Author: Johannes Surya

Definition of State Administrative Law – Hello, Readers friends , did you know? Since the shift in the paradigm of the night watchman or what is commonly referred to in the literature as nachtwakerstaa t or watch state, there has been a fundamental shift marked by a change in the function of the government, namely that which was originally only tasked with internal security became the manager of citizen welfare (bestuurzorg ).

This change in the function of the state inevitably has to enter into the privacy of its citizens who are guarded all night by the state as if they were excluded from the reach of the state. The state imposes an administrative system to support all government activities and to create the welfare of its citizens.

The introduction of state administrative bodies into the private life of citizens is to carry out the above functions of bestuurzorg . This of course requires a tool that provides a legal basis for the state to implement it. This instrument serves as a basis for justifying public action to regulate private matters. Of course, this is a form of the State Administrative Law (HAN) system.

Before discussing the notion of state administration law, it should be noted that the Han idiom comes from two words, namely “law” and “state administration”. In order to fully understand the meaning of state administrative law, it is very necessary to understand each of these statements.

Then the two join forces to gain a full understanding of State Administrative Law. There are many interpretations of the concept of rights in the literature, but in principle some are narrow and some are broad. It’s up to the point of view of the expert who interprets it.

Definition of Law

There are many interpretations of the notion of law in the literature, but in principle some are narrow and some are broad. This depends on the point of view of the expert who interprets it.

One of the opinions regarding the definition of law was put forward by JCT Simorangkir, SH and Woerjono Sastropranoto, SH , as follows

Law is a coercive regulation that regulates human behavior in a social environment made by government agencies and authorized agencies, and violations of these regulations will result in the implementation of actions, especially by certain laws.

Meanwhile, a similar opinion was also expressed by HM Tirtaatmidjaja, SH . The law is all the rules of life, which are obliged to pay compensation if they violate the law if they endanger themselves or someone’s property, such as people losing their independence, being fined, and so on.

Law is a set of rules made by the ruler or government and must be followed by all elements of society. Laws are made to determine human behavior in association with society. If there is a violation of the law will result in sanctions for those who violate it.

There are similarities between several legal definitions given by jurists, namely law is associated with orders and prohibitions towards social order. However, in a narrow legal sense, these provisions and prohibitions are simplified into a set of written regulations formed by the state to regulate its citizens in order to create social order.

In a broader legal sense, law is understood not only as a set of written rules, but as all rules, whether written or not, promulgated by the state or not, actions, signs, and all forms whose ultimate goal is to create social order in society. In short, law is no longer the form that was understood until now, but only a set of rules, which must be understood as all aspects related to public order.

Law is understood as a social system that creates an orderly society. This includes not only the rules, but also all the practices and culture of a society that regards law as a value that must be followed.

Definition of State Administration

Modern state life which tends to meet the needs of the people, especially in the field of public welfare services, requires tools to carry out its functions. The instrument used by the state to manage the state in meeting the welfare needs of society is state administration.

This tool aims to regulate all aspects of state life through the bureaucracy, administration, preparation, implementation and supervision of all government actions so that the government system is stable, well defined and measurable. Scalable and stable are needed to be able to achieve the desired results of government activities with measurable quality and quantity, such as the original design of the government business planning process.

For example, in the problem of designing education services, the government must adjust the population problem. For this reason, it is necessary to handle registration and registration of residents. The state then determines the terms and methods of registration and residence registration.

The final result will be available data about the country’s population. To ensure the data is always up to date, the state updates the data through a census and mandates that KTPs must be renewed every 5 years.

Based on these data, the state will determine the need for education services, both the quantity and quality of educational facilities and infrastructure that must be provided. From the illustration above, it can be said that the purpose of public administration is to assist and support the government in implementing policies for the benefit of the people.

This is in accordance with the view of Leonard D. White who stated that state administration is all state activities that aim to carry out and carry out state policies (public administration consists of … all those operations having for the purpose the fulfillment and enforcement of public policy) .

Prajudi Atmosudirdjo views state administration according to its broader functions, namely the implementation and implementation of will (strategy, policies) and government decisions in practice (implementation and implementation) of regulations.

Of course the state administration system, like most other systems, has limitations in achieving its goals, because every country has limitations in several ways. Therefore, the state administration system must be able to determine the main goals to be achieved within the limits that are possible.

Definition of State Administrative Law

State Administrative Law (HAN) is a branch of law that studies the administrative activities of a country.

Regarding this understanding, several experts in particular have their own views on the notion of state administrative law. Below is the definition of state administrative law according to experts.

Oppenheim defines state administrative law as a set of provisions that bind an agency, whether superior or subordinate, whether the agency exercises the authority given to it by constitutional law or not.

JHP Bellefroid points out that state administrative law or government law is a set of rules regarding how the state apparatus and its organs, as well as special judicial assemblies, function in court.

De La Bascecour Caan explains that state administrative law is a certain set of rules that cause the state to act or react. The regulation in question regulates the relationship between citizens and their government.

E Utrecht defines state administrative law or government law as a law which takes into account certain legal relations which, when enforced, will enable public administration officials to carry out specific governmental tasks.

Prajudi Atmosudirdjo formulates state administrative law as a law regarding the implementation and control of governmental power or supervision of government agencies.

State Administrative Law Functions

In general, according to Budiono , the function of law is to bring about social order and justice. Public order is a condition related to the realization of human life as a common life. Common order implies a generally accepted order with the minimum decency necessary for common life not to degenerate into anarchy.

According to Sjachran Basah , there are 5 (five) legal functions related to human life, namely:

• Directives, namely guidelines in coaching to form a society that achieves the goal of living as a state in accordance with the goals;
• Integration, especially as a builder of national unity;
• Stability, namely as a maintainer, consists of the results of developing and maintaining harmony, harmony and balance in the life of the state and society.
• Perfective, namely completing the actions of state administration and the attitude of citizens in the life of the state and society.
• Corrective, namely both citizens and state administrators to achieve justice.

Specifically, the function of State Administrative Law  proposed by Philipus M. Hadjon includes 3 (three) functions, namely:

• Normative Function;
• Instrumental Function; And
• Guarantee Function.

These three functions are interdependent, in this case the normative function concerning the standardization of managerial power is clearly closely related to the instrumental function of determining the tools used by the government to use regulatory power and in the end the regulations and government instruments used must ensure legal protection for the public. .

Normative Function of State Administrative Law 

The establishment of the State Administrative Law  is carried out in stages. Where to find the standards, we need to study and explore a series of statutory provisions. That is, we do not just find legal norms that must be implemented in laws, but in the totality of regulations and decisions of state administrative institutions that are related to one another.

In general, the State Administrative Law  only covers basic or general standards, while the details are left to implementing regulations. This transfer is called terugtred or withdrawal of the legislature.

According to Sjachran Basah , the implementation of Ermessen’s freedom is morally accountable to God Almighty and legally based on upper and lower limits. Upper bounds i.e. lower level rules may not conflict with higher level rules. The lower limit is that regulations enacted or the attitude of state administration institutions (both active and passive) may not violate the basic rights and obligations of citizens.

Based on this brief explanation, it can be said that the normative function of State Administrative Law  is to regulate and determine the administration of government so that it is in accordance with the legal state thinking behind it, namely the Pancasila legal state.

State Administrative Law Instrumental Function 

The government in carrying out its various activities uses legal instruments such as regulations, decisions, policy regulations, and others. As already mentioned, in today’s countries, especially those that adhere to the welfare state model, empowerment of government is broadly a logical consequence, including giving the right to power to the government, creating various legal instruments as a means of administering good governance.

Function of State Administrative Law Guarantee 

According to Sjachran Basah, the protection of citizens is guaranteed if the attitude of the state administration is detrimental to them. Meanwhile, the protection of state administrators is carried out based on their attitude of acting correctly and correctly in accordance with the provisions of the law, written and unwritten.

In other words, protecting state administration does not violate the law. In a Pancasila law state, protection of people’s law in an effort to prevent disputes between the government and the people, settlement of disputes between the government and the people in a deliberative and judicial way, is the last resort in efforts to resolve disputes. resolve disputes between the government and the people.

Sources of State Administrative Law

The source of law is everything that can give rise to legal rules and where the law is located. In State Administrative Law , there are 2 (two) sources of law, including:

• Source of Material Law; And
• Sources of Formal Law.

Source of Material Law

Sources of material law in State Administrative Law  include factors that influence the content or substance of legal norms. These factors are:

• History or history;
• Sociological; And
• Philosophical.

History or Historical

1. Laws and written legal systems that apply in the past in a place;
2. Documents and correspondence and other information from the past.

The written law and the legal system that applied in the past are more important than the past documents, letters and statements because the written law and the legal system are the actual law. Whereas documents, correspondence and other information are intended only to introduce laws that were in effect in the past.

Sociology

All communities and institutions exist in society. Activities that take place in the community can be used as material for making laws or in other words in accordance with the legal sentiments of the community, such as the condition and views of the community on social, economic, cultural, religious and psychological aspects.

Highlight social organizations to see what they think is right. Based on the knowledge of these social institutions, legal documents can be prepared in accordance with the realities in society. In other words, sociologically, the sources of law are the factors in society that also determine the materiality of positive law, both from an economic, religious and psychological point of view.

Philosophy

Actions to determine whether rules are fair and to what extent members of society follow them or why people follow them. There are two (two) important factors that can become a source of legal philosophy: Because the purpose of law is to produce justice, things that are philosophically correct are also used as a source of substantive law.

Factors that encourage people to obey the law. Because the law is made to be obeyed, all factors that can help a person to comply with the law need to be considered in formulating positive legal rules, including the factor of the power of the ruler and the legal awareness of the community.

Sources of Formal Law

Formal sources of law are material sources of law formed through a certain process so that these sources of law are accepted and respected by society. Sources of formal law are legal norms in terms of form. By letting them form through several processes, the rules will be generally accepted and binding on all members of society and respected by members of society. There are several sources of official law from State administrative law, namely:

• Constitution;
• Customs or State Administration Practices;
• Jurisprudence;
• Doctrine or Opinion of experts;
• Treaty.

Scope of State Administrative Law

In the scope of State Administrative Law , Lathif, N. et al . explained that as a whole, the scope of State Administrative Law is closely related to the duties and authorities of state institutions (central and regional), the relationship of power between state institutions and between state institutions and citizens as well as legal guarantees for both; both citizens and state institutions.

Then, if you want a more precise study, Prajudi Atmosudirdjo suggests that there are six scopes studied in State Administrative Law. The scope of State Administrative Rights is as follows:

1. Law on the foundations and general principles of public administration.
2. The law on state agencies.
3. The law regarding the activities of the state administration, especially those that have a juridical nature.
4. The law regarding the means of state administration, especially regarding state personnel and state finances.
5. Administrative law of regional and regional government which is divided into: Personnel Administration Law; Financial Administration Law; Material Administration Law; and State Enterprise Administration Law
6. Law on state administrative justice.

Closing

This is a review of the notion of state administration along with its functions, sources and scope. 

Definition of Administrative Law – Some of us may be familiar with administrative law. Moreover, for students majoring in Law or Public/State Administration. However, it is undeniable that there are still people who do not know the meaning of administrative law. This article will review the meaning of administrative law.

Definition of Law and Administration

Before discussing the meaning of administrative law, it would be better for us to understand first what the meaning of law is. So, law is a set of regulations made by the ruler or government and is coercive in nature. Laws are made to determine human behavior in association with society. If there is a violation of the law will result in sanctions for violators,

After knowing the meaning of law, then we will discuss what is the meaning of administration. Administration comes from the Latin, namely Ad Intensive and ministrare in the sense of serving, helping, and fulfilling. Administration refers to activities or efforts to help serve, direct or manage all activities to achieve a goal.

Reading a book entitled Introduction to Administrative Science by Alemina Henuk-Kacaribu, the meaning of administration can be seen from two perspectives, including:

1. Administration in a narrow sense, namely as office administration activities (note taking, typing, sending, collecting, duplicating and so on). Administration in a narrow sense is an administrative activity that includes correspondence and affairs regarding administrative matters.
2. Administration in a broad sense, is a process of cooperation by several individuals in an efficient way to achieve the specified goals. The definition of administration in a broad sense can be seen in the sense given by some experts as follows:

Leonard D. White defines administration as a process that is usually found in all group efforts, both large and small, private and state, or civil and military.

Meanwhile, HA Simon defines administration as the activity of a group of people who run a cooperative business with the aim of achieving a common goal.

From the opinion of some of these experts it implies that administration is a process activity, especially how the methods, the means to achieve the goals that have been determined. Administration can also be interpreted as organizing, directing human, labor, and material resources to achieve the specified goals.

Administration Function

Luther M. Gullick noted several administrative functions as follows:

1. Planning

In administrative activities, of course, a good and mature plan is needed.

2. Organizing 

As with planning, every administrative activity definitely requires organization, for example in the appointment of officers or workers.

3. Staffing (labor procurement)

Staffing is the practice of finding, assessing, evaluating and establishing working relationships with employees or workers and dismissing them when they are not needed.

4. Directions

Directing is interpreted as an effort to guide, provide advice and input with the aim of improving an activity that is being carried out so that tasks and obligations can be carried out.

5. Coordinating

Coordinating is understood as a process of coordinating all the interests and goals of the organization which can be united and can be synchronized with the setting of the place and time.

6. Reporting 

Reporting in this case is understood as a way to provide information on what has been done in all administrative activities as one of the responsibilities of administrative tools.

7. Budgeting

Budgeting, namely how to plan a financial budget, how much budget is needed, where is the source of financing, calculating incoming and outgoing money, and monitoring the budget issued.

Administration Types

In addition to functions, there are several types of administration, as follows.

1. Population Administration

Population administration is interpreted as a series of structuring and controlling activities such as population documents and data in several ways such as: population registration, civil registration, and information management, as well as utilization. The results of population administration are used for public services and development.

2. Financial Administration

Financial administration is the process of managing or implementing, providing, and using financial budgets in every cooperative effort.

3. Environmental Administration

Administration is a series of activities carried out by the government and citizens that aim to realize environmental insights and without compromising human quality with the environment.

4. State Administration

State administration is interpreted as administration related to social science and studying three important elements in the life of the state which include the legislative , judiciary  and executive (government) institutions.

5. Commercial Administration

Commercial administration, namely administration with the aim of achieving commercial objectives or business profits.

6. Development Administration

Development administration, namely administration that includes the process of controlling business by the state or government in order to realize the planned growth.

7. Office Administration (Public)

Office administration is administration in the form of financial planning, billing and recording, personnel, and distribution of logistical goods in an organization.

Definition of Administrative Law

In Indonesia the term ” administrative recht ” has various meanings, such as administrative law, state administrative law, or governance law. This difference results in the use of terms that are less uniform.

In the book Introduction to Indonesian Law by Herlina Manullang, there are several definitions of state administrative law, namely:

JHP Bellafroid interprets state administrative law as the whole of the rules regarding how government apparatus and state agencies as well as special court assemblies handed over to the state administrative court.

Meanwhile, Utrecht defines state administrative law as a law that examines the special legal relationship that state administration officials carry out their special duties and obligations.

By referring to the two opinions of these figures, we can conclude that state administrative law is a law that regulates and binds the tools of state administration in order to carry out the authority that is the duty as a tool of state administration. This is done with the aim of serving citizens must pay attention to the interests and human rights of citizens.

State administrative law is very important and necessary in the framework of the implementation of state power by state administration. The existence of constitutional law plays a very important role in regulating the powers, duties and functions of the state administration, as well as limiting the powers exercised by the state administration.

The existence of state administration in the private life of citizens has the goal of carrying out the function of bestuurzorg (government duties). State administration does not only discuss actors who carry out administrative functions, but administration also includes all means, procedures and prerequisites which all seek to transform all available resources to achieve state goals.

We can conclude, state administrative law is the law that regulates the legal relationship between the government and citizens. Actions by the government that are against the law and violate the rights of citizens can lead to actions that are against the law or acts against the law.

State administrative law becomes an urgent legal arrangement in the administration of state government. State administrative law has the objective of protecting citizens from acts of state administration and protecting the implementation of state administration from arbitrary means of state administration.

The Role of State Administrative Law

The role of state administrative law is very important in order to prevent especially the abuse of authority by government officials. This is contained and mandated based on the provisions of Law Number 28 of 1999 concerning the Implementation of a State that is Clean and Free from Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism (KKN).

With the existence of a legal umbrella for administering the state, it is hoped that the state will be able to carry out its functions and duties seriously and with a sense of responsibility.

Implementation of State Administrative Law

Violations of state administrative law do not only include violations of statutory legal provisions governing the implementation of the interests and welfare of citizens who comply with public law. However, it also includes actions by officials or state administration bodies that are contrary to the general principles of government.

In addition to criminal acts of corruption, in state administrative law there are several cases that often occur.

1. Onrechtmatige Daad or unlawful act

An unlawful act is interpreted as a violation or nonconformity of a person’s actions with the applicable laws and regulations and contrary to existing customs or propriety.

2. Daad Van Willekeur

Daad Van Willekeur is interpreted as an act committed without any legal basis. This means arbitrary actions by state administration officials that can harm citizens.

3. Abuse of official power that is contrary to the general principles of good governance.

Good governance is government that has accuracy or thoroughness that requires complete and complete information data used by government officials or state administration bodies in issuing a written decision as well as the general principles of good governance.

4. The constitutional law structure

According to a detailed principle, it is included in one of the legal rules which has the same position as the legal rules based on other laws.

5. The existence of a law that is likely to have a positive side regarding the general principles of good governance

This is mainly a test tool or an indicator of the legitimacy of a written decision issued by a government administration official before the law and judicial bodies in the country or at least functions as legal jurisprudence.

6. Violation of the basis of state law

Provisions regarding the law regarding the General Principles of Good Governance  become the constitution in legislation, but need socialization and regular legal review before the Supreme Court  and before the Constitutional Court .

Sources of State Administrative Law

The formal legal sources of state administrative law are divided into several things, namely:

1. Legislation

The first source of state administrative law is written law made, determined, or formed by authorized government officials which contains generally valid and binding behavior.

2. Habits or legal practices of state administration

The next source, namely the decisions issued by the state administration apparatus, is referred to as the decision of the State Administration ( beschikking ). In issuing these decisions or decrees, state administration practices emerge which will give birth to state administrative law.

3. Jurisprudence

Jurisprudence is understood as a judge’s decision or decision of a previous judicial body that has permanent legal force (inkrah) then is followed by other judges continuously with the same case.

4. Doctrine or expert opinion

Doctrine is an opinion or statement issued by legal experts discussing policies or issues that can convince others.

5. Treaty

Treaty or treaty is an international agreement held by the government and used as a source of formal law.

Subject of State Administrative Law

Legal subjects are understood as anything that can obtain rights and obligations from law, either individuals or legal entities. The following are some subjects of state administrative law:

1.  Government employees
2.  Position
3.  Country

Scope of State Administrative Law

Prajudi Atmosudirdjo stated that there are several scopes studied in state administrative law, including:

1. Law concerning the foundations and general principles of public administration
2. The law regarding state organizations works.
3. The law regarding the activities of the state administration, especially those that are juridical in nature
4. Laws regarding the means of state administration, particularly regarding state personnel and state finances

Administrative law of regional and regional government is divided into several parts, namely:

1. Personnel administration law
2. Financial administration law
3. Material administrative law
4. State company administration law
5. Law on state administrative justice

Customary law in general itself is a customary law, which means that the law contains rules that are made or formulated based on the behavior of the community that grows and develops so that it becomes an unwritten law that is obeyed by the local community.

Customary law itself is also recognized by the state as a legal form of law. Where, after the independence of the Indonesian state, customary law became one of several rules made and contained in the 1945 Constitution.

As is written in Article 18B paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution, which explains that Indonesia as a country recognizes and respects customary law community units and their traditional rights as long as they are still alive and in accordance with community development and also the principles of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia or the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, as is the case with regulated in law.

This law can also be said to be one of the oldest laws when compared to other legal systems in Indonesia because it has been passed down from generation to generation by the people.

Consider the following information to better understand what is meant by customary law as unwritten law.

Definition of Customary Law According to Legal Experts

1. Mr. B. Terhaar Bzn

According to Prof. Mr. B. Ter Haar Bzn, customary law is the entirety of regulations that are embodied in decisions taken by customary heads and apply spontaneously to the people within them.

He through his well-known “Decision” theory also stated that in looking at whether an existing custom is a customary law, it is first necessary to look at the attitude of the rulers of the legal community towards those who violate existing regulations.

2. Prof. Mr. Cornelis van Vollen Hoven

The definition of customary law according to Prof. Mr. Cornelis van Vollen Hoven is the overall rules of behavior of a society that apply and have sanctions and also have not been codified.

3.Dr. Sukanto, SH

Furthermore, the definition of customary law according to Dr. Sukanto, SH is a customary complex which is generally not written down or written in the Bible, not codified and has a coercive nature. This law also has sanctions, therefore there are also legal consequences.

4. Difficulty

Sukardi in his book The Indonesian Legal System also explains, customary law is the entirety of rules and norms whether made in writing or not in writing and originating from the habits of the Indonesian people or customs which are used to regulate the behavior of people’s lives, sanctions will also be imposed on those who who broke it.

5. Mawardi Muzamil and Anis Mashdurohatun

Furthermore, former Professor of Customary Law at Airlangga University, Mawardi Muzamil and Anis Mashdurohatun through their book entitled Comparison of Legal Systems also explains the definition of customary law as a legal system that exists and has long been in force in Indonesia.

6. Mohammad Koesnoe

Mohammad Koesnoe also said that the origin of the existence of customary law itself in Indonesia is not known with certainty. However, when compared to other forms of law, such as Western law and also Islamic law, this law is the oldest form of law based on its age.

Where, prior to 1927, customary law existed and developed in Indonesian society. Until after 1927, customary law was finally studied and paid close attention to as the implementation of the Dutch government’s legal politics, after the existing reception theory was confirmed in article 134 paragraph 2.IS 1925.

Sources of Customary Law

There are 3 forms that become a source of law on this one, as follows.

1. Source of Identification

First, the source of identification, according to B Ter Haar, is the decision of the customary ruler. However, this statement was denied by Mohammad Koesnoe. Where, according to him, the source of identification in customary law itself is what is actually carried out by the local community in the association of law, both behavior or behavior that is only done once or repeatedly.

2. Content Sources

Second, content sources. This source of customary law is legal awareness that exists and lives among local indigenous peoples.

3. Source of Binder

Third, the binding source is the shame that arises as a result of the functioning of the existing value system within the indigenous peoples concerned as well as various other efforts that will ultimately affect the person concerned if he does not comply with or violates the applicable customary rules and laws.

Based on this, it can also be said that the binding force that exists in customary law is the legal awareness possessed by members of the indigenous peoples concerned.

Elements of Customary Law

This unwritten legal element is divided into two, as follows

1. Material Elements

The first element is the material element which indicates that in customary law there are habits and behaviors that are fixed and carried out repeatedly. This also means that a series of the same behavior.

2. Intellectual Elements

The second element is the intellectual element which indicates that in customary law there are habits that must be carried out because the community groups within them have the belief that this is done objectively.

Indonesian Customary Law style 

There are also certain features in customary law in Indonesia, as follows.

1. Relegiues – Magical

The first livery is Magical Relegiues. Based on the traditional beliefs of the Indonesian people, every existing society is surrounded by supernatural powers that must be maintained. This is done so that the community continues to live safely, peacefully, happily and various other things.

Apart from that, there is also nothing that separates the world of birth and the world of the unseen and there is also no separation between the various fields of life, such as human life, nature, ancestral spirits and the lives of other creatures.

The existence of worship performed on the spirits, especially to the ancestors is done as a protector of customs that needs to be done for the happiness of the people in it.

In every joint activity or action, such as clearing land, planting, building houses and various other important events, religious ceremonies must also be held with the aim of receiving blessings and in the process there are no obstacles and can run well.

Magical Relegiues itself also has several other meanings, as in the following.

• Has the nature of inner unity
• There is unity between the world of birth and the world of the unseen
• There is a connection with the spirits of the ancestors and other spirits
• Belief in the presence of supernatural powers
• Performing worship of ancestral spirits
• In starting each activity, a religios ceremony must always be carried out
• Believing in the presence of spirits, ghosts that exist in the universe
• Believe in the existence of sacred power
• There are several restrictions

2. Communal or community

The second pattern is communal or societal which means that human life is always seen in the form of a group or a unified whole.

An individual cannot live alone and needs other individuals because humans are living beings who will always live in society. Therefore, common interests must take priority over personal interests.

Communal or community itself also has several other meanings, as follows.

• Humans in society have a bound nature and are not free from all their actions
• Everyone in society has rights and obligations according to their position
• Existing subjective rights have a social function
• The common interests of society must take precedence over personal interests
• Have a cooperative nature
• Value courtesy and patience
• Have a good attitude
• Have mutual respect for one another

3. Democracy

The third style is democracy, which means that everything must be resolved by upholding the values ​​of togetherness and the common interests of the community must be prioritized over personal interests in accordance with the principles of deliberation and representation in the government system.

As an example itself, holding meetings at the Village Hall and every action or choice taken by the village official is based on the results of the deliberations that have been carried out by the community.

4. Cash

The fourth pattern is cash. Where the transfer or transfer of rights and obligations must be carried out at the same time and carried out simultaneously with the intention of maintaining the balance that exists in the association in society.

5. Be concrete

The fifth pattern is concrete, which means that there is a visible sign, that is, every action or desire in a certain legal relationship must be expressed in terms of objects or tangible or tangible forms.

This also means that no promises are paid for with promises, everything that is done must have concrete actions so that no suspicion arises between one another.

Forms of Customary Law

This one law itself is different from the various legal systems that apply and develop in Indonesia, where customary law itself is an unwritten law that grows and develops along with the development of the people in it.

Attempts were made to make several existing customary laws into statutory laws and this also meant trying to change these unwritten laws into written laws.

As one example, the Basic Agrarian Law in 1950. However, after being converted into a written form, the customary law has a different form from the previous customary law.

Factors Influencing the Development of Customary Law

In the development of customary law, there are several traditional factors that can influence its development, as follows.

1. Magic and animism

The first factors of developmental influence are magic and animism. Where in nature magical thoughts and animism are basically felt by every nation in all parts of the world.

In Indonesia itself, the magical factor and also animism have a considerable influence. Where, this itself can be seen through various traditional ceremonies that have a source of power and also supernatural powers.

• Belief in spirits, spirits, and ghosts that fill the entire universe as well as various natural phenomena, as well as all objects in the universe has real.
• Belief in the power of magic and the existence of good and evil spirits.
• There are certain people who can make contact or relate to the supernatural or magical world.
• Fear of punishment or retribution from various supernatural powers. Where, this itself can be seen through the custom of broadcasting, offerings in several places that are considered by the local community as sacred places.

Animism itself is the belief that everything in the universe has a soul. Animism itself is divided into two kinds, as follows.

• Fetishism, which is the worship of the soul in the universe, which is believed to have far greater abilities than humans, such as the sun, ocean, lightning, caves, typhoons, land, big trees, and many more.
• Spiritism, which is the worship of ancestral spirits and other spirits that are considered good or those that are considered evil.

2. Religious factor

The second developmental influence factor is the religious factor. The inclusion of various religions into Indonesia also had an influence on the development of this law, as follows.

Hindu religion

Hinduism itself was first brought into Indonesia by Indonesians in the 8th century and the influence of Hinduism itself is most visible in Bali.

Where, various Hindu religious laws themselves had an influence on the field of government of the King and the division of society into several castes.

Islam

The Islamic religion itself was brought by traders from Maaka in the 14th and early 15th centuries. The influence of the Islamic religion itself can be seen through the marriage law which discusses how to enter into and terminate a marriage.

The influence of the Islamic religious marriage law itself can also be seen through the customary laws that exist in several areas of Indonesia such as Java and Madura.

In Aceh, the influence of Islam is very strong. However, this influence itself varies depending on the region, as is the case in several regions, even though Islamic marriage law has been enacted, they still carry out marriage ceremonies based on customary law. For example in Lampung, Tapanuli.

Christianity

Christianity itself first entered Indonesia brought by Western traders. Where, the rule of Christian religious law itself has a considerable influence in Indonesia on the influence of family law and also marriage law.

In addition, Christianity also has a great influence on the social field. In particular, it can be seen from the impact on education as well as health, with the establishment of various educational institutions and hospitals.

3. Higher Power Factor

The third developmental influence factor is higher power. What is meant is the existence of the power of the king, head of the Curia, Nagari, and various other matters.

4. The presence of foreign powers

The fourth developmental influence factor is the presence of foreign powers. One of them was the Dutch colonial power which brought individualism into Indonesia. Where, this itself is contrary to the traditional mind that upholds the value of togetherness.

Well, that’s a brief explanation regarding customary law which is a form of unwritten law. As explained above, even though this one law is not officially written, it sometimes has the nature of being coercive to the people who live in it.

This is because the indigenous peoples who live in it also have confidence in the law so they obey it and believe they will receive sanctions if the law is not implemented and violated.

 Definition of criminal procedural law – Indonesia is a rule of law country. Then in court there will also be such a thing as procedural law. Maybe so far we only know the term law or  rule of law , but we don’t really understand whether there is a term procedural law or not.

The simple definition of procedural law is a set of rules that are always binding and govern the course of trials to be carried out in the judiciary. Be it courts of first instance, civil courts and state administrative courts.

In procedural law there is such a thing as criminal procedural law. In general, it can be said that criminal procedural law is an arrangement or procedure for how the state and intermediary means of power use their power to impose a sentence, so that it contains criminal procedure.

To add to your insight into criminal procedural law, here are some definitions from a number of experts regarding the meaning of criminal procedural law and its functions, objectives and principles. Come on Readers , listen to the explanation!

Definition of Criminal Procedure Law

Criminal procedural law is often referred to as formal criminal law, while criminal law is referred to as material law. The material criminal law or criminal law contains instructions and descriptions of offenses, regulations regarding the conditions for an act to be punished, instructions regarding a person who can be punished and rules regarding punishment, which regulates to whom and how the punishment can be imposed, while the formal procedural law regulates how the state through its means exercise its right to convict and impose a sentence.

The definition of Criminal Procedure Law is not clearly defined in the Criminal Procedure Code. Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code only provides understandings regarding parts of the criminal procedure law, such as investigations, investigations, arrests, legal proceedings, confiscations, searches and others.

Criminal procedural law are rules that can provide an indication of what law enforcers and other parties involved in it should do if there is a suspicion that the criminal law has been violated.

To find out more about the meaning of Criminal Procedure Law, below are several definitions according to the views of experts, including:

1. According to Wirjono Prodjodikoro

According to Wirjono Prodjodikoro, former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, criminal procedural law is closely related to the existence of criminal law and is a series of regulations that contain the ways in which the government agencies in power, namely the police, prosecutors and courts act in order to achieve the goals of the State by promulgating criminal law.

2. According to Eddy OS Hiariej

According to Eddy OS Hiariej, in essence, the Criminal Procedure Code contains rules governing the application or procedure, including rules of inquiry, investigation, prosecution, pretrial interrogation, court decisions, legal remedies and enforcement of court decisions or decisions.

Therefore, the notion of criminal procedural law can be understood as law that regulates procedural principles in all criminal justice processes, starting from the level of investigation, prosecutors, prosecutions, and courts, to making court decisions, corrective actions, and implementing court decisions or decisions in efforts to seek and find material truth.

KUHAP, as stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code Law No. 8 of 1981, in essence does not provide a standard interpretation of the law. However, according to Eddy OS Hiariej, the Criminal Procedure Code has procedures or trials for violators of criminal law. This statement is absolutely true.

In fact, someone who commits an act of violation of criminal law (substantive criminal law) does not only end with his actions, but also has legal processes and procedures that must be followed by the perpetrators of these criminal acts. These processes and procedures are known as KUHAP. Thus, criminal procedural law is passive, it will not work if there was no previous criminal law violation.

Criminal procedural law, in particular a set of legal provisions that regulate the state against alleged criminal acts and seeking the truth through its tools by being examined in court and decided by judges through the execution of decisions.

3. According to Van Apeldoorn

Criminal procedural law, especially the regulations governing how the government can maintain continuity in enforcing substantive criminal law.

4. According to Bambang Poernomo

In a narrow sense, criminal procedural law is a set of regulations relating to the implementation of criminal procedural law, and in a broad sense, it is a set of regulations that apply criminal procedural law along with other legal provisions, other related regulations. In a very broad sense, hand in hand with provisions regarding alternative types of punishment.

5. According to Simon

The task of criminal procedural law is to regulate how the state with its equipment uses its authority to punish crimes and impose sentences.

6. According to Van Bemmelen

Meanwhile, according to Van Bemmelen quoted by Andi Hamzah, the definition of criminal procedural law is the study of regulations made by the state, as a result of alleged violations of criminal law, including:

1. The state through its tools investigates the truth.
2. If possible, investigate the culprit.
3. Take the necessary measures to arrest the producer and, if necessary, detain him.
4. Collecting evidence (material fees) obtained during the examination of truth to be submitted to the judge and presenting the defendant before the judge.
5. The judge decides whether the alleged acts are proven and, for that, sentences or orders action.
6. Legal efforts to challenge the decision.
7. Finally, the implementation of criminal and administrative decisions

Based on the definitions above, the authors conclude that the meaning given by Van Bemmelen can be considered more complete and precise because in this sense it also details the substitution of criminal law when referring to the investigative stage, the investigative stage, the prosecution stage up to entering the court process, so not only beginning and end.

