Category: Language & Culture

Verbal Communication – The famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle, expressed his famous thought that human beings are zoon politicon . This means that humans are creatures that are predestined to live in social groups and depend on one another.

To meet their needs, humans as social beings must interact with each other. The interaction or process carried out in exchanging information or messages between individuals is called communication.

In the communication process, there is information or intent to be conveyed by the sender of the message to the recipient. The information contains a series of words or writing or is verbal. So, the process of conveying messages in the form of language products is called verbal communication.

Understanding Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is the process of transmitting messages using language from the sender of the message (communicator) to the recipient of the message (communicant). The words we speak are verbal cues used for communication purposes. Verbal communication is often considered as the main part of communication.

Verbal communication mostly occurs in face-to-face situations. However, verbal communication is now increasingly widespread by utilizing electronic instruments or devices such as telephones and electronic mail ( e-mail ). The most important factor in verbal communication is the existence of verbal symbols in the message conveyed, such as the use of language through the arrangement of words or sentences.

Types of Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is divided into two types, namely verbal communication reading and listening, then one more writing and speaking. To make it clearer, let’s first read the explanation below!

1. Speaking and writing

Talking is a type of vocal verbal communication that we use most often every day, where we communicate directly with other people. While writing is verbal non-vocal communication, because to convey this information we use other media in the form of writing without speaking anything.

2. Listening and reading

By listening, we can get a new information. Likewise with reading, reading is also a way to get information, and therefore both reading and listening are part of verbal communication.

Forms of Verbal Communication

1. Written Communication

Written communication is a form of verbal communication that is carried out through writing. Written communication is usually done because of the limited distance between the communicator and the communicant. In addition, written communication is also carried out if notes or documentation are needed to be used as evidence.

In conducting written communication, both communicators and communicants must have good skills in writing and reading. This is because written communication is the process of converting oral communication into symbols of the alphabet, words or sentences. Both of these abilities are needed so that the message to be conveyed can be understood properly.

Referring to India National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management , there are several advantages and disadvantages of written communication. The advantages of written communication are:

• The product of written communication can serve as evidence of what happened or what was said.
• Written communications can become permanent records for future use or study
• The possibility of misinterpretation that has the potential to occur during the communication process is reduced because written communication products are in the form of writing so that the intent and purpose of the message is clearly recorded. That way, the results of written communication have strong validity.
• This form of verbal communication can be relied upon when the communicator wants to send long information, for example about finance, production or other important data.
• Many companies are now implementing anonymous communication methods (whistle blowing system) when employees want to submit complaints or reports that are sensitive. Verbal communication is clearly needed as the medium and written communication is the most appropriate choice.

Even so, written communication also has some disadvantages:

• Written communication is generally an expensive and time consuming process. This is because sending messages can experience distortion so that it takes several processes to ensure whether the message is understood properly. In addition, if the written communication product is in the form of a document or a long series of data, it requires a short delivery and costs a lot.
• Even though written communication has been transmitted in written form, it is not certain whether the recipient has understood the message properly.
• Written communication sometimes seems old-fashioned even though it is still very relevant and needed in this era. However, another weakness that often occurs is that written documents leak prematurely. This happened to the script for The Avengers film which was leaked to the public in 2011. The film The Avengers itself was released in 2012. Not only was it leaked prematurely, even some confidential written information was leaked to the public. For example, Hillary Clinton’s email containing the 2016 US Presidential election scandal was leaked by WikiLeaks.
• Written communication sometimes also causes excessive formality and rigidity between individuals which impacts on personal relationships.

2. Oral Communication

Oral communication or also often called oral communication is a form of verbal communication through direct or face-to-face interaction between the communicator and the communicant. Conversations in oral communication can involve more than two individuals.

Oral communication is often referred to as content-rich communication. This is because oral communication involves intense interaction between the communicator and the communicant so as to produce quality communication products.

This type of verbal communication has advantages and disadvantages according to the Indian National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management. Some of the advantages of oral communication include:

• Oral communication is a form of verbal communication that does not take up time because it has a low probability of distortion. Because it is conveyed directly, any confusion or ambiguity that may occur during the communication process can be confirmed by the communicant right away.
• Oral communication is also included in the simplest form of verbal communication because it does not require media, instruments or other means of communication.
• Oral communication does not cost much or is called the cheapest type of communication. This is due to the characteristics of oral communication that do not take time or require an intermediary.
• If you want to apply effective communication, then verbal communication through word of mouth is the right choice. Direct face-to-face communication can avoid complicated bureaucratic affairs, delays and formalities.
• One category of communication success is seen from the feedback conveyed by the communicant. Through oral communication, the communicator will receive immediate feedback. This direct feedback is very beneficial because the communicant can get a response from the communicator immediately after the question is asked.
• Oral communication can convey complete information, because much information cannot be translated in writing and can only be conveyed through direct instructions.

However, verbal communication also has some drawbacks. These drawbacks are:

• Information that is important but long, broad, and many cannot be conveyed effectively by verbal communication. Direct speech that is too long will make the listener bored. This will disrupt the focus of the communicant so that the information conveyed may not be understood properly.
• Oral communication is often distorted when the communicator and communicant lose motivation or interest in the ongoing communication. It’s not easy to pay full attention to a face-to-face conversation, especially if it lasts for a long time.
• Words spoken in spoken communication are more easily misunderstood than in writing. This is because oral communication does not only rely on word order but also intonation, tone of voice, pronunciation which is often misinterpreted. Oral communication is very dependent on skills in speaking.
• The information resulting from oral communication is potentially inadequate because the communicant often requires information that is permanent and in a fixed format for review.
• Sometimes, spoken communication creates communication gaps. This results from various factors such as differences in status, physical limitations, or other personal barriers. For example, an entrepreneur will find it difficult to explain business concepts in front of an audience who are in elementary school. This situation causes the communication to be incomplete.
• Oral communication creates a superior feature that is immediate feedback. However, this can also be a gap for communicants to throw out spontaneous responses which sometimes interfere with the communication process.

Watch Talking Has Art

Examples of Verbal Communication

The following is an example of verbal communication based on its form.

Example of Written Communication

• Letter

Letters are one of the oldest written verbal communication media. Letters contain information in the form of writing affixed to a piece of paper. Nowadays letters are rarely written manually, but are typed via software on a computer device.

In order to reach the recipient, letters need to be sent via courier or postal services so that it takes longer to receive compared to electronic messages. Even so, correspondence activities still exist today

• Postcard

Postcards are a mini or shorter version of a letter. This verbal communication also includes writing on a piece of paper called a postcard which is usually sold or provided by the post office.

Postcards have a standard size of 3R so that the information contained is very limited. In a postcard there is a template of the message body, address, and area for stamps, while the letter has a freer format.

• E-mail

Email is one of the modern era verbal communication tools. Email is an advanced or updated version of manual mail. E-mail has the same concept as a letter, contains a structure of sentences that contains information, but is sent via the internet network. At first, email could only be sent between two people. Now, an email can be addressed to many recipients at once.

In addition, e-mail is an inexpensive verbal communication because it only requires an internet network and a computer device. Email can cover long distances in a short amount of time.

Email also does not only contain information in the form of writing. Users can insert various forms of soft files such as images, videos, documents, or audio. However, there is a limit to the size of the file that can be uploaded in one email.

• Short message

Short messages are also a form of written verbal communication. Short messages have the same features as email, which can insert soft files such as audio, images, documents and videos. We can also send short messages or talk with several people at once.

The difference between short messages and e-mail lies in the service provider. Short messages are more popular via chat applications or social media, while e-mail must be made through an account created at an e-mail service provider. Short messages are more informal and personal, while emails are used for more professional matters.

Examples of Oral Communication

• Public speech

Public speech is one of the verbal communication that is often carried out by communicators who have important positions. Public speeches are usually one-way. An example is a state address delivered by a president in front of a public audience.

In a public speech, the message conveyed is thematic, sometimes adjusted to the audience and the context of the ongoing event, but can also carry a specific topic. The contents of a public speech can be prepared by the communicator himself, often involving a special drafting team.

• Face-to-face or electronic talk

This verbal communication is simple communication, often involving only two individuals. Conversations can be carried out in a planned or spontaneous manner. The topics discussed also vary, can be personal or professional or have been scheduled.

Since the pandemic hit, face-to-face conversations have greatly reduced their intensity. Now many people are conducting conversations through electronic media such as application-based voice or video calls. Did Sinaumed’s also experience something similar?

• Meeting

Meetings are verbal communication carried out by people who are bound in an institution or organization. Meetings are usually carried out by planning or prior notification of meeting participants. Some institutions even implement a regular schedule of meetings.

In holding a meeting, the topics discussed are related to the institution that oversees them. To adapt to the new normal era, meetings are more often held online. Online meetings are also a solution to distance barriers.

• Conference

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) a conference is a meeting or meeting to negotiate or exchange opinions on a problem that is faced together. One of these oral verbal communications is also referred to as deliberation efforts to find solutions.

• Counseling

KBBI defines counseling as providing guidance by an expert to someone using psychological methods and so on. An expert who provides assistance is called a counselor while a person who receives counseling is called a counselee.

Counseling is usually personal and occurs between two people, namely a counselor and a counselee. However, marriage counseling can be done simultaneously between the couple and the counselor.

There is a fee that must be paid by the counselee to the counselor at each counseling session conducted. This fee does not apply to social or humanitarian counseling such as counseling for victims of natural disasters.

Principles in Verbal Communication

Basically, this type has three main principles in its use, namely:

1. Interpretation influences meaning

Everything in our life, such as the environment, culture, habits, and personality, in fact, not only influences our mindset, but also affects us in interpreting every sentence. To avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding, we are advised to use sentences that are concise and easy to understand. Apart from that, we also need grammar, so that everyone has the same meaning for every word they say.

2. The practice is guided by rules

Everything has its own rules, including when we do verbal communication. All the words we say must be chosen and adapted to the interlocutors we are dealing with at this time. For example, the way we communicate with a teacher will certainly not be the same as when we talk with peers. Likewise when we talk to strangers, it is impossible to compare it to when we talk to friends we have known for years.

3. The stress of each word changes the meaning

In addition to grammar, emphasis is also one of the things that greatly affects our verbal communication. Emphasis on a word is usually done in two ways. The first is to repeat a word to show important points in the conversation. The second way is to use punctuation. You know, every punctuation mark has its own meaning. Placing punctuation marks in a sentence not only makes the way of reading a sentence different, but also changes the meaning of the sentence.

