president of the Republic of Indonesia, introduced the 5 Precepts on the last day of the meeting of the Investigative Body for Preparatory Efforts for Independence (BPUPKI) on June 1, 1945. In the speech delivered by Bung Karno, the name Pancasila was spontaneously sparked, as the following speech reads This:

“Right now, there are many principles for nationalism, the principles of nationalism, internationalism, consensus, prosperity, welfare and divinity, which are five in number. Its name is not Pancadharma, but I later named it according to the instructions of a linguist from our friends who called it Pancasila,” said Soekarno, whose speech was quoted in the BPUPKI Treatise (1995).

“Sila means principles, principles, or foundation, and based on these five principles, establish an everlasting and eternal Indonesian state,” he added, adding that he is a national figure and father of the Proclaimer. Therefore, Pancasila can be interpreted as a formula and guide in the life of all Indonesian people and nation.

This means that Pancasila is a reflection of the behavior of the Indonesian people in carrying out their activities as good citizens. The values ​​contained in the Pancasila precepts are not formed haphazardly. Each precept has a very broad meaning in terms of positive goals in the life of the nation and state. one of them is the 5th Precept of Pancasila which has a noble value, namely justice applies to every citizen.

This means that it does not recognize position, degree, status, gender, age, and other types of classification. Justice is the right of every citizen. This is stated in Pancasila, which means it is a principle that must be upheld by its citizens so that all national activities can run well, with the value of justice upheld for all Indonesian people.

The Points of Practicing the 5th Precepts of Pancasila

For more information on the practice, refer to the 5th Pancasila precept, which reads “Social Justice for All Indonesians.” have points or points of practice as follows:

1. This includes fostering noble character that reflects the attitude and atmosphere of kinship and cooperation
2. Be fair to others
3. Maintain a balance between rights and obligations
4. Respect the rights of others
5. Likes to help others
6. No use of company property to intimidate others
7. No use of property for luxuries or lavish lifestyles
8. Do not use property rights to harm or harm the public interest
9. Always working hard
10. Always appreciate the work of others, which is beneficial for the progress and prosperity of all
11. Always working to achieve progress and social justice.

Examples of Attitudes According to the 5th Precept

After knowing the points of the 5th precept of Pancasila above, Sinaumed’s can already map out an example of an attitude that is in accordance with this 5th precept. Of the five precepts in Pancasila, the fifth precept which reads “Social Justice for All Indonesian People” in practice gives quite an important meaning in social life in Indonesia. This includes the home or family, school, or the wider community. The following is an example of an attitude that is in accordance with the 5th precept of Pancasila:

Examples of Attitudes According to the 5th Precept at Home or Family

1. Always Gotong Royong when doing household chores with family. In practice, we should do our fair share of homework with families. In the house, there are essentially no superiors or subordinates, or people with rights. Both children, parents, younger siblings, older siblings, have their respective roles in activities at home.
   For example, when cleaning the home environment with siblings, mothers, sisters and other relatives need to help each other. The purpose of this mutual cooperation is in addition to simplifying and speeding up the completion of homework, it also makes closeness in family relationships so that they are more harmonious with fair roles and positions in the house.
2. Work together to solve family problems. In the family, we have to work together to solve family problems. Of course, when we work together, the problems we face are easier to solve and solve. Problems can also arise in the family, to solve them certainly can’t be done by one person alone. But it needs to be discussed and communicated in one family.
3. Help each other with other families. As part of a family, we need to help each other with other families. Help your families to relieve both domestic troubles and common chores. Togetherness and a sense of unity between families is getting closer. In essence, this kinship value needs to be built in society and nation.
4. Giving equal rights and responsibilities to every family. In a house or family, each member has their own role and position. So rights, obligations and responsibilities also need to be emphasized even in a small family.
5. Don’t discriminate against the family. We must not discriminate against each other in our family. Every family has rights and obligations that must be met.

Examples of Attitudes in Accordance with the 5th Precept in the Community

1. Helping friends, relatives, neighbors and others who are experiencing natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides and floods. Helping each other is an example of an attitude that is in accordance with the 5th precept of the Pancasila which practices the value of “social justice” because they are in need of help.
2. Do not take actions that are detrimental to the public interest. That means we respect each other by not disturbing someone’s activity or privacy.
3. Always participate in Gotong Royong or participate in community activities such as cleaning the surrounding environment
4. Respect the rights of friends, neighbors, relatives and others and do not interfere with the rights of others. For example, don’t play the radio loudly when your neighbor is sick.
5. When it comes to making friends, don’t get upset and be fair. This means not discriminatory and treating people equally regardless of religious background, ethnicity, race, class, and so on.
6. Generous to help those in need
7. Appreciate and appreciate the work of others
8. Maintain an attitude of mutual assistance
9. Do not do anything that will harm yourself and the public at large
10. Be fair to everyone, regardless of a person’s rank, position or status
11. Appreciate the efforts of others
12. Prioritizing common interests above personal interests
13. Don’t spend or waste money on things you don’t need
14. Always working hard to achieve progress and social justice
15. Do not use your personal rights to coerce or oppress others
16. Pay attention to and maintain the public facilities provided

Examples of Attitudes According to the 5th Precept in School

1. Appreciate teachers and friends at school
2. Do not bully friends at school, such as underclassmen or friends who have different limitations or status
3. Respect each other friends
4. Work together in carrying out tasks or group work
5. Working together to clean the classroom and school environment
6. Do not behave badly to friends at school
7. Good friends with every student regardless of different status, degree, religion, ethnicity, and race
8. Do not commit fraudulent acts to friends or teachers at school

Well, that’s an explanation of examples of attitudes that are in accordance with the 5th precept of Pancasila, whether at home or in the family, school, or the wider community. Does Sinaumed’s intend to practice this example of good behavior? Of course the practice of Pancasila values ​​can lead Indonesian people to become good citizens. Including applying examples of attitudes that are in accordance with the 5th precept above.

Book Recommendations

If Sinaumed’s is interested in learning about practice and examples of attitudes that are in accordance with other Pancasila values, then you can visit the sinaumedia book collection at www.sinaumedia.com or www.ebookssinaumedia.com , as the following book recommendations: happy learning. #Friends Without Limits The following is a book recommendation on Pancasila along with a brief review:

1. Pancasila The Power of Liberation by the Center for Pancasila Studies, Parahyangan Catholic University

This book is an attempt to further revitalize the values ​​of Pancasila, the philosophy of this country. Philosophy, later the nation’s idealism and the nation’s spirit that underlies the nation must always be there as a torch that illuminates the steps and paths of the Indonesian nation, not placed on a throne untouched. This book wants to convey that Pancasila belongs to this country and must be treated by upholding citizenship and diversity (Bhineka Tunggal Ika).

In addition, this work is also an effort to continue to develop Pancasila and revive it scientifically because it is in accordance with the spirit of the times. It is very important for the authors and supporters of this course to update and interpret this country’s philosophy in a dynamic and efficient way. Because there are always daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly. One of the dynamism of life in the midst of the people of this country.

The enrichment of this textbook aims so that Pancasila is not sterilized at certain times or captured by certain groups, but must transcend the space and time of this life. He is the identity of the country, from Saban to Merauke, from the country’s chief executive to the general public.