The definition of criminal procedural law put forward by the experts above basically has the same meaning as the notion of criminal procedural law, namely provisions regarding the procedure for administering criminal justice where the body of the criminal procedural law is the wider community, not the general public in a broad sense. law enforcers in it

It is important that the rules of criminal procedural law refer not only to law enforcement officials, but also to the parties or other people involved, either directly or indirectly.

Functions of Criminal Procedure Law

Every man-made legal norm always has a specific function and purpose, the function of criminal law or criminal procedural law is to implement substantive criminal law, namely to regulate how the state uses its tools to exercise its authority to punish or acquit.

According to Bambang Poernomo, the duties and functions of criminal procedural law through its devices are:

1) Seek and find the truth according to the truth.

2) Applying the law with decisions based on justice.

3) Enforce decisions fairly.

According to Djisman Samosir , the function of the criminal procedural law is to guide the police in carrying out the functions of inquiry, investigation, arrest and detention, as well as making minutes of interrogation, to guide the prosecutor’s office in making detentions, preparing indictments and prosecutions.

A handbook for judges to carry out interrogations and decision making, even advice for legal advisers in carrying out their defense functions. Thus, the function of criminal procedural law is very important because it regulates the protection of the dignity of the accused and suspects, as well as regulates the rights and obligations of law enforcers.

According to R. Abdoel Djamali , procedural law or formal law functions to resolve problems that meet the criteria of substantive law through a process based on the rules contained in procedural law. This means that procedural law only works when there are problems faced by individuals. This matter must be dealt with fairly to get to the truth.

According to Van Bemmelen in his book “Leerboek van het Nederlandse Strafprocesrecht” , which was quoted by Rd. Achmad S. Soemadipradja, argues that criminal procedural law essentially regulates matters:

1. Investigate the truth of alleged violations of criminal procedural law, through a State specially designed for that.
2. Enforcement efforts against the perpetrators.
3. Every effort will be made so that the perpetrators of this act can be caught and if necessary detained.
4. The evidence obtained and collected from the results of the examination of the truth of the allegations has been submitted to the judge, and processed so that the suspect can be brought before the judge.
5. Let the judge decide whether the suspect can prove the actions he is accused of and what actions or punishments will be taken or imposed in the past. 6. Identify means of appeal that can be used against the judge’s decision.
6. The final decision is the crime or action to be taken.

Thus, based on the questions above, it can be concluded that the three main functions of criminal procedural law are:

1. Search and find the truth.
2. The decision is made by the judge.
3. Carry out the decisions made.

Likewise, according to Rd. Achmad S. Soema Dipradja, criminal procedural law includes “establishing rules by which investigators and ultimately judges can attempt to penetrate to find the truth about the acts committed by people who are suspected of having committed them”.

Purpose of Criminal Procedure Law

The emergence of new legal discoveries and the formation of new laws and regulations, especially since the New Order government, is quite encouraging and has become a glimmer of hope in legal life in Indonesia, including the development of the Criminal Procedure Code. If one looks at the several considerations that became the reason for the development of the Criminal Procedure Code, in summary the Criminal Procedure Code has five objectives as follows:

1. Protection of dignity (suspects and accused).
2. Protect the interests of law and government.
3. KUHAP codification and unity.
4. Achieve consistency of attitudes and actions of law enforcement.
5. Carry out criminal procedural law according to Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution.

In the Guidelines for the Implementation of the Criminal Procedure Code, the objectives of the criminal procedural law have been formulated, namely

“Finding and obtaining or at least accessing material truth, namely upholding the truth of criminal cases as a whole by applying the provisions of the criminal procedure law honestly and appropriately to identify defendants who are suspected of committing crimes in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code, thereby requesting the court to consider and decide whether a crime can be proven or not. the crime was committed and whether the accused is to blame.”

If you look at the wording above, the purpose of criminal procedural law can be detailed as follows.

1. Material truth is the essential and complete truth of a criminal case due to the correct and honest application of the provisions of the criminal procedural law.
2. Identification of legal subjects based on credible evidence, to be able to prosecute you for committing a crime.
3. Explaining review and court decision, to be able to determine whether it can be proven that the defendant committed a crime.

The purpose of criminal procedural law as referred to in the Criminal Procedure Code is explained as follows:

“The purpose of criminal procedure law is to find and obtain or at least approach the truth as high as possible from a criminal case by applying the provisions of criminal procedure law in an impartial and honest manner for the purpose of finding out who may be accused of committing criminal act, violates the law, then requests the court to review it and decide whether there is evidence of a crime and whether the accused can be prosecuted”.

crime namely:

1. Seek and tell the truth.
2. Giving a decision by a judge.
3. Implementation of decisions.

Of these three goals, the most important because it forms the basis of the last two, is the search for truth. The function of tracing and finding the truth is according to the provisions of Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the purpose of criminal procedural law is to find out the nature of a thing, is it appropriate or not? “approaching material truth” or even more “at least approaching material truth”.

After knowing the facts obtained from the evidence and evidence, the judge will make a decision (fair and correct) which will then be implemented by the prosecutor. The achievement of order, tranquility, peace, justice and social welfare.

Principles of Criminal Procedure Law

To achieve the goal of protecting the nobility of human dignity, the principles of law enforcement are formulated in Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning the main provisions of justice which are reaffirmed in the Criminal Procedure Code to enliven each article or paragraph so that it always reflects the protection of human rights. These principles are:

1. The principle of fast, simple and low-cost trials

This is stated in Article 2(4) of the Law on Justice No. 48 of 2009 which states that: “Justice is done simply, quickly and at a lower cost.” “Simple” here means that the examination and settlement of cases is carried out effectively and efficiently. “Low cost” means that the costs of a case can be borne by the general public.

10 The term “fast” itself means “immediately”. In particular, a speedy trial is needed to avoid long periods of detention before a judge’s decision is taken, which cannot be separated from the implementation of human rights. Likewise with a free, fair and impartial trial for all parties, as confirmed by law. 11 However, in practice, this principle is difficult to achieve. Here is an example case:

Generally, people who have cases in court are legally blind, so they often leave their cases to lawyers to handle everything related to their case in court. If this happens, the court costs are not cheap, so the principle of “low cost” will not be achieved.

2. The principle of in praesentia

Basically, the court examines the defendant before the judge, but under certain conditions and considerations, the court may examine the defendant without the defendant present (in absentia).

3. The principle of open court hearings for the public

This principle states that in essence the public can visit the court. This means that the public can follow every trial process so that the judge’s decision can be accounted for. It also ensures the ability to reach an agreement between the troubled parties.

However, in some cases or circumstances, trials may be declared closed to the public. Cases examined on camera involve questions about morality or events the children are accused of.

4. The principle of equality before the law

The law provides guarantees and certainty regarding the rights and obligations of citizens. The law also cannot distinguish between rich and poor citizens, powerful or not, but in the eyes of the law, all citizens have the same rights.

Therefore, the symbol of justice is the goddess with closed eyes. That is, a goddess must judge without having to consider the plight of the troubled citizens. Likewise, a judge may not discriminate between people.

In paragraph 1 of Article 5 of the Law on the Principles of Justice No. 4 of 2004 stated that “The court judges according to law without discriminating against people”.

5. The Principle of Supervision

Public interrogation in court is of an actuator nature, meaning that the defendant occupies a position of “taking sides” parallel to the opposing party, namely the Public Prosecutor. It is as if the two sides are “arguing” before a judge, who will decide the “dispute” later. The Prosecutor’s Office here is to oversee the implementation of Court decisions in criminal cases.

The court’s expertise is to consider and screen whether the crime is true or not, whether the evidence presented is valid or not, and whether the terms and conditions of the Criminal Code are in accordance with the words of the crime or not.

Pre-trial examination is open to the public, unless otherwise stipulated in the provisions, for example in the case of an examination of ethical violations, etc.

Closing

This is a review of the meaning of criminal procedural law along with its functions, objectives and principles. 

Definition of procedural law – Indonesia is a country that has laws. Later in court there will also be such a thing as procedural law. Maybe so far we only know about the rule of law, but do not really understand if there is a term procedural law.

The easy definition of procedural law is a series of rules that are always binding and regulate the procedures that are carried out when a trial is held. Whether it’s the initial trial, civil or state administrative hearings.

Judging from this explanation, of course the existence of procedural law is also very important in the course of the trial. So, for this reason, this article will provide an explanation of all matters related to procedural law.

Procedural Law

1. Definition of procedural law

The first thing we will discuss together is the meaning of procedural law. Previously, it was also briefly explained what procedural law was.

Basically procedural law is made to be able to guarantee that every legal process can run according to what has been determined in law enforcement. From this explanation, it can be interpreted that procedural law is a series of rules governing all procedures for submitting a case to a judicial body or court, which is also the way the judge gives a decision.

Procedural law will regulate a relatively general branch of law. For example, such as criminal and civil procedural law. Each country will have different jurisdictions and court authorities as well as different rules related to the procedural law itself.

In general, procedural law all over the world will have the same elements even though the rules are still different. The existence of procedural law will make it easier to ensure that the law can be enforced fairly as it should.

In addition, the existence of procedural law also regulates procedures for indicting, proving, notifying and testing material law so that the law can be implemented properly.

2. Indonesian procedural law

As explained, each country has its own procedural law. Although when viewed from the elements, the procedural laws throughout the world are the same. However, the rules will be different. In Indonesia itself there are several procedural laws that apply. So, to find out more about procedural law in Indonesia, here is an explanation.

1. The Criminal Procedure Code which is used to regulate criminal procedure law.
2. The Law on the Constitutional Court, which is used to regulate the procedural law of the Constitutional Court.
3. The Civil Code, which is used to regulate civil procedural law.
4. State Administrative Court Law, which is used to regulate procedural law
5. State Administrative Court.
6. The Law on the Religious Courts, which is used to regulate the procedural law of the Religious Courts.

Civil law

1. Definition of Civil Law

Law is a tool or a set of rules. Meanwhile, civil law is an arrangement of rights, the price of objects and things that have something to do with individuals and legal entities, where civil law can easily be interpreted as provisions that regulate the rights and obligations of a person in society.

The term civil law comes from the Dutch language, namely Burgerlijk Recht. In addition, civil law is also often referred to as private law or civil law. Even so the term most commonly used is civil law.

In Indonesia, civil law consists of several components as explained below.

1. Customary civil law which is a legal provision that can regulate the relationship between individuals and their lives in society and related to individual interests. These customary provisions are usually unwritten and can apply from generation to generation in the life of the community.
2. Then there is European civil law which is a provision or law that will regulate the relationship between laws related to the interests of Europeans.
3. National private law is a field of law that is used as a national product. One part of the national civil law is about marriage law which is in Law Number 1 of 1974 and Agrarian Law in Law Number 5 of 1960.

2. Civil Procedure Law

When viewed from its function, law is divided into material law and formal law or can be referred to as procedural law. Civil procedural law is a formal law which basically has the function of being able to defend or enforce material civil law through the judiciary if there is a violation related to material civil law or a dispute occurs.

In addition, civil procedural law will also regulate how to obtain rights and legal certainty in the event of a dispute through submission or application to court.

In general, usually the judge in court will carry out the preparation of lawsuits, filing lawsuits, examining lawsuits, court decisions until the execution process or implementation of court decisions. Where civil procedural law will regulate several processes of settlement of these civil cases.

For more details, here is an outline of the stages of civil justice that you can read in full.

1. Claim filing process.
2. Claim review process.
3. Proof of probation.
4. Decision made.
5. Legal efforts against a predetermined decision.

3. Sources of Civil Procedure Law

Until now, Indonesia’s civil procedural law still has guidelines, in which arrangements related to civil procedural law still exist in various types of laws and regulations as explained below.

1. HIR (Het Herziene Indonesche Reglement). HIR which is often translated as RID (Updated Indonesian Regulation), S.1848 number 16 jo. S.1941 number 44, which can apply to the regions of Java and Madura.
2. RBg (Het Rechtsreglement Buitengewesten), S. 1927 number 227. RBg which applies to areas outside Java and Madura.
3. Rv (Reglement op de Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering), S. 1847 number 52 and S.1849 number 63. Rv is commonly known as the Civil Procedure Code Regulation for European Groups.
4. BW (Book of Civil Law), especially Book IV.
5. WvK (Book of Commercial Law).
6. Various related laws such as:

• • Law on Repeat Trial / Appeal Procedure (Law No. 20/1947).
  • Law on Judicial Power (Law No. 48/2009).
  • Law on General Courts (Law No. 2/1986, jo. Law No. 8/2004, jis. Law No. 49/2009).
  • Law on the Supreme Court (Law No. 14/1985, jo. Law No. 5/2004, jis Law No. 3/2009).
  • Law on Advocates (Law No. 18/2003).
  • Law on Marriage (UU No. 1/1974) and its implementing regulations such as: PP No. 9/1975 and PP No. 10/1983.
  • Law on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment (UU No. 37/2004).
  • Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA).
  • Instructions and Circular of the Supreme Court (SEMA).
  • International Agreement.
  • Habits.

4. Principles of Civil Procedure Law

It does not only have regulatory guidelines that have been spread in statutory regulations. However, civil procedural law also has several principles in it. So, the principles in the civil procedural law are as follows.

1. The judge has the nature of waiting (iudex no procedat ex officio). We can find this principle in article 10 paragraph (1) of Law no. 48 / 2009 and article 142 rbg / article 118 HIR.
2. Article 142 paragraph (1) rbg will determine a civil lawsuit at the first level which in the process of examination will become the authority of the district court to be filed by the plaintiff or by an attorney.
3. The judge has a passive. The term passive can have various meanings such as initiative, the judge is obliged to conduct trial of all charges, the judge can carry out formal truth pursuits and the parties can be free to file charges or cannot file a law.
4. Session Open to the Public (Openbaarheid van rechtspraak). Article 13 paragraph (1) Law no. 48/2009 concerning judicial power stipulates: all court hearings are open to the public, unless the law stipulates otherwise.
5. Audi Et Alteram Partem, which as stated in article 4 paragraph (1) No. 48/2009, article; 145 and 157 rbg, articles 121 and 132 HIR.
6. The existing decision must be accompanied by reasons.
7. Fees apply.
8. The Existence of Trilogy Trilogy (Simple, Fast and Low Cost)
9. There is a principle of freedom from interference outside the court.

Criminal law

1. Definition of Criminal Law

Before discussing criminal procedural law, it would be better if we also know the meaning of criminal law itself. In terms of understanding, criminal law is a collection of rules that can regulate actions.

Whether it’s calling for an action or doing something so as to prohibit doing or doing something in accordance with the provisions in the law and regional regulations that are threatened with the presence of a criminal witness.

2. Criminal Procedure Code

At this point we will explain about criminal procedural law. Where criminal procedural law enters into one form of procedural law.

If interpreted, criminal procedural law is a law that regulates how to maintain and maintain a material criminal law. In addition, criminal procedural law can also be referred to as formal criminal law.

Where this term also already exists in Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Code, which in Article 285 is officially named the Criminal Procedure Code or abbreviated KUHAP.

Actually, the Criminal Procedure Code is not very clear and firm regarding the meaning of criminal procedural law. However, there are several parts of the criminal procedural law that are explained such as the meaning of investigation or investigation, prosecution, trial, pretrial, court decision, legal action, detention, arrest, search and confiscation.

3. Purpose of Existing Criminal Procedure Code

The existence of a criminal procedural law will of course also have several objectives. So, to find out more about the purposes of criminal procedural law, here is a complete explanation.

1. Seeking and obtaining material truth.
2. Carry out the prosecution process.
3. Carry out the inspection process and decision process.
4. Carry out the judge’s decision.

4. Functions of the Criminal Procedure Code

In addition to its objectives, criminal procedural law also has several functions. The several functions of criminal procedural law are as follows.

1. The first function of the criminal procedural law is to implement and enforce the criminal law itself. This function can be interpreted as repressive towards criminal law where later if there is an act that falls into the category of criminal procedural law it must be processed so that the provisions in the criminal law can be applied to the perpetrator.
2. Another function of the existence of criminal procedural law is to prevent and reduce criminal acts. This function can be seen when criminal procedural law is carried out in various kinds of judicial administration activities from the operation of the criminal justice system.

5. Principles of Criminal Procedure Law

Like civil procedural law, criminal procedural law also has principles in it. Now to know more about what are the principles contained in the criminal procedural law, they are as follows.

1. The principle of justice is fast, simple and low cost.
2. The Principle of Direct and Oral Examination of Judges
3. The principle of court examination is open to the public
4. The Principle of Everyone is Treated Equal in Front of Judges
5. Principle of Presumption of Innocence
6. Accusator and Incisator Principles
7. Opportunity Principle
8. The principle of justice is carried out by judges because of their permanent positions
9. Principles of Suspects and Defendants Have the Right to Legal Assistance

6. Parties Participating in Criminal Procedure Code

In its implementation, criminal procedural law also has several participating parties. Some of the parties participating in the criminal procedural law are as explained below.

1. Law advisor.
2. Public prosecutor or prosecutor.
3. suspect or defendant.
4. Investigators and Investigators.

Administrative Law

Next, we will study state administrative law or business administration law, in which state administrative law is the whole rule of law that has to do with the administration of government or state affairs which can be referred to as government or state law.

1. Definition of State Administrative Law

Administrative law is a series of regulations which contain the manner in which people must act against the court and the manner in which the courts will act one to another so that they can be implemented in accordance with the regulations of state administrative law or state administrative law.

2. Parties Participating in State Administrative Procedure Law

Just like other procedural law, state administrative procedural law also has parties participating in it. Where there are three parties who participate in the process of implementing state administrative procedural law such as the plaintiff, the defendant and interested third parties.

Now, for more details, here are three parties that participated in the state administrative procedural law.

1. The plaintiff or a civil legal entity who feels his interests have been harmed by a State Administrative decision made by a state administrative body or official, both at the central and regional levels.
2. The defendant is a state administration agency or official who will issue a decision on the basis of the authority vested in him or delegated to him from the person being sued or a civil legal entity.
3. An interested third party is anyone who has an interest in another party’s dispute (which is being examined by the court), whether it is personal initiative by submitting an application or a judge’s initiative involved in a state administrative dispute.

Well, that’s a summary of procedural law. Starting from the general understanding of procedural law, civil procedural law, criminal procedural law to administrative procedural law, this article has clearly summarized it.

Understanding HTTP – Whether you realize it or not, HTTP is an important component and cannot be separated from your activities when using the internet. Starting from browsing various websites, sending files, or watching videos, you can only do all of these things by accessing HTTP.

Then actually, what is HTTP? As well as what is the HTTP example and how does it work? Come on, see a more detailed explanation below!

Understanding HTTP

Hypertext Transfer–Transfer Protocol or also abbreviated as HTTP is an application layer network protocol that is generally used to assist the process of exchanging data on the internet between computers with one another. This data can be in the form of files, images, and videos. This protocol also uses hypermedia which is then connected by links or are called hypertext documents that make up the WWW or the World Wide Web.

HTTP as a protocol that provides commands in communication between networks, where this is a client computer with a web server. Later, the client computer will also make requests by accessing the domain URL or IP address. Then, this request will be managed or executed by the web server according to the code entered.

The HTTP protocol itself is designed to be able to manage HTML documents and send them to clients, which is why this protocol is the most widely used when compared to other protocols.

Apart from that, the HTTP protocol is also a fairly flexible protocol, and until now the developers are still developing it by adding various new features. Thus HTTP can then be used as the most reliable and fastest protocol in the data transmission process.

HTTP function

HTTP functions include setting the format and how data is transmitted. HTTP can also function to regulate how web servers and browsers process various incoming commands. For example, when you enter the domain (URL) in the browser. The URL that you enter is a command to the web server to provide website page data according to the address accessed.

The results of this command include the display of website pages that appear through a web browser. Another function of HTTP is to secure data so that it is not stolen or hacked by hackers. Then, this can be known by HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer-Transfer Protocol Secure). If viewed functionally, the results will be the same or more precise in managing how data is processed. It’s just that HTTPS is a secure version of the protocol when compared to HTTP.

Data processed using HTTPS will then be encrypted first. This method aims to deter hackers or users who try to steal and spy on the ongoing data exchange process. Unencrypted data will then be easier to read and of course this will harm internet users. Especially if this data is important data such as usernames, passwords, PINs, personal identities, and so on.

How HTTP Works in Web Applications, Protocol

Talking about HTTP will not be separated from how the web application then works. Therefore, to make it easier to understand, see the following for a more complete explanation of web applications, browsers, and protocols:

1. Web Applications and Browsers

When you carry out the website development process, you must be familiar with web applications. A web application or website is a piece of software which can then be accessed using a browser.

The browser itself is an application that you can use to access data (browsing) on ​​the internet. Examples of web browsers are Firefox, Chrome, Safari, Internet Explorer, and others.

In a web application as a web server, even though technically in one web server there are several web applications. In addition, a web server can also be regarded as a network application that runs on the machine (server) and is connected to a network port.

Meanwhile, the browser in cases like this is better known as the web client. Even so, technically a web client is not just a browser, but all applications that can communicate with servers such as cURL and Telnet.

2. Protocol

The web client (browser) and web server (web application) then require standard rules to be able to communicate with each other, also known as protocols. Communication protocol can be regarded as a medium that can connect between two parts.

For example, communication between two people who need the same language or grammar in order to communicate with each other. In computer science, when these two applications want to communicate with each other, a set of rules is also known as a protocol. Currently, browsers can recognize several standard protocols, such as FTP, WebSocket, and HTTP.

How HTTP or HTTPS Processing Data Works

From all the discussion above, it can be said that HTTPS is a security protocol that must be used on all types of websites. Whether it’s on personal websites, portfolio websites, and of course business websites such as e-commerce.

By using HTTPS, you have then provided a secure connection to web visitors and assured them that all forms of communication on the internet are carried out using a trusted server.

So that web clients can access various kinds of resources on the web server, they then use URLs. Well, this HTTPS protocol will help connections that help web clients retrieve web resources in web applications.

Through this URL the HTTPS protocol is then tasked with sending requests (requests) and providing responses (responses) from the given URL requests. For example, delete (deleted), update (update), and replace (replace) files on the server. After the request and response have been completed, the web server will no longer remember any connections that have occurred.

So, when HTTP sends a request again, the web server will then process it like the original request, that’s why the HTTP protocol is also known as a stateless protocol. Meanwhile, the entire process of sending requests from the web client to the response given by the web server is HTTP Transaction.

Benefits of HTTP or HTTPS

HTTP itself has several benefits. Here are some of the benefits of HTTP that you need to know.

1. More Trusted By Users and Web Browsers

Websites that use HTTPS are similar to restaurants that display the “Halal” logo from BPOM where potential customers will then have more confidence that they are then protected from non-halal food.

As discussed earlier, HTTPS is a protocol that uses SSL or TLS certificates to encrypt communications, thereby minimizing attempts by hackers to steal data.

SSL (Secure Socket Layer) or TLS will confirm to users that they are connected and their data is protected on the website server that you currently have or are currently opening. That way, you as a web owner will also prevent various types of cyber attacks. Even though some users may not be aware of the benefits of SSL or TLS, modern web browsers will then ensure that they care about the trust factor of the website.

2. Website Communication Security Becomes More Guaranteed

HTTPS is a protocol that makes data encrypted in transit from and to the origin server. This protocol will also help keep online communication and interaction safe, so that bad people, such as hackers, cannot snoop and take any data that is being sent.

For example, a user’s username and password cannot be stolen while the user is filling out a login form for an account. If a website or web application must send sensitive or personal data to users (for example, including bank account information), the encryption process also protects this data.

3. Website Authentication

Authentication is the process of verifying that the validity of a person or machine is in the communication process between the user and the website. In HTTP, there is no identity verification process because the HTTP process is then based on the principle of trust.

Even so, HTTP does not necessarily make the decision to trust all web servers implicitly. Because, they then only have priority other than security at that time. However, in today’s modern internet, HTTPS authentication process is very important.

If compared, you should not get into a vehicle that is not the same as the information shown on the application just because the driver says “change with another vehicle”. That way, when users use your website, they don’t know what’s really going on behind the scenes of the website and who is the person managing the data.

The SSL certificate that plays a role in activating HTTPS includes driver information in the online motorcycle taxi application earlier. SSL will also represent an external verification process by a trusted third party web server.

Apart from the three points above, there are many other benefits that you will get from HTTPS, including better website ranking and performance on search engines. Not only that, a secure HTTP protocol is also needed in order to make it easier to access modern browser features such as the WebUSB hardware API and Bluetooth access.

Closing

HTTP as a website component that regulates data exchange that occurs on the internet. The protocol that will make the web client (browser) and web server (web application) then able to connect. The HTTP protocol helps to regulate the transmission process and how the data format is sent.

That is why the HTTP protocol can be said to be an important part. In fact, because of its importance, HTTP then continues to be developed marked by the emergence of the HTTPS protocol which replaces the old HTTP version.

In practice, HTTPS uses a technology called HSTS. HSTS is a method where the website will then force the browser to use an HTTPS connection.

This is an overview of the meaning, function, and workings of HTTP. Hopefully this article can be useful and can add to your insight.

Recommended HTTP Related Books You Must Read

1. The Easy Way to Make the Best Website for Online Business

Believe it or not, there are still many business people who still don’t take advantage of the internet to develop their business, the reason is ignorance of where to start and what to do to produce a professional website for business needs. This book was born from the experience of developing website creation and training services that the author was involved in, where many questions were asked when starting an online business on the internet and when going to create a website. These questions are then summarized in such a way as to become a step-by-step guide that contains professional tips and tricks on how to create a professional website for business needs in cyberspace. The discussion in this book includes:

• Understanding Domain and Hosting and how to buy it
• Type and function of the website
• How to write good website content
• How to make graphic designs for website needs and much more.

2. Creative Web Design

Creative web is the latest technology and design style that is widely used by web designers to increase sales where the layout and overall design of the website play with sections that are made in such a way as to focus on content. Many leading companies are starting to switch from Box Style to Creative Style, including Microsoft, Apple, SiteOrigin, Paypal, and many more. Google’s mainstay products, such as Google Drive, Google Apps, and so on, also use a creative website design style so that website visitors focus on content so that it has an impact on increasing sales. For you online business owners, this book will help make website brands look modern and increase sales. Meanwhile, for professional web designers this book will help make millions in profits in an instant.

3. 7 in 1 Web Programming for Beginners

Web programming technology is developing so fast. For beginners, of course, they will be left behind if they don’t catch up quickly. This book discusses 7 main materials in learning web programming. These seven discussions will really help beginners who want to become web programmers in a short time. The discussion starts with basic knowledge of web programming, followed by a discussion of 7 web programming materials one by one accompanied by sample scripts and their results. It is also accompanied by making simple applications that will help readers master making application modules. To support reader practice, the author also includes dozens of applicative script bonuses. Discussions in the book include: – Web programming basics – HTML – CSS br/> – MySQL – PHP – Javascript – jQuery – Bootstrap Skills: Beginner, Intermediate Group:

4. Web Design for Beginners

The current rapid development of technology requires us to be more active in obtaining information from various media, one of which is web pages. Web designers who are called web designers compete in developing their web pages so that more people visit the web. The obstacle that is often faced is how to design a web design to make it more attractive and responsive to the needs of many people. Web design is the art and process of creating single or entire web pages and can involve both the aesthetics and the mechanical intricacies of a website’s operation although primarily focusing on look and feel. While the aspects that cover web design include creating animations and graphics, choosing colors, graphics and fonts.

What is the meaning of a hotel and its characteristics? Hotels are places that are familiar to the community. It’s safe to say that hotels can become second homes for some.

Especially for those who often travel out of town for a reason. However, what is the definition and characteristics? This article will discuss the definition of a hotel and its characteristics, types of hotels, types of hotel occupancy to their classification.

Definition of Hotel and Its Characteristics

Such as providing a variety of food and drinks, creating a restaurant or cafe, can be used to hold an event, and so on. All the facilities in the hotel will be intended for visitors. A hotel is a place that is often used for someone to stay or rest. As for tourists in a tourist area.

Understanding Hotels According to Several Sources

1. KBBI (Big Indonesian Dictionary)

According to KBBI, a hotel is a building with rooms that are rented out as a place to stay and a place to eat for people who are on a trip. Hotel is a form of accommodation that is managed commercially, provided for everyone to obtain services, lodging, eating and drinking.

2. The Oxford Dictionary

The definition of hotel in the Oxford dictionary is a building where people live. These people generally only stay a short time. Besides, the hotel is where people will pay for the room. Paid room will be used, sometimes will be used for meals.

3. Decree of the Minister of Post and Telecommunication No. KM 94/HK103/MPPT 1987

Hotel is a type of accommodation that uses some or all of its parts, the hotel will provide services such as services for lodging, provision of food and drinks, and other services intended for the general public. The hotel will be managed commercially.

4. Decree of the Minister of Transportation No. PM.10/PW.301/Phb-77

Hotel is a form of commercially managed accommodation. The hotel is a four t provided for everyone who needs service. Such as lodging services, food services and beverage services.

5. American Hotel & Motel Association

A hotel is a place that provides several things. Such as lodging, food and drink. A hotel will provide various services that will be rented out to guests who come. Especially for those who decide to stay temporarily at the hotel.

6. Endar Sri, 1996

Hotel is a building which is managed commercially. The hotel will be used to provide lodging facilities to the general public. The facilities used include luggage service facilities, food and beverage service facilities, hotel furniture facilities, hotel decoration facilities and services for washing clothes.

7. Lawson, 1997

Hotel is a facility used for public residence for tourists. The hotel will provide services in the form of room service, food and beverages, as well as accommodation services. However, if you want to experience these services, hotel users must pay for them.

Based on some of the definitions above, we can find several keywords that have formed the meaning of the hotel as a whole. Hotel has the meaning of a building or part of a building or house that is relatively large in size. Hotels are generally referred to as accommodation buildings.

The hotel will provide lodging services that can be used as a place to rest temporarily. Not only that, the hotel will also provide services in terms of food and drinks. If you need an additional service, the hotel will also provide the additional service. The hotel is something that is managed commercially.

Hotel Characteristics

This is because hotel buildings are built based on the nature or character of the hotel industry itself. What are the characteristics of the hotel? Here’s the explanation:

1. Capital and labor intensive

The hotel industry is an industry that is relatively intensive in terms of capital and work. This means that in its management, business capital will be required which is quite large. In addition, the hotel industry will also require a large number of workers.

2. Influenced by circumstances

Hotels will be affected by circumstances, or changes that may occur in other sectors. Such as the economic, social, political, cultural or security sectors where the hotel exists.

3. Doing marketing simultaneously

Hotels will produce or market their products simultaneously. The activity coincides with the place where the services of the service have been produced.

4. Operates a full day

The hotel will operate 24 hours a day, that means all day long. The hotel will operate without any holidays, including in terms of service. Customers or hotel users, or the general public have the whole day to enjoy the services of a hotel.

5. Prioritize customer service

The hotel will treat its customers like kings. In addition, the hotel will treat its customers as a partner in business. The reason is because the success of hotel services depends on the number of customers. The more customers who use the hotel facilities, the better it will be for the hotel.

Types of Hotels

1. City hotels

City hotels are hotels that are generally located in urban areas. This hotel will generally be used by the community for temporary residence. This means that people will use the hotel in a short period of time.

City hotels are also known as transit hotels. Because, generally this type of hotel will be used by business people. They will take advantage of business services, as well as the facilities provided by these hotels.

2. Resifential hotels

Resident hotels are hotels that are generally located on the outskirts of big cities. This hotel is located in a place far from the hustle and bustle of the city. However, this hotel will be adjacent and easy to reach various places of business activity.

Generally, this type of hotel will be located in an area with a quiet atmosphere. Especially because this hotel is intended for people who want to stay for a long time. Resident hotels will be equipped with facilities in the form of complete residences. Bahlan, these facilities can be used for all family members.

3. Resort hotels

Resort hotel is a hotel located in a mountainous area. Not only that, resort hotels can also be located by the beach, by the river, even by the lake. This hotel will generally be the choice of people who want to have a vacation while resting.

To get a calm and comfortable atmosphere, this type of hotel can be taken into consideration. Generally this hotel has a beautiful view. Apart from recreation, this hotel is also suitable as a place to relax.

4. Motels (motor hotels)

Motel is a type of hotel located along a highway or on the outskirts of it. This type of hotel will be located in a place that connects one city to other big cities. These motels are also often found within major city limits or near gates.

Motel is a type of hotel that is intended as a place for a short or temporary break. Especially for those who are traveling. This motel hotel can be used as a resting place for people who are tired or tired of traveling.

Hotel Classification

A hotel can be grouped based on various criteria of its needs. However, there are several criteria that are considered the most common to use. Meanwhile, since 1970 the Indonesian government has determined the classification of hotels.

The classification is based on certain assessments with the following conditions:

• Building area
• Building form
• Equipment and facilities
• Service quality

However, in 1977 this classification system was deemed no longer appropriate. Therefore, new matters were stipulated through the Decree of the Minister of Transportation No. PM. 10/PW. 301/Pdb – 77 regarding the business and classification of hotels.