Characteristics of Verbal Communication

In addition to being divided into main types and principles, verbal communication also has certain characteristics. Here are the features!

1. Delivered orally or in writing

The main feature of verbal communication is the delivery of information, either verbally by speaking directly in front of other people or by telephone, or conveying it in writing. For example by sending a letter to the person concerned, sending a message via a chat application, or you can also send an email to that person.

2. Using words from one or several languages

Unlike non-verbal communication which is conveyed by movement without sound, verbal communication sometimes requires us to speak and make sounds. Most people communicate in one language, but it’s not uncommon for them to mix up two languages ​​in a sentence. People who live in the area, for example, they will speak two languages ​​at once, namely Indonesian and regional languages.

3. Communication is two-way

Verbal communication is two-way. It is called two-way because, both speakers and listeners respond to one another. When one person speaks, the other person in front of him will listen, and respond back afterwards. The response itself varies, can be a question, statement, objection, or approval.

Influencing Factors

Do you realize that everyone has their own way of speaking. Usually the way a person speaks is greatly influenced by many factors in his life, and here are some factors that affect verbal communication!

1. Cultural and language factors

Indonesia is diverse, not only in terms of tourist options, but also in language and culture. This country has 718 regional languages, and one unifying language, namely Indonesian. In addition, each region has a culture that is very different from one another.

With all these diverse languages ​​and cultures, it is clear that it will greatly influence Indonesians when communicating verbally with other people. Not infrequently, people are so influenced by their own regional culture and language that even when speaking Indonesian we can still hear their regional accent.

2. Knowledge factor

Believe it or not, a person’s knowledge also greatly influences his communication. Those who have extensive experience will usually be cool friends to talk to. How not, they never run out of things to talk about, and can connect to any topic of conversation.

As a bonus, knowledgeable people also always have a ton of things to share, and you don’t feel like you’re wasting time with them. Plus, they are also usually fluent when speaking and make other people feel at home when listening to them.

3. Experience factor

Not everyone can be a good speaker. Never mind giving speeches in front of hundreds of people, presenting in front of classmates, sometimes we still tremble. But that will not apply to those who are experienced.

People who are used to talking to many people will always have much better verbal communication skills than those around them. They were not only able to make people sit quietly listening to him, but also influence people to follow what he said.

4. Personality factors

A person’s personality can easily be seen when they talk. People with extroverted personalities tend to have good verbal communication. They can easily mingle, find topics and speak comfortably in front of many strangers they just met minutes ago. This is inversely proportional to introverts.

People with this personality are usually a little shy. They talk less, and think more for themselves. While many extroverts like to be on stage and talk to many people, introverts are the type of person who is more comfortable talking to certain people they have known for a long time.

5. Biological factors

Biological factors are the last thing that affects a person’s verbal communication. Certain people who have disabilities sometimes find it difficult to communicate verbally, plus it’s also sometimes difficult for people who hear it to understand it.

Even so, things like this really just take some getting used to. When you get used to hearing someone talk, gradually you will definitely begin to understand what he is saying, no matter how complicated it is.

Benefits of Doing Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is an activity that we do every day. But did you know that this type of communication has a myriad of benefits? What are the benefits? Here’s the full list!

1. Naming or labeling

In a way, naming or labeling is the most basic benefit in verbal communication. By using verbal communication, we can easily identify an object, be it an object, animal or human. For example, if you meet someone you don’t know, you can identify them by asking their name.

2. Media for interaction

Humans cannot live alone, and are almost always in need of other people around them. With verbal communication, you can build interaction with the people around you. The interaction itself can be in the form of just greetings, small talk, or even exchanging ideas. It is this interaction that ultimately makes us never alone, and it is clear that this will be difficult to do using non-verbal communication.

3. As a means of sharing information

In addition to creating interaction with people around us, verbal communication is also a means for us to share information with others. By doing verbal communication such as speaking, writing, listening, or reading, you can convey or get important information from other people. The opposite is also true for other people. They can get the information they need from you by talking, listening, writing or reading.

4. Media to develop language

A language will become extinct if it is never used. But by carrying out verbal communication, we not only keep a language alive, but also make the language continue to develop according to the changing times. One simple example is the development of the Indonesian language. You must have realized that Indonesian in the past was very different from Indonesian today.

Yes, without realizing it, the Indonesian language has experienced many developments. If the Indonesian language in the past decades tended to be formal and stilted, today’s Indonesian is even more simple and far from formal. Especially with the many new slang that have sprung up, making our country’s language grow and change far from its roots, namely Malay.

5. Maintain a relationship

In addition to mutual trust, verbal communication is also the main key to the running of a relationship. Whether it’s a relationship with your partner, family, friends, or people around you. With good verbal communication, no misunderstandings will arise. Everything will go well, even making your relationship with people tighter.

6. As a means of learning

Reading as one of the most beneficial types of verbal communication for us. By diligently reading books, you will not only know many things, but also learn from other people’s experiences. In addition, the habit of reading for years will hone our memory.

Even more amazing, not a few people who like to read have photographic memory , where they can remember an event, information, pictures, as well as numbers in great detail. Then whenever they need it, they can easily recall the information as if they just got it yesterday.

7. Demonstrate self-existence

Writing is a form of non-verbal verbal communication. Interestingly, writing can also be a way to show your existence. For those of you who like to write, you can show your existence through various works. Whether it’s short articles, poetry, short stories, or it could be a book. Through this writing, people from various places will recognize you, it is not even impossible for your work to go viral and make you even more famous.

8. Add vocabulary

Do you realize, by writing, reading, and speaking, you are unknowingly increasing your vocabulary? The activities above make you acquainted with many new words and their meanings.

What’s more, we live in Indonesia, where the majority of the population is young, every month there are bound to be new terms that go viral and reach our ears. Now the words you get from these activities, you can reuse when talking to other people, or when you write a new work. Very interesting isn’t it?

9. Media to express feelings

We must have unek-unek or something that we really want to convey to others.

Well, verbal communication is the only way to convey those feelings. You can express it verbally by speaking directly to the person concerned, via a message in the application, or you can also write a handwritten letter.

10. Media to share knowledge

When you have more knowledge in a field, it’s better if you don’t keep that knowledge to yourself. You can share it with others through verbal communication. The methods themselves vary, you can write down your knowledge and publish it in a book, or even simpler by teaching people around you who are new to that field.

At first glance verbal communication sounds so trivial because we do it every day. But sometimes, what we take for granted is not always as simple as we think. Who would have thought that what we do every day in the form of talking, reading, listening or writing actually has a myriad of benefits that we never realized before.

How to Improve Verbal Communication Skills

Sinaumed’s can implement some of the tips below to improve verbal communication skills.

1. Read and write more

Verbal communication is an activity centered on word play. Through writing in a reading, readers can examine how a word is chosen from the many choices of words with the same meaning.

By reading, Sinaumed’s will be trained in arranging words into a series of ideas. Reading is also an activity to update the vocabulary bank which will be very influential when conveying messages.

After reading, we also have to train ourselves to write. Writing is an exercise to get the ideas out of our heads into a structured plan. Through writing we can arrange messages that we want to convey later in a more organized manner.

2. Prepare the message to be conveyed

Every time you want to start a conversation, Sinaumed’s needs to keep in mind that every word you want to say must be thought of beforehand. This means that the communication we do is right on target and does not have the potential to cause misunderstandings.

Sinaumed’s also needs to pay attention to every situation and condition when communication takes place. If the person we are talking to is grieving, then we must carefully choose words of consolation that will not offend him.

3. Practice speaking

Without good self-confidence, we often falter when speaking in public. Even anxiety or nervousness is often felt by many people when making presentations. So, how do you overcome this one verbal communication barrier?

Sinaumed’s can increase self-confidence by continuing to practice speaking. We can try reading aloud in front of a mirror. Next, the practice pattern was changed by speaking without text. Do this exercise regularly to hone Sinaumed’s’ verbal communication skills.

Conclusion

The writing above explains that verbal communication has a big role in the whole communication process that we do. For this reason, verbal communication is important to understand and learn in order to support our social life.

In practice, written verbal communication and written verbal communication cannot be separated. These two patterns of verbal communication are often used in combination. This is done to answer increasingly complex human needs.

Is Sinaumed’s interested in applying verbal communication skills in everyday life? Sinaumed’s can learn more about communication through the recommended books below. Sinaumed’s can get all of these books by accessing www.sinaumedia.com . Let’s read!

Understanding the Definition of Customary Law and Examples in Indonesia-  Every action that is committed always contains a cause-and-effect relationship that is obtained when someone does it. There is even the term “dare to do, must dare to take responsibility” as a consequence that is obtained for whatever has been done.

Receiving punishment or sanctions is the result of an act committed by someone who has made a mistake. Because of the mistakes they have made, they are rewarded in the form of punishment or sanctions. The punishment or sanction also has various variations according to the actions committed. And, a good law is one that gives fair punishment according to the actions of the perpetrators.

Of the various forms of punishment that exist to process a person’s wrongdoing, there is what is known as customary law. Customary law itself can generally be interpreted as a punishment given in accordance with customs based on local regional regulations that are mutually agreed upon by the residents.

For this reason, Sinaumed’s friends who want to know more about what customary law is and how it works, especially in Indonesia, in this discussion we have summarized information about this customary law.

Furthermore, we have summarized information regarding customary law and can be listened to below!

Definition of Customary Law

Customary law or traditional law is customary law which refers to rules that bind the community, which are unwritten and arise from practices that grow and develop from certain customary law communities. Indonesian customary law that applies today is customary law that existed before 1808 AD. when Thomas Stamford Raffles made changes, namely “rules that are unwritten and become guidelines for all Indonesian people and are followed by Indonesian people in everyday life and society. And is a benchmark from the group to the various guidelines and facts that regulate and publicize the lives of Indonesians.

The term “customary law” comes from the Dutch word, namely adatrecht.

Customary law is a cultural product that includes cultural values ​​of creativity, intention and human feelings. In other words, law was born from awareness of human needs and the desire to live in a just and civilized manner as a manifestation of human civilization.

On the other hand, customary law is also interpreted as a form of cultural ideas, consisting of cultural values, norms, laws and rules, which are interconnected and form a system and have very strong real sanctions.