2. Pancasila Spiritualism by Heri Herdiawanto, Fokky Fuad Wasitaatmadja, Jumanta Hamdayama

Today, our country is in a nation and region with serious distortions in the life and administration of the nation. Ethnic conflicts, crime epidemics, conflicts between political elites, rampant occult corruption, and other actions that violate the basic rules and norms of the country. Due to various problems, people yearn for the ideals of Pancasila which have been abandoned so far. Pancasila is an ideology formed on the basis of the character of the Indonesian nation, multi-ethnic, multi-geographical and multi-cultural.

This book is here to provide new knowledge and understanding about the existence and immortality of Pancasila values. It is hoped that this book will help the younger generation, and Indonesian society in general, to refresh Pancasila and practice it in everyday life.

3. The Pancasila Philosophy: National Islamic Epistemology by Dr. Fokky Fuad Wasitaatmadja

Buya Hamka’s ideas as an Indonesian philosopher, pastor and writer are sufficient to fill the fields of thought in many parts of this book. This was deliberately disclosed by the author to examine the fresh ideas of Pancasila, which has the idea of ​​Belief in One Almighty God as the backbone of Pancasila, and Buya Hamka, which is currently still very relevant to the concept of Islam.

Meanwhile, Soekarno, who is the father of the proclaimer, deserves the title of Indonesian philosopher. His ideas are fresh enough to explain the philosophical values ​​of Indonesian nationalism and the spirit of Islam as a modern religion. According to Sukarno, Islam had become the burning coal of the struggle against the colonial Dutch East Indies. Capitalism has become a common enemy because it gave birth to the notion of oppression and colonialism, according to which Islam is the source of the Indonesian people’s struggle to destroy colonialism.

This book seeks to consider Sukarno’s ideas about Islam and Indonesian nationality. Soekarno’s ideas sometimes confronted Buya Hamka and Nazir in interpreting the meaning of the values ​​of the Koran and the Islamic philosophy of Pancasila, but as fathers of the state, they understood the importance of Pancasila as the basis.

4. Practicing Pancasila in the Light of the Catholic Faith by Petrus Danan Widharsana

The book “Practicing Pancasila in the Light of the Catholic Faith” which is currently available provides a comprehensive understanding and insight to all parties, especially Catholics, about the Catholic Faith which can be in harmony with Pancasila values. By understanding and understanding this book, Catholics are increasingly convinced of the importance of practicing Pancasila values ​​in the life of the nation and state.

Examples of Arithmetic Sequences and Series – In mathematics, there are terms of sequences and series that can be encountered when studying arithmetic material. These sequences and series cannot be separated because they are related to one another. Simply put, an arithmetic sequence is a number with a fixed pattern based on the operations of addition and subtraction. Meanwhile, an arithmetic series is the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence.

In mathematics, arithmetic sequences and series, also known as arithmetic sequences and series, are sequences that have a certain pattern, that is, the difference between two successive terms is the same and remains the same. In other words, every term (except the first term) in an arithmetic sequence is obtained from the previous term by adding a fixed number. For example:

 , , , , , , … 

This arithmetic sequence can be expressed by the following formula:

a, a + b, a + 2 b, a + 3 b …

To find out more about arithmetic sequences and series, check out the information in the articles below.

Definition of Arithmetic

Arithmetic (sometimes misspelled as arithmetic, derived from the Greek αριθμός – arithmos = number) or previously called arithmetic is a branch (or precursor) of mathematics that studies the basic operations on numbers. By ordinary people, the word “arithmetic” is often considered a synonym for number theory. Please see numbers for a deeper understanding of number theory.

The prehistory of arithmetic is limited to a small number of artifacts, which can demonstrate the concepts of addition and subtraction, the most famous of which is the Ishango bone from Central Africa, dating to somewhere between 20,000 and 18,000 BC, although its interpretation is disputed.

The earliest written records show the Egyptians and Babylonians using all the basic arithmetic operations as early as 2000 BC. These artifacts do not necessarily reveal the specific process used to solve the problem, but the characteristics of a particular number system greatly influence the complexity of the method. The hieroglyphic system for Egyptian numerals, as well as later Roman numerals, is derived from the counting signs used for counting.

In both cases, this origin returns a value that uses a decimal base, but doesn’t include positional notation. Complex calculations with Roman numerals require the assistance of a counting pad (or Roman swipoa) to produce results.

Early number systems that included non-decimal positional notation, included the sexagesimal (base 60) system for Babylonian numerals, and the vigesimal (base 20) system which determined Mayan numerals. Because of this place value concept, the ability to reuse the same number for different values ​​contributes to a simpler and more efficient method of calculating.

The continuing historical development of modern arithmetic begins with the Hellenistic civilization of ancient Greece, although it dates back much later to Babylonian and Egyptian examples. Prior to the work of Euclid around 300 BC, Greek studies in mathematics overlapped with philosophical and mystical beliefs. For example, Nicomachus summarizes the viewpoints of earlier Pythagorean approaches to numbers, and their relationship to one another, in Introduction to Arithmetic .

Greek numerals were used by Archimedes, Diophantus, and others in a positional notation that does not differ much from modern notation. The ancient Greeks didn’t have a zero symbol until the Hellenistic period, and they used three separate sets of symbols as digits: one set for the ones place, one for the tens place, and one for the hundreds.

For the thousands place, they will reuse the symbol for the ones place, and so on. Their addition algorithms are identical to modern methods, and their multiplication algorithms differ only slightly. The long division algorithm is the same, and the digit-by-digit square root algorithm, popularly used as recently as the 20th century, was known by Archimedes (who may have discovered it).

He preferred it to Heron’s Method of successive approximation because, once calculated, a digit does not change, and the square root of a perfect square, such as 7485692. For numbers with fractional parts, such as 546.934, they use a negative power of 60 instead of a negative power of 10 for fractional part 0.934.

The ancient Chinese had an advanced study of arithmetic dating back to the Shang Dynasty and continuing into the Tang Dynasty, from elementary numbers to advanced algebra. The ancient Chinese used positional notation similar to that of the Greeks. Because they also lack symbols for zeros, they have one set of symbols for the ones place, and a second set for tens.

For the hundreds place, they then reuse the symbol for the ones place, and so on. Their symbols are based on ancient counting sticks. The exact time when the Chinese began counting by positional representation is unknown, although it is known that adoption began before 400 BC. The ancient Chinese were the first to discover, understand and meaningfully apply negative numbers. This is explained in the Nine Chapters on Mathematical Arts ( Jiuzhang Suanshu ), written by Liu Hui dating from the 2nd century BC.

The gradual development of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system independently created the concepts of place value and positional notation, which incorporated simple methods for computing with a decimal base, and the use of a digit representing 0. This allowed the system to consistently represent large and small integers, a approach that eventually supersedes all other systems.

In the early 6th century AD, the Indian mathematician Aryabhata included existing versions of this system in his work, and experimented with different notations. In the 7th century, Brahmagupta established the use of 0 as a separate number, and determined the results of multiplying, dividing, adding and subtracting zero and all other numbers — except for the product of division by zero. His colleague, the Syrian bishop Severus Sebokht (650 AD) said, “The Indians have a method of calculation that cannot be praised by a single word. Their rational mathematical system, or their method of calculation. I mean the system uses nine symbols”. The Arabs also studied this new method and called it hesab .