In the decree, the classification of a hotel is minimally based on several things. Including the following:

• Number of rooms
• Facility
• Equipment in the hotel
• Service quality

Based on the classification of hotels in Indonesia that have been issued by government regulations, the Deparpostel is made by the Director General of Tourism with a decree or SK: Kep-22/U/VI/78. Then hotels in Indonesia are classified into five hotel classes. Are as follows:

• 1 star hotel
• 2 star hotel
• 3 star hotel
• 4 star hotel
• 5 star hotel

Hotels that are deemed unable to meet these class standards, or even below the specified minimum standards are called non-star hotels.

In 2002, the rules regarding hotel classes were changed again. The new regulations are listed in the Decree of the Minister of Culture and Tourism No. KM 3/HK 001/MKP 02 regarding the classification of hotel classes, the weight of the assessment from the aspect of service quality is higher when compared to the aspect of the facilities in the building.

However, a building designer and planner who wants to build a hotel, especially the resort type, can refer to the hotel provisions and criteria issued by the Directorate General of Tourism in 19995.

However, the number of rooms is not required to be the same or in accordance with the class of the hotel. As long as it is balanced with supporting facilities. As well as a balance between expenses and income from the hotel.

These matters have been regulated based on the Decree of the Minister of Culture and Tourism Number. KM 3/HK 001/MKP/02. Therefore, based on the hotel classification, if you want to build a resort hotel, you must have a clear classification.

The design and planning of a resort hotel must pay attention to the basis for evaluating the five hotel classifications. Includes the number of rooms, facilities, service quality and hotel equipment. This is done so that the purpose of classifying hotel classes can be achieved.

Hotel Occupancy Type

1. Rooms according to the number of beds

• Single room , is a room that only has one bed for one customer.
• Twin room , is a room that has two beds for two customers.
• Double room , is a room that only has one large bed for two customers.
• Double-double , is a room that has two rooms. Each of these rooms has a double bed and is used by four people.
• Triple room , is a room that has a double bed that is used for two customers, plus an extra bed .

2. Rooms according to the number of rooms

• Junior suite room , is a large room. This room consists of a living room and bedroom.
• Suite room , is a room that has two parts. It consists of a bedroom for two customers, a dining area, a living room and a mini kitchen.
• President suite room , is a room that has three large rooms. Among them are a guest room, guest bedroom, dining room and small kitchen.

3. Rooms according to the position and proximity of the rooms

• Connecting room , is a room consisting of two adjacent rooms. The two rooms are connected by a door.
• Adjoining room , are two adjacent rooms and do not have a connecting door, or side by side .

4. Room according to the direction

Inside room , is a room that is facing the back of the hotel or facing the back .

Outside room , is a room that is located facing the main road or facing the street .

Lanais, are rooms that have a balcony or terrace. This room is located overlooking the garden or pool.

Cabanas, are rooms located in the beach or swimming pool area. This room will be equipped with or without a bed. The location of this room will generally be separated from the main building or main building .

5. Rooms according to occupant designation

House used room , is a room used for hotel staff who have authority. This room can be used for residence for a certain period of time due to business matters.

That’s a complete explanation of the meaning and characteristics of the hotel, as well as other important thingS.

Definition of Hosting – The hosting provider does the hosting of the website while allocating space for the website storing files on the web server. The files that comprise a website, including the images, code, etc. available online , are created by the web host. Basically, every website we visit is hosted on a server.

The hosting type determines the amount of space allocated to the website on the server. Meanwhile, the main types of hosting are dedicated, shared, VPS, and reseller. This type is distinguished depending on the type of technology that the server uses, the level of management provided, to other additional services.

So, what is the definition or understanding of hosting?

Definition of Hosting

In short, web hosting is the process of buying or renting space to host a website on the World Wide Web. In order to be viewed online , website content such as CSS, HTML, to images, must be placed on the server.

However, what is a server? Servers are computers that connect our site to all other web users around the world. As the name implies, there are servers, connectivity, and related services for hosting websites at web hosting service providers. They cover the hosting needs of both large organizations and small blogs by offering a variety of hosting plans.

Web hosting is of paramount importance if Readers plans to establish an online presence . Even today, there are hundreds of web hosts that provide thousands of types of web hosting services. The packages themselves range from free, which of course has limited options, to expensive web hosting services specifically for businesses. The way we want to use our website and our budget for web hosting will have an effect on the package we choose.

We can get access to the right allocation of resources by choosing the right hosting package. This is useful for maintaining the website and presenting it quickly and reliably to every site visitor. Currently, how many businesses operate primarily online ? Their business prospects and sales come from websites.

If there is a problem when someone opens our website, whether it’s because it doesn’t appear at all or it takes too long to load , the prospect won’t be willing to wait. In no time, they’ll leave the site and find another site that works properly and can deliver what they’re looking for, of course, seamlessly and quickly.

Web hosting and other related terms can be a very confusing topic if Readers is new to operating websites. This is because many novice website owners choose the cheapest option packages or the things bundled with their domain name purchase, believing that all hosting options are basically the same.

Of course, this is a mistaken belief and can be a “costly” fallacy.

Through this article, we will learn together about web hosting and how to find suitable service providers and packages for the success of our website.

Difference between Hosting and Domains

In short, hosting is a place to store files. A company usually offers web hosting services by renting out a server to store the web. That way, other users become easier to access it.

Meanwhile, the domain is the website address whose name must be unique and registered, such as a home address. So, a domain is a unique route to access a website.

How Web Hosting Works

When there is uploading of the files that make up a website from the local computer to the web server, that’s when web hosting happens. To the website that uses it, server resources such as hard drive space , RAM, to bandwidth are allotted.

Depending on the type of hosting package chosen, the distribution of server resources varies. Readers must differentiate the available packages in advance to be able to choose the appropriate hosting package. Although it looks complicated, it’s actually not that difficult. We can use a simple analogy, namely finding space in the office.

Imagine, how do we decide the right type of office space according to our needs? Is it sufficient to use a workstation in an open workspace, or an office within a business center? Is there an intention to expand quickly, or is it expecting lots of people walking around? Would Readers want to rent the entire building, or create our own space attraction?

There are also other considerations besides the style of office you use, such as ease of access, the functions offered such as high-speed internet, whiteboards, and other amenities, as well as where they are located and the overall cost. Our needs will be determined by these considerations and decide on the right type of office. Well, this analogy can be applied when we decide on a suitable web hosting.

With renting a workstation in a noisy, busy, open office or co-working space, shared hosting is pretty much the same. We can get various modern conveniences such as internet connection, desks, stationery, or sharing space with other colleagues for printers, kitchens and toilets.

We cannot make any changes to the space, such as installing a whiteboard. This analogy fits hosting for a small web and not for a large-scale commercial project.

Shared hosting has a nice pace, like Virtual Private Server or VPS. Renting an office in a business park, he called it, and medium-sized businesses would benefit from renting it.

Users will be isolated from each other with VPS. We still have neighbors, but we don’t depend on them. We can also do whatever customization or changes we like and set up our own workstation .

Hosting on a dedicated server is comparable to the analogy of using an entire office building. Of course, this is indeed the best yet expensive option for websites that race on high performance and reliability. Therefore, we can control the entire space, there are many configurations and spaces. Even so, there is no point in investing if we do not use the remaining space.

Hosting Features

Here, we’ll take a look at some of the features we should get from a hosting provider:

1. Email Accounts

Most hosting providers require their users to have their own domain name. With a domain name like www.yourwebsite.com and an email account feature available from a hosting company, we can create a domain email account, like yourname@yourwebsite.com.

2. FTP access

It is possible to upload files to the web server from a local computer by using FTP. We can transfer files to a web server from a computer via FTP if we have a website that uses our own HTML files. So, our website can be accessed via the internet.

3. Support WordPress

As we know, WordPress is an online website creation tool . They are powerful blog and website content management systems, and can be an easy way to manage after creating the web.

Apart from that, WordPress also supports more than 25 percent of websites on the internet. Immediately, the hosting provider that made the offer to us will let us know if their plan is compatible with WordPress. On the other hand, there are simple requirements for hosting a WordPress site, namely PHP version 7 and above and MySQL version 5.6 and above.

In addition to access to the drag and drop site builder, you’ll get a custom domain, email address, and web hosting bundled into one service if you decide to build and host your website on a specific plan.

Meanwhile, the advantage of using a website maker is that it allows us to drag and drop content to create and publish our site with just a few clicks. So, no need for technical experience. We may not need to create websites with coding and do not need to transfer files from computer to server via FTP.

Advantages of Web Hosting Services

In order to publish our website online , a business website needs a web hosting service. However, web hosts provide business owners with much more than web hosting services! For example, web hosting companies usually employ in-house technicians to ensure their clients’ websites are up and running 24/7.

Moreover, when a website owner needs troubleshooting or assistance, such as script debuting, email not being sent/received, domain name renewal, and more, the web host’s in-house support is the right person. Professional web hosting services ensure a hassle-free experience for business owners, so they can efficiently focus their time and efforts on their business.

Types of Web Hosting

As technology has progressed, different types of web hosting have been introduced to best meet the different needs of websites and customers. Let’s take a look at the most popular web hosting services in more detail.

1. Shared Web Hosting

Shared hosting is when a website is hosted on the same server as many other websites. Most of the web hosting companies provide shared hosting services .

It’s cheap and easy to set up which makes it perfect for new sites that don’t expect a lot of traffic in the short term. It is best suited for personal websites as well as those belonging to small and medium businesses.

Anyone serious about digital marketing or running an online business should carefully review their shared hosting options and ensure that our provider can offer services such as Namecheap Business SSD hosting, designed specifically for ecommerce websites.

Shared hosting is also not suitable for large sites with lots of traffic. These sites require a dedicated server to accommodate the appropriate amount of resources to guarantee proper website performance.

2. VPS Hosting

Virtual Private Server (VPS) which is also known as Virtual Dedicated Server (VDS), is when a virtual server appears to each client as a dedicated server even though it is actually serving multiple websites. For this reason, VPS style hosting is considered as a stepping stone between shared hosting and getting our own dedicated machine.

The main difference between shared hosting and VPS is that the client has full access to configure the VPS which is closer to dedicated style hosting. VPS is often used by websites and smaller organizations who want the flexibility of having a dedicated server, without the high costs involved.

3. Dedicated Hosting

Dedicated hosting (sometimes referred to as managed hosting or dedicated server) provides entire servers for rent. This type of hosting is relatively expensive when placed side by side with a shared hosting package ; for this reason, it should only really be used when a website has a lot of traffic or when more server control is needed.

There is more to dedicated hosting than providing one website with all server equipment housed in a data center . This allows greater server administration facilities. Also, it is considered a more flexible setup as it allows total control over the server, its software and security system. However, at the same time, we must have the technical expertise to manage the platform ourselves.

4. Cloud Hosting

Cloud hosting is the newest type of hosting to hit the market, and it has become very popular in recent years. This type of hosting operates on many interconnected web servers providing an affordable, scalable and reliable web infrastructure.

Cloud hosting plans usually offer unmetered, reliable bandwidth and an unlimited amount of disk space for unlimited domains which explains why so many large businesses are turning to this type. Cloud hosting is an effective method for running websites with resource-intensive applications or large amounts of content assets such as images, but can have a much higher cost.

5. Reseller Hosting

Reseller hosting is a form of web hosting in which the account owner can use his allocated hard drive space and bandwidth to host a website on behalf of a third party. The original hosting account owner is the reseller in this case.

Reseller hosting is useful when the amount of space purchased is not required, and some of the allocated resources can be shared with other parties. Sharing disk space, bandwidth, CPU, and so on. while earning a recurring source of income.

Hosting providers offer special reseller hosting plans to accommodate entrepreneurs interested in this business practice. Purchasing a reseller hosting plan is also beneficial for anyone with multiple domains. we can design our own hosting package for our website or client provide allocated resources to reseller hosting account .

How to Do Hosting

1. Choose a hosting company to work with. Depending on the needs we have, we can choose between various companies in the market.
2. Choose a hosting package. Once we have decided on the company to work with, it is important to choose what type of hosting we will use: shared, VPS, dedicated, and others.
3. Change the DNS. we need to change the DNS of the domain to make the web work.
4. Web upload. Via a server with cPanel or FileZilla, the web is published on the hosting.

Conclusion

Readers, now we understand more about the meaning of hosting and the types of hosting, even how it works. Thus, the hope to understand more about the ins and outs of the web is getting bigger. Hopefully all the discussion above can be useful for you.

This article will discuss about  Hortatory Exposition starting from the definition of Hortatory Exposition, Examples of Hortatory Exposition, Hortatory Exposition formulas, to practicing Hortatory Exposition questions . Listen to the end of the discussion, OK!

Definition of Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory Exposition is a type of text or persuasive oral material, often used to explain whether something is not permissible to do. This type of text is similar to Analytical Exposition which is also often used so that it can be easily found in various journals, magazines, scientific books, academic speeches, and so on.

Analytical Exposition text itself aims to make the reader aware of the existence of an issue, the text in Hortatory Exposition also aims to force the reader to agree with the message conveyed. In addition, there are also differences in the structure of the text.

In writing a Hortatory Exposition, usually use an expression of stance or stance, an expression to state a point of view, or the author’s position on an issue. Several expressions of principle are commonly used, including:

In formal scenario:

• My purpose of reading regarding … is …
• Personally, I think…
• I powerfully believe that…
• From my purpose of reading, …

In informal scenario:

• If you ask Maine, …
• I guess…
• You understand what I think? (I think) …

In compiling good sentences, you must first understand the grammar in English. You can use the Smart Trick Grammar book to learn various tips and tricks for understanding grammar easily.

Hortatory Exposition Formula

To make it easier to distinguish whether a text is included in a Hortatory Exposition or not, here are some linguistic features in the text that you must know.

The use of Hortatory Exposition itself uses compounds and sentences. Hortatory Exposition also has its own generic structure . Learn how in Sentence Writing: Exploration of Models and Practice.

In this text there are three important parts of the principle that must be owned, namely:

thesis

The thesis is in the form of the author’s opinion regarding a topic being discussed.

Arguments

The argument contains principal opinions that support the main idea. The more opinions are written, the more interesting a Hortatory Exposition will be because readers tend to believe in an event with many principal opinions supporting it.

Recommendations

Unlike the Hortatory Exposition text, this text has a recommendation section for the reader as the closing of the text.

Examples of Hortatory Exposition Sentences

Examples of Hortatory Exposition Sentences (1)

Faster planes and cheaper flights in area units making it easier than ever for folks to travel. within the most ‘developed’ societies, visiting exotic places may be a sought-after standing image. The business enterprise industries of each developed and developing country have recognized this truth and area unit learning to require advantage of it. There are, however, some issues related to this new business. 

Firstly, there’s an increasing rate. Some native tourists could be a simple prey as a result of, not solely area units in unknown territories and so less able to pay attention to themselves, however additionally they carry visible things of wealth, like cameras and jewelery which may be disposed of quickly for profit. Another major downside is health. With larger quality comes larger danger of spreading contagious diseases around the world. One carrier returning home might simply begin a pandemic before their unhealthiness was diagnosed. 

Moreover, the emergence of the many diseases that resist antibiotics is causing scientists to be progressively involved regarding this issue. Additionally to be thought-about is the natural atmosphere, which may be seriously vulnerable by too many guests. 

Australia’s nice coral reef, as an example, is in peril of being destroyed by tourists and there area unit plans to limit guests to a number of the a lot of delicate coral cays. These areas unit simply 3 of the explanations why any country ought to be cautious of committing itself to an intensive business enterprise development program.

 Examples of Hortatory Exposition Sentences (2)

Social distance to protect yourself. The term social distance is familiar to our ears since it’s typically mentioned these days. Is social distancing extremely important? Yes, it’s vital for the United States to safeguard itself amid the pandemic. In step with the federal agency, social distancing is “keeping a secure area between yourself and other people. 

The United Nations agency doesn’t seem to be from your household. The government urges the United States to try to do social distancing in the thick of the pandemic to inhibit or break the chain of the unfolding of the coronavirus. Several firms and colleges area units closed and other people area unit operating and learning reception. 

Events involving an outsized variety of individuals are also prohibited. These areas unite the ways in which to forestall the United States from the exposure of the virus. Some may argue that as long as we tend to wash our hands and wear masks, it’s okay to travel outside or perhaps go on vacation. 

However, social distancing will facilitate the United States in fighting coronavirus. The federal agency also says that social distancing “helps limit opportunities to come back in reality with contaminated surfaces and infected people outside the home. This may cue the United States that social distancing isn’t a trivial factor which individuals can ignore. 

Finally, we should always keep a distance whenever we tend to go outside to try to do one imperative thing. always wear masks and keep a distance with folks. we must always avoid attending any event that involves many folks and most significantly, occupy home

In addition, at the end of the material, practice questions are also presented that test the reader’s understanding. as a plus, this book is presented in Indonesian to make it easier for readers to understand the material. With this book, anyone can learn english easily.

Practice Hortatory Exposition Questions

Being On time

Being On time. Being on time may be a stunning social ethic and one amongst nice importance, because it creates potential in the system and implies respect for each other. However, it’s one of the numerous values ​​that’s hard for our students to find out. Inner discipline, one that comes from Associate in Nursing understanding of the set rules and regulations, is that the highest kind of behavior.

The greatest colleges attempt to instill this with a crazy atmosphere. Why, even adults arrive late to meetings, work, etc. Here, we tend to disagree that late comers ought to be kept. they will run warnings, most of that area unit enough to create them strive their best to succeed in the college on time later. If this fails, invite the parents to high school.

By closing the gates, the college is behaving cruelly, so that we tend to like not to expose our kids. Each college has a responsibility to implant sensible instructional principles, however it ought to be in applicable ways in which. Sensible colleges produce competitive students.

The United Nations agency will organize themselves effectively in society, so that everybody gets a top quality life as a result of the ethics and values ​​learned for as long as twelve years. Kids are a precious unit and hooked into the adults for steering. Understanding them is the key, and to the current finish, each oldster and college should work hand in hand while not enjoying the blame game.

1. What should the college do if the student can’t stop his/her habit of coming late to school?
A. penalize him/her
B. Shut him/her out
C. Fail him/her
D. seek advice from his/her oldsters
E. attempt to perceive him/her

2. What will the author assume to be “the highest form of behavior” (in the second paragraph)?
A. Respect for each other
B. Not being late to high school
C. Understanding the rules
D. Understanding the principles
E. Inner discipline

3. “Children are precious and hooked into the adults for steering.” The word “precious” is highest in aspiring to ….
A. Valuable
B. Excellent
C. Clever
D. Innocent
E. Naïve

Find hundreds of other English questions that can help you hone your English grammar skills in the book 250 English Grammar Practice below.

Boarding School Education

There are several arguments in favor of a private school education. Notwithstanding, the private school isn’t continuously the simplest education establishment for everybody. At Associate in Nursing early age, interacting and human activity with folks is incredibly vital for a child’s personal life and may be particularly useful for his/her future. In a very private school, back kids will benefit from interaction through communal activities.

The private school also offers an excellent type of activities like arts, sports, and music that permit kids to demonstrate and develop specialized skills in their free time. Moreover, the structured approach of life and strict rules at the private school might help students to induce wont to a well ordered approach to life. The manners and social skills can facilitate them to become well-versed and assured, and to develop their abilities in leadership.

Professionally trained lecturers and educators within the private school offer wonderful education while not the parents’ constant management. In spite of those sensible points, it’s not judicious to send a toddler to a private school if he/she may be a dependent learner. A private school sometimes demands that students learn several times.

In addition, the private school mustn’t be seen as a way to unravel inappropriate behavior or unsatisfying study performance. rather than up, problematic kids might shut off their relationship with their peers and lecturers. Finally though a private school might give sensible education to several kids, it’s not recommended for people who are strongly hooked up to their families. they’ll become pissed off and socially isolated.

4. In step with the author, kids in a very private school will develop specialized skills in…
A. Entrepreneurship
B. Community service
C. Reading
D. Drama
E. Music

5. Why do oldsters send their kids to boarding school? Because…
A. it’s sensible for back kids
B. It offers sensible education for adults
C. Interacting and human activity with folks is incredibly vital
D. It doesn’t allow kids to demonstrate excellence and develop their skills
E. it’s safe and makes kids become accountable and develop abilities in leadership

6. From the text, we are able to conclude that…
A. The private school will be very costly
B. There are areas of sensible and dangerous boarding colleges
C. The private school is that the resolution to our academic issues
D. It’s not necessary to send kids to a private school as a result of the scholars will live severally
E. Not everybody thinks that the private school is that the best establishment for youngsters

The Best English Grammar for TOEFL  book  is equipped with theory, 2,000 TOEFL questions, and discussion. In addition, there is an MP3 to make it easier for you to understand. Let’s get a TOEFL score above 550 by buying and learning through this book!

Skateboarding

Anybody United Nations agency over the age of six is ​​aware that there’s obscurity safe for skateboarders to skate. This prevents teenagers from enjoying a vigorous, energetic and bold recreation. Simply watch an area street for a brief while and note the steady stream of skaters dashing up and down the footpaths.

Toddlers will be damaged and previously girls will be knocked down as they struggle home carrying their pet food from supermarkets. Skating may be a serious sport that improves young people’s health. It will increase fitness, improve balance and strengthen the joints in the knees and ankles. Though it seems to be a solo sport, once teams apply along and compete to perform stunts or runs they form firm friendships. teenagers ought to be prevented from turning into overweight couch potatoes.

If they’re actively concerned in athletics, they are doing not smoking, taking medicine or breaking laws for fun. children can always request thrills and excitement. they have to apply their 180s, 360s and Ollie’s free from restrictions. We tend to build skate parks within the suburbs so streets are unit safe for tiny kids and senior voters and skaters to have areas wherever they will race, chase, speed, and soar towards the sun. Where do the kids usually ride their skateboards?

7. Where do the youngsters sometimes ride their skateboards?
A. within the main roads and pedestrians
B. ahead of the food market
C. ahead of their home
D. within the suburbs E. within the park

8. What’s the main plan of paragraph 3?
A. there’s no safe place for skateboarders
B. children request Associate in Nursing excitement in skate
C. The goodness of skating
D. The skating may be a serious sport
E. the way to stop overweight by skating

9. The writer’s purpose in writing the text is ….
A. to ask the native teenagers to skate in a very park designed specifically for skaters
B. To win over the readers that they have a secure place for skaters to skate
C. to electrify children into the authorities policy
D. to push the writer’s business of skating category
E. to tell oldsters regarding the goodness of skating

10. What should we tend to do to let the skaters play?
A. be a part of with them anyplace
B. offer them area within the park
C. allow them to play within the main roads
D. allow them to play within the street
E. Build a skate park within the suburbs

11. They have to apply their 180s, 360s and Ollie’s free from restrictions. (Paragraph 5) The equivalent word of the word “restrictions” is …
A. Approval
B. Allowance
C. Improvement
D. Prevention
E. Limitations

Hortatory Exposition Answer Key

1. The answer key to Question No. 1 is D. Talk to his/her parents
2. The key to answering Question No. 2 is E. Inner discipline
3. The answer key to Question No. 3 is A. Valuable
4. The answer key to Question No.4 is B. Community service
5. The answer key to Question No. 5 is C. Interacting and communicating with people is very important
6. The answer key to Question No. 6 is E. Not everyone thinks that the boarding school is the best educational institution for children
7. The answer key to Question No. 7 is A. In the main roads and footpaths
8. The key to answering Question No. 8 is C. The goodness of skateboarding
9. The answer key to Question 9 is B. To convince the readers that they need a safe place for skaters to skate
10. The answer key to Question No.10 is E. Build a skatepark in the suburbs
11. The answer key to Question No.11 is E. Limitations

This dictionary contains a list of transitive and intransitive verbs that Readers can memorize. In addition, there are explanations of tenses, regular and irregular verbs. Of course, this dictionary is complete and useful for you.

Definition of Homo Sapiens – More than one million years ago, there once lived a type of primate on the island of Java which experts at the time called Pithecanthropus erectus (ape man who walked upright), which was later called Homo erectus . In subsequent developments and evolutionary processes, this type of primate that would evolve “dropped” Homo soloensis .

The most perfect process is the emergence of Homo sapiens or modern humans who lived in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. The oldest Homo sapiens fossils in Indonesia were found in Campurdarat Village, Tulungagung Regency, East Java, which became known as Homo wajakensis (Wajak man).

Paleoanthropologists finally concluded that the Wajak man has Australomelanesid characteristics like those of humans, who are now residents of Australia (Aborigines) and are aligned with cave-dwelling humans in Niah, Sarawak, East Malaysia and Tabon, Palawan, Philippines. .

Archaeological research has been carried out at kjokkenmodinger (shell hills) on the East coast of Sumatra, caves in Kedah and Pahang, Malaysia, as well as several sites from the late Pleistocene – early Holocene period marked by findings of chopper-chopping tools ( crushing ax) which is monofacial and is often called Sumatralith . In the context of Southeast Asia, these kinds of chopping and slashing axes are found in caves in the Bacson area north of Hanoi and in caves in the Hoabinh area south of Hanoi.

This stone tool is thought to have originated from southern China which then developed in Vietnam. It was from here that the Sumatralith culture spread to Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Seeing the origins of the stone tool culture, it can be ascertained that the supporters of this culture are humans who are characterized by the Mongoloid race.

Teuku Jacob in his research entitled Evolution of Man in Southeast Asia (1977) explains that Wajak humans, who are classified by Dubois as proto-Australoid, are the result of a mixture of the Australomelanesid and the Mongoloid races. Although the absolute dating of the Wajak human fossils has not yet been found, if we refer to Teuku Jacob’s statement, it can also be concluded that the arrival of the Mongoloid race in Java approximately took place at least 10,000 years ago.

This is in accordance with the results of the C-14 dating analysis of the Wajak fauna fossils. Meanwhile, based on the stratigraphic position of the site, it is known relatively that the Wajak man is estimated to have existed between 40,000–25,000 years ago.

Remains of the Australomelanesid Wajak Man are still found in Australia. This is why the sample used to study it is the Melanesian archipelago, an area in the Pacific which is close to the Australian continent. The Melanesian Archipelago includes several island groups, namely Papua New Guinea, New Britain, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Island of New Ireland, the Solomon Islands, the Fiji Islands, and other small islands totaling around 341 clusters.

The division of the territory between Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia is based on cultural or cultural characteristics. Culturally, among the three regions, Melanesia is the closest to Indonesia. Therefore, in studying Melanesian prehistory, we will not be separated from the context of the process of migration of peoples who currently inhabit several areas such as Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Australia.

Definition of Homo Sapiens

Homo sapiens or intelligent humans are ancient humans that resemble modern humans. They were formed after thousands of years of evolution. Homo sapiens lived between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago, from the end of the ancient stone age to the young stone age. This type of species is not only capable of making everyday tools, but also has excellent thinking abilities. Not only that, they have been able to make a painting technology that is durable on cave walls.

Its physical characteristics also almost match the physical appearance of humans who live today. Homo sapiens is a species that is very tough in adapting to its environment. In addition, its brain capacity is much larger than that of previous human types.

Characteristics of Homo Sapiens

The characteristics of Homo sapiens can be described as follows:

• Height ranges from 130–210 centimeters;
• Body weight between 30–150 kilograms;
• Brain volume between 1000-2000 cc;
• Reduction in the teeth, jaw, and chewing muscles, so that there is a chin in the lower jaw;
• The muscles and bones become smaller in size;
• Has used language to communicate

Distribution of Homo Sapiens

The distribution of Homo sapiens originated from Africa, then expanded to various parts of the world such as Asia, Europe, America and Australia, including Indonesia. During a time of dramatic climate change around 300,000 years ago, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa. Like other early humans, they lived a simple life hunting and gathering.

The origins of modern humans and their migration out of Africa are in accordance with the theory developed by Stringer and Brauner. The theory is called Theory Out of Africa . This theory is also supported by genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence which states that the fossils found near the Omo River, Ethiopia (East Africa) are the oldest fossils of Homo sapiens , even older than Homo neanderthals .

This theory is also supported by research data on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), namely body cells in the form of complex molecules that describe the genetic system from one generation to the next. From the fossil DNA records found, then matched with current human fossils and the conclusion was obtained that human genetics or the genome is 99.9% identical throughout the world.

The experts also concluded that there was no mixing of modern human mtDNA with pre-modern humans in an area. In other words, Homo sapiens from Africa replaced and wiped out the previous human populations ( Homo erectus and Homo neandertals ) in the areas they visited.

Another theory that reviews the origins of Homo sapiens is the Multiregional Evolution Model Theory put forward by Wolpoff, Thorne, and Wu. These experts stated that modern humans are not only from Africa, but there are also those from Europe and Asia which are the result of previous human populations in their respective regions. This theory also states that Africa is the source of the arrival of human ancestors who spread, but did not mix with previous premodern humans in an area and developed according to their race.

Over time, Homo sapiens began to develop the ability to respond to the challenges of survival in an unstable environment. The oldest fossils of Homo sapiens were discovered in Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, in 2000. The findings included skull fragments, complete jawbones and stone tools, which are estimated to be 315,000 years old.

Homo sapiens then spread across the continent and arrived in China between 120,000 and 80,000 years ago. Meanwhile, the Homo sapiens species found in Indonesia are thought to have originated from the Holocene era, which lasted around 40,000 years ago.

Homo sapiens not only made and used stone tools, but also made smaller and more complex tools. For example fishing hooks, arrows, spear throwers, and sewing needles. In the last 12,000 years, Homo sapiens made the transition from gathering food to producing its own food. The people also realized that they could breed plants and animals. As they began to invest more time in producing food and domesticating animals, they decided to settle down.

Discovery of Homo Sapiens in Indonesia

According to several findings, the ancient human species in Indonesia that is closest to the present human species is Homo sapiens . The discovery of Homo sapiens fossils in Indonesia dates back to 1889, when van Rietschoten discovered several parts of a human skull and skeleton in the Tulungagung area, East Java.

Homo sapiens in Indonesia are then classified into three types based on the location where they were found.

1. Homo Wajakensis

Homo wajakensis was discovered in Wajak, Tulungagung by von Rietschoten in 1889. The fossils found consisted of femur, upper jaw, lower jaw, shin bones and skull fragments with a volume of around 1,600 cc. Rietschoten’s findings are classified as the first Homo sapiens in Asia. The fossil was then examined by Eugene Dubois.

In a study it was stated that these early humans were able to make tools from stone and bone. Not only that, Homo wajakensis is also known to know how to cook.

From a physical perspective, the characteristics of Homo sapiens are as follows:

• Flat and wide face;
• Wide nose with protruding mouthparts;
• Body weight around 30–150 kilograms;
• Height approximately 130–210 centimeters;
• The brain is already more developed;

The skull of Homo wajakensis is known to have similarities with the skull of Aboriginal people in Australia, so E. Dubois estimates that this type of Homo sapiens is grouped into modern humans who belong to the Australoid race. Fossils from Homo wajakensis have similarities with Niah humans in Sarawak (Malaysia) and Tabon humans in Palawan (Philippines).

Talking about Homo wajakensis , we will always be reminded of Eugene Dubois, a doctor from the Netherlands who had a strong desire to come to the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) to prove or seek evidence for Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution as stated in his book entitled The Origin . Of Species , even though at that time it was still full of academic polemics.

By registering as a Dutch soldier for medical personnel, with his wife and children, Dubois was finally sent
to Sumatra. Dubois always found time to carry out his “main mission”, which was to look for fossils and the remains of human ancestors during his time as a Dutch army doctor.

Unfortunately, the Sumatra expedition apparently had not been successful and he turned his attention to Java. This was also triggered by information regarding the discovery of fossilized human bones in Campurdarat Village, Tulungagung Regency, which later became known as the Wajak I fossil. Based on this data, Dubois conducted excavations around the location where the Wajak I fossil was found and succeeded in finding the Wajak II human fossil.

In addition to the bones from Campurdarat above, Eugene Dubois’ important findings during his research in Java were several hominid bone fossils which he confirmed were human ancestor creatures that had been sought after by followers of Darwin’s theory of evolution. The discovery of a hominid species called Pithecanthropus erectus which was later called Homo erectus is the missing link that he managed to find in Trinil, Madiun, East Java, not far from the Bengawan Solo stream.

The findings that shocked the world of science in question were the hominid cranium, femur, and teeth fossils which were confirmed to be from the same individual. As an anatomist, Dubois succeeded in reconstructing it and concluded that the cranium, teeth and femur belonged to a hominid that had walked upright, although the face resembled that of an ape. The publication stated that the hominid was an ape-man creature that walked upright.

2. Homo Soloensis

Early humans of the Homo soloensis type were discovered by von Koenigswald and Weidenrich near Ngandong Village, the Bengawan Solo River valley. By some experts, these early humans are classified as Homo neanderthals , which are a type of Homo sapiens from Asia, Europe and Africa originating from the Upper Pleistocene layer.

3. Homo Floresiensis (Liang Bua Man)

Homo floresiensis was discovered by Peter Brown and Mike J. Morwood in September 2003. Liang Bua Man was considered the discovery of a new species which was then named after the place where it was found, namely in Liang Bua, Flores.