The practice of customary law (common law) is a mature pattern of behavior that can be objectively verified within the social environment of the local community. Lawsuits can be filed to defend “what the judge has always done and accepted”.

Most customary law concerns social norms established in a particular place. However, this concept can also be applied to areas of domestic and international law where certain norms have become almost universal for accepting the right course of action – such as laws on anti-piracy or anti-slavery devices.

In many cases, although not in all cases, customary law has legal decisions in favor of jurisprudence and common law which have evolved over time to give their rules additional weight as statutes and also to show the evolution of the interpretation of statutes. That’s from the court in question.

Customary law is often called common law or common law.

In Indonesia, customary law is official law and is recognized as applicable law. After Indonesian independence, several provisions were made and included in the 1945 Constitution, one of which was a general law.

This is reflected in Article 18B paragraph 2 of the 1945 Constitution which reads:

“The state recognizes and respects the units of ordinary people and their traditional rights as long as they are still alive and in accordance with the principles of development and progress of society. The State Council of the Republic of Indonesia is regulated by law”

In addition, customary law also has other meanings that are interpreted by experts. Prof. Mr. According to B. Terhaar Bzn, customary law is a set of rules stated in the decisions of traditional leaders and applied spontaneously in society. Terhaar is known for his “Decision” theory, which means that to see whether a custom has become common law, one has to look at the attitude of the rulers of the legal community towards violators of these general rules. If the authorities pass sentences to criminals, then this duty is common law.

Dr. Sukanto, SH, customary law is a set of practices which are generally not recorded, not codified and are coercive and punitive so that they have legal consequences. So it can be concluded that in general common law is unwritten law. However, indigenous peoples continue to believe that there are laws that bind their environment and that they must be followed and punished if they break them.

Sources of Customary Law

Sources of customary law (common law) are divided into three forms, namely:

• Source Identification

The main sources of common law are what is actually done in the jurisdiction in question, whether singular or repeated. This source applies when the perpetrator of a crime is clearly proven guilty and then punished according to the wrongdoing committed.

• Load source

The source of the content of customary law is the legal awareness of the customary law community. So, awareness of a sanction that applies if you commit a crime or a mistake indirectly gives awareness to the people around you who practice customary law so that they are reluctant to do so so that they are not subject to the applicable customary sanctions or punishments.

• Binding source

The binding source of customary law is shame, resulting from the operation of the value system among the indigenous peoples concerned. The binding force of customary law is the legal awareness of the customary members concerned.

When indigenous peoples still have a high sense of shame if they make mistakes that lead to customary law, of course they avoid making mistakes as much as possible so that they are not subject to applicable customary law. However, it’s a different story if the community no longer has a sense of shame when they make mistakes like those of corruptors and other legal criminals in Indonesia.

Elements of Common Law

This unwritten legal element is divided into two parts as follows:

• Material elements

The first element is a material element that shows the existence of habits and behavior in customary law which are formed and repeated. It also means the same behavior.

• Spiritual Elements

The second element is the spiritual element, which shows that there are paths in customary law that must be followed, because the community groups within them believe that this is done objectively.

Customary law forms

Unlike other developed legal systems, customary law is unwritten law. These laws grow, develop and disappear according to the growth and development of society.

Attempts were made to codify some of the customary laws and thereby encourage them to acquire a written form.

One example is the Farm Act of 1950. Common law, which became written law, however, was different from earlier common laws. The general law relating to agricultural matters became the Basic Law

Characteristics of Customary Law

Customary law is a cultural product which contains cultural values ​​of creativity, intention and human feelings. In other words, law was born from awareness of human needs and the desire to live in a just and civilized manner as a manifestation of human civilization.

On the other hand, customary law is also interpreted as a form of cultural ideas, consisting of cultural values, norms, laws and rules, which are interconnected and form a system and have very strong real sanctions.

Quoted by Dr. Introduction to Indonesian Law. B. Hanafi Arief, SH, MH, Ph.D. D, customary law or common law can be identified from several characteristics, including:

• Irregular.
• Not written and not codified in legal form.
• Not arranged systematically.
• No introduction or consideration is used in the decision.
• Not made in the form of a law book.
• Provisions are not systematic and lack explanation.

Nature of Customary Law (common law)

Common law has special properties in addition to several characteristics, for example:

• Community (communal): family; society is more important than the individual.

• Cash (Cash): Legal actions are legal if done in cash, as a basis for acknowledging legal actions.
• Real (Concrete): a legal act is declared valid if it is made specifically in the form of a law.

Examples of customary law in Indonesia

There are many examples of Indonesian customary law, here is an explanation of the various customary laws that apply in Indonesia and are still valid:

• Acehnese customary law

This customary law prohibits men and women who are not husbands or relatives from living together. If they broke, both were whipped. In Aceh, people who make mistakes are punished according to the mistakes they have made. Starting from reprimands, apologies from the public to physical punishment.

• Balinese customary law

Following patrilinealism, namely custom, which regulates descent from the father’s side. There, the community has a family inheritance law, which is given entirely to men. Although only women can wear it.

• Javanese Customary Law

Javanese people perform special rituals before carrying out activities to avoid bad events.

• Minangkabau customary law

Which states that a marriage is considered valid if a member of the community enters into a marriage based on the terms and pillars of the Islamic religion.

• Finger Cutting Customary Law, Papua

This customary law may sound terrible, but it really applies in Papua. Among the indigenous people in the Halmahera Mountains, when one of their family members dies, the remaining family members must have their fingers cut off.

• Mahar Maluku Customary Law

The customary law that is still valid in Indonesia is the Mahar Maluku Customary Law. Until 2005, the people of Maluku adhered to the customary law of dowry, namely the severed human head. The Naulu people believe that this will bring eternity to their marriage. But now the government has banned the customary law.

In addition to customary law that uses a dowry, Maluku also has another customary law, namely the customary law of exile. In the city of Maluku, pregnant women are thrown away from their families. The mother-to-be was placed in a 2 x 3 meter house called Tikusune which only had a mattress. Until now, this customary law is still maintained by the Naulu tribe on the island of Seram in the province of Maluku.

This is an explanation of the meaning of customary law (common law) and some examples of common law in Indonesia. After reading the following explanation, I hope it adds to the knowledge of all of you Sinaumed’s friends to understand and respect customary law that applies in various regions in Indonesia.

Benefits and Importance of Customary Law

Customary law, as a law based on the personality of the Indonesian nation, is clearly very important for the Indonesian nation itself. Apart from that, it is also important in forming the domestic laws and regulations of the Republic of Indonesia.

The benefits of customary law (common law) are:

• Understand Indonesian customs and legal culture
• With the existence of common law, we can find out what common law can be close to the uniformity that can be applied as domestic law.
• Customary law, as a law born from the personality of the Indonesian nation itself, is of course always preserved as positive social law.

Thus customary law can be used as a benchmark or source of reference in the study and development of the laws of the Republic of Indonesia for those who follow it. However, it can be said that the purpose of customary law is to organize a safe, peaceful and prosperous society.

Purpose of Existence of Customary Law (Common Law)

Actually, there is no clear and detailed purpose for the application of common law in society. However, it can be said that the purpose of customary law is to organize a safe, peaceful and prosperous society.

The scope of customary law only regulates the relationship between the community and other parties with community authorities. Common law is guided by the principles of harmony, decency, social harmony and is religious-magical in nature.

Common law does not recognize the division of law, and neither does Western law. Common law does not make a clear distinction between private (citizen) and public (public) interests.

Conclusion

This is a brief discussion of the definition of customary law and examples in Indonesia. Not only discussing the definition of customary law, but also discussing in more detail the customary law that applies in Indonesia, its legal forms, legal elements, characteristics, characteristics, examples that occur in Indonesian society, the benefits and purposes of enforcing customary law in Indonesia.

Studying customary law is a very basic thing, especially for a human being as a social being because understanding the various customary laws that apply and develop in each region makes us more respectful of each applicable regional regulation and of course it varies according to the cultural background of the area and the reasons why. they apply the customary law, of course, for certain reasons according to their respective customary beliefs.

Hello Sinaumed’s friends, Maybe when you hear the name of the province of West Java, what comes to your mind is of course the famous capital city, Bandung. This city has a long history in the development of Indonesia. It’s no wonder that this city has several nicknames, such as Bandung Lautan Api, Paris Van Java, City of Flowers and many more.

Besides all that, this province is famous for its beautiful panoramas and rich in local wisdom. There are regional games, songs, dances, traditional musical instruments, regional specialties, and more.

Folk songs are typical music in an area. The characteristics of regional songs are often the use of local lyrics and instruments such as gamelan, angklung or drums.

Inspiration for the song often tells about history, natural scenery, typical food or the habits of the people of the area.

Indonesia itself has lots of folk songs, of course these must be preserved so that the nation’s culture can live on from generation to generation. This time we will discuss and dissect some of the meanings of popular West Javanese folk songs and traditional West Javanese musical instruments.

Regional Songs from West Java

If we talk about the province of West Java, of course our memory will not be separated from the familiar names, namely “Bandung” , “Sunda” or ” Peuyeum” . All the privileges of the province of West Java are the main attraction for people to discover the wealth of art in the western part of Java Island.

The distinctive feature of the province of West Java is its regional songs. West Java has many very unique folk songs to sing. What are the folk songs from West Java? Let’s look at the following collection of folk songs from West Java and their meanings.

1. Bubuy Bulan

Bubuy Bulan is a West Javanese folk song composed by Benny Corda in Sundanese. This song is very familiar to Sundanese people, this song is often taught from elementary to high school.

Lyrics of the folk song “Bubuy Bulan”

Bubuy Bulan is a love song that tells about the longing for someone who is far from his lover. He still hopes that his girlfriend can often come home to visit him to satisfy his homesickness.

But his desire increases when he often sees someone passing by his house every morning, and this person seems to remind him of his girlfriend because they have similar eye features.

2. Tokecang

Tokécang is a West Javanese folk song which is also popular among the Sundanese people and even outside the Sundanese community. The song was also choreographed with pop music several times to make it more accessible to the wider public.

Tokecang is also one of the most famous folk songs in Indonesia, and has even been used as the soundtrack for a children’s soap opera on TV. Many people love this song, from children to adults, because of its upbeat, fast and witty lyrics.

Traditionally, tokecang is included in the play song genre, usually sung by children in pairs, facing each other and holding hands. While the song is being performed, the couple turns and rotates their hands so that they are facing each other.