Although the Codex Vigilanus describes an early form of Arabic numerals (omitting the 0) in AD 976, Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci) is primarily responsible for spreading their use throughout Europe after the publication of his book Liber Abaci in 1202. He writes, “The method of the Indians ( Latin Modus Indoram ) surpasses any known computational method. That’s an amazing method. They do their computations using nine numbers and a zero symbol.

 

In the Middle Ages, arithmetic was one of the seven liberal arts taught in universities. The flourishing of algebra in the medieval Islamic world, and also in Renaissance Europe, was the result of simplifying computations via decimals.

Various types of tools have been invented and are widely used to assist in numerical computations. Before the Renaissance, they were a variety of abaci. More recent examples include the shift rule s, nomograms and mechanical calculators, such as Pascal’s calculator. Today, they have been replaced by calculators and electronic computers.

Operations in Arithmetic

The basic arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, although this subject also covers more advanced operations, such as manipulation of percentages, square root s, exponents, logarithmic functions, and even trigonometric functions, in the same vein as logarithms (prosthaphaeresis). . Arithmetic expressions must be evaluated according to the order in which the operations are intended.

There are several methods of specifying this, either the most common, along with the infix notation, explicitly using parentheses and depending on the order of operation of the priority rule, or using the prefix or postfix notation, which uniquely fixes the order of execution itself. Any collection of objects in which all four arithmetic operations (except division by zero) can be performed, and in which these four operations obey ordinary laws (including distribution), is called a field.

1. Basic Arithmetic Theorem

The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that any integer greater than 1 has a unique prime factorization (representation of a number as the product of prime factors), excluding the order of factors. For example, the number 252 has only one prime factorization, namely:

252 = 2 ² × 3 ² × 7 ¹

Elements of Euclid himself first introduced this theorem and provided a partial proof (the so-called Euclidean lemma). The basic theorem of arithmetic was first proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss.

2. Number Theory

Until the 19th century, number theory was a synonym for “arithmetic”. The problems it tackles are directly related to elementary operations and those related to primality, division, and the solution of equations in integers, such as Fermat’s last theorem.

It seems that most of these problems, although very basic to state, are very difficult and probably cannot be solved without very deep mathematics involving concepts and methods from many other branches. This led to new branches of number theory such as analytic number theory, algebraic number theory, diophantine geometry, and arithmetic algebraic geometry.

Wiles’ proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem is a typical example of the need for sophisticated methods, far beyond those of classical arithmetic, to solve problems that can be expressed in elementary arithmetic.

Understanding Arithmetic Sequences and Series

In mathematics, arithmetic sequences and series, also known as arithmetic sequences and series, are sequences that have a certain pattern, that is, the difference between two successive terms is the same and remains the same. In other words, each term (except the first term) in an arithmetic sequence is obtained from the previous term by adding a fixed number, for example:

This arithmetic sequence can be expressed by the following formula.

Furthermore, as adapted from the book entitled Mathematics SMK 2: Business and Management Group published by Grasindo, an arithmetic sequence is a line where the value of each term is obtained from the previous term by adding or subtracting a number b.

Furthermore, the difference between the values ​​of the terms close to each other and is always the same, namely b. For example:

Un – U(n-1) = b

For example, rows 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 are arithmetic rows with values:

b = (9 – 7) = (7 – 5) = (5 – 3) = (3 – 1) = 2

Meanwhile, an arithmetic series is a sum between terms of an arithmetic sequence. For the sum of the first terms to the nth term, the arithmetic sequence can be calculated as:

Sn = U1 + U2 + U3 + …. +U(n-1)

or

Sn = a + (a + b) + (a + 2b) + …. + (a + (n – 2)b) + (a + (n – 1)b)

If only the value of a is known, the first term and its value are the nth term, then the value of the arithmetic series is:

Sn = n/2(a + Un)

Arithmetic Sequence

Proof
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1. Different

.

2. Middle Tribe

with

.

We can expand it again to get:

.

Arithmetic Sequence and Series Formulas

After discussing the brief understanding of arithmetic sequences and series, understand the following description of the formulas, quoted from a book entitled Complete Collection of Mathematics Formulas for SMA/MA IPA/IPS by Khoe Yao Tung, along with the information.

1. Arithmetic Sequence Formulas

The formula for determining the nth term of an arithmetic sequence:

Un = a + (n – 1)b or Un = Un-1 + b

Apart from finding the formula for the nth term, the formula used to find the middle value of an arithmetic sequence is:

Ut = ½ (a + Un)

Information:

Un = the nth term
a = U1
Un-1 = the term before the nth term
b = different

2. Arithmetic Series Formulas

At first glance, an arithmetic series has the same formula components as an arithmetic sequence. The difference is that the arithmetic series formula is used to find the desired term, while the arithmetic series looks for the sum of these terms.

For more details, here is the arithmetic series formula, namely:

Sn = n/2 (a + Un) = n/2(2a + (n – 1)b)

Based on this formula, the nth term can be found in the following way, namely:

Un = Sn – Sn-1

Information:

Un = the nth term
a = U1
Un-1 = the term before the nth term
b = different

Examples of Arithmetic Sequences and Series Problems

In order to understand more clearly about arithmetic sequences and series, first look at the example questions below, as quoted from a book entitled Mathematics Isolation for Middle School Grades 1, 2 and 3 by Herlik Wibowo.

Problem 1

An arithmetic series is 5, 15, 25, 35, …. What is the sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic sequence?

Given:
n = 10
U1 = a = 5
b = 15 – 5 = 25 – 15 = 10

Answer:
Sn = (2a + (n-1) b )
S10 = ( 2.5 + (10 -1) 10)
= 5 ( 10 + 9.10)
= 5 x 100 = 500
So, the sum of S10 in the arithmetic series, i.e. 500.

Problem 2

Given an arithmetic series with the first term being 10 and the sixth term being 20. Then, determine:

The difference is the arithmetic series.
Write down the arithmetic series.
The sum of the first six terms of the arithmetic sequence.

Answer:

The difference in the arithmetic series is:
Un = a+(n-1)b
U6= a+(6-1) b
20= 10+(5)b
b= 10/5 = 2
So, the difference in the arithmetic series is 2.

The arithmetic series, namely:
10+12+14+16+18+20+…+Un

The sum of the sixth term, S6 is:
Sn =n/2 (2a+(n-1) b)
S6= 6/2 (2.10+(6-1) 2)
=3(20+10)
=90
So, the sum of the sixth term the series is 90.

Problem 3

The 40th term of sequence 7, 5, 3, 1, … is…

Given:
a = 7
b = -2

Answer:
Un = a + (n – 1)b
U40 = 7 + (40-1)(-2)
= 7 + 39 . (-2)
= 7 + (-78)
= – 71
So, the 40th term of the arithmetic sequence is –71.

Problem 4

In a theater, the seats are arranged with the front row containing 12 seats, the second row containing 14 seats, the third row containing 16 seats, and so on. The number of seats in the 20th row is…

Given:
a = 12
b = 2

Answer:
Un = a + (n – 1)b
U20 = 12 + (20-1)2
= 12 + (9)2
= 12 + 38
= 50
So, the number of seats in the 20th row is 50 seats.