The characteristics of Homo sapiens found in Flores are as follows:

• The head and body are small;
• Brain size is also small;
• Brain volume of about 380 cc;
• Jaws protruding or narrow forehead;
• Body weight about 25 kilograms;
• Height about 1.06 meters.

The grouping of Homo floresensis as modern humans is still being debated by many experts. Some conclude that this type is the result of the evolution of Pithecanthropus, but other experts suspect that Homo floresensis coexisted or even lived in the same era with Homo sapiens .

Perspectives Regarding Homo Sapiens

Human evolution has given rise to various forms of human species on the surface of the earth. Human evolution is the phenotypic history of the genus Homo , including Homo sapiens as a distinct species and as a unique category of hominids. In human evolution there are human species, for example Homo neandertals and Homo sapiens .

Homo neanderthals have been a major topic in human evolution. This human species evolved 2000,000 years ago and has different traits with the changing times. Homo neandertals and Homo sapiens explain in detail about the evolution of the previous genus Homo .

In modern science, Homo neanderthals and Homo sapiens are considered separate species by having a common ancestor about 660,000 years ago. However, a 2010 sequencing (DNA sequencing) of the Neanderthal genome showed that Neanderthals did interbreed with Homo sapiens around 75,000 BC (after Homo sapiens from Africa, but before they entered Europe, the Middle East, and Asia). Homo sapiens (modern humans) have been around since around 2,000 BC.

In the book On The Origin of Species and the Descent of Man by Charles Darwin there is much debate. His opinion in the book is controversial, some groups support Darwin’s theory of evolution and some others reject it. Dawkins for example, one of the scientists who supports the theory of evolution states that the theory of evolution is a truth. Meanwhile, religious people tend to reject this theory because it is considered to negate God.

So, that’s a brief explanation about Homo sapiens , ancient humans who have characteristics like modern humans. Through the explanation above, it can be seen that Homo sapiens is an ancient human that has similarities with modern humans. Fossils of Homo sapiens in Indonesia are found in various places with some special features.

Understanding Email – In the past, sending messages to others was a complicated thing to do. Considering that at that time there were no post offices, no telephones, let alone sophisticated smartphones with a series of applications for communicating. Instead, people who want to send messages to other people, must use the help of third parties to convey the message.

In royal times, if a king, queen, or emperor wanted to send a message to another king or noble, they would send someone to carry the letter to that noble or king. But unlike now, the letter will take a very long time to arrive. Usually, the farther the recipient lives or the location of the message, the longer it takes to send the message.

People who use this way also have to pay a heavy price. Writing the letter is free, paying the cost of the person who sent it plus the expensive travel costs. Even so, there is no guarantee that the letter will arrive safely because anything can happen on the way. Robberies and accidents prevent letters from reaching the sender.

Today, sending letters is no longer that complicated. Besides having a post office ready to deliver your letters at a low cost, you also have a sophisticated smartphone that can even make you make video calls with other people. With all that technology, sending letters is easy!

Moreover, we can also use electronic mail or commonly abbreviated as e-mail to send messages to other people. Whether it’s people who are near us or people who are located in other parts of the world. With email , you can send messages to anyone as long as you know their email address.

Definition of e-mail

Email is something we use a lot today. Even though applications such as WhatsApp or Telegram can already send messages, photos and videos, the existence of email has not been replaced to this day. This is because even though WhatsApp is used for something more personal like photos with friends, email is more often used for work purposes.

Usually, employees will send certain documents via email to their superiors. Likewise, job applicants will use email to send their application files to the intended company. Seeing its function, email is clearly very important. But the question is, what exactly is email?

Email is an abbreviation of electronic mail . As the name implies, e-mail is electronic mail that is sent using the help of a computer, smartphone or tablet plus an internet connection. Actually, this email is the same as the letters we used to write in the past. But instead of writing on paper, we write on electronic screens. Likewise, when sending, we do not use the services of the postal service but the help of the internet.

Another difference is in the delivery address. When we send a letter by post, the letter will be sent to the recipient’s home address. Likewise, when we send an email to someone, we also need an address. But not the home address, but the e-mail address of the recipient, which is shorter.

Finally, the biggest difference is also the reason why email is so popular, namely its speed. Even though the post office is fast, sending documents or letters by email only takes seconds to minutes. All depends on internet connection. As long as the connection you use is stable, sending letters to the ends of the world won’t be a problem.

In the past, Yahoo! become everyone’s favorite email company. Nearly all of them have email addresses on Yahoo! But now, Yahoo! is no longer used and instead, we use Gmail by Google. Actually, Gmail is the same as Yahoo!, both in terms of functions and facilities. The difference is, one Gmail account can be connected anywhere, including a YouTube account.

Email today is widely used, but the existence of email that we enjoy today, actually has a very long history. It started in 1968, when the ARPANET network was developed and eventually became the forerunner of the internet we use today. Around the same time, an engineer named Ray Tomlinson was given the task of building a communications system.

The system was then called SNDMSG, where two people could send messages to each other. In 1972, SNDMSG became a way of communicating on the ARPANET network and used the “@” character to separate e-mail addresses and domains. SNDMSG grew so that it finally changed its name to Eudora which became the forerunner of today’s email.

Email Types

Children in the 90s may be the first generation in Indonesia to know the internet, we are also the first generation to play social media, namely Friendster. Likewise with e-mail! Before Gmail was used everywhere, we used email from Yahoo! Now that Yahoo! sunk, we use Gmail instead.

Regardless of the company, so far we know email as just email. Even though they look the same at first glance, email actually consists of several types, namely POP mail , Webmail , and Forward mail . What makes these three different? Let’s find out together!

1. POPMail

As we know, email is currently used by many companies as a medium to communicate with their employees. Bosses usually send certain work or documents to their subordinates via email. So, you might think that this email is the same as the email we use, in fact companies use the POP Mail type to communicate with their employees.

POP Mail stands for Post Office Protocol . This type of email comes from an ISP or an email address provided by the company to its employees. When you become part of the company, you will also get this type of email to be able to communicate with fellow co-workers.

One of the main characteristics of POP Mail is the domain used in the email. Usually when you register your email at Google, the domain that appears is the email name @ gmail.com. So, in POP Mail , the domain will not be Gmail but the company name. For example, if you work at Gramedia, the format of the POP mail you will receive is “email address@gramedia.id”.

2. Webmail

Nowadays, smartphones are an integral part of our lives. Because of its importance, many people are more willing to miss their wallet than to miss their smartphone. Whether you realize it or not, a smartphone is more than just a communication tool. Besides being able to be used for communication, smartphones are also a medium of entertainment, even used for work.

Including sending important emails. Fortunately, not inferior to other applications, Gmail also provides applications that we can access on smartphones with just one click. Unfortunately, this one-click rule doesn’t apply to Webmail .

As the name implies, Webmail is web- based email . In contrast to other types of email that can be accessed in applications, those of you who have Webmail must open a website if you want to get access to read or send email to other people.

3. Forward Mail

One of the problems that many people often experience is that we often forget our email passwords or social media accounts. As a result when this happens, we lose access to open all of our emails. If you have this, there are two ways you can do it.

First, change the email password . Every technology company like Google always provides a password change option for those who forget their Gmail account password. Well, this is if the email you have is important, so you have to get it back somehow.

The second method applies if the contents of your emails are actually not too important. You can easily change your e-mail address . So, for those of you who frequently change email addresses for various reasons, you can use Forward Mail.

Forward Mail service is a service that allows you to forward emails to other users. Other users here don’t have to be other people, it can also be for other email addresses that you have. That way, even if you change your email address, you won’t lose your old email which is very important.

Email Functions for Everyday Life

So far, we think that email only functions to send and receive messages. Referring to its initial function, e-mail does function as a companion and recipient of messages.

But as time goes by, technology companies like Google are doing various ways to make email functions more and more important so that it becomes more and more difficult for us to look away. Currently, e-mail itself has many functions. What are the functions?

1. Sending and Receiving Messages

At the beginning of making SNDMSG in 1968, Ray Tomlinson made it for communication purposes in the military or educational fields. Currently, even though e-mail already has many other functions, they still retain their original function, namely to communicate.

Email is indeed not like social media or chat applications like WhatsApp, where users can not only send messages to each other, but also make voice calls or video calls. Communication on email is limited to text messages only. However, when compared to letters sent manually, email is clearly much more practical.

With e-mail , apart from being fast, you also don’t have to spend too much money just to send messages. No more boarding fees, postage and shipping costs. The only thing you need to ensure that the email arrives is sufficient quota and a stable internet network.

2. Sending and Receiving Files

At the beginning of its appearance, email could only be used to send messages. However, as previously stated, as time goes by, companies like Google are also trying to improve and add various facilities for their users.

On Gmail, you can not only send messages or receive messages from other people. More than that, you can send files in the form of photos, videos or documents to other people very easily. All you have to do is click the attachment button, and you will have the option to send various files.

Unfortunately, Gmail and similar mail applications still have limitations on the size of files that can be sent. In addition, the larger the size of the document sent, the longer it will take for the application to upload it.

This is sometimes a separate problem for many people. Where they are used to sending anything via email , but they can’t do it because the file is too big. This is quite confusing and forces us to rack our brains and find ways to send files in other ways.

3. As Self Identity

Email is something that must be owned by smart phone users, aka smartphones. How could I not, to make the smartphone function properly, you must register via email at the start of activation.

Apart from being a mandatory requirement for a smartphone to function properly, email is also a mandatory requirement for many things. Starting from registering for social media, you must use email. Likewise with many other applications such as e-commerce applications that require you to register using email .

There are two options, register via email or by using a telephone number. But most people usually prefer e-mail , because it can be replaced easily. In addition, telephone numbers for many people feel more personal, so they cannot be distributed carelessly.

In addition, email is also a must-have for job applicants. Unlike before, many companies now only accept applications in the form of . To send it, you need an email . Apart from sending application files , you also need an email so the company can contact you.

4. As a Marketing Media

Nowadays, marketing a product is easy. To do this, you don’t have to open a shop with expensive rental fees. Simply open an account on social media or an e-commerce application , you will get an online stall for free.

But long before social media like Instagram, or e-commerce applications existed, many companies used email to market their products. Currently, most are turning to Instagram or e-commerce applications , but there are also several companies that still use email as a medium to market their products.

Normally, social media and such apps come and go easily. Friendster for example, those of you who are Gen-Z children may not know this social media. You were probably too young when Friendster exploded on the internet and became the favorite social media for many adults. But believe it or not, in the early 2000’s, everyone had a Friendster. Suddenly Facebook appeared, costing Friendster all its followers.

But different things actually happen to email. Even though the feature of sending messages and documents is also owned by social media such as Instagram and also chat applications such as WhatsApp, this does not necessarily mean that email just sinks in.

As said before, Instagram can indeed help us communicate with many people, anytime, anywhere, and with anyone. However, social media is more open and we can communicate with anyone, including foreigners.

In contrast to e-mail . Email is more personal and the messages and documents sent are also more personal. You can follow anyone on Instagram, but just like with phone numbers, you can’t share your email address with everyone you talk to, right? Maybe this is what makes email survive even though its function can be performed by many other applications.

Definition of Hoax – Readers, have you ever received hoax news? Hoax news is currently circulating in society and social media. Many people deliberately make hoax news. This will be a concern in itself. Apart from containing elements or information that is not true, hoax news will also divide many parties.

Even though there are many warnings about fake news, it turns out that there are still many people who cannot distinguish between fake news and true news. This article will discuss hoax news. Starting from understanding to how to overcome.

Definition of Hoax

What is a hoax? The word hoax is no stranger to us. If someone says it, surely we can understand it. In English, hoax is an adaptation of the word “hoax” which means fake news. So it can be concluded that hoax is news containing information whose facts or truth have been changed so that it becomes untrue news.

1. According to KBBI

According to KBBI, hoax is false information. According to KBBI, the perpetrators of spreading hoaxes collected news that passed on many mailing lists.

2. According to Septiaji Eko Nugroho

The Chairperson of the Indonesian Community Against Defamation, Septiaji Eko Nugroho explained that hoax is fabricated information. This information is made to cover up real information. Apart from that, hoax is also an attempt to twist the facts. These facts will be replaced with convincing information but the truth cannot be verified.

Furthermore, Septiaji means that hoax is an act of obscuring true information. The trick is to flood a media, through the wrong messages. This causes the correct message to be masked.

3. According to Professor Muhammad Alwi Dahlan

Communication expert from the University of Indonesia, Professor Muhammad Alwi Dahlan who is also the former Minister of Information, expressed his opinion regarding hoaxes and ordinary fake news. The difference between the two is that hoax is something that is intentional or planned.

According to him, hoax is manipulation of news that is deliberately carried out and aims to provide false recognition or understanding. Hoax news contains distortion of facts that make it interesting. In accordance with its purpose, to get attention.

This book provides complete information on hoax issues. Such as defamation and hate speech. We often take these problems for granted, especially in the realm of social media. By understanding the concept of this crime, you can be more careful when socializing in the technological era, as well as being able to act smartly according to applicable laws, when you yourself become a victim.

Hoax History

The word hoax became known and used in England in the 18th century, precisely at the same time as the publication of the book A Glossary: ​​Or, Collection of Words, Phrases, Names and Allusions to Customs, written by Robert Nares in 1822. He wrote about the origins of the word hoax. . According to him, hoax comes from the word “hocus” in “hocus pocus” . According to him, hocus pocus is a spell cast by witches. The word hocus pocus is taken from the name of one of the famous Italian witches, Ochus Bochus. Then it is used by magicians to show off their tricks.

In his book, Robert also says that the spell is the origin of the word hoax. According to Robert, hoax is fake news made to be funny. In addition, hoaxes are also deliberately made. Hoax aims to confuse the recipient of the information with the intention of entertaining it in the form of a joke. Over time, the word hoax became known and developed, from a joke or joke to a rather serious joke.

In fact, hoaxes are not new in Indonesia. It has been around since ancient times, even before the internet. Ancient people knew the term anonymous letter. Some people say that anonymous letters are letters received without the sender knowing. An anonymous letter containing important things to be conveyed.

However, some others say that anonymous letters are letters that are used to spread fake news. Hoaxes are increasingly finding places to live, along with the times and technological advances. The absence of internet limitations is the main trigger for the spread of hoax news.

Types of Hoaxes

Lots of information that we can get. However, it is necessary to be careful before accepting it. Do not be fooled by the information that many people get. The following are the types of hoaxes that are widely circulating, namely:

1. Satire or parody

satire or study program is content that is deliberately created by someone. This type of content is widely used to satirize certain parties. Apart from that, this type of satirical content is also made as a form of criticism. Criticism can be conveyed in personal relationships, groups within groups, or to criticize issues that occur in society.

Satire content is actually not completely dangerous content. This satirical content also usually does not have the potential to have an element of crime. However, content like this still deceives the public a lot.

Many people are serious about responding to the content. Another worrying thing is if the contents conveyed are also things that are not yet clear. The people who watched live could have believed it. This will also be hoax news.

2. Misleading content (misleading content)

Misleading content or misleading content is also often made on purpose. This type of content is created to discredit someone or something. The matters raised in the content can also involve one person or many people. This type of content is created to sway public opinion.

Misleading content or misleading content is created by utilizing original information. The information can be in the form of official statements, pictures or photos, statistics and others. The information will be edited in such a way that the information with the content to be created has no relationship.

3. Imposter content (copy content)

Imposter content is imitation content. The information contained in this type of content is usually taken from correct information. Examples include quoting statements from well-known or influential figures. This type of content is not just made for personal use. A lot of this type of content is made to promote something.

This content is created to deceive. Through content similar to the original, fraudsters will create similar content. An example is the service of an application. Many people use the name of an application to cheat. Follow the writing format to the greeting.

4. Fabricated Content (fake content)

The next type of hoax is Fabricated content or fake content. Hoax content on this one is a very dangerous type of content. This content is created to deceive people. Many also suffer from fake content like this.

The information that there is also can not be accounted for. The facts contained in the information are not true. An example that often occurs in this type of content is job vacancy information. On behalf of a company or institution, job vacancy information is made to be similar to the original.

5. False connection

False connections or wrong connections, this type of content is also commonly found on social media. An example that is often found is the difference between content, content titles, and content images. This content is intentionally made to get an advantage.

6. False context (false context)

False context is incorrect content. It is said to be wrong because it contains incorrect information. Examples of content like this include a statement, video or photo that has happened before. Then the incident was rewritten and not adapted to the actual facts.

7. Manipulated content

Manipulated content is content that has been edited. The content will be edited so that it does not match the original content. This type of content is made to deceive the people who read it. Incidents like this are often experienced by the big media. The content they create will be edited or edited by irresponsible people.

Examples of Hoaxes in Indonesia

In Indonesia, hoaxes can appear under any circumstances. The information contained therein also varies. Starting from midwives in education, the cultural sector, the political sector, the religious field, and others. Of course, hoaxes are made with a specific purpose.

For example in the political field, when there is an election for a head of government, there are many hoaxes circulating with the intention of bringing down opponents. Another example in the field of religion, hoaxes are deliberately created and spread to divide harmony between religions.

Apart from the examples above, there are many other types of hoaxes that are commonly encountered. Some examples of hoaxes that are rife in Indonesia

1. Viral hoax

This hoax is related to technology. Contains about the spread of viruses on smartphones, computers, or laptops.

2. Hoaxes send chain messages

This hoax contains something that must be passed on to other people. There are orders and myths added to these messages. If someone who gets this message does not pass it on, they will be in for bad luck. Usually occurs in chat applications such as WhatsApp or BBM.

3. Hoax urban legend

This hoax contains news that contains scary information in it. Examples include places that smell mystical or seem sacred. Furthermore, the information contained in the news is forbidding readers to visit it. This will result in economic losses for those concerned.

4. Hoax gets a prize

Another example is a hoax containing the news of receiving a free gift. This hoax has happened many times. Sometimes even though readers do not experience material losses, they can be deceived by filling out certain surveys. The impact will be even greater if the victim fills in his identity completely.

5. Hoax sad stories

This hoax contains the sad story of someone who has had bad luck. Usually about someone who is sick or in an accident. Then ask for financial assistance.

6. Hoax defamation

There are many hoaxes circulating on social media. Contains facts about someone who is played back. The impact of this hoax is the defamation of a person’s name.

Causes of Many Hoax News

Hoax news is news that is deliberately created by irresponsible people. Many factors are the reason why there is so much hoax news. One reason is the limited knowledge about the outside world. It also has many factors such as the limitations of the news it gets and the limitations of the media to receive the news.

Another reason is that when you get news, readers only read part of the information. In fact, many only read the headlines. That will cause readers not to think twice about the news they get and think it’s true.

Sometimes it is also related to who the news is obtained from. It cannot be said that everyone has their own thoughts that he considers correct. If we find something that has something in common with that thought, it will make us place a slightly greater level of confidence in it. The result is that we can only trust something that is considered to have something in common.

Sometimes this will apply when receiving news from a particular person or source. That will make us immediately believe that the information contained in the news is the truth. In other words, not open to other sources of information.

Many people find it difficult to distinguish hoax news from true news because they often see the news appear on social media so they are lazy to look for the truth again.

How to Avoid Hoaxes

Ways that can be done to identify the news that is received correctly or not are as follows:

1. Look carefully at the headline

The first thing to read in a news story is definitely the title. Therefore, pay close attention to the title of the news you get. Is it in accordance with the information in the news or not.

2. Be careful if it contains elements of provocation

One of the elements in hoax news is the element of provocation. Provocation is an act to arouse anger, an act of inciting or an act of provoking. If a piece of news or content contains elements of provocation, then that news must be watched out for.

3. See where the source of the news

It is true that information can be obtained through anywhere. However, looking at the source of the information obtained is also important. As readers, we must always be observant and see the authenticity of the news sources we receive.

4. Check the facts of the information in the news

If the information in the news obtained contains a fact, then we need to re-examine that fact. Check the facts contained in the information. You do this by looking for other sources that are definitely trusted.

5. Check the photo or video again

In a news story, sometimes someone inserts a photo or video. The photo or video also needs to be verified again. Can the authenticity of the photos or videos displayed be trusted, or are they just news sweeteners?

6. Think critically

When getting news or information, try to think critically. Don’t swallow the news straight away. Pay close attention to the content of the news and the logic of the news.

7. Do not immediately share

When you receive information or news, don’t share it right away. Especially if you don’t know whether the news you got is true or not. If there is certainty that the news obtained contains correct information, then there is no problem if you want to share it.

8. Join the anti-hoax discussion group

Nowadays, getting information is very easy. Both hoax and true information. One way is through groups on social media. However, there are also groups that contain discussions or open discussions about hoaxes. If needed, join the group. So you can discuss whether the news or information you get is a hoax or not.

That’s some information about hoaxes. Starting from the definition, examples, types, causes to how to overcome them. 

Weaknesses of parallel circuits – Electricity is one of the needs that is really needed in human life. In fact, without electricity, some human activities will also be hampered. From this we can know how important electricity is in human life.

Since being in school, we have been introduced to electrical circuits. Starting from parallel circuits, series circuits to mixed circuits. Where each type of electrical circuit when applied will provide advantages and disadvantages of each.

Maybe for a general understanding of each type of electrical circuit you already know, for example a parallel circuit. Talk about parallel circuits, this article will explain it more broadly.

Starting from the understanding, advantages to weaknesses of parallel circuits. It is important for us to know more about parallel circuits when applied in real life so as not to cause anything harmful or detrimental.

What is an Electrical Circuit

Before getting to know more about parallel circuits, it would be better if we know what an electric circuit is. In general, an electric circuit is a path or electronic circuit that can flow from a source of voltage or electric current. Where the process of moving electrons is what will later be known as electricity.

Electrons that flow in materials that carry electric current are conductors. It is because of this that the cables used in electrical circuits will be made of copper which can conduct electric current.

Meanwhile, the lamp is an electric load with the battery as the source of electricity. Electricity will flow through the cable and to disconnect or connect the electricity will use a switch. Then, for the universal symbol for electrical loads is a resistance or resistor.

In general, there are two types of electric circuits, namely parallel circuits and series circuits. However, the two electrical circuits can be combined to become a mixed circuit.

Definition of Parallel Circuits

Parallel circuits are one of two other types of electrical circuits. Like other electrical circuits, parallel circuits have a function as a distributor of electrical energy in an electronic object. Meanwhile, other electrical circuits that have the same function as parallel circuits are series electrical circuits and mixed electrical circuits.

Even though they are functionally the same, the application process between series and parallel circuits is quite different. The reason is, a parallel circuit will have a number of circuits in it. Then, when viewed from the level of complexity, parallel circuits are more complicated than series circuits which only consist of one circuit.

In a parallel circuit there will be components connected to each other along the existing path and each component will usually have a voltage equal to the voltage across the network. The electric current in a parallel circuit has the same magnitude as the sum of the currents in each of its components.

However, if two or more components are connected in parallel, they will usually have the same potential difference or voltage at their ends. The existence of these differences can potentially affect all components of the same magnitude. Therefore, these differences can be said to be very identical.

In addition, the same amount of voltage will be applied to all the components in a parallel circuit. Meanwhile, the total current in a parallel circuit is the sum of the currents that pass through each component.

Usually, the introduction of parallel and series circuits as well as mixed circuits will be explained on one physics learning topic, especially in high school.

Properties of Parallel Circuits

Each electrical circuit will have different properties. Of course, this also applies to parallel circuits which also have different properties from series and parallel circuits. So that you understand even more, here are the properties possessed by parallel circuits.

• Has a Larger Electric Current

Most of the electrical components in a parallel circuit will cause a smaller total resistance. This will cause the overall current condition to be greater so that there are many nominal or power expenditure figures.

Even so, it can also be interpreted that the overall resistance of each parallel circuit becomes smaller. This condition can be compared with the existence of the smallest components in the coil, although it does not rule out the possibility that the electric current obtained will be greater.

• When One of the Streams is Disconnected, the Parallel Circuit Can Still Be On

The nature of the next parallel circuit is that it can remain on even if one of the streams is interrupted. This will be very different from a series circuit which will completely die when one of its components is disconnected.

Whereas in parallel electrical circuits it can still turn on even if one of the circuits is cut off. In addition, every component in a parallel electrical circuit will branch out instead of branching out. This is what can further minimize the occurrence of total blackouts in parallel circuits.

• Each Branch of a Parallel Circuit Is an Individual Circuit

The next characteristic of parallel electric circuits is that each branch that is owned is an individual circuit. Where each branch current from a parallel circuit is always separate or does not have to use the same conduction medium.

It will also be in accordance with the understanding that explains if each electrical component is arranged in a branching manner. For a parallel circuit, it will have various electric current branches. Even though the source used is one, lighting can be made independently or individually.

Advantages of Parallel Circuits

Parallel circuits have advantages that other types of electrical circuits do not have. As for some of the advantages of parallel electrical circuits are as follows.

1. The distribution of electric current will be evenly distributed in each section.
2. If one component is disconnected it will not interfere with other component parts. That means other components can stay lit even if one of the components in a parallel circuit is disconnected.
3. It saves more electricity because not all the components in it are lit simultaneously and continuously.

Disadvantages of Parallel Circuits

Previously it has been explained that parallel circuits have advantages when applied. Even so actually parallel circuits also have weaknesses. So, for more details, here are some of the disadvantages of parallel circuits.

1. The installation process required in the installation of parallel circuits is somewhat more difficult.
2. Because it is more difficult, parallel circuits require more wires compared to other types of electrical circuits.
3. In terms of cost, parallel electrical circuits are also somewhat higher than other types of circuits.

The Difference between Parallel Circuits and Series Circuits

Although series circuits and parallel circuits are both electrical circuits. However, both have quite basic differences. If you don’t know what is the difference between a parallel circuit and a series circuit, then the explanation below can help.

1. Components in a series circuit will be arranged in the form of a single path, namely from one end of the supply to the other. As for the parallel circuit, it will be arranged in several lines at the two terminals at the end of the battery.
2. In a series circuit, current will simultaneously flow through all components of the circuit. Meanwhile, a parallel circuit will have a different amount of current in each stream that passes through a branch in a parallel circuit.
3. Each component in a series circuit will have a different voltage. Whereas in a parallel circuit will have the same voltage on some of the components in it.
4. When an error occurs in one component in a series circuit it will cause resistance to the entire operating circuit in it. Whereas in parallel circuits when an error occurs in one component in the network it will not be a barrier to the function of other parts in it.
5. Error detection in series circuits will be more difficult than in parallel. Likewise with parallel circuits which will experience the opposite conditions from series circuits, namely error detection is easier.
6. The resistance in the case of a series circuit will be more than the highest value of resistance that exists in the series connection. Whereas the equivalent resistance in a parallel circuit is always less than the individual resistances that exist in a parallel combination.
7. In a series circuit if Vt is the total voltage, it will equal V1+V2+V3. Whereas in a parallel circuit Vt is the total voltage which will be equal to V1=V2=V3.

Parallel Circuit Formula

In a parallel circuit has several calculation formulas in it. Some of the formulas in the parallel circuit are as follows.

Current

The current in a parallel circuit will be symbolized by “I” and will have units of amperes. Where this unit was also taken from a scientist from France named André-Merry Amperé who also had an important role in the development of the theory of electrodynamics. Meanwhile, the formula for writing the current in a parallel circuit is as follows:

Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 + …..…. In = V (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ……… 1/Rn)

Voltage

Voltage in an electrical circuit will be symbolized by “V” and has units of volts. The unit volt is taken from the name of the Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta. He also succeeded in discovering various things in the field of electricity, such as the theory of electric voltage. Meanwhile, the writing of the voltage formula is as follows:

V = V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = ……… Vn

Barriers or Resistors

Resistance or resistor in an electric circuit is written with the symbol “R” and has units of ohms. The unit was taken from a German scientist named Georg Ohm. Please note that Georg Ohm is the inventor of the theory of resistance or resistors.

The following is the writing of the resistance formula:

1/rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4 ……… 1/Rn

Resistance or resistor is very related to current and this will make us need to find an electric current based on the information we get from the amount of voltage and resistance. Because of this we also need Ohm’s Theory such as:

I = V/R

Besides that, there is also an electrical contradiction when we are doing resistance calculations. Electrical contradiction is an event in which an electric current will flow through metal or non-metal materials. Electrical contradictions will usually be represented by the symbol “G” with siemens units. Meanwhile, the writing of electrical contradictions is as follows:

Gtotal = G1 + G2 + G3 + G4 + …..…. mt

inductors

Inductors in electrical circuits will be written with the symbol “L” and have units named henry. The unit is taken from the name of a scientist from the United States named Joseph Henry. Where he managed to find electromagnetic theory that can be applied to various kinds of equipment. Then to write the formula is as follows:

1/ltotal = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3 + 1/L4 ……… 1/Ln

capacitor

The last one is about capacitors which are written with the symbol “C” and have units of farads. The unit is taken from the name of a British scientist named Michael Faraday. He succeeded in discovering a number of theories and objects, particularly in the fields of electromagnetics and electrochemistry. Then writing the capacitor formula is as follows:

Ctotal = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + …..…. Cn

Examples of Objects That Utilize Parallel Circuits

Until now, parallel circuits are still being used in a variety of needs. So, below are some examples of objects that utilize parallel circuits.

• LED light

LED lights are one type of light that can shine brighter and often twinkle. The working principle of LED lamps also adopts parallel circuits, especially for those that twinkle.

Did you know that if one light bulb goes out on an LED light it won’t make the other light components go out too. This is none other than because the switch in the LED lamp has a special branch that already uses a parallel circuit.

This will make the LED light flicker and will not experience a dead condition simultaneously even though there are components that are in an off condition.

• Traffic lights

Traffic lights are also an example of an electronic object that uses the working principle of a parallel circuit. Where traffic lights have a function to regulate the flow of traffic by turning on different color lights such as red, green and yellow as a form of guidance for motorists in the area. With for the riders know when to stop and when to walk.

The traffic light will have a detector or sensor that can move a switch that functions to regulate when the light should turn on and off. These switches can work without any influence from other switches.

• Fire Alarm

The next example is the fire alarm. As the name suggests, the fire alarm will be tasked with giving a sign to someone if there is a fire in a building using a loud sound like a siren.

Then the way the fire alarm works is using a sensor that can detect the presence of smoke that has the potential to cause a fire. This alarm will usually be inside the building connected from one floor to another. In addition, the alarm on other floors may not necessarily turn on when a fire signal is detected from the other floors.

Well, that’s an explanation of parallel circuits to the weaknesses of parallel circuits. Until this series is still being used by humans which is applied to various types of electronic objects.

Wisdom is – Wisdom is the result of consistent discipline or effort. Usually in the science of Sufism it is called istiqamah which is usually done for a long time.

Understanding Wisdom

Wisdom can be understood not only from the knowledge that we learn from books and not from the events that we experience in our daily life. Wisdom is one of contemplation and seriousness in utilizing knowledge, an afterthought and seriousness in making use of the knowledge of a room and seriousness in making use of knowledge and events that we study in our daily lives.

There is also another opinion that wisdom is an afterthought and earnestness that makes use of knowledge and events. As well as looking at the relationships or links that are in it and discussing the source and purpose.

Therefore, it is our duty and obligation to foster a sense of love for Al-hikmah in the lives of students at every level of learning and age of life.

On the other hand, if we talk about wisdom, then we will be able to see thoughts about justice, wisdom, and about goodness in religious teachings, moral teachings and reason which actually originate from the Qur’an.

Wisdom is a word that comes from the word ” hakama ” or a word that uses the letters ha , kaf and mim . What Ibnu Faris defines as ” al-mani ” which hinders, such as hakam which prevents persecution, control for animals is called hakama which means blocking the animal from leading to something unwanted or wild.

According to Muhammad Quraish Shihab, wisdom is also taken from the word hakama which originally meant to hinder. From the beginning of the same word, a word is formed which has the meaning of control, namely something whose function is to lead to good and prevent bad.

To achieve this purpose, knowledge and ability to apply it are needed. In essence, the relationship between humans and humans is a partnership relationship.

From this it can be understood why the verses of the Qur’an describe wisdom related to the life of reason, justice, scholarship, thought and kindness as mutually perfecting relationships that cannot be fulfilled except on the basis of wisdom.

In the books of interpretation, words of wisdom are sometimes defined with the meaning of the Qur’an, sometimes with the meaning of As-Sunnah or Prophethood.

Because of that, it is narrated in several hadiths about the prayer of the Messenger of Allah to Abdullah bin Anas which reads, ” May Allah teach him wisdom and understanding in Religion “.

The point is understanding the Qur’an and As Sunnah and practicing both, as confirmed by the majority of Tabi’in and confirmed by Syaikhul Islam, Ibn Taimiyah with his words. As for the wisdom in the Qur’an, then its meaning is about the truth and practicing it.

Definition of Wisdom Science

The obligation to seek knowledge is for every Muslim. Because, knowledge will facilitate all matters in everyday life. Both academics and religion, both are equally important.

Even the Prophet obliges his people to seek knowledge. However, in seeking knowledge, it should also be accompanied by knowledge of wisdom. By understanding the science of wisdom, a Muslim will become a humble person.