Usually this game is done while waiting for something, either in the form of objects or people. The goal is to reduce boredom when waiting is too long, so that it fills spare time.

Lyrics of the folk song “Tokecang”

Tokecang tokecang bala gendir tosblong

Angeun kacang angeun kacang sapependil kosong

Aya listrik di masigit meuni caang katingalna

Aya istri jangkung alit karangan dina pipina

Tokecang tokecang bala gendir tosblong

Angeun kacang angeun kacang sapependil kosong

3. Manuk Dadali

Manuk Dadali is still classified as a folk song originating from West Java, which was composed by Sambas Mangundikarta. Manuk Dadali means Garuda Bird, it is clear that this song is nationalist in nature and describes the power of the Garuda bird as a symbol of Indonesia’s glory.

Lyrics of the song “Manuk Dadali”

Mesat ngapung luhur jauh di awang-awang
Meberkeun jangjangna bangun taya karingrang
Sukuna ranggaos reujeung pamatukna ngeluk
Ngapak mega bari hiberna tarik nyuruwuk

Saha anu bisa nyusul kana tandangna
Gandang jeung pertentang taya bandingannana
Dipikagimir dipikaserab ku sasama
Taya karempan kasieun leber wawanenna

Chorus
Manuk dadali manuk panggagahna
Perlambang sakti indonesia jaya
Manuk dadali pangkakon carana
Resep ngahiji rukun sakabehna

Hirup sauyunan tara pahiri-hiri
Silih pikanyaah teu inggis bela pati
Manuk dadali ngandung siloka sinatria
Keur sakumna bangsa di nagara indonesia

4. Cing Cankeling

Cing Cangkeling is a type of Sundanese game song that is often sung by children to count before playing cat and mouse or running. At first glance, this song seems meaningless. But it turns out that the lyrics of this song carry a fairly deep meaning.

Lyrics of the song “Cing Cangkeling”

Kleung dengklek buah kopi rarang geuyan
Keun anu dewek ulah pati diheureuyan
Cing cangkeling manuk cingkleung cindeten
Plos kakolong bapak satar buleneng

Pat lapat pat lapat katingalan masih tebih kene pisan
Layarna bodas jeung celak kasurung kaombak ombak

This song seems to describe the feelings or contents of the human heart compared to birds flying to and fro. Like birds, the human heart is also full of vibrations and movement.

A good heart is a calm and firm heart that is not easily swayed or shaken. With such a heart, it will certainly grow peace and direct the owner of the heart to the right path.

5. Sweep Pegat Simpay Pain

Sapu Nyere Pegat Simpay is included in the genre of Obligatory Songs or West Java Regional Songs created by Sambas Mangundikarta, a broadcaster and musician from Bandung. We don’t have much information about this song, other than the lyrics and subtitles below.

Lyrics of the song “Sapu Nyere Pegat Simpay”

Ririungan urang karumpul
Meumpeung deukeut hayu urang sosonoan

Macangkrama bari ngawadul
Urang silih tempas, silih eledan

Moal lila jeung babaturan
Hiji wanci anu geus ditangtukeun

Bakal pisah bakal pajauh
Bakal mopohokeun katineung urang

Sapu nyere pegat simpay, bakal kalakon
Takdir ti Gusti Hyang Widi, pasti kasorang

Urang rek papisah
Urang rek pajauh

Meumpeung deukeut
Hayu urang sosonoan

Translation:

Come closer, let’s get together,

While still close, let’s share the joy,

Hanging out while telling stories,

We greet each other, sit together in peace…

We will not always be together (oh friend)

At a time that has been suspended,

We’ll be apart, we’ll be far from each other,

We will forget our memories so far…

Unravel the knot of the broom stick, It Will Happen…(Proverbs)

God’s destiny, the Giver of Permission, must happen…

we will separate,

we’ll be far apart,

While close let’s create longing and joy….

6. Peuyeum Bandung

Peuyeum Bandung is the title of the song which tells about the popularity of Peuyeum as a typical Bandung food which is famous for its enjoyment. This song was composed by Sambas Mangundikarta and popularized by Nining Maida, a Sundanese pop singer in the 1980s, this song attracted many tourists. In Indonesian, peuyeum is often referred to as Sampe or Tapai (tape).

Lyrics of the song “Peuyeum Bandung”

Di mana-mana di kampung di kota

‘tos kakoncaran duh nikmat rasana

Sampeu asalna nu direka-reka

naon namina duh matak kabita

Peuyeum Bandung kamashur pangaos

‘teu luhur ku sadaya kagaleh sepuh jeung murangkalih

Mangga cobian ulah panasaran

peuyeum ti Bandung henteu sembarangan

Translation:

Every where

In the village in the city

Already famous

By delicious taste

Originally from Cassava

Not designed

What is the name

Ouch I want

The famous Bandung tape

The price is not expensive

By all kagaleh

Parents and children

Please try

Just in case it’s hot

Tapes from Bandung

Not carelessly

7. Sabilulungan

In Indonesian, Sabilulungan means “Unity”. As the title suggests, the song tells a story about solidarity, mutual cooperation, and an invitation to anyone to stay united.

The song Sabilulungan itself was written by Sundanese artist Koko Koswara, or better known as Mang Koko. Through the lyrics of the song, it implies that the unity which has become the symbol of the Indonesian state is something that must be protected and preserved.

Lyrics of the song “Sabilulungan”

Sabilulungan, urang gotong-royong
Sabilulungan, urang silih rojong
Sabilulungan, genteng ulah potong
Sabilulungan, persatuan tembong
Tohaga, rohaka
Rempug jukung ngabasmi pasalingsingan
Satia, sajiwa
Rempug jukung ngabasmi pasalingsingan
Sabilulungan, hirup sauyunan
Sabilulungan, silih pikaheman
Sabilulungan, tulung tinulungan
Sabilulungan, kukuh persatuan
Santosa, samakta
Teuneung ludeung ngajaring kawibawaan
Saihwan, Safaham
Nagri nanjung berkah sabilulungan
(Instrumen)
Sabilulungan, urang gotong-royong
Sabilulungan, urang silih rojong
Sabilulungan, genteng ulah potong
Sabilulungan, persatuan tembong
Tohaga, rohaka
Rempug jukung ngabasmi pasalingsingan
Satia, sajiwa
Rempug jukung ngabasmi pasalingsingan
Sabilulungan, hirup sauyunan
Sabilulungan, silih pikaheman
Sabilulungan, tulung tinulungan
Sabilulungan, kukuh persatuan
Santosa, samakta
Teuneung ludeung ngajaring kawibawaan
Saihwan, Safaham
Nagri nanjung berkah sabilulungan
(Instrumen)

8. Warung Pojok

Warung Pojok is a West Javanese folk song composed by the conductor Tarling from Cirebon, namely H. Abdul Adjib. This song is very popular among folk songs, which of course is no stranger to local music lovers, especially in West Java. So familiar, this song is also widely taught in schools in arts and culture subjects.

Lyrics of the song “Warung Pojok”

1. Abdul Adjib himself as the creator of this song is one of the most influential artists. His songs are very popular with the public, especially song lovers. In fact, one of his best works has been arranged by great music masters such as Atot Arosoma, Benny Corda and Mus Mualim.

For his extraordinary works, H. Abdul Adjib also received an award in the arts from the Governor of West Java at that time in 2004.

West Java Traditional Musical Instruments

This time we will discuss some of the traditional musical instruments of West Java. It can be said that the traditional musical instruments originating from West Java are numerous and varied. What are the most popular West Javanese traditional musical instruments? Check out the list of traditional musical instruments below.

1. Angklung

Angklung is a multinational or two-tone musical instrument that has traditionally developed in the Sunda region. The exact location is on the west side of the island of Java or West Java

This musical instrument is made of bamboo, played by shaking it. The sound produced by the angklung is made by moving the body on a bamboo tube and producing a vibrating sound in the form of a timbre of 2 (two), 3 (three) to 4 (four) for each size, both small and large.

2. Arumba

Arumba is a bamboo musical instrument similar to angklung. The term arumba comes from an abbreviation, specifically the strains of a bamboo grove.

Initially, arumba used pentatonic scales. But over time, this instrument uses diatonic scales.

3. Kecapi

Kecapi is a stringed instrument originating from Indonesia, closely related to other stringed instruments in East Asia, as well as Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam, Japan, Thailand, Korea, and Burma, and China.

In Indonesia, this musical instrument has spread to various parts of the archipelago, including Java, Sundanese, Bugis, Batak, Dayak, Timor, Toraja and others.

Kecapi has different names and forms in each region, such as Kacaping, kecapi, kutiyapi, kasapi, etc.

However, the Sundanese lute has advanced and developed forms and playing techniques compared to similar stringed instruments in Indonesia.

4. Toleat

Toleat is a kind of musical instrument that is played by blowing. Toleat comes from Subang and is often played by shepherds on the north coast. They would play this instrument while waiting for the shepherd. Initially this instrument was made of straw. But over time, this musical instrument was made from tamiang bamboo. Because the craftsmen found the material to be more durable and of high quality.

Toleat has eight tone holes with bass overtones. As a result, it can produce a unique sound similar to a saxophone. The shape of this instrument resembles a flute. However, toleat has a slanted wood. The toleat instrument can be combined with many other musical instruments and can create unique musical creations. This instrument is often associated with drums or harps. Even today, toleat has started collaborating with modern instruments such as keyboards.

5. Rebab

Rebab is a traditional West Javanese musical instrument known since the 8th century. This musical instrument was brought by traders from the Middle East to Indonesia. Rebab is not only found in West Java, because Rebab is also a Jambi and Jakarta traditional musical instrument which is used to accompany Betawi masks.

The meaning of the name rebab comes from the word Rabab which comes from the Persian language and has a sad meaning. This understanding is in accordance with the types of songs that are often played using the fiddle, namely sad songs or ngalengis. The rebab musical instrument is also commonly referred to as lengek, which means friction or mat. Meanwhile, people who play the fiddle are called “ngalengek”, which means playing the fiddle.

In the past, Rebab was made of copper and had three strings or strings. However, over time, violins were made of arrow-shaped wood. The instrument itself is played with a slide like a violin, but not raised over the shoulders.