Problem 5

A petty employee receives a first year’s salary of Rp. 3,000,000.00. Every year the salary increases by IDR 500,000.00. The amount of money received by the employee for ten years is…

It is known:
First salary = a = IDR 3,000,000.00
Salary increase every year = b = IDR 500,000
Tenth year salary = U10
Total salary for ten years = S10

Answer:
Un = a + (n – 1)b
U10 = 3,000,000 + (10 – 1)500,000
= 3,000,000 + (9 × 500,000)
= 3,000,000 + 4,500,000
= 7,500,000
So, employee salaries obtained in the tenth year is IDR 7,500,000.00

Problem 6

Calculate the sum of the values ​​for the 4th term (S4) of the arithmetic series if there are numbers: 4, 8, 16, …?

Given:
a = 4
b = 8-4 = 4
n = 4

Answer:
Un = a + (n-1) b
Un = 4 + (4-1)4
Un = 4 + 12
Un = 16

Then, how much Sn?
Sn = 1/2 n ( a + Un )
S4 = 1/2 .4 (4 +16)
S4 = 4/2 (20)
S4 = 40
So, the sum of the values ​​of the 5th term in an arithmetic sequence is 40.

Book Recommendations & Related Articles

Examples of Application of Geography Concepts in Everyday Life – Geography is generally studied when a student is studying at Senior High School (SMA).

It turns out that the term has been developed from century to century to produce studies, approaches, and concepts. Through 10 geographic concepts, human survival seems to be easier.

Know What is the Concept of Geography?

In essence, geography is closely related to all forms and phenomena related to nature. This phenomenon occurs on earth, both in the layers of the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and anthroposphere.

You can find an initial introduction to the field of geography, starting from rocks and their formation, the solar system, weather and climate, and much more in the Encyclopedia of Geography with a Complete World Atlas.

To examine all phenomena that occur, geography always uses concepts. Taken from the common point of view of the studies and definitions that have been discussed, an essential concept emerges to express a picture.

According to Nursid Sumaatmadja, the concept of geography is an abstract pattern that is closely related to the science called Geography. The concept of geography is divided into 10 sections. Many people will usually tend to have difficulty remembering it, even though there is an easy way for it. The trick is to use the donkey bridge, namely ‘JaKet Mr. Polo DI’Anggo Niken KeKait Sacks’. The formula is as follows.

Ja : Distance
Ket : Affordability
Mr : Morphology
Po : Pattern
Lo : Location
D : Differentiation Area
I : Interaction and Interdependence of
Anggo : Agglomeration
Niken : Value of Use of
Kekait Sack : Spatial Linkage

Easy, right? The sequence becomes clearer and the abbreviations created are fun to remember. For more details, understand the discussion of each of the following concepts.

Further: 10 Concepts of Geography

Examples of Application of the Concept of Geography

1. The Concept of Distance

The concept of distance is a concept that consists of two places and refers to space. Or, it can be interpreted as the distance that spans is the length of two places. The concept of distance is still divided into two, namely absolute and relative.

Absolute distance is the space or interval between two specified locations, implemented by means of length. The units of measurement used are meters (m), kilometers (km), or can be adjusted to the size you want to use and are easy to apply. This distance cannot be changed and is fixed, in contrast to relative distance which is the distance traveled and uses units of time, such as length.

Relative distances can vary, depending on transportation or what method is used to travel. The real example itself is commonly done by many people and applied in everyday life. For example, when using the Google Maps application or digital maps on a cell phone.

The distance from Bandung to the national monument when viewed from the application, some data will be displayed. First, the unit of distance from the point of departure to the destination is 165 km, then the distance traveled is also shown if using several vehicle options, by motorbike, car, train or on foot. The time needed is certainly different with different vehicles. Here you can clearly see the difference between absolute and relative distances.

This concept is closely related to location as the fulfillment of the basic needs of life, the transportation of goods, and also passengers. For example, the location between the distance and residential areas.

The distance needed to get there is 1-5 km. From that distance, market visitors can save costs for transportation, make it easier to transport goods, and save the time needed.

Relative concepts can also be defined with units of time, such as minutes, seconds, and hours. Another example of application, usually found in an airplane ticket. Information regarding flight hours, for example from Surabaya to Yogyakarta takes 1 hour 10 minutes. However, this information is uncertain, given that flights may be hampered due to weather conditions.

2. The Concept of Affordability

This one concept refers more to the ease of reaching an object. The biggest influence, of course, comes from the circumstances or conditions of the area being occupied. Means of transportation or means of communication greatly affect this affordability. For example, when you are traveling to a destination or on vacation to two different places, such as the Jakarta planetarium and the Baduy Tourism Village in Banten.

The affordability value of these two places is different. If someone wants to go to the planetarium, the transportation they use is a car or other vehicle to get to their destination. If you go to Baduy, tourists don’t only need a car, motorbike or other vehicle, but also have to travel to several locations on foot.

Another example in several natural disasters, it was difficult for aid to be distributed to the places where the disaster occurred. For example, because it was affected by heavy terrain or roads that were too difficult to pass, it resulted in some assistance going through a longer and more difficult process.

In addition to these examples, the application of the concept of affordability can be used when someone is about to buy land. For example, the price of land located near the main road will be more expensive than those far from the main road. These differences arise because of the access to different locations.

Houses that are close to main roads will find it easier to get transportation or be known by people when selling. As another example, the price of rice in Papua is more expensive than in remote islands. Because of these differences, the public will know which areas are difficult to access or to find producers.

3. Morphology

The formation of the earth’s surface is certainly influenced by natural processes, as well as human actions. For example, there are mountains, beaches, rivers, etc. which, if influenced by negative human actions, will result in destruction. In addition, the concept of morphology is also closely related to erosion, deposition or land use, soil thickness, and water use.

In plants, morphology can provide guidance in describing plants. You can learn more about this in the Plant Morphology book.

This concept also makes it easier to find out the potential of a land. For example, when an individual owns a plot of land in an area with a fairly steep slope, the land is not suitable for building a house. This will potentially lead to landslides. The highlands in Dieng can also be one of the illustrations, where the shape of the earth’s surface in these natural conditions looks like mountains.

Actually, you don’t have to go far to think about these examples. Signs in the installation of symbols ‘going uphill’ or ‘going downhill’ can give a clear warning to motorists. The warning was posted so motorists and even pedestrians can be careful to be safe. The region is in fact a cause-and-effect interaction between regions and develops until the next king. More details can be seen in this one book.

4. Pattern Concept

When talking about the concept of pattern, it is certainly related to the arrangement or distribution of phenomena that occur on earth. This phenomenon can be in the form of river flow, soil type, rainfall, distribution of tree vegetation, and much more. Natural phenomena are certainly different from social phenomena which are influenced by settlements, livelihoods, the type of housing occupied by residents, or the distribution of the population.

The easiest example to observe is how the distribution of settlements is spread, which you can also learn about through the book Population Policy: Concepts and Theories below.