Wisdom is knowledge of the Qur’an and hadith with goodness that goes beyond the limits of the shari’ah, to penetrate the point of essence and meaning. With the knowledge of wisdom, a person will become a smart and wise person. Allah gives His wisdom to those whom He wills. This is stated in Surah Al Baqarah verse 269.

Every Muslim should learn the science of wisdom. Because many things in life become messy and misguided because humans lose wisdom.

Studying Wisdom

There is only one way to learn the science of wisdom, namely through the transfer of knowledge. The transfer of knowledge in question is learning wisdom from experts by relying on all the senses that humans have.

This is what the Companions did to the Prophet. When Rasulullah SAW conveyed knowledge to his friends, he conveyed it orally in the form of words or practices that could be seen directly by friends.

Rasulullah SAW said, there are three things that save (from doom), three things that destroy (bring people to their damage), three things increase degrees (several levels in the hereafter), three things erase sins.

There are 3 things that save, namely:

1. Fear Allah in secret or openly.
2. Being in poverty and wealth.
3. Balanced in pleasure and anger (i.e. pleasure for Allah and anger for Allah).

There are 3 things that damage, namely:

1. Excessive curmudgeon by not wanting to give what is the right of Allah and the right of creatures. In another narration, miserly followed. Meanwhile, if miserliness exists in a person but is not followed up, then this is not detrimental because stinginess is a common trait in humans.
2. Lust always follows.
3. Be proud of yourself. This means that someone looks at himself with the view of his own perfection accompanied by neglect of the blessings of Allah Ta’ala and feels safe from losing those blessings.

The Most Beloved Practice of Allah

Humans were created for a noble purpose, namely to serve and worship Allah Ta’ala. Islam is a realistic religion because it is in line with human nature. Allah Ta’ala chose Islam as a religion that pleases Him.

To achieve safety and happiness in this world and the hereafter, a servant must believe in and carry out all of His suari’at, namely the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet plus the ijtihad of the scholars.

Talking about good deeds, there are many practices that can bring God’s blessing. Apart from reviving the five pillars of Islam, Muslims must carry out what was recommended by Rasulullah SAW.

As the hadith narrated by Imam Bukhari and Muslim, from Abdullah Ibnu Mas’ud RA’s friend said, ‘I asked Prophet Muhammad SAW about the practice that Allah Ta’ala loves most? He SAW replied, ‘praying at its time’. Then what? He replied, “Jihad fiSabilillah”. Here are the 3 most beloved deeds to Allah:

1. Pray on time

Prayer is the second pillar of Islam that is obligatory for Muslims and prayer is also a pillar of religion. The matter of prayer is a serious matter in Islam. Prayer is a differentiator (separator) between a Muslim and a non-Muslim and is the first thing to be brought to account on the Day of Judgment.

By praying on time Allah SWT will forgive our sins. Carrying out prayers on time is very loved by Allah SWT, one of which is by being forgiven the sins of his servants like falling leaves. Allah SWT will also reward heaven. Those who pray on time will get heaven as a reward.

Praying on time will also make our hearts feel calmer. Prayer is conditioning the heart, entertainer and calming the soul. Prayer is an interaction between the servant and his Lord, when praying dhikr, by dhikr the heart becomes calm. Prayer will also be a light on the Day of Judgment.

Praying on time will get 9 kinds of glory. Here’s the hadith:

Uthman bin Affan said: “Whoever always prays five times a day at the main time, Allah will glorify him with nine kinds of glory, namely being loved by Allah, his body is always healthy, his existence is always guarded by angels, his house is blessed, his face reveals the identity of a righteous person, Allah softens his heart, makes it easier when he crosses the Shirath (bridge over hell) like lightning, he will be saved by Allah from the fires of hell and Allah will place him in heaven in the future as neighbors with people who have no fear for them nor are they sad. ”

2. Devoted to Both Parents

Besides praying at the beginning of time, the most beloved practice to Allah is serving parents. Being devoted to both parents is the most important charity. If our parents are pleased with what we do, then Allah SWT will be pleased. Allah will help all our affairs in this world and in the hereafter.

By being devoted to both parents, you can get rid of the difficulties you are experiencing, namely by making tawasul with these good deeds. If we are devoted to both parents, then Allah SWT will expand our sustenance and extend our life. Replies in the afterlife for those who are devoted to both parents can make us enter jannah (heaven) by Allah.

3. Jihad in the Way of Allah SWT

The position of jihad in the sight of Allah is very great and its virtue is rewarded with great rewards. Allah promises paradise for those who strive. Rasulullah SAW said: “It is obligatory for you to strive in the way of Allah Ta’ala, because in fact jihad in the way of Allah is one of the doors of the gates of heaven, Allah will remove with it from sadness . “

The following are the lessons of jihad in the way of Allah, namely:

1. Spread, uphold and defend the religion of Islam
2. Inviting Muslims to always work, preach and fight unceasingly, amar ma’ruf nahi munkar every time every time so as to create a good society in the sight of Allah swt.
3. Forming the unity of the Muslim Ummah, instilling a sense of Muslim brotherhood
4. Instill a sense of Muslim brotherhood
5. Working together to spread, uphold and defend the word of Allah on earth, namely the religion of Islam.

Examples of Wisdom in Everyday Life

The wisdom we get is usually easy to find in everyday life. The following are examples of wisdom behavior in everyday life.

Wisdom, for example, when we go through a period of quarter life crisis or a period which describes a period when a person experiences an emotional crisis that is within him. Usually this will occur at the age of a quarter of a century, that is, between the mid-20s and 30s of a person’s age.

It is in this phase that a person is prone to experiencing emotional turmoil including feelings of sadness, confusion, fear, isolation and anxiety about his future.

Triggering factors can come from financial problems, relationships, career and the values ​​that are believed. However, behind it all actually one just needs to live it as it should. Of course there must be wisdom in going through this phase. Some of the lessons that can be drawn from this phase include the following.

1. Becoming an Optimistic Person and Keep Striving Forward in Life

Wisdom is a long process that has been passed by someone. The wisdom behind us going through this phase is also very useful for our future, namely as a form for us to become someone who is optimistic and continues to struggle in living life.

Life is not easy. With this we can live life with the hope that we can be better every day, and have the spirit of life to keep moving forward every day.

2. More Accepting Current Life Circumstances

Wisdom is a long process that someone has gone through. When a person is in this phase, it can also teach that person to be more accepting of his current life situation.

The emotional crisis that you are facing at an age that is approaching adulthood is a process to train yourself to become a person who is more able to control the various emotions that are in you. Besides that, you can be more relieved in accepting your current life situation.

3. Teach the Meaning of Maturity in Taking Attitude

Wisdom is a process that a person has gone through in terms of religion and in his daily life. When that person is in the quarter life crisis phase, then the lesson we get is that it can teach us the meaning of maturity in taking a stand.

You will be careful with each other in making every decision or step in life. This will also affect the way you behave and act. Because in this phase you will also be trained to become a more mature person.

4. Learn to Understand Other People’s Ways of Mind

If we do this, we will become people who don’t just look at facts and rush to judge things without understanding the process by which something happened.

For example, before judging other people’s actions, we need to investigate further about the reasons or causes that person chose that action. That way, we can avoid being in a hurry to cause unnecessary fanfare.

5. Appreciate and Respect the Rights of Others

By learning to appreciate and respect the rights of others by reflecting on every incident. The formula is that we will be happy if we get respect and appreciation from others, and vice versa, people will be happy if we get respect from us. Therefore, try to choose an attitude that does not violate the rights of others.

6. Knowing the Good That Others Do

Try to find out what other people are doing to you. That way, you can find out how far the relationship between actions is with motivation, beliefs and interests. It can keep you from the possibility of wrong steps.

7. Be careful of what you do

Be more careful and thorough in your own actions. Keep in mind, don’t just judge other people’s actions, but we also need to examine every step we take. In an incident that we think is wrong, it could be that other people are more right than what you did.

Definition of Hikayat – Indonesia besides being rich in culture and race, is also rich in literary works. There are various types of literary works that have been used since time immemorial which have made various platforms for the talents of writers and artists. This diversity makes us realize that Indonesia is a country that is no less interesting than other countries.

Currently there are many types of original Indonesian literature that are of high quality and are loved by many walks of life. Various types of literary works, writing or drama or film, have their respective fans.

From every type of literary work, there are various genres. In each genre itself there are still various types of writing that make it a new type of literary work. So it can be concluded that there are many terms and types in the literary work itself.

One of the works of Indonesian literature is the saga. Many of us are very familiar with the types of fiction and non-fiction literary works. However, not many people know that this saga is a work of fiction that has its own uniqueness.

Definition of Saga

Ever heard of a saga? Maybe at first glance the term saga sounds familiar. Literally saga has the same meaning as memento. Which has the intention of a work that becomes a memory or as a history of the thoughts of the poet to others.

Whereas in Arabic hikayat comes from hikayah which means story, fairy tale or story. This saga is a fairy tale that is generally told in Malay. The theme raised in this saga literary work generally tells about the heroism or greatness of someone with their miracles and miracles.

The settings in the stories written in the saga are mostly ancient settings such as kingdom stories. So that saga is also referred to as old prose which is commonly found in Malay and is rarely found today.

This old prose is like fairy tales filled with miracles and miracles of a person. Judging from the narrative which is only based on the imagination of the author in his fictional world, this saga is categorized as a fictional story whose story is only fantasy. So that its appearance is only as entertainment.

Like other fictional stories, intrinsically the saga also has the same elements. In one story the saga has elements in the form of plot, theme, characterization, point of view, setting and message.

The saga most commonly found is in the Malay language, it is possible that there are several saga written in other languages. One example of a saga that Readers can find in the book The Story of the Hikayat Sahabat Rasul Vol 1 Abu Hurairah The Father of the Little Cat below.

Story Features

Some of the features of the story are as follows:

1. Using Classical Malay

Like prose and other old writings that in the background describe stories in ancient times. The use of language and the choice of diction in this saga literary work also uses classical language.

The saga that is most often found is in the Malay language. So the Malay language used in the saga is also classified as classical Malay which is rarely used today. So that the saga will look unique and increasingly have high artistic value.

2. Kingdom theme

The plots and backgrounds taken for the stories in the saga most often have a royal theme. With a classic language style that adds an ‘old’ feel that is still attractive and has different ethnic values.

The Hikayat Sounds book by Taufik Ikram Jamil consists of various collections of short stories worked on from various angles that you can get at Gramedia!

3. Static

The saga is a static or fixed literary work. During the writing and depiction of the stories in the saga, there are not many changes that are different from other saga, or saga from other countries. The story that is lifted, the intrinsic elements and everything in the saga are similar to one another.

4. Traditional

Saga literary works whose theme selection is never far from the story of the kingdom are also inseparable from all of its elements. Every content in the saga always carries the traditions and culture of the people of its time.

All traditions are well described in the stories that are made into saga. In addition, the saga is also full of meaning and mandate that can be emulated. Most of the conflicts in the saga depict good triumphing over evil.

5. Educational in nature

Even though its presence only comes from the imagination of the poet, it does not rule out the possibility that the saga has a good message that can be used as learning by its readers. This saga whose true author is unknown has many elements that educate us to do good, be tolerant of others, respect each other, love fellow human beings and many other values ​​of life contained therein.

Saga Type

This old prose generally has historical, religious, biographical, epic, folklore themes with all the elements of miracles and miracles. The diversity of stories in the saga makes this prose divided into various types seen from two aspects. The type of saga is seen from a historical perspective and in terms of the contents of the story.

1. Historical

Most of the types of saga are found in Malay, but there are several other languages ​​that are also included in the saga. This happens because the saga itself originates from several countries with different languages, religious and historical backgrounds.

a. Malay

This Malay saga generally has religious elements, namely the religion of Islam. Some examples of saga stories originating from Malay are Hikayat Hang Tuah, Hikayat Indra Bangsawan, Hikayat Malim Deman and Hikayat Si Miskin.

b. Java

Javanese culture has many varieties and types influenced by Islam and Hinduism. So it is no longer surprising if the stories told have similar characteristics, characters, plot as those in India and Arabia. The existence of two cultural mixtures from two different religions gave birth to a new culture.

This saga originating from Java has a lot of influence from Hinduism which is then adapted to Javanese society, which is predominantly Muslim. Some examples of saga literary works originating from Javanese influence are the Hikayat Panji Semirang, Hikayat Cekel Weneng Pati and Hikayat Indera Jaya which are taken from the Anglingdarma story.

c. India

This Indian saga has many religious elements derived from Hinduism. Stories with Hindu nuances are generally based on two main stories, namely the stories of Sri Rama and Mattabbhroto.

Over time, these two main stories developed into the Tale of the Five Pandavas, which we often hear in wayang characters in Java.

Some examples of Indian saga inspired by Hindu religious values ​​are the Hikayat of the Pandhawa War taken from the Mahabarata story, the Hikayat Sri Rama taken from the Ramayana story and the Hikayat Bayan Budiman.

d. Arab-Persian

In Arabic and Persian the majority of the religions adopted by the people are Islam. So, do not be surprised if most of the stories that appear there also have Islamic themes and have Islamic values.

Some of the saga that comes from the influence of Arabic-Persian culture is the Hikayat One Thousand and One Nights, the Hikayat Bachtiar and also the Hikayat Amir Hamzah who is known as one of the heroes of Islam.

2. Fill

Other types of saga that can be seen based on the content or story are divided into several stories.

a. History

Historical saga often tells about other historical figures or events. This story is indeed just a fiction of the poet’s imagination but is often associated with historical stories that have happened at one time.

Or simply based on an event in history. For example in a war, a historical event or a historical figure that actually existed in the real world. But the core of the story is still just the imagination of the story master.

Events related to travel stories exploring unique tourist destinations that are rarely known to the public are also one of those discussed in the TEMPO Series: Hikayat 45 Lakes of Indonesia below.

b. Biography

This biographical story usually focuses on one main character. The main character may or may not be taken from a real character. But overall the storyline just tells everything about the character.

For example, such as the background of a public figure who is considered a hero, his life story, all his conflicts and all the miraculous events that happened to him.

c. Religion

Most of these religious saga tell about a religious figure, one of the events in the history of that religion, or simply the values ​​taught in a religion. As explained earlier, there are many saga that carry religious stories from both Islam, Hinduism and a mixture of the two.

Even though the average saga is not real, it still includes religious values ​​or religious teachings to educate listeners like the book Hikayat Auliya below.

The purpose of the saga as entertainment and encouragement is an interesting way to convey religious teachings, as is often told by religious leaders.

d. Incident

The saga also tells of a major event that did occur, although in its depiction it is beautified with miracles and miracles. The goal, apart from being entertaining, can be encouragement at a party or fighting spirit.

e. Story

Saga sometimes also tells stories of romance romance. Sometimes these saga still have a historical background. However, fictional romance is also often found in several saga and one of them is the Saga of Malin Kundang which you can read in the book by Gin Subiharso below which is complemented by other interesting stories.

Story Form

This saga, which originates from a mixture of cultures, presents many types and forms. The form of the saga is seen from the way it is depicted.

1. Folklore Saga

This folklore saga is a saga that is humorously illustrated. In general, the core story of this saga tells of the origin of a place or object. One example of this saga is the Saga of Rhang Manyang.

2. Romance

As the name implies, this romance saga is a saga that tells about love stories and household stories. One example of this saga is the Hikayat Putroe Gambak Meuh.

3. Epics

Epic is a form of saga that tells about the heroism of a person. One example of an epic is the Hikayat Prang Kompeuni.

4. Tambeh

This tambeh saga is a saga that tells the guidelines of life so that the story contains many messages that can be learned. One example of this saga is Tambek Tujoh Blah.

5. Chara

This chara saga is a form of saga that focuses on a commendable figure. So that this character is included in the type of biographical saga. One example of this saga is the Hiyaken Tujoh Hikayat.

Story Example

There are many types and forms of saga that have existed since ancient times. Some of them are quite famous and their stories are still widely known by the public today, namely the Tale of the Five Pandavas and the Tale of the Thousand and One Nights. In Indonesia, these tales do not only exist in Java.

In Aceh it is also known for having many works of saga which were quite famous at its time. Most of the saga originating from Aceh is in the form of poetry. One example of a tale originating from Aceh is the Tale of Prang Sabi, the Tale of the Kings of Pasai, the Tale of Prang Peuringgi and many others.

Hikayat Aceh This is also included in the Hikayat category written in Malay. Apart from the other Aceh Hikayat written in Malay, namely:

1. Abdullah story
2. The story of Abu Nawas
3. The Tale of Bayan Budiman
4. The story of Amir Hamzah
5. The story of Hang Tuah
6. Banjar Saga
7. Indraputra saga
8. The story of Iskandar Zulkarnain
9. The story of Kalila and Daminah
10. Tale of the Young Captain
11. The story of the Javanese Pandavas
12. The Tale of the Kings of Pasai
13. The Tale of Panji Semirang
14. Tale of Panca Tanderan

There are many other saga written in Malay, below are some examples of saga with explanations.

1. Saga of Prang Sabi

This Prang Sabi saga tells of the jihad of a hero. This saga belongs to two forms, namely epic and tambeh. The story of Prang Sabi in epic type describes the events of the war that took place in Aceh. With all the heroism, might and courage of the characters.

Meanwhile, Hikayat Prang Sabi Tambeh focuses more on advice written by religious leaders to carry out jihad and uphold religion. The saga of Prang Sabi Tambeh was first presented in the form of an adaptation of Abdul Samad Al-Falimbani’s treatise written in 1834, which was 40 years before the Aceh war. The first saga about the Sabi War is entitled Saga of Prang Sabi written by Teungku Chik Pante Kulu.

2. The Tale of the Kings of Pasai

This saga was written in Malay. The contents tell about the first Islamic kings in Samudra-Pasai who are now located in Aceh. This saga briefly tells the story of Merah Silu who was dreaming of meeting the Prophet Muhammad.

In his dream, the Prophet Muhammad converted to Islam Merah Silu. Then after the incident, Merah Silu was the first sultan in the kingdom of Pasai with the Islamic name Malik al-Saleh.

3. Tale of Bayan Budiman 

This saga is a framed story taken from India, namely Sukasaptati, then adapted into Persian culture. This saga tells of a parrot that reminds someone when they want to do something negative. So according to the title, this shadow bird is given the nickname Bayan Budiman.

4. Abdullah’s story

This saga is included in the type of biographical saga because it tells a story about a character named Abdullah. This literary work written in the mid-19th century tells about Abdullah bin Abdulkadir Munsyi who was a figure who was born into an educated family.

He is of Arab, Yemeni descent. Abdullah’s ancestors were religious teachers who lived in India. Abdullah also has a Tamil wife who later moved to Malacca together.

Abdullah’s father was a resource person for a British expert on the Malay language. This person even once wrote the book History of Sumatra (History of Sumatra), which is a reference for many historians today. This Abdullah saga tells many interesting things about Malacca and Singapore.

Definition of the Hydrosphere – The hydrosphere is the layer of water that is on the surface of the earth. The word hydrosphere comes from the English word hydrosphere; hydro means water and sphere means circle or sphere. So, the hydrosphere is the layer of water that covers the earth. The hydrosphere on the surface of the earth includes lakes, rivers, seas, oceans, snow or glaciers, groundwater and water vapor contained in the air layer. Check out the complete explanation about the Hydrosphere below:

Definition of Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is a layer of water that covers the earth’s crust because it is in liquid form, the hydrosphere comes from the word hydro which means water and shaaire which means layer. The surface of the earth that is covered by water, the layer that covers the surface of the earth is called the hydrosphere. Thus it can or can also be said that the hydrosphere is the layer of water that is the main source of life for humans. The hydrosphere is the name for the water that is on the surface of the Earth in the form of seas or oceans as well as water on land. This hydrosphere has several branches of scientists are as follows: 

• Potamology, this is the science that studies the water that flows on the surface of the earth and rivers. Limnology, this is the science that studies the water that stagnates on the surface of the earth and lakes. 
• Geohydrology, this is the study of water found under the earth and soil. Cryology is the science that studies snow and ice. Hydrometeorology, this is the study of meteorological factors.

Learn more about the structure of the earth’s layers including the existing hydrosphere through the Smart Encyclopedia: Our Earth which also explains various other important information for Readers to know about our earth.

Types of Surface Water in the Hydrosphere

The various types of surface water that are included in the hydrosphere include:

1. River Waters

The waters of this river are fresh water which always flows at a point whose source goes to the estuary in the sea so that river water is larger which comes from runoff from ground springs. In general, river water can or can reach more, because it is called creek and wadi.

2. Sea Waters

This sea water is salty water that originates from the earth’s surface which is in salty waters, this covers all the water that is in the sea. Is the area of ​​the earth’s surface that is covered by the presence of salt water. Has several roles as a provider of water in the world and is also a major element in the process of the hydrological cycle. Examples are like: coast and beach.

a. coast

The coast is the surface of the earth that lies between the high and low tides and is also part of the area that forms the boundary between the sea and the land. These coasts can or can be classified as follows:

• The mainland coast (coastal plain) is a coastal area that has undergone a lifting process that was originally under the sea.
• Coastal alluvial plain (coastal alluvial plain) , namely the coast formed by the deposition of alluvium originating from the mainland which is characterized by the shape of a gentle slope
• Coastal barrier islands (barrier island coastal) , namely the coast with shallow offshore waters that are broad and separated from the ocean by barrier islands.

b. Beach

This beach is the land border with the sea which seems to form a coastline, this consists of sand and is located in the coastal area of ​​the sea.

Several types of beaches that can be found:

• Sloping beach, a beach whose shape is almost flat with sea level. Steep beach, a beach whose shape is steep is caused by mountains with steep slopes that stretch along the coast facing and bordering the sea.
• Coral beach, a beach formed as a result of erosion caused by ocean currents
• Mangrove beaches, beaches covered by mangrove forests, are abundant in the tropics and have a lot of mud, and are also often flooded, especially at high tide.

3. Inland Waters

This inland water hydrosphere is fresh water that comes from shallow soil from the surface of the earth and also various waters found in rivers or lakes. Is the entire body of water that occurs and is on land. Types of inland waters include:

a. River

Rivers Formed from rainwater that falls to the surface of the ground are mostly surface runoff. This surface runoff flows to this lower place leading to ditches, ditches, and creeks. The river flows with different slopes. In the upstream area, the river is steeper, while in the downstream area the river is flat and more winding.

Lake A broad basin on the surface of the earth filled with water and formed as a result of tectonic or volcanic processes. Lake water can come from river water, ground water, rain water or springs that empty into the basin.

Based on the process of occurrence, this lake is divided into two, namely natural lakes and artificial lakes. Groundwater is water that is in the saturated area below the ground surface. 97% of fresh water consists of groundwater. This groundwater can or can be found under very dry deserts or also under the ground which is covered by a layer of snow.

Swamps are wet lands that are often flooded with water due to their relatively low location. This swamp is usually overgrown with soft stems or grasses. There are two types of swamps, namely swamps in inland areas which contain fresh water and swamps caused by high tides and also low tides which contain salt water.

Learn about the layers of the earth that exist through story books with interesting science content that can be accessed via smartphones. You can get the Smart Science Book Series: Layers of Earth and Fossils – Alpha & Mega Travel to Earth only at Gramedia!

Elements of the Hydrosphere

Earth is a planet in the solar system, as well as the only planet that can be inhabited by humans. besides that, the Earth is also the only planet that has the most water content.

The surface of planet Earth is covered by two surface forms, namely land and water. The land is in the form of islands as well as continents, while the waters are in the form of oceans, various seas, and also waters on the mainland such as lakes (read: various lakes), rivers, and so on.

Readers can find discussions about the layers of the hydrosphere, and much more in the Super Fun Encyclopedia: Hello, Earth! by Hemma.

The surface in the form of water can also be in the form of ice (read: hail) or snow, this depends on each weather (read: division of seasons in Indonesia). All of the Earth’s surface in the form of water is known as the hydrosphere. So we call the seas, oceans, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and so on (which are waters) as the hydrosphere. The hydrosphere makes up much of the Earth’s surface.

Even if we compare between waters and land, Earth is more dominated by waters. That’s why the Earth is dominated by blue than other colors. The waters that exist on this Earth are purely in the form of oceans or seas, as well as in the form of waters that are located on land. on this occasion we will talk about the hydrosphere, so that later we will know more and understand more about what the hydrosphere is and what things we need to know. oceans and water on land. The elements contained in the hydrosphere are divided into:

1. The element of wind is a source that determines the strength of the temperature of the air or also the condition of water vapor in a place.
2. The cloud element is a collection of several water or ice point sources in large quantities or is also part of the ground condensation core.
3. The element of Water and Land is a movement of water in the ground so that it has several layers of sandstone sources with aquifer layers.
4. Evaporation element is an element that originates from an event or events from the change of water into ground surface vapor.
5. Condensation Element is a process of changing water vapor to make the atmosphere cool.
6. The Precipitation Element is a form of liquid that is sourced from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface.
7. The run-off element is a movement of water that seeps into the ground in certain places
8. The element of the body of water is the part of water that can come from various sources, such as rivers, swamps, lakes, reservoirs, and so on.

Kinds of Hydrofer Cycle

To recognize something, everything will start from understanding that thing. The meaning of the hydrosphere is the layer of water that is on the surface of the Earth.

The word hydrosphere itself comes from the word “hidros” which means water and “sphere” which means layer. The hydrosphere on the surface of the Earth includes seas or oceans, lakes, rivers (read: the benefits of rivers), snow, glaciers, groundwater and even water vapor contained in the air layer.

It is undeniable that the role of the hydrosphere is very important. This is because humans cannot live without water. And did you know that the amount of water on Earth is actually stable? Yes, the amount of water seems to change or if we think about why the water used in everyday life does not run out, this is because water experiences a cycle or recycling.

Earth as a place where we live has many interesting things that you can learn such as types of animals, plants, big cities, and many more which are discussed in the book Junior Encyclopedia: Our Earth.

So we need to know that the hydrosphere layer that covers the Earth is experiencing a cycle or rotation. The cycle or rotation of the hydrosphere is called the hydrologic cycle. The various types of the hydrological cycle are as follows:

1. Short Hydrological Cycle

The first type of cycle or hydrological cycle is the short water cycle. The short water cycle is a process of water circulation with a relatively short period of time. This short cycle process usually occurs in the sea. The process of this short cycle occurs because seawater has evaporated (caused by sunlight). The short water cycle process is briefly described as follows:

• Sea water undergoes evaporation or evaporation because of the heat from the sun.
• Water vapor from evaporation or evaporation rises up to a certain height.
• The water vapor above will condense to form clouds (read: the process of clouds).
• The clouds that are formed will get bigger and bigger, so they fall as rain on the sea water.
• This falling water will return to sea water which will evaporate or evaporate again.

2. Moderate Hydrological Cycle

After there is a short hydrological cycle or cycle, then there is a medium hydrological cycle or cycle. This moderate hydrologic cycle or cycle is a cycle that occurs because seawater evaporates or evaporates into the atmosphere (read: the atmospheric layer), in the form of water vapor due to the sun’s heat. In general, the hydrological cycle or recycling process is described as follows:

• Sea water evaporates or evaporates into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor due to heating from the sun.
• The wind that blows will carry this water vapor towards the mainland.
• When it reaches a certain height, more and more water vapor from the evaporation of sea, river and lake water will gather in the air.
• One day, the gathered water vapor will experience saturation and experience condensation, and then it will become rain.
• Rainwater that falls on this land will then flow into ditches, ditches, rivers, lakes and into the sea again.

3. Long Hydrological Cycle

We have known the explanation and also the stages of short and medium cycles or cycles. Then there is the long hydrological cycle or cycle. Same with short and medium cycles, this long cycle also begins due to evaporation or evaporation from seawater due to heat or irradiation by the sun. The process or stages of this long cycle or cycle will be explained as follows:

• The sun’s heat that illuminates the Earth will cause seawater and also surfaces in the form of water to experience evaporation in the form of water vapor.
• The wind that blows will carry the water vapor towards the land and join together with water vapor from lakes, rivers and other bodies of water, as well as the results of transpiration from plants.
• This water vapor will turn into clouds and fall as precipitation or rain.
• Rainwater that falls, some will seep into the ground or infiltrate into groundwater. This infiltration process is sometimes not in the form of rain, but in the form of snow or ice.
• Some of this rainwater is absorbed by plants, and some will flow to the ground surface into ditches, ditches, rivers, lakes and will then empty into the sea. This groundwater flow is called percolation, and will end up going to the sea. Groundwater can also surface to form springs. That is a series of processes or stages of this long hydrological cycle or cycle. The long cycle is the cycle that lasts the longest and is also the most complete process.

Members of the Hydrosphere The hydrosphere is the designation for water that is on the surface of the Earth, whether in the form of seas or oceans or water on land. The various types of surface water that are included in the hydrosphere will be explained below, including:

• Waters that exist on land, including: Ground water, namely water that comes from snow, rain or other forms of rainfall that seeps into the ground and is accommodated in a waterproof layer. Surface water is the container of water that is on the surface of the Earth. Surface water includes rivers, lakes and swamps.
• Sea or ocean waters. This sea or ocean water is all the water that is in the seas or oceans, which is water that contains salt or salty water.
• Glaciers, ice and snow. The hydrosphere is not always water, but can also be glaciers, ice or snow.

Those are some of the meanings and elements of the hydrosphere that exist on Earth and its various kinds. And the description above has also explained about the hydrosphere. Hopefully this article is useful.

Hydrology – Life is believed to have originated in the aqueous solutions of the world’s oceans and living organisms depend on aqueous solutions, such as blood and digestive juices, for biological processes. Water also exists on planets and moons, both within and outside the solar system.

Water is known to have three completely different primary states on Earth, namely gas, solid, and liquid. Even though they have different forms, basically they come from the same unit. The form of water can change according to the ambient temperature. The water that exists on our earth flows in liquid form in rivers and oceans as solid as ice at the North and South poles and as a gas (steam) in the atmosphere.

Water is also located behind the ground and in the plants and animals. Every living thing requires water in one form or another to survive on Earth. Humans may be able to live hungry for several weeks without anything to eat, but humans can only live for a few days without water.

Water is one of the basic needs for every element of life on earth and plays a very big role for all living things. Not only does it play a big role for humans, but also for animals, and even for forests which contain various kinds of trees and plants that also need water for survival such as drinking, carrying out photosynthesis and many other interests.

The human body itself is 50 to 70% water, without exception also including the skin, cells in the body and all other important organs. So, it is impossible for a human being to stay alive if he is dehydrated or what we call thirst. Water, which plays a major role as the source of life for every living thing on earth, is always changing.

In fact, to become water itself, it must go through various long stages and other processes until it finally returns to its original form. The branch of science that deals with water is better known as hydrology.

Then, what exactly is meant by the notion of hydrology and what are the types and benefits? You can find the answer in this article. So, watch this review till the end, Readers.

Definition of Hydrology

Understanding Hydrology is a branch of geography that studies the cycle of water movement, from the beginning it evaporates on the surface of the earth until it returns to become water which will evaporate.

Understanding Hydrology is a branch of science whose main focus is studying the existence and movement of water on earth. In this case, including the movement, distribution and quality of water. This science is a branch of geography and has been studied since the 15th century AD.

According to the general understanding of hydrology, the hydrologic cycle is the science that studies the water cycle in all its phases including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and distribution of water on the surface, the earth’s surface, absorbing water into the ground, until recycling occurs again.

Next we will try to give a more in-depth explanation of water, or in earth science it is better known as hydrology.

Hydrological Cycle Process

The rotation of the hydrological process can be called the water cycle because the word hydrology itself has the same meaning as water, the difference is only in the vocabulary. The water cycle itself means a rotation process that takes place in the aquatic environment.

So, the hydrologic cycle is a process where water goes from the gas layer in the sky to the earth, then water returns to the gas layer in the sky and so on. The water cycle itself means one of the biogeochemical cycles that occur on earth in an effort to maintain the quantity and stock of water.

Another different meaning, if interpreted linguistically, hydrology is the science of water which comes from Greek. So, hydrology literally can be understood as a branch of geography that studies various matters related to water.

Series or Stages of Hydrological Cycle Process

In general, the process of the hydrologic cycle is when all the water on the earth’s surface evaporates. Any water that evaporates into the atmosphere or into space will then turn into clouds in the sky. After that, the water that has turned into a cloud will change into another form, namely water droplets.

These water droplets will then fall to earth as rain or in the form of ice which we call snow. After rain, water will enter the pores or openings in the soil with horizontal and vertical movement directions. The water will then return to become surface runoff which will continue to flow until it returns to rivers or lakes.

1. Evaporation or Evaporation of All Water

Evaporation is the first stage in the hydrologic cycle where evaporation occurs in water from rivers and the like. At that time, rivers, lakes, seas and other places were considered water objects, and water that evaporated would become gas.

The water in all water bodies then evaporates because of the sun’s heat and the evaporation process is also called the evaporation stage of water molecules. Evaporation or more clearly the evaporation of water molecules is the process of turning liquid molecules into gaseous molecules and then water into vapor.

Evaporation that occurs itself will then cause the effect of evaporating water that has been converted into gas in the atmosphere. Sunlight is the main intermediary in the evaporation step, so the hotter the light emitted, the higher the water molecules in the air.