6. Bamboo Flute

In the Sundanese tradition, the flute is usually made of tamarind type bamboo and has a length of 52 cm and a diameter of 15-18 mm. In the bamboo stick, several holes will be drilled. A hole is tied with thin rattan and used as a sound source. Then another 6-9 holes act as tone controls.

In Sundanese music, two types of flute are used. The first is a flute with six holes or even edges. Often this flute will be used to accompany Sundanese songs Cianjuran or Gamelan Degung Kreasi. The second type is a flute with four holes. Usually this flute is used in the classic Sundanese songs Cianjuran and Gamelan.

Proposition Is- In Indonesian lessons apart from learning to read and write we also learn about how to make a good sentence structure in accordance with the basic rules that apply. Therefore, an article must also pay attention to how the linguistic rules have been agreed upon and can be learned in Indonesian itself.

One of the sentence structures that must be considered in making an Indonesian sentence is a proposition. In Indonesian, a proposition is a clause in the form of a complete sentence. Propositions consist of three main parts: subject, predicate, and conjunction (copula). Conjunctions (copula) are words that connect a subject and a predicate. Copula in Indonesian sentences is not always used. But in a proposition, the copula must be used. Examples of the word copula are, whereas, is, or, etc.

For Sinaumed’s friends, especially for those who are interested in language and literature, the discussion this time will be very interesting because it will discuss the meaning of propositional sentence structure and how to form example sentences and find out the types of text.

Further discussion of the notion of propositions can be seen below!

Definition of Proposition

Proposition is a term used for a meaningful declarative phrase. That is, a sentence must be believed, questioned, disproved or proven true or not. In short, propositions are statements about things that can be found to be true or false.

Quoting from a semantic book, a proposition is a statement that can be proven true or can be disproved. Whereas in the book Basics of Logic, propositions are statements in sentences that have a complete and intact meaning. Propositions are also known as instructional sentences which are used as data. In the form of a prepositional sentence, there is a relationship between the fact and the subject. In short, a proposition is a neutral sentence because it does not take the form of a question, wish, or command.

Propositional Text Forming Elements

The elements contained in a propositional sentence include:

• Subjects, especially those mentioned in prepositional sentences, can be objects, places, people, or events.
• Predicate, namely the things stated in the subject.
• A copula or conjunction is a word that connects a subject and a predicate.

Here is an example of a propositional sentence with its constituent parts.

From the sentence “all humans will die”, it can be explained that the subject of the sentence is “humans”, the predicate of the sentence is “dead”, and the word “is” can be called a copula. The word “all” in the sentence is a number.

Types of Propositional Sentences

• Propositions according to form

According to their form, propositions are classified into two categories: singular and compound. Simple propositions express only one statement which is only supported by subject and predicate (single sentence).

Examples of simple propositional sentences: I am crying; brother run.

Example of a compound proposition: Dad does office work and listens to the radio. Every citizen must fulfill his obligations and receive his rights.

• Based on the nature of justification or denial

Based on the nature of justification and denial, there are two types of propositions:

categorical and conditional. Categorical propositions refer to absolute justification or denial; definitely right or definitely wrong. In other words, truth happens unconditionally.

Next are conditional propositions, which refer to conditional or optional justification or denial. The conditional clause category itself can be divided into two categories, namely the hypothesis and the differentiating proposition.

A hypothesis conditional statement is a statement that shows a conditional justification. This means that if the proposal is made, then the truth happens. We can see this in the sentence If it rains then the ground is muddy, then the ground will be muddy if it rains. Unlike the subjunctive conditional, an exception clause is also known as a substitution clause. It is based on justification in the form of choice. These clauses often use the word or as in sentences:

Amir has to help his parents or clean the yard.

• Categorical proposition:

the justification or denial of a proposition is absolute (certainly true or false definitively), so that the justification of an absolute proposition is unconditional.

Example of a categorical clause: All living things will die.

• Conditional proposition:

Refers to a proposition as a conditional justification or denial or a possible choice. Conditional clauses are divided into hypothetical conditional propositions and disjunctive conditional propositions.

The conditional proposition of the hypothesis refers to the conditional justification. When the proposition is fulfilled, the truth occurs.

Hypothesis conditional proposition:

In the dry season, the land becomes arid. So that the earth will dry if there is a drought.

Disjunctive conditional propositions refer to justification by choice and often use the word “or”.

Examples of disjunctive conditional propositions:

I have to go to school or work to make a living.

• Based on a broad understanding

Based on a broad sense, propositions are divided into three categories:

universal (general), particular (special) and singular (unique). Universal propositions are propositions that cover all aspects or parts. This is indicated by the words:

all, all, each, every time, everything. For example in the sentence: No one in the world lives happily

Then the second proposition is a special proposition, namely a proposition that represents a portion of all aspects. Tasks mark specific suggestions as some, some, not all, most, many. For example:

Not all students study hard. The word “not all” in the sentence above is a single clause, which only includes certain aspects.

And the last proposition is the singular proposition, which expresses only one aspect, between the signs of this word and that of another.

Examples of its use in sentences:

This house is for sale, from this house there is only one element. If there are two elements in it, then a sentence cannot be called a singular proposition.

• General (universal) proposition:

A clause with a predicate that supports or denies all objects. Propositional signs are the words “all”, “each”, “all”, “all”.

Examples of general propositions:

All students must do homework given by the teacher.

• Particular Propositions (Special):

Propositions with special statements stating that a particular object is part of the predicate. It can also be said that special propositions reveal several aspects.

Example of a special proposition:

Several students on this campus are scholarship recipients.

• Singular Proposition (Unique):

A proposition that expresses only one aspect. Single clauses are marked with the words “this” and “that”.

Example: This coconut tree will be cut down.

Based on quality and quantity

Based on the quality and quantity, propositions can be divided into two, namely Propositions A, I, E and Proposition O. Proposition A here means universal or single affirmative; total disclosure and justification, affirmative or positive clause. Example sentences: This table is made of teak wood.

Unlike A, an E-clause is a universal or singular negation it expresses the entirety of any negation, denial, or negativity. For example, like the sentence “This table is not teak wood”, the word not in the sentence shows negation in a negative form.

In addition to Proposals A and E, based on their quality and quantity, Proposals are further divided into Proposition I and Proposition O. Proposition I is a special proposition in implementation; express a part of the whole acknowledgment, justification or positivity. As an example in the following sentence “Most public high school students are not diligent in studying”.

Proposition O is itself a concrete negating proposition; express a part of the whole negation, denial or negation.

Example of sentences:

“Most public high school students don’t study hard”

Examples of Propositional Sentences

Examples of compound proposition sentences

• Most women prefer pink, while most men prefer black.
• Some animals cannot lay eggs, while some plants cannot bear fruit.
• Some students choose to major in science while others choose to major in social sciences.
• Some recent graduates choose to work as office workers, while others choose to become entrepreneurs.
• All humans are living beings and must die.
• Everyone must eat and drink.
• Most teenagers are stupid weeaboos and kpopers.
• Jakarta is the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia and the provincial capital of DKI Jakarta. People definitely need genuine love and care.
• Jakarta is the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, while Paris is the capital of France.

Single proposition sentence examples

• Most teenagers like loud music bands.
• Some women don’t like pink.
• Of course everyone needs love and affection.
• Jakarta is the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia.
• Some trees cannot bear fruit.
• Everyone is a living being.
• Humans are all eaters.
• All living things will surely die.
• All living things need food.
• Some men like women with a nice body.

Another example of a proposition sentence

• Each child should have their own interests and talents.
• Not all graduates go on to study for a doctoral degree.
• Not all students stand out because of their academic success.
• The moon is a natural satellite of planet Earth.
• Some viewers don’t like horror movies. Everyone has their own problems.
• Everything in the universe is God’s creation.
• Michael Jordan is not a soccer player.
• Rendang is a dish that CNN rated as the best.
• Today, most people need multiple devices. Not all men like dark clothes.
• Not everyone is proud to have a private vehicle.
• Sadewa is the youngest child of Pandu and Dewi Kunti.
• IPS stands for social science.
• Communication is not an exact science. Evan Dimas is not a technocrat.
• Poetry is not a kind of sentence.
• Arjuna was not the son of Basudewa Kresna.
• Gareng is a clown.
• The poem I Want is a poem by Sapardi Djoko Damono. Ernest Hemingway is not an Indonesian writer.
• Multatuli is the pseudonym of Eduard Douwes Dekker.
• Some high school graduates inevitably choose to continue their studies at the university level.
• Cats are not herbivores.
• Humans are not tailed creatures. Bandung is not the capital city of East Java.
• Chairil Anwar is a poet who is famous for his poem I.
• Today, most people must have various types of social media accounts.
• Anyone who is an adult must have experienced puberty.
• Not all men are mean to women. Not all women like pink.
• Not all teenagers like Japanese manga and anime.
• All creatures breathe.
• All living things need food.
• All living things will surely grow and develop. Each of them has its own characteristics and characteristics.
• All living beings pass through the stages of birth and death.

Conclusion

That’s a brief discussion of the meaning of propositional sentences. The discussion this time does not only discuss the definition of propositional sentences but also discusses the proper use of propositional sentences, types, and examples of propositional sentences.

Understanding propositional sentences really helps us understand the correct linguistic structure in language learning which helps us more easily understand and properly understand the function and proper use of propositional sentences.

Understanding Diction  – Diction is the choice of words in writing that are commonly used to describe a story or give meaning according to the wishes of the author.

diction is the right choice of words and is aligned and aims to make the reader understand the text in writing.

In every sentence writing, it always requires diction. The choice of words or diction is important for stringing words, suitability in sentences and giving expression to the author’s sentences.

Diction can determine the style of language in a piece of writing. Every sentence, paragraph and even discourse requires language style. The style of language formed by diction can shape honesty, politeness, the official level of writing and even the atmosphere.

To make it clearer, here are the definitions, types, functions, and characteristics of diction.

Definition of Diction

According to the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI), diction is the choice of words that are appropriate and aligned in their use. Diction is used by the writer to express an idea so as to get a certain effect, as expected by the writer.

From the definition of diction according to the KBBI, it can be understood that diction is the selection of appropriate words and is used to choose words so that they can express certain ideas.

In poetry, diction is used by poets to obtain certain meanings. So, diction is not only a choice of words but also used to describe a story and even give meaning. Diction also includes expressions and language styles.

This will help the interlocutor and the reader more easily understand the message Sinaumed’s is trying to convey. To achieve the goal of using this diction, the writer must be able to choose the right and common diction. Improper diction can cause different messages and meanings in writing.