There is a settlement pattern that is elongated in shape, following the coastline. However, some are elongated and follow the direction of the highway.

The livelihoods of residents can be affected by geographical conditions, especially those that rely heavily on natural aid. For example, fishermen who live around the coast will fish and make this activity their livelihood. People who live in the highlands can garden, harvest, and open up business opportunities by promoting through social media.

5. Location Concept

The concept of location will refer to a point on the face of the earth, related to the position of an object. This one concept is the main concept in answering the question ‘where?’ To determine it easily, the concept is divided into two, namely absolute and relative. Absolute location is determined from latitude or longitude, is fixed and does not move because it is guided by the earth’s geographical lines.

An example is the absolute location of Indonesia which is between 6°N or north latitude and 11°S as south latitude, up to 95°East (East Longitude) and 141°East (East Longitude). This means that Indonesia is in a strategic position between the intersections or world political arenas.

Another example is during PPDB which was held yesterday, there was a request to fill in location data or the coordinates of each house. This one example also includes absolute location, where the location of the house is at a certain point that will not change, the location is related to latitude and longitude.

Unlike the relative location which shows the position of something, based on the conditions and situation of the surrounding area. This location may change according to the point of view of its use. For example, Indonesia’s relative location is between two continents, namely Asia and Australia, then it is also between two oceans, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

6. The concept of area differentiation

This concept emphasizes areas that are on earth, different from one another. Each region has its own unique characteristics and uniqueness.

An example is residents in coastal areas. Most of them must have a livelihood as fishermen because it suits their natural conditions in the form of lowlands and close to the sea, while the mountainous areas have a livelihood as farmers because the soil or climate is very suitable for agricultural areas. There is a final difference between the two locations.

Because it has its own characteristics, the two regions that are objects can have a reciprocal relationship. The relationship or cooperation will have a beneficial impact. The term is complementary to meet the needs of both parties. For example, cities and villages have quite significant differences, where cities have modern facilities, while villages have the opposite.

Both of them produce something as an effort to fulfill needs, but in different contexts. Cities produce basic goods for industrial operations, while villages produce food sources and raw materials.

For this reason, cities really need villages to meet their needs for vegetables and fruit. Villages also need cities when they want more complete health facilities. Indonesia also has abundant natural resources from various regions, such as Java as a producer of rice and Kalimantan for timber.

7. The Concept of Interdependence and Interaction

Reciprocity or interdependence between the two regions is the understanding of the concepts of interaction and interdependence. Departing from the differences between these regions, the previous discussion regarding regional differentiation, an interaction will emerge which can be a beneficial impact from each region.

For example, cities and villages. The differences in characteristics between the two regions will bring about independence and reciprocity which can be beneficial. Cities need villages as suppliers of food, while villages need cities as suppliers of finished goods, such as clothing, technology, and so on.

8. The concept of Agglomeration

This concept refers to the tendency of phenomena to be grouped into objects in an area, such as settlements which tend to cluster in fertile and beautiful areas. A familiar example is Cibaduyut which is a shoe center, the exact location is in the city of Bandung. Human efforts in adapting to their environment, so that this one concept is often used to study social problems.

For example, Tangerang is a city with the largest industrial development, even dubbed as the city of 1000 factories. Or, a settlement in an urban area whose inhabitants have the same regional origin or culture, such as the Chinatown community.

9. The Concept of Use-Value

This concept refers to the advantages possessed by a place or region that has different uses, based on its function. For example, in Ciater, West Java, there are natural hot springs that can be used to increase the use-value of the area. There is also a peak area in Bogor which has the morphology of a hilly area with beautiful views and clean air.

This can attract tourists to visit it, so that this area can be used as a tourist area. Another example is when you feel that Madura is getting colder. The hilly area in Wonosobo has a lot of land and water sources. Therefore, the hot island of Madura would not be suitable for agricultural land, but salt ponds.

So, these concepts definitely have their respective benefits for life. A use value that has the potential to be developed, moreover Indonesia is very rich in beauty and biodiversity.

Several beaches, mangrove trees, and extensive utilization for seaweed, the potential is still not prominent or increasing. Actually, mangroves themselves are not only useful for resisting abrasion and hurricane attacks. If its potential is emphasized, mangroves can also become tourist attractions that are rich in utilization.

Kalimantan also has tropical forests which are very suitable for habitat for rare animals. That is why national parks and protected forests there are very guarded. As another example, alluvial soil is suitable for use by farmers because it is fertile.

10. Room Connection Concept

This concept shows the level of relationship between regions. This encourages a cause-and-effect relationship. In essence, in the concept of spatial linkages, phenomena that occur involve two areas or more easily when there is a disaster, such as a flood in one area that has an impact on other areas or what is called a dispatch flood.

For example, Jakarta is receiving floods from Bogor. The city is a lowland, while Bogor is a highland. Water will flow from the highlands to the lower plains.

In addition to knowing the interrelationships between spaces, as described in the concept of spatial interaction or interrelationships, the study of geography also provides knowledge related to the context of Indonesia as the world’s maritime axis. Existing natural wealth includes world transportation which has become active due to regional strategicity, richness and diversity of marine life, as well as tourism for international maritime affairs.

Always remember that the potential that exists really must be preserved wisely and prudently by the entire population of Indonesia. From the concept of geography, the statement that humans cannot live alone is undeniable. Helping each other to produce maximum results will foster tolerance and good cooperation.

Recommended Books & Articles Related to the Concept of Geography

Announcement Text is information that is conveyed to the public or the general public either that has happened or will happen. This information is generally conveyed verbally in public places because it involves the interests of many people. This announcement can also be uploaded via social media.

Announcements are made with the aim of providing information to readers about an appeal, an event, rules, events, and so on. The types of announcements themselves can be seen from their functions. Some of them:

• Sad news of weddings, birthdays, inauguration and birth
• Announcement of the winner of a competition
• job vacancy
• Advertising activity reports / event notifications / appeals from the government, and many more.

Example Announcement Text

The function of announcement text includes conveying information about something such as an event, new student admissions and so on. This information is also conveyed formally and addressed to the general public or specifically to certain circles. Here are some examples of using Announcement Text:

1. Attention, due to technical problems with Air Asia Airlines, flight number GA 528 departing for Jakarta and Bogor scheduled at 10:15 will be delayed by about 30 minutes Thank you

(Attention, due to technical problems with Air Asia Airlines, with flight number GA 528 departing for Jakarta and Bogor scheduled at 10:15 will be delayed by about 30 minutes. Thank you).

2. In fond memory with serious hearts, the Tardjono family regrets to announce the passing of our beloved Hari Rudy Tardjono on June twenty two, 2020. His love always, passion, sense of humor, and kindness are going to be incomprehensible. A tiny family memorial is going to be held on June twenty two, 2020, at Citra Hati Funeral Home, Jakarta.

3. (With all humility, the Tardjono family with a heavy heart informs us regarding the death of our beloved family, Hari Rudy Tardjono on June 22, 2020. His love, enthusiasm, laughter, and kindness will always be remembered. A warning from the small family will be held on June 22 2020, at the Citra Hati Funeral Home, Jakarta)

You are also reminded to pay attention to simple things, such as how to arrange sentences, make an outline, and write a summary/summary. Even more special, this book is equipped with practice questions and writing checklists to test your understanding.