2. Evaporation or Evaporation of Water Molecules in Living Tissues

Transpiration is an evaporation process. Although evaporation does not only occur in water, it is contained in water. Moreover, evaporation has a form of transpiration which occurs in the body parts of organisms, especially in animals and plants, and the process is similar to the transpiration phase.

Liquid molecules of animals and plants are then converted into vapor or gaseous molecules. After the liquid molecules have evaporated, they rise into the atmosphere as in the evaporation step.

Then, transpiration occurs in the tissues that exist in animals and plants, although from this stage the amount of water produced is not that great. During sweating, the fluid molecules that evaporate afterwards are not as important in the evaporation process.

3. Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration is a combination of the stages of transpiration and evaporation, so that more water evaporates at this stage. Evapotranspiration is a stage of evaporation where the liquid molecules that evaporate are all tissues in living things and water. The evapotranspiration stage itself is the stage that most influences the amount of water transported or the hydrological cycle.

4. Sublimation

Apart from the three processes above, it turns out that there is another evaporation process, namely sublimation. Sublimation itself has a meaning similar to the transformation of liquid molecules into gaseous molecules in the upper atmosphere or atmosphere. However, the evaporation that occurs is the transformation of ice in the mountains and at the North Pole, so it does not undergo liquidation.

Subsequent water production is not as high as in the evaporation stage and other stages. Although the sublimation phase still influences the evolution of the hydrologic cycle, it is indispensable. It’s just that what distinguishes the evaporation step and the sublimation step is that this step requires a slower time.

5. Condensation

After going through the previous four stages, the next stage is the condensation stage where the water has evaporated and then turned into ice particles. The ice particles themselves are very small and form due to the cold temperatures at high altitudes in the upper atmosphere.

The ice particles themselves then turn into clouds until the number of ice particles increases, the clouds become darker. Condensing or condensing itself is a process of change that occurs in a denser state, for example in a gas that turns into a liquid. Etymologically, condensate is a term derived from the Latin condensate which means closed. Evaporation itself is an example of a change in matter, that is, a temporary change in a substance.

Examples of changes in size, shape and form. This change then does not become a new substance and the liquid that has condensed from this vapor is then called condensate. Meanwhile, the condenser is a tool used to condense vapor and turn it into liquid.

6. Turbidity or Advection

Turbidity is a stage that does not occur in a short hydrologic cycle but only occurs in a long hydrologic cycle. At this point, what happens is the movement of clouds from one point to another, which are also known as clouds in the sky, spread out.

The movement of the clouds itself is caused by the wind which then moves from the ocean to the land and vice versa. Heat transfer is horizontal or transverse heat transfer. This movement then warms the air around it. Examples of this advection include differences in the ability to absorb and release heat on land and in the sea.

7. Rainfall

The seventh process is high rainfall or called the precipitation process which is the stage where the clouds melt because they cannot withstand the temperature rise. At this stage, one of the natural phenomena known as rain or falling water droplets will occur to the earth’s surface. If the ambient temperature is below 0 degrees Celsius, there will be hail accompanied by snow.

8.Run off

The phase of water movement from upstream to downstream is also called flowing water, at this stage, rainwater will move. Movement occurs from the upper surface to the lower surface with the previous surface through different channels. Channels in question include rivers, culverts, seas, lakes and oceans.

9. Infiltration

Infiltration is a stage of the hydrological cycle. At this stage rainwater is then converted into groundwater. Rainwater that falls to the ground itself does not flow completely like in the runoff phase, but will still flow to the ground. The process of rainwater into the pores of the soil is then called percolation and then returns to the rest of the oceans.

10. Conduction

The conduction process that heats up on touch or direct contact with an object. Heating occurs because the air molecules near the earth’s surface come into contact with the earth which receives direct heat from the sun so that the hot molecules come into contact with air molecules that are not yet warm.

Types of Hydrological Cycle

The hydrologic cycle undergoes various very long processes based on the explanation described above and in total there are up to nine hydrological cycle processes. There is also hydrological engineering, which is the science that explains the circulation, movement and distribution of water both in the atmosphere and on earth.

The rotation of the hydrological process itself is divided into three cycle characteristics including short cycles, medium cycles, and long cycles. Furthermore, we will provide a more detailed explanation below.

1. Short Hydrological Cycle

A short hydrologic cycle will never be created if it is during the movement or advection phase of the cloud. The liquid molecules that have been transformed into vapor will then fall as rain around the sea area, in more detail the short hydrologic cycle then unfolds itself in the form of evaporation or evaporation of sea water due to the sun’s rays that shine to the maximum in the ocean.

In addition, sea water itself will transform into molecular vapors, which will subsequently lead to the processing of ice particles in clouds or condensation. The last phase of the short hydrologic cycle itself is the rain clouds dropping above the sea level, in other words the sea water initially evaporates and will eventually return to the sea.

2. Moderate Hydrological Cycle

The next hydrologic cycle is the intermediate hydrologic cycle, which is somewhat different from the short hydrologic cycle. This one hydrological cycle will then create rain that will fall in the highlands and then the rainwater will return to the center of the water.

The hydrologic cycle in the first stage, consists of the evaporation or collection of water which becomes steam in various collections of water in the center of the water, which are then converted into gas or vapor molecules and will be lifted to the uppermost layers of the atmosphere under the influence of sunlight.

The steam will then move towards the continents due to advection effects. After reaching the earth’s atmosphere, this water vapor will then transform into clouds until the next stage then becomes rain which will fall to the earth.

The next stage itself is that rainwater that falls on land will go through the runoff phase. The rainwater itself then experiences movement through different channels before finally turning back to the sea and repeating itself.

3. Old Hydrological Cycle

The third element of the hydrological cycle is the old hydrological cycle, which generally occurs in upland areas such as hills and mountains. Although it does not only take place in this zone, this longer hydrological cycle also occurs in different subtropical climate zones. The difference between the old hydrologic cycle and other hydrologic cycles is that clouds do not immediately turn into rain.

The first stage of this precise cycle is that seawater evaporates, then settles on top, and then turns back into gaseous molecules and vapor. These changes occur due to the emission of light produced by the sun, until the sublimation of water vapor occurs.

In addition, clouds filled with ice blocks form and pass by advection or movement of clouds to other points. During the advection phase, the frozen clouds will then turn towards the continents and will become various rainfall events. After precipitation, it rains to produce snow instead of water which melts into the ice.
The terrestrial rock/iceberg will then melt under the effects of heat and pressure.

Due to the melting of icebergs, the water that forms flows along rivers to produce river water. In addition, water that starts from snow will then turn into icebergs and form water that flows more and more towards the sea. At this point, all the water that has gone through various stages of the hydrological cycle will return to the sea.

Benefits of the Hydrological Cycle

1. Water Supply

The amount of water participating in the hydrological cycle is 521,000 km3/year. Water is used by all aspects of life including the living things that live in it. Based on calculations, the water needs of all organisms have been sufficiently distributed. But in fact, there are areas that are still feeling the effects of drought and there are areas that have abundant water sources. This is because each region has different quality and quantity of water.

2. Resources of Life

Water is a basic need of living things. Without water, there will be no life. Water is the main constituent of cells and other levels of organisms. In oxidation and biotransformation, water is needed as an electron donor in water photolysis.

Seeds can become buds because of the infiltration process, namely the entry of water into the seed. Reproductive plants need water. Animals and humans need water to drink. Every layer of the lithosphere contains life. In fact, when conditions are arid, there is life, even if it goes slowly. In fact, water is a basic need to sustain living things.

3. Tourist Destinations

Waterfalls, mists, underground rivers, wells, ocean waves, rain, clouds, and rivers are a kind of blood relation in a hydrological system. The environment shaped by hundreds of years of hydrological cycles offers a special and useful perspective for tourism development. Without a hydrological system, this beauty would not be possible.

Conclusion

This is a brief discussion of how a series of events and the meaning of hydrology were formed. Not just the definition, but how the process is created, the types, and the benefits of hydrology. The hydrological process is a natural process carried out by nature and is purely created naturally and we can enjoy its beauty.

Thus a review of the notion of hydrology .

What is hibernation? Hibernation is something familiar. This hibernation is the process of an animal in surviving.

Hibernating animals will look like they have died. After all, they were just sleeping. Hibernation is done in some time.

It all depends on how the weather conditions in the area around which the animal lives. Despite sleep, hibernation is certainly different from sleep in general. What’s the difference?

This article will discuss what hibernation is. Starting from understanding, process to examples of animals that hibernate.

What Is Hibernation?

Another purpose of this hibernation is so that you don’t have to look for food in winter. Also, not having to migrate to a warmer place is also one of the reasons for hibernating.

Through hibernation, living things will not use their metabolism in conserving energy. During the hibernation process, some parts of the body will drop to a lower level. Such as heart rate, body temperature and respiratory rate.

Those things will drop to a much lower level. Generally, hibernation is done by animals. Animals that do hibernation live in winter, because of the cold weather and scarcity of food.

Hibernation is a fairly profitable way. The reason is, these animals can really close themselves. This was done for weeks.

Instead of trying to live and survive in extreme weather conditions, they will prefer to hibernate. Animals or plants that hibernate are called hibernators.

Hibernation function

One of the functions of hibernation is to save energy. The energy that is in for will be saved for a certain period. Especially when there is no longer enough food available to survive.

To achieve an energy saving, an endothermic process occurs. Endotherms are animals or animals that have a high body temperature, and are fixed and are not affected by the air temperature around their environment. At first, this endothermic process will lower the metabolic rate first.

This will then result in a decrease in body temperature. The hibernation process can occur within a certain time. Like in a few days, a few weeks or even a few months.

The length of the hibernation process depends on several things. What kind of species, how the temperature of the environment, what time of year and how the body condition of the hibernator itself.

Hibernation Process

The animal will do a hibernation phase to store fat reserves. These fat reserves will be stored in their bodies. This will allow them to adapt to winter, or a season where the climate temperature is lower than usual.

In slowing their metabolism, animals will cool their bodies to an average of 5°C to 10°C. Hibernators love quiet, dark winter homes. Some will go into caves or underground.

They’ll probably line the place where they hibernate with things. Like using grass, hair, or other materials that will make them feel comfortable. The hibernator’s body will respond to weather conditions.

If the weather around becomes colder than before, then the animals will move to raise their body temperature. Meanwhile, animals that do not do this are threatened with death. The warmer temperatures will tell the animals to come out of hibernation.

There are some animals that appear to eat when the hibernation process takes place. Then they will continue to hibernate until the weather around them returns to normal.

In fact, after waking up from hibernation these animals will need some time to adapt to their environment. This was done before they resumed their normal activities.

Some argue that hibernation is a sleep that resembles death. The reason is, during hibernation the heart rate will slow down. As well as several non-vital organs that become completely inactive. Moments like that are conditions where the body will use minimal energy.

Then, what is the difference between hibernation and sleep? Check out the explanation below.

Difference between Hibernation and Sleep

Hibernation is a different thing from sleep. Many animals conserve energy in winter. They prefer to sleep more.

However, these animals do not actually hibernate. When an animal goes to sleep, its body temperature doesn’t drop too much. In addition, the presence of noise or other disturbances can also wake sleeping animals.

The metabolism of hibernating animals will slow down. In addition, their body temperature will decrease.

Animals that are classified as mammals will eat a lot in autumn and summer. They will store fat for use throughout the winter. While hibernation is different from sleep in general, it is only one of many ways for animals to sleep, rest and survive their surroundings.

How Do Animals Eat During Hibernation?

True hibernators will be able to drastically reduce heart rate. Not only that, body temperature will also decrease when they decide to hibernate. Examples such as squirrels.

Squirrels can reduce their heart rate. When hibernating, their heart rate will decrease from 350 beats per minute, to only about 4 beats per minute. Squirrels do this while hibernating.

True hibernators only fully awaken every few weeks. They will eat some of the stored food. Then they will poop.

These animals can drastically lower their body temperature. Lowering body temperature even below freezing, or salty body fluids can work to prevent tissue crystallization at very cold temperatures.

Examples of Hibernating Animals

There are several examples of animals hibernating. Are as follows:

1. Golden Mantled Ground Squirrel ( Citellus lateralis )

Normally, they hibernate from 3 months to 4 months. They will consume food quickly. This will make them gain weight. at the time before hibernation begins, in October.

2. Some Insects

3. Bats

They will live in groups in large enough numbers when winter arrives. The bats will hang down and up with their wings and tail. They will cover her body.

The goal is to keep the body warm. Their body temperature will drop. It would make them look like they were dead.

Bats will hibernate for 7 months. In October to be precise, until April. They will only wake up once a month.

Bats will build up all the warmth during the hibernation process. The trick is to make a mock hole the size of their thumb.

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4. Frog

Woodland frogs are found under feces and under leaves. During winter, they will freeze. However, when spring comes they will melt again and wake up.

5. Snake

The holes made by the snakes can be found around the rocks. In addition, it can also be found in hidden pits and old well bottoms.

6. Beetle

That’s because they will eat a lot of aphids and pollen. Then, they would hide inside a building. In addition, their hiding places are under logs, mounds of leaves and rocks.

7. Bear

This is because bears do not show a significant decrease in metabolism. The temperature of his body is also fairly normal. Bears don’t actually hibernate.

They just go into the hole. These holes can vary. Such as river banks, caves and wooden basins. They only slightly lower body temperature and slow heart rate.

However, it can be argued that bears do not actually hibernate. The bears are just entering the torpor period. That can be said by sleeping temporarily, and being able to get up and take a walk in the surroundings.

The little cubs that are still young are also in the hole during the winter. Bears will eat at the end of the rainy and hot season. This is done as an effort to store fat.

Done before they get into the hole. When spring returned, the bear became very hungry and emaciated. In female bears, it will spend the winter in a burrow if they are about to give birth soon.

Hibernation performed by this bear is unique. Implementation lasts from 3 months to 7 months. It is characterized by a body temperature that is close to normal.

Others say that bears actually hibernate. As spring through autumn ends, the bears will eat much more than usual. It is intended that they have fat deposits.

This eating habit is known as hyperphagia . Bears can eat anything. Starting from fruit, fish, insects, grass, roots, even other small animals. They can eat as much as 45 kg of food in a day.

This makes the added weight per week reach 15 kg or 30 pounds. Bears will make nests under large trees. Apart from that, other places where he makes nests are like in tree holes, under waterfalls and in cave openings.

Making the bear’s nest is somewhat complicated. The process can take from 3 days to 7 days. Then they would cover the nest with spruce branches. Air pockets at the base of the nest are also intended to trap heat energy.

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That’s the explanation of what hibernation is.

Meaning of Grant – In everyday life, surely you often hear the term grant. The term grant is used by many to mean some kind of gift. For example, in matters of state, some media often interpret grants as giving funds from one agency to another in a sizable amount.

Basically, a gift can indeed be said as something that is given from someone while still alive to someone who is desired. Grants are quite often encountered in various social events, such as giving land from someone to be used by a social, educational, to religious institution.

Sometimes also, grants are given in the form of goods or money. Giving this type of gift is common when parents give inheritance to their children before they die. Grants themselves can also be made by siblings to siblings such as assets or property.

In the rules for grants made by the National Legal Development Agency, the Center for Counseling and Legal Aid, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, it states that everything regarding grant law is contained in Articles 1666 to Article 1693 of the Indonesian Civil Code, or commonly abbreviated as the Civil Code. .

The regulations regarding grants that have been regulated in article 1666 of the Civil Code reads that “Grants are an agreement whereby the grantor, at the time of his life, freely and irrevocably, surrenders something for the purposes of the recipient of the grant who receives the handover. . The law does not recognize other gifts other than grants among people who are still alive.

Well, this article will explain in full the meaning of grants, especially land grants. If you are wanting to know and understand the process of making a grant or receiving a grant in the form of land. The following is an explanation of the grant that will add insight and will be useful in the future.

A. Definition of Grant

As explained above, that a grant is a form of gift from someone who is still alive to another person. Grants can be realized in the form of several types of movable property and several types of immovable property. There are also examples of immovable property that are often encountered, namely property and land.

Apart from being able to give to people, grants can also be given to a social, educational, to religious foundation. The grant is usually intended to give gifts as a form of someone’s support for an institution.

However, many people equate the meaning of gift with inheritance, even though the two have different meanings. The difference between grants and inheritance lies in the person making the gift, inheritance is a gift made by someone who has died. In contrast to grants made by someone who is still alive.

Inheritance is commonly referred to in grant law is a testamentary grant. The will grant itself has been regulated in Article 957 to Article 972 of the Civil Code. Article 957 of the Civil Code reads that “A testamentary grant is a special stipulation, in which the heir gives certain items or items to one or several people, or all items and certain types; for example, all movable or fixed assets, or usufructuary rights over some or all of the goods”.

1. Definition of Grant

In the Big Indonesian Dictionary, a grant means a voluntary gift with the procedure of transferring ownership rights to another person. The meaning of the definition in the KBBI is almost the same as the meaning understood by most people. In addition, grant recipients are no longer obliged to provide compensation to the grantor.

However, the concept of grants that occurs is not as easy as the principle of giving and receiving. There are many forms of giving, from a sizable amount of money to an item of great value. In the applicable civil law rules, grants are required to include evidence. This is intended so that it cannot be sued by a third party.

Giving a grant can be said to be valid and can apply to the various parties involved if the recipient of the grant has confirmed the acceptance using the basis of a notarial deed. This regulation has been regulated in article 1683 jo. In the Civil Law Act or the Civil Code, land grant letters already have a law in accordance with the regulations in article 1666.

2. Explanation of Land Grants

The procedure for implementing a grant for land and buildings is almost the same as for buying and selling. The components that are very necessary in carrying out grants are land and data from the grantor or recipient of the grant. In general, the land data that must be completed is:

a. Original Land and Building Tax for the last 5 years including STTS (proof of payment)
b. Original land certificate
c. Original IMB
d. Proof of payment for electricity, telephone and water bills (if any)
e. If the land has a mortgage burden, it is necessary to attach a mortgage certificate on the land and building and complete a letter of settlement and original royal certificate from the bank.

In implementing land grants, the procedure must have evidence in the form of a deed from the PPAT. The procedure for giving a grant or receiving a grant will be followed up by making a grant deed signed by the PPAT. Furthermore, the PPAT will register documents regarding the deed of grants related to the regional land office. Finally, a printed notification will be delivered that the deed of permit has been submitted to all parties concerned.

When receiving a land grant, there is a potential for the grant that has been received to be accommodated with a tax object. This is because the recipient of the grant gets land ownership rights for free, so that the acquisition of rights from inheritance is a tax object that is subject to tax.

B. Legal Basis for Land Grant Letters

Land grant letters can be printed because they are regulated by articles 1666 to 1693 regarding grants in the Civil Code. Based on article 1666 of the Civil Code, it shows that a grant can be interpreted as a relationship related to an agreement from someone who makes a grant to hand over an item for free.

According to the regulations, when a grant has been received, there is no provision for the giver to withdraw the grant. It is an interest that belongs to someone who has become the recipient of the delivery of the goods. In accordance with the law, grants will not be recognized other than activities carried out among living people.

1. The Importance of Making a Land Grant Letter

In grant activities, making land grant letters has a very important role. This is because grants generally have a fairly large amount. Therefore, giving land grants to someone needs strong evidence so that there is no potential for a lawsuit against the party receiving it.

The thing that needs to be done to avoid this bad potential is that in making grants, a letter of approval from the heirs of the grantor, such as a biological child, must also be completed. Not only that, in making grants it should be in accordance with the absolute rights of the inheritance of the heirs that have been determined in the law.

According to the grant regulations in the Civil Code, the provisions that need to be considered in implementing grant grants are the conditions used. The following are the terms of the grant that you need to know, including:

1. Grant givers and grant recipients are adults according to law.
2. Implementation of the grant must be carried out using the original notarial deed and kept at the notary.
3. Implementation of grants to someone who is not old enough can be accepted by the person exercising authority as a parent.

2. Grant Legal Basis

Everything about grants has been regulated in article 1666 of the Civil Code or the Civil Code. Therefore, the explanation regarding grants is basically a gift from one person to another for free. However, there are several provisions that allow grants to be withdrawn if the implementation of the grant is from parents to their children.

Grants can be implemented based on article 1682 of the Civil Code, where in that article it is stated that, “No gift except that referred to in Article 1687 can be made without a notarial deed, the original text of which must be kept at the notary and if this is not done then the grant will be invalid”.

When quoting from other sources, the site of the Supreme Court Decision in article 1683 of the Civil Code states that, “No gift shall bind the grantor or cause something before the gift is received in firm words by the person who is given the grant or by his representative who has been authorized by him to receive the grant that has been or will be granted. If the receipt is not made with the deed of grant, then the acceptance can be made with an authentic deed later, the original text of which must be kept by the Notary, provided that this occurs while the grantor is still alive; in this case, for the grantor, the grant is only valid since the receipt of the grant is officially notified to him.

However, in the understanding of article 1687 in the Civil Code, it can be explained that grants that use movable and tangible objects such as letters of credit can be paid in a submissive manner. This means that grants do not need to use a notarial deed and can become valid, provided that the gift made has been taken for granted by the recipient of the grant or someone who can pass it on to the recipient of the grant. As a result, a grant can become valid provided that the recipient has obtained the grant.

3. Benefits of Land Grants

As stated above, the letter of grant has very important benefits because it becomes official evidence or document. Therefore, the making of a letter is usually done by a land deed official or can be abbreviated as PPAT accompanied by witnesses who are in accordance with the applicable requirements.

The benefits that can be felt by the community are clear provisions regarding someone who has immovable assets so that they can be given to the desired party, for example such as educational, social and educational foundations or can be made to heirs or children.

Implementation of land grants can be used for social purposes such as the construction of schools, houses of worship, to orphanages. The benefits of land grants can certainly have a lot of influence on the grantor. And, the benefits that can be obtained by families such as children or close relatives, namely land grants are more based on asset security.

Sample grant letter

1. Example of a Land Grant Letter to the Government

GRANT LETTER

The undersigned:
Name: Abdul Salam
Place, date of birth: Semarang, 16 October 1956
NIK: 389xxxxx
Occupation: Entrepreneur
Address: Jalan Makam Pahlawan No. 19, Semarang
Hereinafter referred to as the First Party.

Name: Semarang Village Office
Address: Jendral Sudirman Street No. 7, Central Java
Hereinafter referred to as the Second Party.

On March 21, 2021, the First Party stated that it would grant a land area of ​​750 m² to the Second Party. The land is in the name of Abdul Salam and accompanied by proof of ownership certificate (write the SHM number). The land is located at Jalan Kariyadi 10, Semarang. The following are the boundaries of the land:

• To the north it is bordered by: SD 12 Semarang
• To the east it is bordered by: Baitussalam Mosque
• To the south it is bordered by: Jalan Kariyadi 6
• To the west it is bordered by: Jalan Kariyadi 8

As long as it is owned by the First Party, the land mentioned has never been in dispute or sued by other parties. After this letter of grant has been signed by the First Party and the Second Party, the land mentioned will fully become the rights of the Second Party. Thus this letter of grant is made without coercion.

Semarang, 15 December 2021

(Abdul Salam) (Semarang Village Office)

Second Party First Party

2. Sample Land Grant Letter for Road

LAND GRANTS

The undersigned below:

Name: Abdul Salam
Place, date of birth: Jakarta, 23 April 1958
NIK: 316xxxxx
Occupation: Civil Servant
Address: Jalan Menteng No. 76
Hereinafter referred to as the First Party.

Name: Rudi Hartono
Place, date of birth: Bogor, March 18 1981
NIK: 316xxxx
Occupation: Private employee
Address: Jalan Menteng No. 56
Hereinafter referred to as the Second Party.

On February 11, 2020, the First Party stated that it would grant a 100m² plot of land to the Second Party for road widening purposes. The land is in the name of Mr. Adam Kuncoro and is accompanied by proof of Freehold Certificate (write the SHM number). The land is located at Jalan Menteng No. 41. The following are the boundaries of the land:

• To the north it is bordered by: Nurul Hidayah Mosque
• To the east it is bordered by: Taman Kampung
• To the south it is bordered by: Jalan Menteng No. 39
• To the west it is bordered by: Jalan Bandung No. 42

As long as it is owned by the First Party, the land mentioned has never been in dispute or sued by other parties. After this letter of grant has been signed by the First Party and the Second Party, the land mentioned will fully become the rights of the Second Party. Thus this letter of grant is made without coercion.

Jakarta, 23 December 2021

(Rudi Hartono) (Abdul Salam)

Second Party First Party

3. Example of a Land Grant Letter for a Mosque

LAND GRANTS FOR MOSQUES

The undersigned:
Name: Heru Satrio
Place, date of birth: Kudus, 27 September 1988
NIK: 317xxxxx
Occupation: Private Employee
Address: Jalan Jambu No. 29, Jaculo

Hereinafter referred to as the First Party.
Mosque: Al-Firdaus
Address: Jalan Jambu No. 28, Jekulo
hereinafter referred to as the Second Party.

On April 13, 2020, the First Party stated that it would grant a plot of land covering an area of ​​80 m² to the Second Party. The land is in the name of H. Anshori and accompanied by proof of ownership certificate (write the SHM number). The land is located at Jalan Jambu No. 27, Holy. The following are the boundaries of the land:

• To the north it is bordered by: Al-Firdaus Mosque
• To the east it is bordered by: Jalan Jambu No. 26, Jaculo
• To the south it is bordered by: Pos Kamling
• To the west it is bordered by: Jalan Jambu No.30, Jekulo

As long as it is owned by the First Party, the land mentioned has never been in dispute or sued by other parties. After this letter of grant has been signed by the First Party and the Second Party, the land mentioned will fully become the rights of the Second Party. Thus this letter of grant is made without coercion.

Kudus, 11 November 2021
(Heru Satrio) (Al-Firdaus Mosque)

Understanding Reptiles – The deadliest reptiles are spread in almost all countries. They mostly live in natural forests and have a deadly poison to survive in their habitat. Reptiles are one of the most feared because some of these types are among the deadliest animals on earth.

However, it is also important to understand that no animal is naturally cruel or evil. They are just trying to survive by hunting for food or defending against predators that approach them. If humans encounter these animals, it is better to stay away so they don’t feel threatened and attack you back.

Definition of Reptiles

Reptiles or reptiles (in Latin ” reptans ” means “creeping” or “creeping”) are a group of cold-blooded vertebrate animals and have scales that cover their bodies. Reptiles are tetrapods (animals with four limbs) and lay eggs whose embryos are covered by the amniotic membrane. Today, they live on every continent except Antarctica.

Some experts have suggested that reptiles were the first organisms to spread throughout homes, from dry habitats to small bodies of water. Examples of reptiles that live in such habitats are Komodo dragons and lizards. Reptiles not only live in dry and arid environments, but are also known as animals that live in two natural or scientific languages ​​called amphibians (water and land). However, only a few species live in the area. Examples are turtles, snakes, and crocodiles.

Reptiles have an important habitat on land. When in the water, they can only feed or lower their body temperature. In addition, reptiles have different body heights, from the smallest to the largest.

Characteristics and Grouping of Reptiles

There are various characteristics in this reptile, here is the explanation:

• Animal body that has been covered with scales.
• Included among a group of animals that are cold-blooded.
• Has a nervous system in the form of a brain.
• Have a sensory device such as eyes, nose and ears.
• Generally have a very long life.
• Has a large breathing apparatus in the form of lungs.
• Most reps can spawn.
• A few produce ovoviviparous or viviparous.
• Can live in an arid and dry place and live in two realms.

Currently, reptiles are grouped into four types, namely:

• Order Crocodilia (crocodiles, crocodiles, caimans, gavials and alligators): about 23 species.
• Order Sphenodontia (New Zealand tuatara): approx. 2 species.
• Order Squamata (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenia ( worm-lizards ): about 7,900 species.
• Order Testudinata (turtles, turtles and terrapins): about 300 species.

Because some reptiles are more closely related to birds than to other reptiles (crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to lizards), many modern scientists prefer to make Reptilia a monophyletic grouping and also include birds, which currently contain over 10,000 species.

The majority of reptiles are oviparous (lay eggs), although some Squamata species are viviparous (give birth). Viviparous reptiles feed their fetuses using a type of placenta similar to that of mammals. Reptiles vary in size, from up to 1.6 centimeters (little gecko, Sphaerodactylus ariasae ) to up to 6 meters and weighing up to 1 ton (saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus ). The branch of natural science that studies reptiles is herpetology.

Examples of Reptiles

The following are examples of reptiles including:

1. King Cobra

Lanang snake or king cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ) is the longest venomous snake species in the world. This snake is endemic in parts of India to Southeast Asia. This snake is also one of India’s national reptiles. Local names for this snake include ” oray totog ” (Sunda), ” tedung selor ” or ” tedung selar ” (Malay), and ” ula anang ” (Java).

Hamadryas hannah is the scientific name first used by naturalist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1836 who described four specimens of male snakes, three specimens obtained from Sundarban, India, and one specimen obtained from Kolkata. The Naja bungarus taxon was proposed by Hermann Schlegel in 1837 who described a specimen of the male snake from Java. The taxon of the genus Ophiophagus was proposed by Albert Günther in 1864. This taxon was derived from the tendency of this snake to eat other snakes.

The male snake’s body length generally ranges from 3.18 to 4 meters. The longest specimen ever found was 5.85 meters long. Male snakes are larger than female snakes. The upper body (dorsal) is olive, yellowish brown, or grayish in color, with the head being lighter in color. The lower part of the body (ventral) is gray or brown, with a yellowish neck area decorated with blackish spots.

In young snakes, the body is darker or blackish in color, and is decorated with small white or yellowish stripes. Even so, these stripes are sometimes still visible as adults, although they are more subtle.

The head of the male snake is large with a muzzle that tends to be short and blunt. Unlike other snakes in general, behind the pariental shields (scales) there is a pair of large occipital shields. There are 7 labial (lip) shields, some of which are in contact with the eyes. The pupils of the eyes are large and round.

The dorsal scales consist of as many as 15 rows in the middle of the body. Ventral scales as many as 215 to 262 pieces. Single anal scales, subcaudal scales as many as 80 to 120 pieces, some in the form of single scales and some in the form of paired scales.

The male snake is widespread from parts of India (Maharashtra, Karnataka (Dandeli), Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the Andaman Islands), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China (Fukien, Kwangtung, Hong Kong, Kwangsi, Hainan, Yunnan, SW Sichuan, Tibet), Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra, Mentawai Islands, Riau Islands, Bangka-Belitung , Java, Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi), and the Philippines (Balabac, Jolo, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Cebu, Bohol, Samar).

Lanang snakes live in lowland areas up to an altitude of 1800 meters above sea level. Its main habitat includes forests, swamps, bushland, agricultural land, and even around settlements. These snakes usually nest in earthen holes, piles of rocks, lush bushes, or between tree roots. This snake especially likes locations where bamboo grows and also mangrove forest areas.

2. Crocodile

Crocodiles are large-bodied reptiles that live in water. Scientifically, crocodiles include all species of members of the Crocodylidae tribe , including the sepit crocodile ( Tomistoma schlegelii ). However, this name can also be used loosely to refer to alligator, caiman and gavial crocodiles; namely relatives of crocodiles of different tribes.

Crocodiles generally inhabit freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, swamps and other wetlands. However, there are also those who live in brackish water such as estuarine crocodiles. Crocodile’s main food is vertebrates such as fish, reptiles and mammals, sometimes it also preys on mollusks and crustaceans depending on the species. Crocodiles are ancient animals, which have changed little due to evolution since the time of the dinosaurs.

3. Lizard

Lizards or bengkarung are a group of scaly reptiles with four legs (some species are legless and snake-like, but not snakes) which are very widespread in the world. Scientifically, this large group is known as the suborder or children of the Lacertilians (some literature mentions Sauria) which are members of the scaly reptile nation (Squamata) along with snakes.

In general, the term “lizard” or “bengkarung” (English: lizards ) also includes groups of lizards, geckos, chameleons, flying lizards, monitor lizards, iguanas, and others. Meanwhile, narrowly, the term lizard (and bengkarung) in Indonesian only refers to a group of lizards which are generally small in stature, dense, with smooth and shiny scales, and live on the ground (English: skink, i.e. all types of the Scincidae family, or species from the Scincomorpha infraorder).

Lizards generally have four legs, external ear holes, and eyelids that can be opened and closed. Even so, there are also types that do not have some of these characteristics. An example is the glass snake ( glass snake or glass lizard , tribe Anguidae) which does not have six physical legs so it resembles a snake, but can still be distinguished from a snake based on other characteristics.

4. Snake

Snakes are a group of legless and long-bodied reptiles that are widespread in the world. Scientifically, all types of snakes are grouped in one sub-order, namely Serpentes and are also members of the order Squamata (scaly reptiles) along with lizards. However, snakes (Serpentes) themselves are classified in the clade branch (Ophidia), namely a group of reptiles-reptiles with or without legs, have a long body, and have very different physiology from lizards.

Snakes are thought to have evolved from land lizards as early as the mid-Jurassic period (174.1-163.5 million years ago). The oldest known snake fossil, Eophis underwoodi , was a small snake that lived on the southern British mainland about 167 million years ago.

The main characteristics of snakes are long bodies and no legs. However, these characteristics are also shared by some types of lizards, for example (Burton’s pencil lizard). The next characteristic is that snakes have no sense of hearing at all. However, snakes can feel vibrations through their mandibles when they stick to the ground or on a surface.