In writing, diction is included in the discussion of aspects of words in poetry which include connotation, denotation, semantics, morphology and etymology. The most basic application of diction is the disclosure of the author’s ideas.

In addition, the use of proper diction can also be applied when speaking in public as well as various types of writing.

The accuracy of diction can be influenced by the ability of language users related to the ability to master, understand, know and use a number of vocabularies.

Definition of Diction According to Expert Opinion

In order to better understand the definition of diction, the following is the definition of diction according to experts.

1. Gorys Keraf

Keraf argues that diction is divided into two, namely the choice of words or about the meaning of words used to convey an idea, the right expression and the style of delivery that is better and in accordance with the situation.

Second, Keraf defines diction as an ability to accurately distinguish the nuances of meaning from the ideas conveyed.

Apart from that, diction can also be in the form of the ability to find a form that is in accordance with the values, situations that are owned by groups of listeners, readers and society.

2. Susilo Mansuruddin

Diction is word choice. According to Susilo Mansurudin, the use or selection of correct, precise and careful diction can help the writer in assigning value to a word.

The choice of diction that is the same age, in other words, will prevent misinterpretation or different interpretations from writer to reader.

3. Widyamartaya

Widyamartaya defines diction as a person’s ability to correctly distinguish a nuance of meaning according to the idea conveyed.

A person’s ability to distinguish these meanings, according to the situation and the sense of value possessed by community groups and listeners and readers.

4. Enre

Not so different from the opinions of other experts, Enre defines diction as the appropriate use of words to represent thoughts and treatments to be conveyed in certain sentence patterns.

If conclusions are drawn, it can be interpreted that diction is the choice of words that can determine the style of language to express the contents of the thoughts, ideas of the author so that there are no misinterpretations in writing.

Function and Purpose of Diction

In general, diction has the function of beautifying a sentence as in poetry or stories, good diction is used to tell a story coherently, explain characterizations, describe time and setting and so on.

Diction Function

Here are some other functions of diction in writing literary works.

1. Helping readers understand the message of a literary work
Choosing the right and good diction in writing a literary work can make it easier for readers to understand the message the author wants to convey through his writing.

Messages are any notifications, communications or words conveyed either orally or in writing that are sent from one person to another. This message becomes the core of the communication process that is established.

2. Effective communication
Choosing diction in writing literary works can help make communication more effective. A good understanding of the use and selection of diction is very important in order to create an efficient and effective communication.

In practice, diction can lead to a correct idea as well as a misunderstanding for readers and listeners. Then this can have an impact on society.

3. As a form of expression
In accordance with its meaning, diction functions as a form of expression that is present in the author’s ideas which can be expressed in writing or orally.

The use of harmonious and appropriate diction can help build the imagination of readers and listeners when reading or listening to a literary work.

Expression is a term that refers to something to show one’s feelings. Expressing feelings, can not only be shown through facial expressions but also through words in writing or when someone speaks through the selection of the right diction.

4. Entertainment
Choosing the right diction can serve as entertainment for the reader. This relates to every message and expression outlined in a literary work.

Entertainment is anything in the form of words, places, objects or even behavior that can entertain listeners, viewers and readers. In general, entertainment can be in the form of games, music, opera, drama, videos, films or even literary works.

In addition to the four functions of diction above, several other functions of diction are preventing misunderstanding or interpretation, creating the right atmosphere, forming the right style of expressing ideas according to the atmosphere of the event such as formal, informal so that it will be enjoyable for the readers.

Diction Purpose

The purpose of using diction is to obtain beauty in order to increase expressivity. Of course, a word will more clearly express the idea of ​​writing if the word used is precise, accurate and appropriate. Diction is used to refine words or sentences to make them feel more beautiful.

Types of Diction

In general, diction is divided into two types, namely diction based on meaning and diction based on lexical. The following describes the two types of diction.

1. Diction Based on Meaning

Types of diction based on their meaning are divided into two types which include connotative meaning and denotative meaning.

According to Chaer, differences in diction are based on connotative and denotative meanings according to whether or not there is a sense of value in a word. In short, the denotative is general while the connotative is specific.

a. Denotative meaning
Denotative meaning diction is diction with the actual meaning of a sentence or a word. Denotative meaning can also be interpreted as an objective meaning without bringing a certain feeling or pure.

Diction with denotative meaning has several characteristics, including having a straightforward meaning, because it is literal in nature and is usually the result of observations from the five human senses such as smell, hearing, sight, feeling and even one’s physical experience.

Here are some examples of diction with denotative meanings.

• Acne can be caused by sebum that accumulates on the face.
• Giraffes have longer necks than other animals.
• Bagus works hard to achieve his goals.

b. Connotative meaning
Types based on connotative meaning are dictions, words or sentences that have meanings that are not real. That is, the connotative meaning is a figurative meaning related to the value of taste.

Diction with a type of connotative meaning is usually influenced by the norms and values ​​held by certain communities.

Even so, the meaning of this diction will usually change along with changes in norms and values ​​that exist in society.

Here are some examples of diction with connotative meanings.

• Many heroes have fallen on the battlefield. (Aborted in the sentence has a connotative meaning, namely died.)
• Tasya is the golden child in class, because she is very well behaved and diligent. (The golden child in this sentence means the most beloved child.)
• After graduating from college, Abdul chose to work as an ink coolie. (Ink coolies can be interpreted as writers or more specifically as journalists and not as real coolies.)

2. Lexical Based Diction

Diction based on lexical is divided into eight kinds. The following is an explanation of the various dictions based on lexical.

a. Synonyms Synonyms
are two or more words that have the same meaning between one word and another.

The use of synonymous diction aims to make what is written more suitable, in accordance with the expression the author wants to express.

For example, when the author wants to describe death with the word dead.

However, the word mutilated is a diction that expresses rude things. So that mutilation can be replaced by other words such as died, passed away, nothing or others that have a more subtle expression to describe death.

b. Antonyms
Antonyms are the opposite of synonyms, which means the choice of words or dictions that have different or opposite meanings.

Some examples of antonyms such as high – low, small – large, up – down, sad – happy, thrifty – extravagant and so on.

c. Homonym Homonym
is the choice of words or diction that have the same spelling or pronunciation as a word, but have different meanings.

Some examples of homonyms are like the moon which has two meanings, namely the first as a satellite of the Earth and the second as a month time indicator.

d. Homophones
Homophones are words or dictions that have different meanings and spellings but the pronunciation is the same.

For example, words based on the lexical homophones bang and bank. Both have different meanings and spellings, but the pronunciation of the two words sounds similar.

e. Homograph
Homograph is the selection of words or diction that have different pronunciations and meanings but have the same spelling.

An example of a homograph is tofu. In sentences like, “He likes fried tofu,” and “He knows about the news.”

These two sentences have the same word, namely know, but the meaning is different.

In the first sentence, the word tofu means the name of the food, while in the second sentence the word tofu means to know something.

f. Polysemy Polysemy
is a diction or phrase that has more than one meaning.

Examples include interest in the sentence “A person who saves at the bank will get interest every month,” and the sentence “Dinda is the flower of the village that many men are after.”

In these two sentences, the word bungan has many and different meanings, in the first sentence the word flower can mean profit or plants, while in the second sentence the word flower can mean beauty or desire or even a poet.

g. Hypernym
Hypernym is a diction that represents many other words or includes the meaning of other words.

Examples of choosing words or diction based on lexical hypernyms are perfect which have good, extraordinary, good, and other meanings.

h. Hyponym
Hyponym is diction that can be represented by the word hypernym. An example of choosing words based on hyponyms is in the following sentence, ‘wild animals in the zoo include crocodiles, lions, deer, elephants, horses and others.’

In this sentence the word wild animal is a hypernym, while the word elephant, crocodile, lion and others are hyponym.

Diction features

According to the book Appreciation of Poetry (Theory and Application), it is explained that diction has the following characteristics.

1. Diction is used as a choice of words to express ideas or things mandated by the author.
2. Can be used to distinguish nuances of meaning with a form that is appropriate to the situation, ideas and values ​​the reader feels.
3. Using the vocabulary obtained by the community, the language used can move or empower wealth into a clear word.

In addition to the three characteristics of the diction, there are several accuracy requirements that need to be considered. According to Gorys Keraf, the following are the requirements for accurate diction.

1. Using the word connotation and denotation carefully in a piece of writing.
2. Using synonyms or words that have the same or nearly the same meaning carefully in a piece of writing to express ideas.
3. Can distinguish words that have similar spelling, but the same meaning.
4. Using the verb in the preposition and must be idiomatic.
5. Able to distinguish special and general words in writing such as speech, so that the accuracy of diction can be guaranteed.
6. Pay attention to the selection of words or diction correctly on an ongoing basis in writing or speech.

• In order to understand diction more clearly, here are some examples of the use of diction that Sinaumed’s needs to know.
• Rendi had been the director’s right-hand man for the past few years.
  The right hand means a trusted person.
  Rudi prefers to drain his father’s dairy business after graduating from school.
  The word dairy cow has real meaning, meaning cattle raised for milk.
• Before leaving for the morning assembly, Dina always makes time for breakfast with apples.
  In this sentence, the word apple has a different meaning. The first means ceremony and the second means fruit. Both are words that have the same spelling, pronunciation but different meanings.

That is the explanation of diction, namely choosing the right and appropriate words to express the atmosphere, style of language and ideas from the author so that there are no misinterpretations.

Now Sinaumed’s has understood that diction is the right choice of words to express thoughts or ideas.

Examples of Fiction Stories – Is Sinaumed’s one of the connoisseurs of fiction stories? Exactly, fictional stories do have unique characteristics as literary works, one of which is to entertain readers. In addition, fictional stories also have a bigger imagination container for the audience. That is why many fiction stories are also called very imaginative stories.

From its imaginative nature, it means that fiction also has a very wide variety of forms and types. Starting from science fiction stories, history, education, which are based on factuality. So fictional stories are not only based on the imagination of the author. This broad definition of fiction still has its own character which we can observe from the characteristics of the text structure, text elements, and language rules.

To understand fictional stories, the following is an explanation of the meaning, structure, characteristics, text elements, language rules, and examples of fictional stories that Sinaumed’s needs to know when learning about fictional story texts:

Definition of Fictional Stories

Fictional story text is a literary work that contains fictional stories or based on imagination-based “fantasy” that is not based on actual events, but only relies on the imagination of the author’s factual experience. The author’s imagination is processed on the basis of his evaluation of various experiences, insights, views, interpretations, knowledge, reality and purely fictitious events.