Announcement Text formula

In Announcement text, the rules used are simple future and simple present tense. Simple Present is a tense that is used at the present time or repeated events, while Simple Future tenses is used in the future and ends in the future as well. In the Announcement text structure, there are 2 very important things, namely the Explanation and the title or Title:

1.Title ( title )

The title is a very important part, because it functions to describe the entire announcement or information in the main headline

2. Clarification   (Explanation)

Explanation in this section is filled with further information from the title. Clarification consists of Type of Event, Date and Time, Place, Participant, Address, Contact Person.

Announcement Text Problem Practice

Green Miles West

The substitution of “West” in our name replacement “California” is the result of the associate agreement we tend to reach with Calif. horticulture Association, following a protest over the first use of “California” in our name. We tend to hope this doesn’t produce any confusion among our loyal customers. whereas this represents an amendment from our initial name introduction, it doesn’t amendment the standard of merchandise we provide our customers.

1. The corporate assures its customers that they’ll continuously maintain the . . . of their merchandise.
a. price
b. origin
c. quality
d. sale
e. quantity

2. The name “Green Miles West” is . . . .
a. a brand new name was given to the green Miles Calif.
b. a brand new name of a merger of 2 companies
c. a brand new name given from The Calif. horticultural association
d. a reputation of a brand new company that deals with horticulture
e. a reputation given to an organization shaped by the horticulture Association

Announcement 

Attention All students should be part of the category meeting from the fifteenth December to the twenty first December 2008 Principal Nathalie

3. What quite the text is it?
a. a letter
b. a label
c. A postcard
d. associate announcement
e. Memo

4. What’s the text about?
a. the category meeting in a very college.
b. The winner of the category meeting.
c. missive of invitation to affix a category meeting.
d. The set up of getting a category meeting.
e. Discussion regarding holding a category meeting

Attention Please! Students of grade XII area units are welcome to attend a morning seminar on a way to brace oneself for the ultimate EXAMINATION you’ll learn heaps from adult males. Budi Umar, a widely known education adviser.

Date : July, 27th, 2018
Time : 07.30
Venue : college main hall Don’t miss this free event.

Seats area unit restricted. to order your seat, please decide Kemal : 0812 XXXXX

5. The benefits of attending the seminar are that students get an area unit in a position….
a. to satisfy the education advisor
b. to organize for the ultimate examination
c. to show ways for the ultimate examination
d. to induce the free likelihood of connection to the seminar
e. To be a presenter in this seminar

6. Can the World Health Organization come back to the morning seminar?
a. All studentsb
. Mr. Budi Umar
c. Students of sophistication XII
d. All students and their neighbors

7. “To reserve your seat, please ….” The word “reserve” is the nearest in which it means to….
a. book
b. Buy
c. Get
d. sit
e. Ensure Announcements

The book has been arranged in a coherent manner to facilitate the students’ journey in composing and to ensure that the journey does not stop when they are halfway through. Students will never again be “at a loss for words”.

SCHOOL ANNOUNCEMENTS

To : All students, we would like to tell you that we would be having the varsity vacation from The eighth to Saturday tenth August 2015. Throughout the holiday, our college has already created plans! We have a tendency to want to travel habitation among the Highlands to a section referred to as Aviemore.

It’s an associate degree out of doors center where you can learn to climb, canoe and fish and do every type of exciting thing. Of course, we have to need you to Edinburgh Castle and also the competition too. Don’t worry; you aren’t close to being bored! The varsity pays for all students, thus you are free of charge. Don’t forget to bring your propellant clothes with you. It’s getting wet. For people who ought to travel, please meet a man. Ananta at the teacher’s work.

sincerely Principal

8. What ought the scholars do to hitch the activity?
a. To get the trip
b. to travel to the teacher’s office
c. to satisfy the masterd
. To bring the ever-changing garments
e. to go to principal’s house

9. From the text we have a tendency to all apprehend that ….
a. There are a minimum of 5 activities that the varsity offers
b. the students have to be compelled to bring their own food
c. the holiday will last for two days
d. the vacations won’t be excited
e. All student area units progressing to be examined among the Highlands

10. The text is written to ….
a. to supply knowledge regarding the activity on school vacation
b. to clarify an out of door activity on school vacation
c. To prompt students regarding an out of door activity
d. To announce the varsity Th touch influence students on connection student clan among the holiday

Our school will celebrate its seventeenth day of memory on:

Day/ Date: Saturday, Seventeen February 2018
Place : Sport Hall
Time : 8.00 am – 11.00 am

To highlight this event, a special bazaar area unit is progressing to be managed in conjunction with a music show of the varsity band that has an accepted singer. All the lecturers and students are speculated to attend this celebration. For this reason all extracurricular activities at school such as basketball, protection, football and English Sunday meeting will not be a serious hassle that day.

sincerely Principal

11. What did the college do to celebrate its anniversary?
a. to carry a special bazaar.
b. to own a self-protection competition.
c. to try and do all extracurricular activities.
d. to focus on all events well.
e. To participate within the walk band competition

12. The college failed to do all the extracurricular activities on its day as a result of … .
a. The game hall would be used for the celebration of the college day
b. All students had to attend the bazaar and purchase everything sold-out within the event
c. There was a beautiful music show performed by all students of the college
d. No one was fascinated by taking part in basketball within the sports hall that day
e. All students have compete soccer for three days

All students To celebrate the Hero’s day. Our Student Organization will hold some attention-grabbing programs like English Speech Contest, Storytelling and Class Wall Magazine Competition.
Time : Nov fifteen, 2018, 8.00 am – 13.00 pm
Theme : Hero Registration: Budi The organizer of this program

13. What will the text announce?
a. A student organization
b. associate degree English Speech Contest
c. attention grabbing event
d. A Hero’s Day Celebration
e. Student organization forum

14. Supported the text we’ll say that
a. The programs will last for 5 hours
b. The program area unit progressing to be management among the Hero Street
c. two competitions area unit progressing to be management
d. Budi is one in each of the judges of the program
e. some student will participate among the celebration

In addition, each material presented is equipped with practice questions along with answer keys. This book can make it easier for readers to learn English according to class level.

To : All students and lecturers

Come and visit our new library. Legion new books (brand new novels and nonfiction books are accessible. You may boot fancy our newest DVDs assortment.