Snakes do not have eyelids that can be opened and closed, and their eyes are kept open throughout their lives. Even so, the snake’s eyes are covered with clear scales that protect it from dirt. Another main feature is that the snake’s tongue is forked with each branch being long and pointed, and can be extended out through the cavity in the middle of the lips.

5. Iguanas

Iguanas are a genus of lizards that live in the tropics of Central America, South America and the Caribbean islands. These lizards were first described by an Austrian zoologist, Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in 1768. So far, the genus Iguana consists of only two species, namely the green iguana (Iguana iguana) and the Lesser Antilles iguana ( Iguana delicatissima ).

The term “iguana” is known to possibly originate from the Taino language (one of the Native American tribes) namely “iwana” which also refers to these lizards. Iguana body length between 1.5 meters to 1.8 meters, including the length of the tail. The characteristic feature of iguanas is that they have a crest (like roosters) under their jaws, as well as rows of scales forming large spines on their upper body, which run from the neck to the base of the tail.

In addition, iguanas also have eye-like organs on the top of their heads. The organ serves to analyze the light around it. Iguana body color varies, ranging from bright green, green-brown, moss green, yellowish green or grayish, or caramel brown. The iguana’s tail is the same color as the body and is decorated with black or dark stripes from base to tip.

Iguanas are well adapted as tree lizards and herbivorous lizards. However, they still need animal nutrition, usually by eating small insects in the plants they eat.

6. Tortoise

Turtles are scaly, four-legged animals that belong to the reptile group. The nation of animals called (order) Testudines (or Chelonians ) is distinctive and easily recognized by the presence of a hard and stiff “house” or shell ( bony shell ).

The tortoise shell consists of two parts. The upper part that covers the back is called the carapace and the lower part (ventral, stomach) is called the plastron. Then each part is composed of two layers. The outer layer is generally large and hard scales, and arranged like tiles; while the inner layer is in the form of bone plates tightly arranged like a shell. Exceptions are found in the turtle group (Trionychoidea) and leatherback turtles, whose outer layers are scaly and replaced by a layer of skin on the outside of their bony shells.

In Indonesian, we know three groups of animals that belong to this nation, namely turtles (English: sea turtles ), turtles or turtles ( freshwater turtles ), and turtles ( tortoises ). In English, distinguished again between land tortoises ( land tortoises ) and freshwater turtles ( freshwater tortoises or terrapins ).

7. Turtle

Sea turtles are sea turtles that are found in all the world’s oceans. According to data from scientists, turtles have existed since the end of the Jurassic period (145-208 million years ago) or are the same age as dhinosaurs. At that time, Archelon , which was six meters long, and Cimochelys were already swimming in ancient seas like today’s turtles.

Turtles have a pair of forelimbs in the form of rowers’ feet which give them the agility to swim in the water. Even though they have wandered in the water all their lives, the vertebrate group of animals, the reptile class, still has to occasionally rise to the surface of the water to take a breath. That’s because turtles breathe with lungs. Sea turtles generally migrate long distances in not too long a time. A distance of 3,000 kilometers can be covered in 58-73 days.

8. Komodo

Komodo dragons or complete Komodo dragons ( Varanus komodoensis ) are large monitor lizard species found on the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang and Gili Dasami in East Nusa Tenggara Province. This monitor lizard by the natives of the island of Komodo is also called by the local name “ora”. Another name for the Komodo dragon is land crocodile, although the Komodo dragon is not a species of crocodile.

Komodo dragons are the largest species in the Varanidae family , as well as the largest lizards in the world, with an average length of 2–3 meters and can weigh up to 100 kilograms. The Komodo dragon is the top predator in its habitat because so far there is no known large carnivore other than this monitor lizard anywhere in its geography.

Well, Readers. That’s a little story about reptiles. It turns out that the way these animals survive is very unique. However, even though most of these reptiles are wild animals, we must not hunt these animals so that the natural ecosystem is maintained.

The definition of wild animals in general is animals that are not kept by humans. The original habitat of these wild animals is in the wild, without direct contact with human activities. However, while the human population is increasing rapidly, biodiversity is doing the opposite.

Recognizing the reduction in biodiversity, conservation is starting to exist to save animals or animals that are already in danger of extinction so that they don’t disappear from the face of this earth.

Unlike pets, these wild animals have quite complex needs, which even scientists are still trying to understand. According to Born Free UK, the basic needs of wild animals include an adequate environment, proper diet, freedom to engage in normal behavior, social needs which are often very complex, as well as freedom from pain, disease or injury.

Ensuring the needs of these wild animals can be properly met is one of the things that is quite difficult for conservationists to do. Especially private owners. It would be much easier if the wild animals could talk about it, but sadly that is impossible.

People are allowed to keep exotic pets with special permits. For example, under The Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976, UK citizens must obtain a permit for any animal that has been registered within a period under the law, including bears, primates, venomous reptiles, and also a big cat. A survey conducted in 2021 by Bron Free UK said that nearly 4,000 wild animals were kept as pets, including 61 big cats, more than 150 lemurs and 57 diamondback rattlesnakes.

Then for Indonesia itself, people are allowed to bring home the third generation of animals obtained from captivity for conservation purposes. Does that automatically mean private ownership in the name of conservation animal advocates consider allowing private ownership of exotic animals to perpetuate the animal trade. With the increasing demand for exotic pets, especially as social media portrays how easy it is to own wild animals.

Of course, many of us have seen a local celebrity playing with their pet tiger at their house, then suddenly also got a golden retriever as a pet. While owning exotic pets normalized and the demand was high, it was risky for the remaining wild animals to be caught from captivity and then traded.

Risk of Attack and Disease from Wild Animals

Maybe we can take wild animals from nature, but we can’t get rid of their wildness. Even though they are used to interacting with humans, wild animals still have movements that are quite dangerous for humans.

In the United States for example, the Born Free USA database records more than 1,800 incidents due to exotic pets. The most recent was on September 9, 2021, when a five-year-old vervet monkey named Maliki was handed over to a wildlife sanctuary after biting his owner’s hand in a critical condition. Maliki has been kept privately as a pet since he was a baby.

In addition, there is also a risk of zoonotic diseases, namely diseases caused by pathogens or viruses, bacteria, and also parasites that can be transmitted from animals to humans. These diseases include the Ebola virus, SARS, and also monkeypox. It is estimated that these zoonotic diseases contribute to 75 percent of current diseases, with non-domestic animals as their source of origin.

Wild Animals Should Live in the Wild

There are many reasons why private ownership of wild animals is not the best way to solve today’s biodiversity problems. In the end, all conservation efforts must try to keep these animals in their natural habitat. Wild animals are supposed to live in the wild, just like humans who live with clothing, food and boards, as well as bonds with other humans.

However, when discussing animal conservation, it means we must realize that there is no one definite answer for this one problem. Climate change as well as the lack of attention to animal welfare are the reasons why animal conservation remains quite a challenge and an area that still needs to be explored. We can only hope that there will be good things that we can get with the knowledge we have.

8 Types of Wild Animals That Can Be Found in Indonesia’s Wildlife

For people who like to climb mountains or explore national parks, then of course they are already familiar with the wild animals that they can find in the wild in Indonesia. The following are some of the wild animals that we can find while on vacation or exploring the wild in Indonesia, including:

1. Leeches

Its relatively small shape and size might make us not aware of its existence. However, be careful because leeches are blood-eating wild animals and their bite marks can make the skin itchy and hard to get rid of.

2. Bear

Even though it is very unlikely to meet this one wild animal, don’t be surprised when you meet a sun bear when visiting the Sungai Wain Protection Forest in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan.

3. Snake

Various types of snakes live in the forests in Indonesia. Although not all types of snakes have poison, we still have to be careful especially with snakes that are quite large.

4. Coyote

Known as ajak, coyotes can be found on the islands of Java and Sumatra. Even though it has a body shape that is not as big as a wolf, we still have to be vigilant so as not to lure them closer. Don’t store leftovers near your tent to avoid being approached by coyotes in the middle of the night.

5. Elephant

Sumatra Island is one of the islands in the world that still has elephants living in their natural habitat even though they are already threatened with extinction. Therefore, it is better not to approach when you see elephants in the wild so they don’t think that we are threatening them.

6. Tiger

Clouded leopards, leopards, and panthers can still be found in forest areas in Indonesia. Even though it is very rare to meet them, we must find out if the place to be visited is their home and also make sure to explore the forest with a trusted guide.

7. Monkey

Even though the shape is not too big, monkeys have quite strong energy and some types of them tend to be fun. Avoid throwing food scraps carelessly so they don’t approach them.

8. Wild Boar

Wild boar can be found in various parts of the world, including Indonesia. This one wild animal is one of the animals most often encountered by hikers.

Are Wild Animals and Wild Animals the Same?

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary or KBBI, wild animals are wild animals and are generally hostile to humans or animals that are very dangerous for humans because they can attack or hurt humans. Animals that are categorized as wild animals are those that are dangerous to humans. Both those who can attack with bites, scratches, horns, stings, pounces, and also other attacks that cause injuries to death.

While wild animals are animals that live in the wild or in the wild and are not kept by humans. Not all wild animals are included in the wild animal category. But all wild animals definitely fall into the category of wild animals.

Examples of Wild Animals

There are lots of wild animals that exist in the wild life. The following are some examples of wild animals that need to be known to increase knowledge, including:

1. Lion

The lion can be said to be the king of the jungle. This one animal is a very feared carnivorous predator. It can prey on rodents, African buffalo, wildebeest, and zebras. This lion belongs to the category of the Felidae family, or the stocky big cat family. Where the body size is the second largest after the tiger. This animal is active at night and prefers grasslands, shrubs, savannas, and also open forests. Historically, lions ranged over large parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. However, today many lions are found in several areas of the Saharan South Africa.

2. Wolf

The wolf is a species of carnivorous mammal that belongs to the wild dog family. This type of gray wolf is very common in the northern hemisphere, such as in Europe, North America, to several areas in Asia. Wolves and humans have a long history of enmity. Because this animal often attacks livestock, they are often hunted and killed. The wolf is a predator that eats animals around its habitat, such as venison. On average, a gray wolf can eat around nearly 10 kg of meat in one sitting.

3. Bear

Even though it looks adorable and funny, the bear is one of the animals that often attacks humans. This one animal has a strong body and they can run fast, climb trees to swim. Bears are predators that are quite feared. This bear habitat is spread throughout America, Europe, and also Asia and the Arctic circle with various species. The majority of bear species are actually omnivores, meaning they will eat a variety of foods such as fish, bamboo, and fruit.

4. Crocodile

Crocodile is a large-bodied reptile animal whose habitat is in water. This one animal belongs to one type of amphibian which is usually large. Apart from that, these wild animals also include carnivores that prey on other animals such as reptiles and fish. Crocodile is known as one of the water predators and often attacks humans. One of the famous crocodiles as the deadliest predators is the type of Crocodylus palustris in Asia. With a protective layer of defense and also fast movements, these Asian crocodiles have ten times the strength when they attack quickly.

5. Bull

Banteng belong to the bovine family and can be found in various parts of Southeast Asia. This one animal belongs to the herbivore class and eats various kinds of plants such as grass, leaves, and also fruits. In Indonesia, the bull has a reputation as a wild animal that is quite dangerous. In fact, if it is not provoked, bulls will not attack humans.

6. Snake

Snakes are one of the wild animals that are quite deadly. This animal is a predator that preys with its mouth and also bites. Snakes are the animals most hated by birds, wild boars, and also raccoons. In fact, snakes also sometimes become enemies for other snakes. Not all snake species are dangerous, but it cannot be denied that some snake venoms are very dangerous for humans.

7. Komodo

This Komodo belongs to carnivorous animals which are part of the large lizards. It is included in a protected wild animal because its population is decreasing. Komodo dragons will rely on their teeth, nails and tail as a weapon in attacking their prey. He has 5 very sharp nails and can cut the skin of other animals. The structure of the Komodo dragon’s teeth is also similar to that of sharks, very sharp. In addition, the wild water produced from these animals contains 60 deadly and very dangerous bacteria.

8. Sharks

Sharks are included in the top predators in the ocean. They often carry out attacks that occur on the high seas and coastal waters. This animal has a large body shape and strong fangs. Sharks attack humans because they are mistaken for fish they will consume. Most sharks are color blind, so when humans swim they are mistaken for seals or sea lions.

9. Gorillas

Gorillas are carnivorous animals that tend to be quite calm, but they don’t hesitate to attack if they feel threatened by the peace of their family. Angry gorilla is as scary as any other beast. Based on the list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature or IUCN, the species Gorilla beringei or mountain gorilla is included in the red list. That means, this wild animal is included in the list that must be protected by its population.

10. Rhino

Rhino is a herbivorous animal that usually eats leaves or fruit. However, rhinos do not hesitate to attack anyone who disturbs their peace. This rhino is included in the protected animal population. Moreover, there are only 46 to 66 individuals left for the Javan rhinoceros and they are in the Ujung Kulon National Park in Indonesia.

11. Amur Leopard

The Amur leopard is one of the most endangered big cat species in the world. According to the IUCN list, between 2014 and 2015, there were only 92 Amur leopards left in the world. The Amur leopard is a carnivorous animal that eats all prey of various sizes such as rodents, birds, fish, monkeys and other animals in its habitat. This Amur leopard does not hesitate to attack humans with its claws until it can threaten human life.

This is an explanation of the definition of wild animals and examples. 

Hello Readers friends , Did you know? Every tool we use today contains an electric charge, so every day we will always use a tool that is electrically charged. In fact, electric charge is one of the electric charges in the human body.

When talking about electric charge, there must always be a negative charge and a positive charge because without it the charge will create a repulsive force. In other words, charges with the same charge will cause a repulsive force and charges with a different charge will cause an attractive force.

Basically, elementary charge has interconnected particles, namely protons and electrons, both of which are part of the particles that make up the atom. However, in an electric charge, there are no neutrons. If there is no charge, current cannot flow.

The negatively charged part of the atom is the electron. These electrons are an important and often discussed part of the theory of the two sciences. In chemistry, electrons play an important role in the properties of electrolytes, namely the parts that affect the flow of electricity.

Because of its very important role, you must know and understand electrons as a basic science before studying other higher sciences. For more details, it’s a good idea to listen to the following reviews.

Definition of Electron

Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative charge and are often written as e-. Electrons have no known basic components or substructures, so they are said to be elementary particles. An electron has a mass of 1/1836 a proton. The intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of the electron is half its integer value in units, meaning it is a fermion.

The antiparticle of the electron is called the positron, which is like the electron but has a positive charge. When an electron collides with a positron, the two can scatter or be completely annihilated, creating a pair (or more) of gamma photons.

Electrons, belonging to the first generation of the lepton family, participate in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. Like all matter, electrons have both particle and wave properties (wave-particle duality), so they can collide with other particles and be diffracted like light. Since electrons belong to fermions, two different electrons cannot occupy the same quantum state according to the Pauli exclusion principle.

The concept of indivisible charges natural philosopher Richard Laming theorized to explain the chemical properties of atoms in 1838; [6] The name electron was given to describe this charge in 1894 by the Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney . The electron was identified as a particle in 1897 by JJ Thomson .

In many physical phenomena, such as electricity, magnetism and thermal conduction, electrons play a very important role. An electron moving relative to an observer will generate a magnetic field and the path of the electron will also be deflected by the external magnetic field. When an electron is accelerated, it can absorb or emit energy in the form of photons.

Electrons and atomic nuclei are made up of the protons and neutrons that make up the atom. However, electrons make up only 0.06% of the total atomic mass. The Coulomb attraction between electrons and protons causes electrons to bond within the atom. The exchange or sharing of electrons between two or more atoms is the main cause of chemical bonds.

Theoretically, most electrons in the universe were generated in the Big Bang, but they can also be generated by the beta decay of radioactive isotopes as well as in high energetic collisions, such as when cosmic rays enter the atmosphere.

Electrons can be destroyed by destroying a positron, or they can be absorbed during stellar nucleosynthesis. Modern experimental equipment can be used to charge or monitor individual electrons. Electrons have many applications in modern technology, for example in electron microscopy, radiation therapy and particle accelerators.

Electron History

The ancient Greeks noticed that amber attracted small objects when rubbed with animal hair. Apart from lightning, this phenomenon is one of the earliest human records regarding electricity. In his 1600 work De Magnete, English physicist William Gilbert coined the new term electricus to refer to the attracting property of small objects after being rubbed. The English word for electric is derived from the Latin ēlectrum , which comes from the Greek ήλεκτρον (ēlektron) for amber.

In 1737, CF Du Fay and Hawksbee independently discovered what they believed to be two types of triboelectricity; one is produced by scrubbing glass, the other is produced by scrubbing plastic. From this, Du Fay hypothesized that electricity consists of two electrical fluids, namely “glass” and “plastic”, which are separated by friction and neutralize each other when combined.

A decade later, Benjamin Franklin proposed that electricity did not come from different electrical fluids, but from the same electrolytic fluid under different pressures. He gave a nomenclature of positive and negative charges for these different pressures.

Between 1838 and 1851, English naturalist Richard Laming developed the idea that the atom consisted of a core of matter surrounded by electrically charged subatomic particles. As early as 1846, the German physicist William Weber hypothesized that electricity consists of positively and negatively charged fluids, and their interaction obeys the inverse square law.

After studying electrolysis in 1874, Irish physicist George Johnstone Stoney theorized that there was a “definite unit of electric charge” which was the divalent ionic charge. He succeeded in estimating the value of this elementary charge e thanks to Faraday’s laws of electrolysis. However, Stoney believed that this charge was permanently attached to the atom and could not be removed. In 1881, the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz proposed that positive and negative charges were divided into fundamental parts, which “act like electrical atoms”.

In 1894, Stoney coined the term electron to denote this elementary charge. The word electron, a combination of electromagnetism with the ending on, is now used to refer to subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons.

Electron Inventor and Developer

The discoverer of the electron is known to many as Joseph John Thomson , also known as JJ Thomson . But based on some historical records, JJ Thomson continued William Crookes’ experiments . After being developed by JJ Thomson , the discovery of electrons continues to be developed. If sorted, there are several inventors who played a role in the development of electrons, including:

Johann William Hittorf and Eugen Goldstein

The initial discovery of the electron started while a German physicist was working on it. discovered in 1869 in the form of a glow from the cathode. Light emission will increase as the gas pressure decreases. Physicist named Johann William Hittorf , he was born on March 27, 1824 in Bonn, Germany. He died on November 28, 1914. The German physicist Eugen Goldstein showed that these rays cast their shadows, and he named them cathode rays.

William Crookes

William Crookes was born in England in 1832 in England. He is a physicist and chemist. After the advent of cathode rays, in 1870, William Crookes conducted experiments to build the first vacuum cathode ray tube. Through the tube he built, William Crookes demonstrated the appearance of visible light rays from inside the tube and these rays carried energy and traveled from the cathode to the anode.

In fact, he can use the magnetic field used to bend the fingers. Thus, he was able to show that visible light carried a negative charge. Thus, he stated that cathode rays were negatively charged particles that were present in all matter and had mass. Then in 1879, William Crookes named his discovery, radian materials.

JJ Thomson is with John S. Townsend and HA Wilson

JJ Thomson with his experimental friends, John S. Townsend and HA Wilson conducted experiments to develop the cathode ray tube invented by William Crookes . JJ Thomson and two colleagues not only developed the cathode ray tube, but also wanted to show that cathode rays were a new particle.

They then carried out three experimental tests on the effects of magnetic and electric fields in a cathode ray tube. In accordance with the experiments that have been done. JJ Thomson concluded that cathode rays are one of the particles that make up atoms with a negative charge.

After JJ Thomson’s discovery succeeded, an Irish physicist named George F. Fitzgerald named the particle he discovered, the electron. These negatively charged electrons are what we know today, especially in the process of forming atoms or subatomic particles.

So it is often said that the electron was discovered by JJ Thomson . JJ Thomson was born in Cheetham Hill, Manchester, England on December 18, 1856. He died aged 83 on August 30, 1940 in Cambridge, England.

Henri Becquerel

After JJ Thomson conducted experiments and developed cathode rays and electrons, there was a physicist named Henri Becquerel and he came from France. In his experiments, Henri Becquerel said that there are alpha and beta particles. The appearance of these two particles is because they can penetrate physical objects.

Then, in 1900, Henri Becquerel wanted to show that electrons are part of the particles that make up the atom. To prove it, he conducted research and from this research came to the conclusion that the beta rays emitted by radium could be deflected by an electric field. Furthermore, Henri Becquerel concluded that the mass-to-charge ratio is the same as the mass-to-charge ratio of cathode rays.

Robert Andrews Millikan

Robert Andrews Millikan also known as Robert Millikan was born on March 22, 1868 in Morrison. He was a physicist who wanted to measure electrons precisely by conducting an oil drop experiment. The experiment was carried out in 1909 and published in 1911. Robert Millikan ‘s experiment used an electric field.

The electric field in this experiment prevented the falling of the charged oil droplets due to the gravitational force. The instrument used by Robert Millikan can measure charges from 1 to 150 ions with the warning that the error is less than 0.3%. He died on December 19, 1953.

Charles Wilson

In the early 20th century, it was discovered that there is a rapid movement of charged particles and under certain conditions can lead to the emergence of water vapor particles through saturation condensation along the particle stream. With such a principle, in 1911, Charles Wilson created a cloud chamber, in which the cloudy space can catch all paths of electrically charged particles that can move at high speed.

Properties of Electrons

Atoms consist of three constituent particles with very different electrical charges. The negatively charged particles that make up atoms are electrons. These are the properties of electrons!

1. As Elementary Particles

According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, electrons have no visible structure and cannot be reduced or broken down into smaller components. Thus, the electron is an elementary particle, also known as an elementary particle.

2. Negatively Charged

As mentioned earlier, electrons are the negatively charged particles that make up atoms. The charge of the electron is -1 (the reciprocal of the proton).

3. Has a Small Mass 

4. Found in Electron Atomic Orbitals

Not found in the atomic nucleus or nucleus. The electrons found in the space around the atomic nucleus are called orbitals. In orbitals, electrons orbit the atomic nucleus at different energies. However, the exact position of the electron in an atom cannot be determined, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

5. Spin

The next property of electrons is spin or spin. According to Metaphysical Concepts, electrons have an intrinsic angular momentum and a magnetic moment that causes them to spin and is called the spin of the electron.

The angular momentum of the quantum number it has. Meanwhile, electrons only have two possible spin directions, namely in the direction of the magnetic field (up) and away from the magnetic field (down). So the quantum number of an electronic battery can be +1/2 or -1/2. The two orientations of the electron spins lead to the filling of the orbitals.

According to the Khan Institute, only two electrons can fill a given orbital with opposite spins. This consequence is known as the Pauli exclusion principle.

Electron Interaction

Electrons create an electric field that attracts positively charged particles such as protons and repels other negatively charged particles. This force of attraction/repulsion is determined by Coulomb’s law. When the electrons move, they create a magnetic field. The Ampere-Maxwell law relates the magnetic field to the motion of the electron mass (current) relative to an observer. The electromagnetic field of moving charge carriers is represented using Liénard-Wiechert potentials, which hold even for particles moving close to the speed of light.

When electrons move in a magnetic field, Lorentz forces affect the direction of the electron orbitals perpendicular to the magnetic field lines and the speed of the electrons. This centripetal force causes the electron orbits to take a spiral shape.

The acceleration resulting from this curved motion causes the electrons to emit energy in the form of synchrotron radiation. This energetic emission can then bounce off the electrons, known as the Abraham-Lorentz-Dirac force, which creates friction that slows the electrons down. . This force is due to the reverse reaction of the electron field with itself.

In quantum electrodynamics, electromagnetic interactions between particles are mediated by photons. Isolated electrons that are not accelerated cannot emit or absorb photons; if it absorbs or emits a photon, it violates the law of conservation of energy and momentum.

However, virtual photons can transfer momentum between two charged particles. It is this exchange of virtual photons that produces the Coulomb force. Energy emission can occur when moving electrons are deflected by charged particles such as protons. The acceleration of electrons causes the emission of Bremsstrahlung radiation.

The elastic collision between photons (light) and free electrons is called Compton scattering. These collisions generate momentum and energy transfer between the particles, which changes the wavelength of the photon by some Compton shift.

The maximum magnitude of this wavelength shift is h/mec, which is known as the Compton wavelength. For an electron, it is 2.43 × 10−12 m. [60] If the wavelength of light is long (for example, the wavelength of visible light is 0.4-0.7 m) then the shift in wavelength becomes very small. The interaction between light and free electrons is called Thomson scattering.

The relative strength of the electromagnetic interaction between two charge carriers such as electrons and protons is given by the fine structure constant. The value of this constant is dimensionless and is the ratio of two energies: the electrostatic energy of the attraction (or repulsion) at the Compton wavelength separation to the residual energy of the load. This is 7.297353 × 10−3, or approximately 1⁄137.

When an electron and a positron collide, they annihilate each other, producing two or more gamma photon rays. If the electron and positron have negligible momentum, a positronium atom can form before annihilation, producing two or three gamma-ray photons with an energy of 1.022 MeV.

On the other hand, high-energy photons can turn into electrons and positrons back in a process called pair production, but only in the presence of a nearby charged particle, such as the atomic nucleus.

The Role of Electrons in Everyday Life

Here are 5 complete roles of electrons in everyday life.

1. Deep electron X-rays X-rays are used to diagnose or analyze disease, usually to examine damaged areas and the lungs.

2. Electrons are also used in microscopes to manipulate light and display images, resulting in greater and better resolution.

3. Making fireworks also requires electrons to make sparks of beautiful colors.

4. Transport oxygen throughout the body.

5. Electrons are also used in radiation therapy to cure cancer cells.

Definition of Carnivorous Animals – To sustain life, every living thing requires nutrition to be distributed throughout the body according to its needs. These nutrients are obtained from food intake that enters the mouth, then digested by the stomach with the help of enzymes.

Judging from the type of food, kingdom animalia is divided into three groups of animals, namely herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. All three have their respective roles in the food chain. This time we will thoroughly examine everything about carnivorous animals, the definition of carnivorous animals, their characteristics and examples. Keep following, Readers review this time. Always activate your Gramedia Digital application, so you don’t miss other exciting information.

Definition of carnivorous animals

In simple terms, carnivores are meat-eating animals. In broad terms, carnivores, meat eaters, or food animals are living things that get the energy and nutrients they need from a food source in the form of animal tissue, either as a predator of other animals, or from animals that have died and decayed. From another source

The definition of carnivore is taken from the Latin word caro which means meat and the word vorare which means food, thus it can be concluded that carnivores are meat-eating animals.

Because the food source is meat, it is not uncommon for carnivorous animals to get their food by hunting other carnivorous animals around them, so carnivorous animals get the nickname as predators. Is it evil? Of course not, this is an important aspect in its role as an ecosystem balancer that prevents animal populations. Carnivorous animals are at the top of the food chain But not only animals, it turns out that there are also plants that catch insects, even other small animals, these plants are called carnivorous plants, as well as fungi that eat microscopic animals, also known as carnivore fungi .

Characteristics of carnivorous animals

Characteristically in the digestive system of carnivorous animals. The digestive system of carnivorous animals is shorter than herbivorous animals. The reason is that carnivorous animals have food that can be easily destroyed, in contrast to the cellulose component present in herbivores.

Carnivorous animals have sharp and strong teeth. As a meat eater, the strong teeth of carnivorous animals help carnivorous animals to kill their prey and tear their prey’s flesh. This process is supported by a set of sharp and pointed canines and incisors, which are owned by carnivorous animals.

The presence of sharp and pointy canines is not an indication that this animal is a carnivorous animal. This only provides information about dietary patterns that contain animal meat. After food is digested and broken down into a form ready for absorption, it is absorbed in the small intestine. Meanwhile, water, nutrients, a small amount of fat, and small amounts of other proteins are absorbed in the large intestine. Carnivorous animals do not have cellulose digestive enzymes.

In the animal kingdom, each animal has its own characteristics. What other characteristics of carnivorous animals? What also distinguishes carnivorous animals from other animals? It’s good, we learn more about the characteristics of this carnivorous animal, so that we can more easily recognize its characteristics.

1. The digestive system of carnivorous animals is the digestive system of carnivorous animals.
2. The digestive system of carnivorous animals digests material of animal origin
3. The digestive system in carnivorous animals has a single stomach with a shorter digestive tract.
4. Have sharp and strong teeth to tear meat or prey
5. Have sharp nails or claws to immobilize their prey
6. Has the ability to run very fast to hunt and attack its prey
7. Most are mammals that have mammary glands

Types of carnivorous animals

Readers, it turns out that carnivorous animals have many types. What kind?

1. Obligate carnivores

Some carnivorous animals, are referred to as obligate carnivores. In other terms, obligate carnivores are referred to as true carnivores, ie animals that only depend on nutrients from animal flesh to survive. Obligate carnivores do not have an adequate digestive system to digest plant matter. The body of an obligate carnivore cannot digest plants properly, and it seems as if it just goes through the process of emesis, which is forcibly expelling the contents of the stomach through the mouth or nose, so that the plant cannot provide sufficient nutrition for the obligate carnivore.

 2. Hypercarnivores

Hypercarnivora is a group of animals where 70% of their food source is meat. Hypercarnivora includes carnivorous animals that are not obligatory carnivores. The characteristic of this carnivorous animal is that it has a strong skull and facial muscles, which function to hold prey, cut meat, and break bones. Oh yes, animals that are included in the hypercarnivora type, cannot digest plants, therefore, most of their food is meat.

3. Mesocarnivores

This type of carnivore is called a mesocarnivore, because 50% of its food for survival comes from meat. Why only 50%? Then, the other 50% is what? Apart from meat, this type of carnivorous animal can eat fruits, vegetables, and also mushrooms. The physique of this type of carnivorous animal is usually smaller than that of a hypercarnivore. What you need to know, Readers, carnivorous animals belonging to this type, usually live in an environment close to humans.

4. Hypocarnivores

Hypocarnivora is a carnivorous animal whose need for meat is only about 30% of all types of food. This type of carnivorous animal can eat meat, but most of this type of carnivorous animal eats fish, fruits, roots, and nuts. Because there are many types of food, this type of carnivorous animal can be classified as an omnivore. Wow, it’s amazing, Readers, it turns out that carnivorous animals are still classified into many other types of carnivorous animals.

Examples of carnivorous animals

Readers, what comes to your mind when you hear carnivorous animals? There must have been animal names like tigers, lions or crocodiles. Even though there are many examples of other carnivorous animals on this earth. What are some examples? Let’s see!

1. Snake

This group of legless, long-bodied reptiles is widely distributed throughout the world. According to scientific records, all types of snakes belong to the sub-order Serpentes and are members of the order Squamata or scaly reptiles, along with lizards. However, snakes (Serpentes) themselves are classified in the Ophidia clade branch or creeping reptiles, which are a group of reptiles with or without legs, have a long body, and have a completely different physiology from lizards.

Snake prey is a variety of animals that are smaller than the body. Tree snakes and land snakes will prey on birds, mammals, frogs, other types of reptiles and their eggs.

Large snakes like reticulated pythons can prey on animals the size of goats, antelopes, deer, and even humans. This type of snake will coil around its prey, then crush the bones, after which it swallows its prey. Snakes in the waters will prey on fish, frogs, tadpoles, and fish eggs.

Snakes crush all of their prey without the slightest trace and are able to consume prey that is three times the diameter of the snake’s head. This is due to their lower jaw and can separate from the upper jaw. So that prey does not escape, snakes are able to hold their prey in their mouths, because snakes have teeth that face backwards.

2. Komodo

Komodo has the Latin name Varanus Komodoensis is a species of large monitor lizard found in the eastern region of Indonesia, namely on the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Motang and Gili Dasami in East Nusa Tenggara Province.

The Komodo dragon, which the natives of Komodo Island call the local name Ora, is the largest species of the Varanidae family , also the largest lizard in the world, having an average length of 2-3 meters and weighing up to 100 kg. Komodo dragons are the top predators in their habitat, because so far no other large carnivorous animals have been known in their geographical environment.

Komodo has the ability to see up to 300 meters. However, these animals cannot see well in the dark at night, because their retinas only have cone cells. Like the other Squamata, the Komodo dragon uses its tongue to smell its prey.

The Komodo dragon’s tongue captures odor particles in the air, then attaches them to an organ in the roof of its mouth, called the Jacobson’s organ, which detects signs of this odor.

Komodo dragons are able to detect the presence of carrion as far as 4-9.5 km only through their habit of turning their heads to the right and left with the help of the wind. Komodo has nostrils that only function for breathing, not capturing smells, because the Komodo dragon does not have a scent-receiving membrane in its nose.

Komodo dragons will hunt their live prey by sneaking and then following it with a sudden attack on their victim. When the prey is within reach, the Komodo dragon immediately attacks by biting on the lower body milk or throat of its prey.

The way the Komodo dragon finds its prey is by using its tongue which can sense the smell of prey, carrion or dying animals at a distance of up to 9.5 kilometers. Meanwhile, the Komodo dragon eats its prey by tearing large chunks of its prey’s flesh, then swallowing it whole, while its forelimbs hold its prey’s body. For prey up to the size of a goat, the Komodo dragon is able to finish it in one swallow.