Fictional story text is a kind of fictional story that is more or less realistic. Fictional stories depend on the imagination and creativity of the narrator. Fiction usually describes a collection of stories peppered with events, human experience, or the imagination and creativity of the author.

Characteristics of Fictional Stories

Based on practice, fictional stories have their own characteristics and characteristics as literary works, as follows:

1. Characteristic of the imagination of various authors
2. There is no relative or absolute truth value. In general, the language used is suggestive
3. There is no standard classification
4. In general, this fictional story tells about the feelings of the reader, not logical values ​​but emotions
5. Each story has a moral message, namely a specific mission

Types of Fictional Stories

With its broad scope, fiction has several types of text forms, such as the following:

1. Novel : A prose work of a written story
2. Short story: A prose form of fictional story whose goals tend to be concise and direct
3. Romance

Elements of Fictional Text

Just like other types of text, fictional stories also have elements, namely intrinsic elements that exist in the text and extrinsic elements that come from outside the text itself, as follows:

Intrinsic Elements of Fictional Stories

• Themes , general ideas that support a literary work and are contained in the text
• Characters , namely the perpetrators of literary works. In terms of roles, literary works can be divided into two parts, namely the main character and supporting characters
• The storyline is a storyline that contains a series of events. However, each event is only connected by cause and effect, the occurrence of one event, or the occurrence of another
• Conflict , or event that is considered important, is an indispensable element in plot development
• Climax , when the conflict reaches its highest intensity and is inevitable
• Setting , namely the place, time, and social environment in which the events that are told take place
• Characterization , the author’s solution to the problem of literary works
• Perspective , the perspective of the author as a means to present to the reader the characters, plot, setting, and various events that make up the story of a work of fiction
• Characteristics , namely techniques or methods to express character.

Extrinsic Elements of Fictional Stories

• The subjective state of the individual author who has an attitude
• belief
• The outlook on life that influenced his work
• Psychology also influences literary works, both in the form of authoritative psychology such as economics, politics, and socialism
• Community view of life
• Various other related works of art

Fictional Text Structure

The structure of the short story is not much different from the structure of the text of a fictional story. The structure of a fictional story consists of the following six structures:

1. The orientation includes the subject, background of the subject, character introduction, beginning, and explanation of the novel’s fictional story
2. Complexity is the climax of the text of fiction, because various problems begin to appear in this section, and the complexity of the novel is usually the main attraction for the reader.
3. Rating is part of a novel text that contains solving a problem or generating a discussion about its solution
4. Solving is the part that includes solving the core problems encountered in the story
5. The Coda (Reorientation) contains characterizations and positive moral messages that can be extracted from text texts.

However, it does not rule out that fictional stories from novel texts only have structures in the form of evaluation, orientation, solutions, and complexity.

The Language Rules of Fictional Stories

To be able to distinguish fictional texts from other texts, Sinaumed’s needs to know three linguistic rules in fictional stories as follows:

1. Metaphors are similes that are often used to compare objects or describe things directly with the same nature
2. Metonymy is a style of speech used, in which certain words are used in place of actual words, but their use only applies to words that are closely related
3. Simile (equation) is used as an explicit comparison with the intention of stating one thing with another, for example: suppose, as it should be, as it should be.

Examples of Fiction Stories

After knowing about the definition, types, structure, characteristics, elements, and linguistic rules of fictional texts, Sinaumed’s can pay attention to the following examples of fictional stories as references:

1. Examples of fiction stories for children

Chased by Dogs

Anton, Doni and Budi are 3 friends who often spend their afternoons playing bicycles. They are always traveling and trying new places to explore. If the term is called Doni, this is called adventure, for example, like the one on television.

One afternoon, they were frantically trying to find a new route they wanted to explore. The reason is, they have entered all the alleys and complex routes near their homes. Budi also provides new perspectives for exploring the factory complex located outside the residential complex. At first, Doni didn’t approve of Budi’s new view because his mother always advised him not to go too far from the complex of change.

But with the approval of Anton and Budi, Doni was finally forced to join. They cycled happily and felt challenged because it was the first time they had played outside their compound and had gone quite far. As they were about to enter the factory complex, suddenly they heard a very loud dog barking. They stopped and saw that there was a dog whose neck was not tied behind a tree

Apparently this dog is a dog kept near the factory to protect the factory on Sundays. Anton, Doni and Budi rushed to pedal their bicycles as hard as they could because the dog had run after them. The three of them screamed for help and pedaled as fast as they could. Until they reached the area of ​​their changing complex, fortunately the dog was no longer chasing them. Doni also regretted not obeying his mother’s orders.

2. Examples of Educational Fiction Stories

Pursuing a dream

Prasetya is an elementary school student from a remote area of ​​Indonesia. He lives in a very lonely village on the edge of Borneo. The life of the villagers is very simple and far from modern life. Access to electricity there is very limited, not to mention signal and internet access. However, the villagers living there can still live happily by fully fulfilling these limitations.

Since childhood, Prasetya has had aspirations to make his village more advanced. He started to think that at least in his village there is access to electricity that is qualified and free for all the people who live there. That desire arose when he once accidentally read a newspaper he found in his school area. The newspaper was indeed very shabby, so he was even more enthusiastic about building his village.

For this dream, Prasetya was able to study very hard so that his dream was to be able to get a scholarship to continue his tertiary education. Plas was his high school nickname, then he finally went to school outside the village because he wanted to pursue it more properly. He worked while attending school. In the end, he was accepted at one of the major universities in Indonesia.

Since then, Prasetya has studied hard and won achievements in various research projects conducted by his lecturers. After graduating from the college, Plas finally returned to the village and started to realize his dream by building a simple hydroelectric power plant (PLTA).

3. Examples of Historical Fiction Stories

Indonesian independence

My name is Ridho, at that time I was 14 years old. Precisely on August 17, 1945, the month of Ramadan. So my father, brother and I left the house without having breakfast because we were fasting. We were the ones who left the house around 09.00 in the morning, but we couldn’t because the streets were very quiet.

Actually I am now very surprised, but I am silent and will continue to walk in my father’s footsteps. As it turned out, my father had taken me and my sister to a place on Jalan Pegangsaan Timur number 70. There were many people gathered there, of course that made me even more wondering what was really going on.

There were also a number of youths who were lined up neatly and you could see the invited guests sitting neatly based on the set of chairs that had been provided. Meanwhile, when leaving the gathering place, there were also residents from various backgrounds. Almost all the residents who gathered at that place brought bamboo spears, shovels, machetes, and other types of tools that could be used as weapons.

They carried everything as if they wanted to show their determination to dare to die in order to defend Indonesia’s independence. At that time, we were walking closer to the area where it was, so the screams of the residents were getting louder and louder, “Now, man, now! Say it at this time, right now, man.”

Not long after, finally based on that place came out 2 people wearing neat white shirts. One of the people who came out was carrying a piece of paper and he was very firm, he was the one who read out the contents based on the paper containing the statement of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence.

When I heard the text of the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, I was deeply moved. At the age of 14, I participated and witnessed that my beloved country was independent.

4. Examples of Science Fiction Stories

Passage of time

When I start to feel dissatisfied with myself, I tend to try and create new things. Something that I had never done before. Actually there’s not a single thing that I know about how hard I wanted to study and work when I created it.

A form of technology that can later change the amazing world, then I named it “time tunnel”. As the name suggests, it is a long passage that can be traversed. But, don’t get me wrong, the shape of the aisle is not an ordinary aisle or bridge. But a form of time passage that can explore and go to the past, even the future.

That’s why, I can know what will happen later in the future. Until now, only I can use it and get through it. No one knows, let alone can pass and walk in this time tunnel.

5. Examples of Folklore Fictional Stories

Sangkuriang

In ancient times, there was a story about a princess from West Java named Dayang Sumbi. He had a son named Sangkuriang. One day, Sangkuriang was hunting with his tugboat. Sangkuriang also did not know that the dog was the incarnation of Parliament and his father.

At that time, Tumang did not want to obey orders to fight with the São Courier. Then Tumanga was pushed into the forest. Then, Sangkuriang returned to the palace and told his mother. Then Dayang Sumbi suddenly got angry and hit Sangkuriang’s head with the spoon in her hand.

Sangkuriang was offended and disappointed by his mother’s treatment and decided to wander. After that incident, his mother felt sorry for him. Then the mother always prays and meditates. Once upon a time the gods finally gave a miracle by giving him eternal beauty. After years of wandering, Sangkuriang then intends to return to the palace, namely to his own homeland.

However. apparently the state of the kingdom was different and had completely changed since Sangkuriang’s departure. Until finally he met a beautiful and very enchanting girl, who turned out to be Dayang Sumbi (his own mother). Upon her beauty, Sangkuriang was fascinated and immediately proposed to her. One day, Sangkuriang said goodbye to the hunt and asked her to cut her future husband’s hair.

However, Dayang Sumbing was surprised to find that the scar on his head was identical to that of her son’s, and when she examined it, it was very similar. After that, Dayang Sumbing looked for a way to end his marriage. If he wants to bury his tragic story with his child, then he must cross the Citarum river and make a major river crossing that must be completed before dawn.

Sangkuriang did this not alone, but was assisted by supernatural beings. Apparently Dayang Sumbing peeked at Sangkuriang’s work which was almost finished. Then He ordered his troops to spread a red cloth on the east side of the city to make it visible. Seeing this Sangkuriang thought it was already morning and he was furious. He also kicked the canoe with his strength until the giant canoe arrived at a mountain which was finally named Tangkuban Perahu.

Well, that’s an explanation of fictional stories, starting from the definition, types, structure, elements, language rules, and examples of fictional stories.

Central Javanese Dance – Indonesia is known for its diverse culture due to its vast territory stretching from Sabang to Merauke. There are so many cultures that we can meet in every region in our beloved country Indonesia, one of the interesting cultures to discuss is dance culture.

Even though in the current era of globalization, cultural preservation must still be carried out while still knowing and participating in studying the culture of the country itself, including studying traditional dance.

Traditional dance is usually an image of a certain area that developed a long time ago and is still being preserved today through cultural centers, although many young people now prefer modern dance.