Head of library Ramadhan

15. What area unit the items offered within the new library?
a. Books and DVDs.
b. previous and new books.
c. New books and novels.
d. New DVDs and non-fiction books.
e. common movies

16. Why will the author make the announcement?
a. To resume a brand new novel.
b. to ask the reader to go to the library.
c. To let the reader comprehend the pinnacle of the library.
d. to assist the reader apprehend wherever to seek out the DVDs.
e. to create competition WHO visit the library a ton

17. Who created the announcement?
a. Ramadan
b. c
. all lecturers
d. The bibliothe
e. Guardian

Announcement of the English voice communication Club (ECC.) is gap registration for whole fresh members, be a section of us and improve your English! Every Th from 16.00 to 17.00 at the varsity hall For registration, please contact Wayan Anissa

18. Once did the members have a meeting?
a. within the morning.
b. On weekday afternoons.
c. On weekday morning
d. within the afternoon at 3 o’clock.
e. weekday night

19. wherever do they need the meeting?
a. Within the ECC’s meeting area.
b. Within the VIIA schoolroom
c. At the college hall.
d. At the cafeteria.
e. cityhall

20. However long will the meeting last?
a. One and a 0.5 hours.
b. One hour.
c. One and 1 / 4 hours
d. Two hours.
e. One o’clock Announcement

This announcement may be a replacement year and there are many new students around. Please be friendly and make it easier for them to understand the foundations of our school. Principal

21. Wherever are you able to realize the text?
a. At a faculty.
b. At a bookstall.
c. At a bank.
d. At a park.
e. At college fee sheets

This book consists of 3 CHAPTERS, namely CHAPTER 1 Listening, CHAPTER 2 Structure and Grammar , and CHAPTER 3 Reading. CHAPTER 1 (Listening), namely CHAPTER which consists of 3 types of listening models, namely monologues, short and long conversations , and talks. CHAPTER 2 contains Part of Speech and Basic Tense (Past tense, Present, and Future) . CHAPTER 3 Reading, discusses the types of Reading Comprehension questions and how to answer reading questions quickly and accurately.

Announcement Text Answer Key

1. The answer key to question no.1 is c. quality
2. The answer key to question no.2 is a. a new name was given to Green Miles California
3. The answer key to question no.3 is d. An announcement
4. The answer key to question no.4 is c. An invitation to join a class meeting
5. The answer key to question no.5 is b. To prepare for the final examination
6. The answer key to question no.6 is c. Students of class XII
7. The answer key to question no.7 is a. book
8. The answer key to question no.8 is b. To go to the teacher’s office
9. The answer key to question no.9 is a. There are at least 5 activities that the school offers
10. The answer key to question no.10 is a. To provide information about the activity on school holidays
11. The answer key to question no.11 is a. To hold a special bazaar
12. The answer key to question no.12 is a. the sports hall would be used for the celebration of the school anniversary
13. The answer key to question no.13 is d. A Hero’s Day Celebration
14. The answer key to question no.14 is a. The programs will last for 5 hours
15. The answer key to question no.15 is c. New books and novels
16. The answer key to question no.16 is b. To invite the reader to visit the library
17. The answer key to question no.17 is a. Ramadan
18. The answer key to question no.18 is b. On Thursday afternoon
19. The answer key to question no.19 is c. At the school hall
20. The answer key to question no.20 is b. One hour
21. The answer key to question no.21 is a. At a school

Source: from various sources

Examples of Action Verbs, Types of Action Verbs & Definitions of Action Verbs – It is undeniable that learning English is one of the keys that can support self-quality in the era of globalization. Learning English can be done starting from the basic level first, such as learning the types of verbs in English.

In English, verbs are grouped into 7 types, namely intransitive , transitive , action , auxiliary , linking , regular , and irregular verbs . Each of these types of verbs has different uses, uniqueness, characteristics, and structures.

The way to use each of these verbs in forming an English sentence is also different. In this material, we will learn about one type of verb , namely Action Verb . Action Verb is a verb that shows what action is taken by the subject.

It will be discussed in detail, in detail, and comprehensively about what action verbs are , types of action verbs , examples of action verbs and their use in a sentence, as well as questions and discussion.

Definition of Action Verb

Action Verb or often referred to as Dynamic Verb is defined as a verb that describes the action of the subject in the sentence. In other words, the Action Verb shows what action the subject takes.

The action expressed by an Action Verb can be a physical action (for example, jump , run , walk , climb ) or a mental action (for example, think , hope , decide , learn , perceive , imagine , believe , expect , wish , want , prefer , and cry ).

Action Verb plays an important role in forming a sentence in English because without an Action Verb, a subject in a sentence does not have any meaning.

In addition, action verbs can help us identify and describe activities or actions carried out by the subject of the sentence clearly and precisely.

The action verb itself can be written in the past tense , simple form , or continuous (in progress). To be able to distinguish between the various existing tenses, Sinaumed’s can also read the book Tenses & Vocabulary That’s Easy which is below.

Types of Action Verbs

Action Verbs or also called Dynamic Verbs are classified into four types, namely activity verbs , process verbs , transitional events verbs , and momentary verbs . In this sub-topic of discussion, we will explain the differences and examples of each type of Action Verb.

1. Activity Verbs

Activity Verbs can be used as verbs that express current events ( present ) or as verbs that express ongoing ( continuous ) events. Activity verbs are usually used to explain “what the subject of the sentence does”.

The following will explain examples of using Activity Verbs. For Activity Verbs will be in bold, while the subject of the sentence will be in italics :

“ Rita and I will be playing basketball this afternoon” (Present Continuous Tense)
“ Karina will jump from the window if she comes late to school” (Present Tense)

Example of activity verbs:

“Abandon” – (leave or abandon)
“Look at” – (see)
“Play” – (play or play)
“Say” – (speak)
“Read” – (read)
“Listen” – (hear)
“Eat” – (eat)
“Help” – (help)
“Call” – (call or call)
“Drink” – (drink)
“Ask” – (ask)

In using adverbs well, Sinaumed’s also has to practice English vocabulary well using the Smart Picture Dictionary of English.

2. Process verbs

Just like Action Verbs, Process Verbs can also be used in the form of a verb that expresses present events or in the form of a verb that states an ongoing event . Process Verbs are usually used to explain “what happened to the subject of the sentence” or it can also be called explaining a process.

The following will explain examples of using Process Verbs. Process Verbs will be in bold, while the subject of the sentence will be italicized :

“With age, we are slowing down” (Present Continuous Tense)
“With age, we are slowing down” (Present Tense)

Example of process verbs:

“Grow” – (grow)
“Mature” – (mature or mature)
“change” – (change)
“widen” – (expand)
“slow down” – (weaken or slow down)
“deteriorate” – (worse)

3 . Transitional Events Verbs

Transitional Events Verbs are verbs that distinguish between the initial occurrence of an event and the complete occurrence of that event (until the event has ended). The continuous tense of Transitional Events Verbs shows the initial occurrence of events. Meanwhile, the present tense of Transitional Events Verbs describes repeated events or a single (finished) action.

For example,
Denia was leaving (when I came in). vs. Denia left

Examples of Transitional Events Verbs:

“Die” – (die)
“Lose” – (lose)
“Arrive” – (arrive)
“Land” – (land)
“Leave” – (go)
“Fall” – (fall)

Apart from being divided into four types ( activity verbs , process verbs , transitional events verbs , and momentary verbs ), Action Verbs are also divided into Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs .

4. Transitive Verbs

Transitive Verbs always describe an object in a sentence in the form of a noun. The special feature of transitive verbs is that nouns receive action from verbs. Transitive Verbs are able to convey a clear picture of an activity and can clarify sentences. The following will describe examples of the use of transitive verbs.

Examples of transitive verbs:

“Andrew broke his leg”

(In the example above, broke is a transitive verb that describes the noun his leg . The object in the sentence, namely his leg, received an action that was broken [ was broken ]).

“The children ate his dinner deliciously”

(In the example above, ate is a transitive verb that describes the noun his dinner . The object in the sentence, namely his dinner, receives the action of being eaten [ was eaten ]).