3. Owl

Owls have large, forward-facing eyes, unlike other types of birds whose eyes face sideways. The owl’s beak is bent sharply downwards, and the arrangement of the head feathers is coiled to form a circle of the face.

The owl’s facial features are impressive, but sometimes creepy. This phenomenon is the origin of the name owl. Uniquely, the owl’s neck is flexible, so that its face can rotate 180 degrees backwards.

Owls are hunting birds that mostly hunt at night. With the texture of the eyes facing forward, it will allow the owl to be able to accurately measure the range of its prey.

Its sharp and strong beak and nimble legs are able to firmly grip its prey. Owls also have the ability to fly without making noise, this is the basis for owls to hunt at night.

In the agricultural sector, owls are used by farmers to eradicate rats, because owls are the rat’s main enemy. Exterminating rats using owls is considered the most effective among other methods such as using rat poison, or by gropyokan (rat hunting involving many people together and simultaneously).

Owls are natural predators, the Javanese Serak owl is a very reliable rat-hunting owl. A pair of owls, able to protect 25 hectares of rice farming land from rat attacks. Within one year, the owl is capable of 1300 mice. Control of rats using owls is more effective and efficient than using chemicals.

4. Seals

Seals are large mammals from the carnivore order that live in cool areas. Seals are generally smooth and quite large. Seal is the common name for pinnipeds, which comes from the Latin word pinna which means mammal with fins. Its body is well adapted to its aquatic habitat, where this seal spends most of its life.

Seals are carnivores that eat fish, shellfish, squid, penguins and other sea creatures. In general, seals will eat common foods such as fish or squid. But there is a type of seal that has a special favorite food. Call the Ross seal and the southern elephant seal, whose main diet is squid. Crab-eating seals mostly eat krill, and ringed seals are especially fond of crustaceans.

There are also seals that are predatory. Leopard seals are cold-blooded carnivorous animals. The leopard seals prey on penguins, crab-eating seals and Ross seals.

Well, Readers. That’s a little story about carnivorous animals. It turns out that the way these animals survive is very unique. However, even though most of these carnivorous animals are wild animals, we must not hunt these animals, so that the natural ecosystem is maintained.

Hermaphrodites: Definition and Examples – In general, two sexes are known in every living thing, including animals and plants, namely spermatozoa or those that produce male sex cells, and those that produce female sex cells or ova (egg cells).

In simple terms humans call it male and female. However, what actually happens in real life, the classification of the sexes of animals tends to be more complex and has many varieties. Some animals even have male and female genitalia that can function simultaneously.

If human sex is generally determined from birth or even in the womb naturally, in animals this depends according to environmental factors and genetic factors. sinaumedia.com will summarize the various sexes in animals that are important for you to understand

Sex in animals is determined based on the gametes. Gametes are reproductive cells that provide genetic information about sperm and eggs. The females have female gametes while the males have male gametes.

Definition of Hemaphrodite

Biologically hermaphrodites are individuals who have 2 organs/genitals, male and female, both of which are able to function fully. Hermaphrodites exist only in animals and plants. Hermaphrodites never occur in humans. It is important to understand that Hermaphrodites are not the same as intersex, intersex can happen to humans. The difference between intersex and hermaphrodites is that if they are hermaphrodites, all of the two organs can function while the intersex organs of the two organs cannot fully function.

Hermaphroditism is not very common in the animal kingdom ( animalia ) but is very common and common in the plant kingdom ( plantae ). Terrestrial gastropods such as slugs and banana slugs are common examples of hermaphroditism in the animal kingdom. Hermaphrodite plant species are all plants that have the possibility of self-pollination .

Hermaphrodite plants are generally plants that have perfect flowers or flowers that have male sex organs, namely stamens, and female sex organs, namely pistils or in other words, hermaphrodite plants are plants that have male and female flower organs found in one individual. Despite this, a number of plant species have developed certain systems or self-impairments to prevent self -fertilization .

Hermaphrodites consist of 2 types, namely:

1. Protandry : Birth of male organs and then changed into female organs.
2. Protogyny : The birth of female organs and then changed into male organs.

Examples of Hermaphrodite Animals

What animals in this world are hermaphrodites or have multiple sexes? Come on! peep the answer in the summary below!

1. Clownfish ( Amphiprioninae )

Did you know that all clown fish are born with one sex, namely male? Then, over time, the most dominant male fish will change to a female fish. This process is commonly known as sequential hermaphroditism.

If the female fish in the school dies, then the dominant male fish will change sex to replace the dead female. This is usually done to maintain the survival of the clown fish, explained the All That’s Interesting page.

2. Banana snail ( Ariolimax )

Banana snails are born with two sexes at once, male and female. This ability makes the banana slug classified as a hermaphrodite animal. Even so, they can still reproduce in pairs. When they find other snails of the same size, they will reproduce or impregnate each other.

If no other banana slugs are suitable, they will impregnate themselves. Even so, this is classified as rare and rare behavior. What is even more surprising is that banana slugs are known to often gnaw their partners’ penises after having sex. According to the All That’s Interesting page, experts call this action apophallation and so far it is only known to be carried out by banana slugs, you know .

3. Whip lizard ( Cnemidophorus )

The whip lizard can fertilize itself without the help of a male whip lizard. This is because all whip lizards are born female. The way of reproduction can be said to be quite unique, because the female lizards will stimulate each other’s ovulation. Then, the lizard that is at the top lays eggs with a small size while the lizard that is below lays eggs with a size that tends to be bigger.

Scientifically speaking, the whip lizard would have combined two different versions of its DNA code with each other. Then, they will make sure that each pair of chromosomes has various forms of the gene. This happens so that the offspring of the whip lizards have genetic diversity and to help their offspring stay healthy and be able to survive well, explains The Higher Learning page.

4. Bearded Dragon Lizard ( Pogona Vitticeps )

Not magic, not witchcraft. The bearded dragon lizard has almost the same ability as the clownfish ( amphiprioninae ) to change its gender from male to female. They have had this special ability since they were still in the egg! Researchers say that this phenomenon can occur naturally and is predicted because it is influenced by changes in temperature, weather, and also climate.

According to Dr. Clare Holleley on the All That’s Interesting website , male dragon lizards are the object of research in the laboratory and are given in a room with an extreme increase in temperature, so they will genetically change to become females. In fact, male lizards that turn into females will tend to lay more eggs compared to lizards that are originally born with the female sex.

5. Wrasse fish ( Labridae )

In contrast to the clownfish ( amphiprioninae ), female wrasse fish can change their gender to become males. This happens when the dominant male fish in the school dies, the largest female fish changes its sex to male and leads the flock. This was conveyed by the All That’s Interesting page.

Changes in sexual organs from female to male will last approximately up to 14 days. Female wrasse fish that turn into males will change their angle to become more aggressive. This is done in order to secure the territory and also secure other female wrasse fish that will be fertilized to maintain the survival of their herd.

6. Cockatoos ( Scaridae )

Cockatoo fish is a fish species that is unique in its sex organs. According to the All That’s Interesting page, parrot fish are hermaphrodites of the protogin type, namely female animals that have the ability to change their sexual organs to become male at every point in their lives.

Although most parrotfish are born female, they have two sexes. Experts say that the two sexes in their body are used as a mechanism that is useful for maintaining gender balance in parrotfish schools.

7. Squid ( Loligo )

Squids can change one side of their body to look like a female squid, which is to reduce competition with other male squid. When a squid is in a crowd between male and female squid, the male squid will indicate that he is ‘female’ on the side that can be seen by other male squid.

Conversely, on the side that the female squid can see, she will show herself as a male squid. Meanwhile, the competing male squid will be fooled and will only see two female squids. According to the website All That’s Interesting. This trick is done in order to get the attention of the female squid faster than the other males.

8. Blackfin Goby ( Acanthogobius Flavimanus )

Who would have thought that these little fish could change their gender? Sex changes in blackfin goby are carried out according to their needs. For example, when there is a death of male giby fish. So, other gnoy fish that originally had a female sex will change their sexual organs to become male organs.

In fact, fish from the Gobiodon historio species have the ability to change their sex in two directions. If in one location there are two female fish that are born male, then one of them can change its sex to male. This change is very flexible and can be made at any time, explains the All That’s Interesting website .

9. Frog ( Anura )

What are the factors that can make frogs change sex? None other than the influence of the herbicide atrazine . Atrazine herbicide is a poison that can affect the hormone levels of amphibians. The All That’s Interesting page says that according to researchers, 10 percent of male frogs exposed to this type of poison will turn into female frogs.

As a result of this poison, male frogs will lose the hormone testosterone and sperm. This was stated by Tyrone B. Hayes, a researcher from the University of California Berkeley. In many cases, this atrazine poison has a high possibility of being able to kill frogs, especially in large doses.

10. Garter’s Snake ( Thamnophis )

Garter snakes have unique abilities that many other types of snakes do not have. Some male garter snakes have the ability to change their body shape to that of a female garter snake. According to the All That’s Interesting page. This sexual trick is used so that the garter changer, which has changed, will be surrounded by other male snakes. This encirclement by many other snakes serves to protect them from their various natural predators, such as hawks.

11. Tapeworm ( Taenia )

The condition of tapeworms as internal parasites that reside in the bodies of other animals makes it very difficult for them to reproduce with other organisms. For this reason, tapeworms usually self-fertilize. However, if the opportunity arises and encounters with other organisms, they will choose to cross-fertilize with other tapeworms.

12. Starfish (Asteroidea)

One of the most popular hermaphrodites and loved by many people is the starfish. Starfish usually develop male reproductive organs when they are in their juvenile phase and turn into females when they are approaching their adult phase.

Sea stars can also have asexual reproductive organs, which occurs when one of their arms is broken but still carries part of the starfish’s core. In this case, a starfish that has lost its arm will regenerate by growing its own arm while the arm will regenerate throughout its body. From this regeneration activity, two very identical individual starfish will emerge.

Hermaphrodite Plants

An example of a hermaphrodite plant is a plant that can produce perfect flowers. Self-pollination is the process of pollination (transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma) which specifically occurs in the same flower or between different flowers but within two plants or between flowers on clones of the same plant.

Pollination between plants originating from reproduction between plants in groups that have pure strains with the same genetic composition or a plant that is asexually the same will give the same results as pollination of flowers within one plant.

Plants that self-pollinate will usually carry out the pollination process when the flowers are still closed or have not yet bloomed, which is also known as closed pollination ( cleistogamy ).

Types of Self Pollination

There are two types of self-pollination in plants that have perfect flowers. The first is natural self-pollination and the second is self-pollination but with assistance. For more details, let’s read the explanation below!

Natural self-pollination

Plants can be known whether they naturally self-pollinate by observing morphology, especially on the genitals or flowers and cross-breeding experiments that are still one relative. The completeness of the genitals in a flower in a plant is one of the main bases of natural pollination. If the pistils and stamens are present and complete in a flower, there is a possibility that the plant will self-pollinate. Vice versa also applies, if the stamens and pistils are separated in different flowers or maybe different plants, it is certain that these plants will not pollinate themselves naturally.

In the perfect flower, further review is needed regarding the pollination time. If the plant pollinates before the flowers bloom, then the plant pollinates itself in a natural way. In the second way, namely crossbreeding experiments between plants that have the same relatives, observations can be seen in plants resulting from crossbreeding offspring. If the hereditary plants do not show any signs of decreasing quality either in terms of yield or appearance, then these plants are usually plants that have successfully self-pollinated.

Artificial self-pollination

In plants that naturally cross-pollinate, self-pollination can be carried out by engineering or man-made and is more commonly referred to as selfing or self-crossing. Artificial self-pollination is carried out by collecting pollen from the anthers of a plant, then placing it or applying it to the pistil of the same flower or the flower on the same plant before being pollinated. The goal of artificial self-pollination in cross-pollinated plants is to produce offspring that have the same genetic component as their parents. Offspring resulting from self-pollination, i.e. plants that carry out cross-pollination will usually experience a decrease both in terms of yield and in terms of appearance when compared to their parents.

Examples of plants that have perfect flowers and can self-pollinate are rice, ginger, papaya, corn, mango, and hibiscus.

Meaning of the Day of Judgment: Types, Signs and Lessons from it – All living things will die, whether it’s the elderly, adults, teenagers, children, even babies can die at any time. However, no one knows when death will come. In the end everyone in the world will die, no one will live forever. This event is known as the apocalypse.

Just like death, no one will be able to guess or predict the apocalypse. Even if that person has extraordinary intelligence, the event of the apocalypse can never be known when the time will come.

So what we need to prepare as provisions to deal with it are good deeds throughout life that will save us all from the pain of the Day of Judgment. Before coming, there will be signs that start the big event. What is the perspective of doomsday in Islam and what are the signs of doomsday?

Definition of Doomsday According to Islam

Doomsday or the end of time in Islam is the culmination of all life on this earth in the form of the destruction of the universe and its contents including humans and other creatures. No creature can escape from the apocalypse. Muslims must believe in the existence of the Day of Judgment as a sign of their faith in Allah SWT.

Doomsday is the beginning of life that will actually be passed by humans. Because, the life we ​​live now is mortal or temporary. While eternal life is life in the hereafter. For creatures of Allah SWT who believe, are pious, carry out all the commands, and stay away from His prohibitions during life will get happiness after passing through the apocalypse with eternal rewards in heaven.

While creatures who do not believe and do not carry out orders and commit many sins without being able to repent when alive will feel suffering after doomsday, namely entering the fires of hell. In the Al-Qur’an there are many verses that explain the arrival of this day of destruction, one of which is in the Al-Qur’an Al-Hajj verse 7 which reads:

“Surely the Day of Judgment will come, there is not the slightest doubt about it. Indeed, Allah will resurrect whoever is in the grave.

Believing in Allah means also having to believe in all events that occur according to Allah’s will, such as the apocalypse. If Muslims believe in the end of the world, then they must know the signs of the coming of the last day which can be found in the Encyclopedia of Doomsday.

The afterlife is a supernatural thing; no matter how sharp his mind, no matter how clear his heart, cannot be lifted. So, knowledge about it is only obtained through information from Allah and His Messenger. And in fact, the information has been conveyed not only in the form of gestures and symbols. Allah SWT. and Rasulullah saw. has disclosed it to us openly and in detail, so that there is no longer any reason to doubt. The “Ecyclopedia” of Doomsday collects, comments on, analyzes, and debates passages from the Koran and valid sunna concerning death and the afterlife, along with the various opinions of scholars that have developed around these passages, in full. Collecting three previous successful books. Minor Doomsday and Major Signs of Doomsday; Great Apocalypse; and Heaven and Hell. this book describes,

Types of Apocalypse

Before knowing what are the signs of the apocalypse, we must know that the apocalypse can be divided into two, namely the Sugra apocalypse and the Kubra apocalypse.

1. Sugra’s Apocalypse

Sugra Doomsday or known as a small doomsday is death that occurs in some of God’s creatures. The death of a person caused by disease or natural disasters such as floods, tsunamis, landslides, fires, and accidents is an example of a sugra apocalypse.

Even though it is called a small apocalypse, a sugra apocalypse is an event that can cause the loss of a large number of lives, such as the tsunami in Aceh in 2004 which has left many sad stories to this day. How hundreds of thousands of lives were lost as a result of being swept away by the swift waves of the tsunami that began with an earthquake with an extraordinary magnitude at that time.

2. Kubra’s Apocalypse

The Aceh tsunami in 2004 was one of the major events that ever occurred. However, when compared to the Kubra apocalypse or the great apocalypse, the Aceh tsunami was only a small incident. When Kubra’s apocalypse comes, all creatures on this earth will be destroyed and none of them will be left.

The whole world will be destroyed because of the enormity of this event. Houses that were magnificently built will be destroyed, historical monuments in the world will no longer be able to stand, all existing buildings will disappear in a matter of seconds. That is the magnitude of the Kubra doomsday event.

If in the Sugra Judgment maybe some of them have signs such as people who die from illness will be able to see the signs or people who died as a result of previous natural disasters can feel the signs of the impending disaster, some even have no signs -a sign because of the speed with which the event occurred.

However, in the Kubra doomsday the signs can clearly be felt and have been explained in detail in Islam. Then what are the signs of the apocalypse that will occur on the last day? 

Signs of Doomsday According to Islam

a. Dajjal appears

The coming of the Dajjal is a sign that the end of the world is very near. Dajjal is a creature of Allah who has body characteristics, namely curly hair and only has one eye on the left because his right eye is blind. On the forehead written the word infidel. Dajjal will come out in a place called Lake Tiberias.

With his power, Dajjal is able to order the sky to rain down because before that there will be a long drought. Due to drought, all plants and animals will experience hardship. However, Dajjal is able to order the earth to fertilize the soil so that plants and livestock can develop properly.

Another extraordinary ability of the Dajjal is that he is able to revive dead people. With this ability, many people will follow him because they think he will think of himself as God. Whoever follows it will get heaven, and whoever rejects the teachings to worship, he will get very painful punishments and will even be killed if he refuses.

In fact, what Dajjal promised was that heaven is hell for Allah and those who have a firm stand and only worship Allah as God will be saved from Allah’s hell. Dajjal will rule for approximately 40 days on earth.

As stated in the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad narrated by Ibn Majah,
“Forty days, but a day can be a year, it can be a month, it can be a week, while the other days will be the same as how you feel now” .

Get to know this event more deeply based on the preaching of the Qur’an and Hadith through the book Signs of the Apocalypse that you can get only at Gramedia!

However, in this hadith, it is not stated whether the 40 days of the Dajjal’s reign are 40 days like the time on earth or 40 days according to other circumstances, it is not explained in more detail. The coming of the Dajjal will not necessarily make the earth prosperous, but he will do damage that will cause the earth to be destroyed.

b. The emergence of Imam Mahdi

The second signs of doomsday is the emergence of Imam Mahdi. However, Imam Mahdi is not a name, but rather a nickname given to someone sent by Allah.
Imam in Arabic means leader, while Mahdi means one who gets guidance. So, Imam Mahdi is a messenger of Allah who is made a leader and has been given instructions.

The characteristics of Imam Mahdi include that he is a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad SAW, has a wide forehead, and a sharp nose. Imam Mahdi came to fight the cruelty of the Dajjal who had ruled before. His presence will quell all forms of acts committed by the Dajjal.

This is to show the truth to mankind that the teachings given by the Antichrist are heretical teachings and order mankind to return to the right path of believing in Allah as the only God.

Book Recommendation: Apocalypse Mayhem

The world is old. Various natural disasters that have claimed lives and property, ranging from flash floods, forest fires, global warming, landslides, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and so on, are some of the evidence. Even that has not been coupled with the outbreak of a number of diseases, plus the emergence of diseases for which no cure has been found until now. Actually, all the disasters that occur, are not empty of divine messages. It is as if nature reminds people to be aware of their temperament that is no longer fit to carry out the mandate of the caliphate on earth. Also a reminder, of this post-mortal eternal life.”

c. The descent of Prophet Isa As

Imam Mahdi will not be alone in fighting the Antichrist. Prophet Isa As was also sent by God to come down not bringing new teachings and Shari’a, but bringing teachings that had been given before, namely Faith in Allah.

The descent of the Prophet Isa has been described in the Qur’an Surah Ali Imran verse 55

“Allah said: O Isa, I will pass you off and bring you back to me, purify you from the disbelievers and make those who follow you over the disbelievers until the Hour comes. To Me you return and I give a decision about what is disputed by you “.

The Prophet Isa has the characteristics that his body is not too tall and not too short, his hair is curly and long flowing down to his shoulders, his chest is broad, and he has reddish skin. The white tower to the east of the city of Syria is the place where the Prophet Isa descended to earth.

The descent of the Prophet Isa as a sign of the apocalypse, namely with Imam Mahdi to fight the Dajjal and undermine his power for some time on this earth. The battle of Prophet Isa and Imam Mahdi to quell the Dajjal ended with the killing of the Dajjal as a result of being pierced in the chest by Prophet Isa As at the door of Lud in the Aqsa Mosque complex.

d. The emergence of Gog and Magog

The next signs of Kubra’s apocalypse are the release of Yakjuj and Magjuj. Al-Quran explains that what is meant by Gog and Magog are people who like to do damage on earth.

It is stated that Yakjuj and Makjuj are human beings who have characteristics such as having slanted eyes, snub noses, and blond hair. Yakjuj and Makjuj are said to be trapped in a valley flanked by two mountains, king Zulkarnain who confined them. With a huge wall surrounding it, Gog and Magog cannot get out of it.

However, in the Al-Qur’an Surat Al-Anbiya verse 96 it is stated that later the barrier will collapse, then Gog and Magjuj will come out to wreak havoc on earth. They will drink the water that is in Lake Tiberias, the place where the Antichrist is believed to come out. No human being is able to stop it except with the permission of Allah SWT.

In the end, Yakjuj and Magjuj will die because they are attacked by a caterpillar-like animal which causes their bodies to decompose. Then come the birds that lift them from the earth, then rain falls to wash them away.

e. Rising Sun from the West

Signs of the apocalypse that are no less surprising to other human beings are the rising of the sun from where it sets. The rising of the sun from the west has been mentioned in the Hadith of Muslim History:

“Doomsday will not come before the sun rises from the west. When the sun rises from the west, all will turn to faith. However, a person’s faith is no longer useful if he previously did not have faith or did not benefit from his faith.

Not only Islam shows that the sun will one day rise from the west, Science also predicts that the sun rises from the west is not impossible. A number of studies state that the earth’s rotation that has occurred so far will experience a slowdown which causes the direction of rotation to be reversed.

During this time the earth rotates from west to east so that the sun appears to rise from the west. Later the earth will rotate from east to west so that the sun seems to rise from the west. When the sun rises from the west, all good deeds are closed. All of God’s commands that have not been carried out so far will be carried out by humans, but they will no longer have any meaning because everything has been done in vain.

f. Appearance of Deadly Smoke

The appearance of smoke that makes people who breathe it die are other signs of the apocalypse. Smoke or Ad-Dukhan in the Qur’an is a threat to humans. Dukhan first appeared during the life of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. At that time Dukhan appeared to be the punishment for the Quraysh infidels who had been hostile to the Prophet.

Dukhan will reappear at the end of the day for 40 days and 40 nights. The earth will feel dark due to the smoke. The smoke can kill people who inhale it. However, for human beings who believe in this smoke, it will only have an effect like someone having a cold. Conversely, in a sinful person it will result in heat like burning the skin.

A practical guide for you to recognize and know the signs of the events of the doomsday and the afterlife can also be found in S. Royani Marhan’s book entitled Doomsday and Hereafter.

Book Synopsis

Human destiny does not end after death picks up or with the destruction of the universe. The death and destruction of the universe is only one phase of human journey to a new realm that is everlasting, namely the afterlife. The final fate of humans will be determined there, will they be put into heaven or hell. This book guides every Muslim to know and know more about the afterlife. By reading this book every Muslim is expected to know more about the purpose of his life in the world, whether to gain the pleasure of Allah SWT in exchange for heaven, or for the sake of worldly pleasures that will only lead him to hell.

Wisdom From Believing in the Day of Judgment

After knowing the signs of the apocalypse that will come one day, we can learn the wisdom of believing in these signs. As discussed through the book Dahsyatnya Doomsday which is the phenomenal work of the great scholar Ibu Katsir.

Here’s a lesson that can be drawn from believing in the coming of the end of the world.

1. All good and bad deeds will eventually be rewarded

For people who believe, the signs of the apocalypse are a way to remind people that all the actions they are doing now will be rewarded later. Good deeds while in the world will bring him ease when his deeds are counted in the hereafter.

Whereas those who commit bad deeds and are prohibited by religion will get painful and sad retribution as a consequence of what they have done in the world. The Day of Resurrection will show which people are good and which people are bad in the eyes of Allah SWT.

2. Increasing piety to Allah SWT

The signs of the apocalypse seem to be an alarm for us that the time of life on earth will not be long. Good deeds that are done may be rare. As beings who are gifted with intelligence in thinking, the signs of the apocalypse should appear as a way for us to increase our piety to Allah SWT by carrying out all the commands and staying away from what is forbidden.

When the Day of Resurrection comes, the door of forgiveness will be closed and good deeds will not be recorded as a reward. The good deeds done by someone will be in vain if all of that is only realized when the end of the world arrives. Increasing taqwa to Allah must be done early so that it is not too late and safe from the pain of doomsday.

2. Do not give priority to worldly interests compared to the interests of the hereafter

For those who believe, the signs of the Last Hour are a sign that everything in this world will return to its origin, namely Allah. So for a believer, it is obligatory to prepare himself with the provision of good deeds while in the world. Not concerned with worldly affairs just because of indulging in lust to get it.

Everything that is done is in vain if you are concerned with worldly affairs, because later when you are in the hereafter everything that is done while living in the world will be accounted for before Allah SWT. Life in the world must be in harmony and must be balanced, taking care of worldly interests and not forgetting matters with the afterlife is an obligation for all of us

3. Realizing that nothing is permanent in this world

All creatures in the world are creations of Allah SWT. In the end, all will return to Allah SWT. This means that nothing will last forever in the world. Beauty, good looks, wealth, possessions in the world are not things that will last forever, one day all of that could disappear in the twinkling of an eye.

It should be for us who are still living in the world, developing good and noble deeds is a must. The signs of the apocalypse make us aware that everything in this world will be destroyed without anything left, only good deeds will lead to the next life (afterlife).

That is the understanding and signs of the apocalypse that will happen later. As God’s creatures, it is our duty to have faith and believe in the coming of the Day of Judgment. Therefore, we must prepare well by developing good deeds, carrying out all commands, and staying away from all forms of Allah SWT’s prohibitions so that we can avoid the pain of the doomsday.

Definition of Price – Price is the value or money that customers give in exchange for certain offers that serve to satisfy their needs and wants. In simple terms, price is a measure of the value exchanged by customers buying an offer

Price functions as an economic mechanism by means of supply which can be distributed among customers in the market. It also acts as an indicator of the extent to which an offer is requested and the extent to which it is provided or available.

The price of a product is the total value of the offer including the value of all raw materials and services used to make an offer. The price of the service considers all the elements connected in making the service what it is.

A. Definition of Price Based on Experts

So that you can find out more clearly about prices, here are some definitions of prices based on experts.

1. According to Kotler and Armstrong

Kotler and Armstrong, stated that price is the amount of money charged to a product (goods or services) or the amount of value that must be paid by consumers to obtain the benefits of the product.

2. According to Philip Kotler

Kotler, stated that price is the amount of money charged for a product or service. This means that price is the sum of the values ​​that must be paid by consumers in order to own or benefit from a product or service.

3. According to Joko Untoro

Joko Untoro, stated that price is the ability possessed by a good or service expressed in the form of money.

4. According to Samsul Ramli

Samsul Ramli, stated that price is the relative value of a product. This value is not only an exact indicator that shows the amount of resources needed to produce a product.

5. According to Imamul Arifin

Imamul Arifin, stated that price is compensation that must be paid by consumers in order to obtain goods and services.

B. Price Concept

After knowing the meaning of price, this section will discuss the concept of price itself. In the Book of Management and Marketing of Services by Buchari Alma, which was published in 2005, states that in theory there are value and utility which become the concept of pricing. The following are some price concepts that you need to know, including:

1.Utilities

Utility is an attribute that has been attached to an item. By enabling goods to meet the needs of wants and satisfy consumers.

2. Value or Value

The value of a product in exchange for another product. This value is seen in situations of barter or the exchange of goods for goods. Currently, economic activities are no longer carried out by barter, but instead use money as a measure called price.

C. Price Function

In this section, we will present a review of several functions of the price that you need to know, including the following:

1. Price Distribution Function

Prices have the ability to redistribute scarce resources. The scarcity of resources results in high resource prices, so that only customers who buy show willingness and ability.

For example, diamonds are a luxury item that can only be purchased by those who are willing and have sufficient financial resources to buy them.

2. Price Signal Function

Often, bid prices vary due to the volume of market bidding and supply. If the demand is high, but the supply is low, then the market will clearly see the price increase. For example, gold is a scarce resource that experiences constant price increases over the years as demand increases.

Likewise, when the market has an excess of a particular commodity due to lower demand and higher supply, the price tends to fall. This makes it possible to eliminate surplus commodities in the market.

3. Price Intensive Function

Generally, when the price of a commodity rises, it is because demand increases. This allows suppliers to see changing customer demand trends in the marketplace. Therefore, they will prefer to make certain offers as they are more likely to be profitable.

4. Price Transmission Function

Price itself is known as one of the information that must be conveyed to all parties involved both in the market and other places which are carried out in turn. This will enable producers and customers to make decisions according to existing and applicable regulations. For example, offers with more expensive quality will be different from offers using cheaper raw materials.

Therefore, in general, customers will get this information from drastic differences in the prices of similar offers. The bid price will be able to assist in the marketing process to determine the type of demand seen from the supply in the market.

This will affect the decision results of suppliers or manufacturers to decide whether production goods or supply offers are able to help them gain more significant profits.

Let’s see how the market price is determined. Is the market price in accordance with the provisions that have passed. Housewives will experience difficulties if market prices soar. Therefore, the determination of prices is determined based on the law of supply and demand. Which means, if the price rises or falls until the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. This is known as the equilibrium price.

Conditions where the demand for an offer is greater than the offer, the price will rise causing only buyers who have access to the offer to be able to have the will and ability to buy the product. It will meet with the price equilibrium.

The equilibrium point is often called supply exceeding demand which causes the price of goods to fall.

D. Types of Prices

After understanding and understanding what a price or fee is, let’s proceed with the following types of prices:

1. Subjective price, namely the price set by someone’s opinion or estimate.

2. The objective price (market price) is the price agreed between the buyer and the seller who sometimes makes an offer.

3. Cost of goods, namely the real value for the product.

4. The selling price is the price based on the increase in the amount of profit obtained from the seller or usually the selling price follows the market price in general.

E. Purpose of Pricing

Living in big cities requires a lot of spending to meet their daily needs. The average community is trying to meet their individual needs. Opening a business requires the right price. Price is very important in buying and selling transactions from producers to consumers. This will make it easier to determine the price and it will be seen for the position of the feasibility of the product from its economic value if it is examined carefully and carefully.

So, here are some objectives of pricing that need attention, including:

Price stability, in which the company will control the price. In addition, price control efforts will be properly and properly directed to prevent price wars from occurring. This event will allow for a drastic decline in demand, and so on.

To achieve income or investment, the profit on this investment has been determined. Then the size of the profit from an investment will be determined from the percentage, after which the price of the goods produced will be determined

A businessman must maintain and improve his business to achieve income goals and develop his business so that it develops well. Try to follow the recommendations that already exist if you have a business. In this case, the Government has now issued a policy for pricing to be in accordance with calculations to avoid losses. In addition, price fixing is able to increase profits, because it will depend on each individual business whether it is able to survive because each business really thinks about profits that are higher than its expenses.

Basically, pricing is not arbitrary in determining, but must be in accordance with recommendations or existing methods. Therefore, let’s see what my method is for setting prices. There are four methods of pricing, including:

1. Fee-based

In general, this cost-based is an important aspect because it can influence supply and costs. Where the price will be determined based on production costs and product marketing costs. Sometimes it is enough to cover direct costs, profit, loss and overhead.

2. Request based

On demand-based is a method that emphasizes the various types of factors that affect your taste, then this will affect the ability and willingness of customers to transact.

3. Profit-based

Profit-based is a balance of costs between revenues. So in this profit-based approach, there are three approaches, namely target profit pricing (pricing based on profit targets), target return on sales pricing (pricing based on sales) and target return on investment pricing.

4. Based on competition

On this competition-based basis, pricing is determined by following competitors’ method of pricing. In this case, there are three methods of approach, namely: under-priced sales system or known as a discount, giving a much higher price but much better product quality and equalizing prices so that the competitors are not too big.

F. Difference between price and cost

The economy is always increasing with different price variants. In this day and age, the price of cooking oil rises non-stop and worries many residents. However, many people equate the words price and cost with the same meaning. Basically price and cost are concepts that are different in pronunciation but different in finance. For example: “Rani had to pay dearly for a sample test at the University of Indonesia laboratory that she recently paid for.” It was aimed at the pronunciation of costs, not prices.

As for the bid price, which is the monetary amount paid by the customer to get a particular offer, which means that the cost of the offer takes into account the seller’s expenses in making the offer. This means that the price is related to the buyer, while costs involve the producer or buyer in making a bargaining transaction.

Nowadays a lot of land is opened for business to build companies. Today’s companies have different goals but all are the same to maximize profits to reduce costs which will then affect the total price. This means that in this case they will get a much greater profit in general.

In terms of the bid price, where the bid price is determined based on the lower point, the cost itself will be higher than the general price. Therefore many companies will experience losses due to sales that are unable to return to the amount spent in making offers.

If the company experiences a situation where the price and bidding costs are the same, then the company is experiencing a breakeven point, which means it does not make a profit or loss.

So before you do business or business you should make sure that the price you offer must be in accordance with the existing conditions. Which means apart from selling or as a producer you must benefit from the business or business that you are doing.

In general, many businesses or companies always do pricing or record and calculate the costs incurred and so on, which is known as the accounting system. The accounting system will help you manage your income or money earned in business.