In some areas in Indonesia, such as Central Java, it is very rich in tradition and traditional dance is one of the traditions from Central Java that still exists today.

Traditional dances still exist today because they are still featured in several cultural events and several traditional ceremonies which have made them well known even in the modern era like today.

For this reason, so that Sinaumed’s friends are more familiar with the traditional dance culture, especially in this discussion, dance originating from Central Java, we have summarized various information related to traditional dances originating from Central Java, which you can find out as additional insight into local culture in Indonesia.

You can see further discussion about dance from Central Java below!

Definition of Dance

Before knowing some of the dances from Central Javanese culture, it’s a good idea to listen to the following discussion about the meaning of the dance itself!

Dance art in Indonesia is very rich. The diversity of dance arts from Sabang to Merauke is the identity of each region that must be preserved for future generations.

Various traditional and modern dances are often performed at certain events such as traditional wedding ceremonies, welcoming ceremonies for honored guests, etc. This dance can be performed alone, in pairs, in groups, or in large numbers.

Dance is an expression of the human soul through rhythmic and aesthetic movements. Apart from art, dance is also part of culture in its development.

Dance is an art whose medium is expressed in the form of motion. According to a quote on the official website of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, dance is an art form that has a means of expression or substance of movement through human movement.

According to KBBI or the Big Indonesian Dictionary, dance is an art form that involves rhythmic body movements (hands and others) and is usually accompanied by sound (music, gamelan, etc.).

Dance is art, even though its basic substance is motion. However, it is not about realistic or everyday movements, but rather movements in the form of expressive movements.

Expressive movements are beautiful movements and can affect one’s emotions. The beauty of this movement is that it has a style that contains a certain rhythm.

The use of the word beautiful in the world of art has a good meaning. John Joseph Martin explained with Modern Dance (1965) that beautiful or good is something that gives one’s inner satisfaction. Good dance is not only limited to smooth and soft movements, hard, rough, powerful, strange and tense movements can also be classified as dances with good movements.

Dance is defined by experts

There are several definitions used to explain what dance is. A German dance and music historian named Curt Sachs explains in the book World History of The Dance (1933) that dance is rhythmic motion. So the elements of dance are motion and rhythm or beats.

A different opinion was expressed by dance expert from the Netherlands Hendrina Cornelia Hartong (Corrie Hartong), who explained that dance is a body shape and rhythmic movement in space. At the same time, the American writer Walter Sorell defined dance as rhythmically regular movements of the body and its limbs.

The definition of dance above is still consistent with Frederick Hawkins (Erik Hawkins) who works as an American modern dance dancer and choreographer. He stated that dance is an expression of the human soul, transformed by imagination and shaped by movement in such a way that it becomes a symbolic movement and expresses the contents of its creator.

Then, according to Suryodiningrat, an expert on Javanese dance, dance is the movement of all parts of the human body arranged in harmony with music that has a specific purpose. Meanwhile, according to Soedarsono, dance is a manifestation of the human soul through beautiful rhythms.

Definition of traditional dance

Experts present their own definition of traditional dance. Alwi said that traditional art is art created by many people, containing elements of beauty, the results of which are shared property.

According to Sekarningsih and Rohayan in the book Advanced Study of Dance and Drama Learning (2006), dance is a dance that has experienced a journey and has past values ​​that have been preserved for generations and has a connection with rituals or customs.

According to Robby Hidayat in the book Art of Dance Insights (2005), traditional dance is a dance that is performed in a certain ethnic environment or tradition which is inherited depending on the procedures used.

From this it can be concluded that the concept of traditional dance is a dance that develops from time to time and exists in a certain area, custom or tribe for some time. These developments make traditional dance have a classical aesthetic value that is maintained from generation to generation.

Dance from Central Java

Central Java is one of the areas in Indonesian culture that is rich in traditions and customs.

Speaking of Java, the cultural center is actually in Central Java. However, their Javanese dance culture and traditions spread to all provinces in Indonesia.

Even mothers can easily see the different Javanese cultural dances at every gathering, wedding or big party.

The following are various types of traditional Central Javanese dances that you need to know more about and educate young Indonesians.

1. Gambyong Dance

The first traditional Central Javanese dance is the Gambyong dance. Initially became popular from Surakarta.

Many people do not know that this traditional dance from Central Java is a folk dance.

The Gambyong dance is usually performed during the planting season and rice harvest as a tribute to Dewi Sri. This traditional dance is usually performed by two young women wearing green dresses.

This attire is combined with trousers with a tie, a long yellow scarf wrapped around the waist and a headdress.

The dancers are accompanied by songs typical of Javanese culture performed by sinden (singers) and gamelan songs (traditional Javanese musical instruments).

The movements of this traditional Central Javanese dance are quite clever and skilled in blending in with the audience on stage.

2. Golek Dance

Another traditional dance from Central Java is the Golek dance. This is a type of dance that is stored in the palace and displayed at certain cultural events.

A solo dance depicting a young girl growing into a mature woman. The basic postures and techniques are reminiscent of the dances of Bedhaya and Serimpi, but the descriptive movements reveal the beauty of the girl herself.

The name Golek is related to Wayang Golek, and this tradition has parallels in the history of Wayang Golek. The Golek dance is traditionally performed at lively wedding receptions.

3. Bedhaya dance

As an education for today’s children, the Bedhaya dance is no less interesting to know. Bedhaya has a deep religious meaning for both performers and spectators.

Aesthetic principles are associated with ideas of beauty and unspeakable power, and the Bedhaya dance is considered a form of yoga or meditation. Bedhaya dance is a classical dance from the Surakarta palace.

This sacred dance presents the romantic relationship between the Queen of the South and the King of Mataram which is manifested in the movements of the hands and all the limbs.

The outfit includes a tie sarong, velvet blouse and gold scarf. This dance is accompanied by gamelan musical instruments.

4. Serimpi Dance

Serimpi dance, this regional dance is said to be almost similar to the traditional Central Javanese Bedhaya dance. This can be seen in the dance techniques, costumes and dances of the women.

Usually this dance is performed at the Central Java Palace during cultural events and holiday celebrations. The dancers may represent the four elements of the universe earth, water, fire and air, as well as the four cardinal points of the universe.

The Javanese Serimpi dance is similar to the Pakarena Makassar dance in terms of the smoothness of the dancer’s movements. Since ancient times, the serimpi dance has had a special place in the Javanese courts because of its sacred nature.

Previously, this dance could only be performed by people chosen by the palace. Serimpi dance is considered sacred, as are heirlooms or objects symbolizing the power of kings from the Hindu-Javanese era. However, the Serimpi dance is not as sacred as the Bedhaya dance.

The story shows the fight between four heroines with daggers. Not infrequently this traditional Central Javanese dance smells mystical and is quite sacred.

The uniqueness of this Serimpi dance is the use of a weapon feature wearing a white sarong robe, symbolizing the dancer’s purity and sincerity.

This dance also symbolizes tenderness that can be seen in the movements and accompaniment.

5. Bondan Dance

Bondan dance is a traditional Central Javanese dance originating from Surakarta, Central Java. This dance symbolizes a mother who takes care of her child.

It’s about a child and a woman holding a doll and an open umbrella gently dancing on a jar and not being kicked or hurt.

This dance is divided into three, namely Cindogo Mariah, Mariah Mardisiwi and Mariah Gunung.

The hallmark of this dance is the clothes of village girls, baskets, hats and farming tools.

6. Beksan Wireng Dance

Want to introduce young Indonesians to Javanese culture through a dance? Beksan Wireng dance is one of them.

In fact, this dance is said to have existed since the 12th century. This traditional Central Javanese dance originates from the Javanese palace which is preserved in the Surakarta Sunanate and Mangkunegaran Temple. Dancing is about fighting. Beksan Wireng was made when Amiluhur was king.

Amiluhur wanted everyone to be able to fight to defend his kingdom, so this dance was created.

To honor and perpetuate it, many Central Javanese dancers try to perform dances like this Beksan Wireng.

7. Gambir Anom Dance

Gambir Anom is a traditional Central Javanese dance which is popular in Surakarta. As a rule, a man or a woman is served.

The Gambir Anom dance features Irawan, Arjuna’s son who is in love. A character in love expresses himself through neat clothes, hair, makeup, and clothing.

There was a mirror movement, pacing back and forth, as if her idol was standing in front of her.

8. Dolalak Dance

Another traditional Central Javanese dance for children’s education is the Dolalak dance. Dolalak is a cultural product that was born and developed in Purworejo Regency, Central Java.

This actually existed during the Dutch colonial period in Indonesia around 1915. The Dolalak dance is performed by several dancers dressed in old Dutch or French soldiers. This performance is accompanied by kentrung, tambourine, drums and kecer.

This can be seen in the costumes and accessories that are similar to the Dutch soldiers.

The costume of the Dolalak dancers includes long-sleeved shoulder badges, shorts, hats and socks, as well as sunglasses and sampur.

9. Lengger Dance

Lengger dance is one of the ancient traditional rituals of Central Java. As a symbol of fertility, male dancers dress like women. When the Lengger dance became popular, men were considered stronger and purer than women.

At that time, dance practice was more of a ritual event than a means of entertainment. It still smells spiritual and connected to the gods.

In this form of traditional Central Javanese dance, the dancers sing together while dancing. Most court dances are traditionally associated with the sultan, and many rulers themselves are known as skilled dancers.

The players are mostly close relatives of the sultan or members of the palace and personal bodyguards.

Here is information about various types of Central Javanese dance, Sinaumed’s friends. Central Javanese traditional dance has a very strong character, therefore Central Javanese dancers usually have a very high social status.

As young people and part of the successors of the Indonesian nation, we should also help continue the culture that is developing in Indonesia by appreciating the culture in the area around us, such as the traditional dances in Central Java.

Because these traditional dances are also part of the cultural heritage of our predecessors which should be preserved, preserved and introduced to the world.

Conclusion

This is a brief discussion of traditional dances from the Central Java region. The discussion this time does not only discuss traditional dances from the Central Java region, but also discusses further the meaning of the dance itself, the meaning of traditional dance, as well as examples of traditional dances from the Central Java region that you can see well.

Trying to recognize a part of the culture in Indonesia, including traditional dances from the Central Java region, gives us additional knowledge about various cultures that have developed in Indonesia from the past to the present which must always be preserved and taught from generation to generation as part of the cultural heritage that needs to be maintained. .