“Miranda cut her hair”

(In the example above, cut is a transitive verb that describes the noun her hair . The object in the sentence, namely her hair, receives an action, which is cut [ were cut ]).

5. Intransitive Verbs

In contrast to transitive verbs, intransitive verbs do not give any action to objects. In other words, the object in a sentence is not explained or not described by intransitive verbs. The following will describe examples of the use of intransitive verbs.

Examples of Intransitive Verbs:

“When I came by to Mia’s house last night, she felt so anxious and sad upon knowing that her dog had died.”
(In the example sentence above, there is no word that follows “died”, considering that died is one of the intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs can also be written in the form of past tense , simple continuous tense , or simple tense ).

“At 9 PM I will leave”

(Actually, leave can be a transitive verb when followed by an object. However, because in the sentence above the word leave is not followed by any other words, it is classified as an intransitive verb).

Examples of action verbs

In the example that will be presented below, the verb which is an Action Verb will be bolded while the subject will be italicized .

“ Stephany studies English every Saturday night.”
(Stephani studies English every Saturday night).

“ Ginting and Kevin are playing badminton in Tokyo Olympics 2020.”
(Ginting and Kevin are playing badminton at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics).

“ She was accepted at the Imperial College London. And she will start her first year in this summer.”
(He has been accepted to Imperial College London. And he will start his first year of studies this summer).

“ I visited my colleagues in Seoul for a while and then went home.”
(I visited my colleagues in Seoul for a while then went home).

“Last summer, my family bought me a new car.”
(Last summer, my family bought me a new car).

“Mark was late because of the rain. So, I waited almost for an hour alone in the park”
(Mark was late because of the rain. So I waited for him alone for almost an hour in the park).

“ We ate dinner then walked around the garden.”
(We had dinner then walked around the park).

“ The lightning struck the tree in the middle of the night. Gratefully there was no victim in that accident.
(A bolt of lightning struck a tree in the middle of the night. Luckily there were no fatalities as a result of this incident).

Sinaumed’s can also hone your English writing grammar by reading the Excellent Grammar Book which provides various words, important terms, and how to use them.

This section will also mention examples of action verbs and their meanings.

Base Form / Infinitive (V1)	Simple Past (V2)	Past Participle (V3)	What is the meaning of the word
accelerate	accelerated	accelerated	speed up
accomplished	.	.	complete or reach a goal
adjust	adjusted	adjust	adapt
analyze	analyzed	analyzed	analyze
answer	answered	answered	answer
anticipate	anticipated	anticipated	anticipate
argue	argued	argued	debate
assume	assumed	assumed	assume
bring	brought	brought	bring
buy	purchased	purchased	buy
change	changed	changed	changed
choose	chose	chosen	choose
collect	collected	collected	gather
drink	drank	drunk	drink
drives	drove	driven	driving
eat	ate	eaten	Eat
fall	fell	fallen	fell
closed	closed	closed	close
read	read	read	read
ride	rode	ridden	drive
get	got	got (English) gotten (America)	get
leave	left	left	go or leave
help	helped	helped	help or assist
earn	earned	earned	produce
keep	kept	kept	put or save
edit	edited	edited	edit
deliver	delivered	delivered	deliver
hits	hits	hits	hit
climb	climbed	climbed	climb or ride
laugh	laughed	laughed	laugh
listen	listen	listen	hear
node	nodded	nodded	nodded
cry	cried	cried	cry
fixed	fixed	fixed	repair
come	came	come	come
insult	insulted	insulted	insult
throw	threw	thrown	throw away

The difference between action verbs and linking verbs

At a glance, linking verbs and action verbs are almost the same because they are verbs that describe a subject in a sentence. However, there are significant differences between Action Verbs and Linking Verbs.

Action Verb describes an action performed by the subject. Meanwhile, linking verbs do not reveal an action taken by the subject. Linking Verbs only show where the subject is in a sentence, not what the subject does in the sentence. But in English, there are examples of verbs that have two functions, namely as action verbs and linking verbs

Example: run , grow , look , and some other verbs.

Learn how to pronounce the various adverbs above to make it easier for you to read through the English Pocket Dictionary (2021), which is accompanied by thousands of entries, grammar, and much more.

Practice Questions Action Verbs

In the exercise questions below, choose a sentence that you think uses “action verb” in the example sentence that will be presented.

1. Which sentence has an action verb?
A. The thieves opened the back door when we fell asleep.
B. My mother seems upset.
C. It is your birthday present.
D. The apple is on the table.

2. Which sentence has an action verb?
A. The meatballs taste too salty.
B. I listened to your song last night.
C. My homework is madness.
D. The vanilla cupcakes taste heavenly.

3. Which sentence has an action verb?
A. My sister and I walk to school every day.
B. My boyfriend is Simon.
C. You sound weird.
D. I felt so sick yesterday.

4. Which sentence has an action verb?
A. his daughter remained in New York two days ago.
B. I continue to write my thesis.
C.Mrs. Amanda drives a fancy car.
D. You are so cool.

5. Which sentence has an action verb?
A. My sister and I ate pizza as my dinner yesterday.
B. Jake appeared out of nowhere last night after he had been missing for nearly a week.
C. Sometimes I act childish to Sam
. D. Diana acted so unfriendly to me this morning which I don’t know the cause.

6. Which sentence has an action verb?
A. Your dog smells so badly.
B. I think you left the house three days ago.
C. Your bag is beautiful.
D. Your favorite foods are on the table.

7. Which sentence has an action verb?
A. The army climbed down the tree.
B. My memory becomes stronger if I get enough sleep.
C. The mango trees grow well every day.
D. You look so pale today, are you okay?

Find various other English questions related to action verbs along with other topics that can help you hone your English skills in the Super ITP TOEFL Tricks Score 600+ book below.

Answers to Action Verbs Questions

1. A . The thieves opened the back door when we fell asleep.
(“seem” and “be [is]” which are found in sentences B, C, and D for question number 1 are included as linking verbs).

2. B. _ I listened to your song last night.
(“taste” and “be [is]” found in sentences A, C, and D for question number 2 are linking verbs).

3. A . My sister and I walk to school every day.
(“sound”, “felt [past form of feel]”, and “be [is]” which are found in sentences B, C, and D for question number 3 are included as linking verbs).

4. C . Mrs. Amanda drives a fancy car.
(“remain”, “continue” and “be [are]” which are found in sentences A, B, and D for question number 4 are included as linking verbs).

5. A . My sister and I ate pizza as my dinner yesterday.
(“appear” and “act” in sentences B, C, and D for question number 5 are linking verbs).

6. B. _ I think you left the house three days ago.
(“smell” and “be [is, are]” which are found in sentences A, C, and D for question number 6 are included as linking verbs).

7. A . The army climbed down the tree.
(“become”, “grow”, and “look” which are found in sentences B, C, and D for question number 7 are included as linking verbs).

So, is the explanation about the Action Verb along with its types, characteristics, examples and problems quite easy to understand? If you want to pursue learning English, but are confused about finding the right reference, don’t worry! Because sinaumedia as #FriendsWithoutLimits will provide various quality and useful reference books so that you can learn English more deeply.