Author of the Book of Algebra – One of the contributions of Islamic civilization in the field of mathematics is algebraic calculations or Algebra. Algebra is a designation for western nations which is then enshrined in a book. The author of the book of algebra is Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Musa Al Khawarizmi.
“Among the famous Islamic mathematicians is Al Khwarizmi. He is the author of the book Algebra Wal Muqabalah (the science of arithmetic) and the inventor of the number zero ,” reads the statement from the book Islamic Religious Education: Based on General Education by Enzus Trianus et al. In the book, Al Khwarizmi introduces starting from natural numbers to solving linear and quadratic equations.
Not only that, but also introduced simple mathematical calculation methods or algorithmic theories such as addition, subtraction, division and multiplication. Therefore, Al Khawarizmi named his work with the full title Hisab Algebra Wal Muqabalah (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing) .
The word Al Jabar refers to the meaning of Completion (completion) and Al Muqabala which means Balancing (balancing) as quoted from the book Locked Mouth: 50 The Haru Story of the Companions of the Prophet by Siti Nurlaela.
This book also introduced the science of algebra and the name itself on the European continent and also spread Arabic numerals in the western world. Therefore, the book of Algebra was later translated into Latin as well as becoming the standard textbook for mathematics at every leading European university until after the 14th century. In fact, until now, the algebraic theory of Al Khawarizmi is said to be the person who first taught algebra in its basic form and won the title ” Father of Al Jabar “.
Despite being nicknamed “Father of Al Jabar”, according to history, Al-Khwarizmi was not the only person who became the author of the book of algebra and developed algebra. Quoted from the book History of Islamic Civilization by Prof.Dr. HJ Suyuthi Pulungan, MA., Algebraic concepts have been previously introduced by Diophantus from Greece.
However. At that time, algebra was still limited to the concept of thinking, not even named algebra as it is known today. Until, the book Al Gebra from Al Khawarizmi covers the development of these thinking concepts and presents them in a new form with complex theorems.
In addition, Al-Khwarizmi is also known for successfully introducing the Hindu decimal system to Islam and Europe, discovering the quadrans vetus ( horary quadrant ), developing sundials, tables, trigonometry to perfecting Ptolemy’s astronomical and geographical theories.
It turned out that during his lifetime, Al-Khwarizmi had worked at a magnificent palace of his time, namely The house of Winston in Baghdad. Through this work, Al-Khwarizmi became acquainted with Greek scientific texts and studied and wrote about algebra, geometry and astronomy which supported him to become the author of the book Algebra.
Profile of Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi
Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi al-majusi al karbalai is a magi, namely an expert in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, and geography who comes from Kufa, Iraq. He was born around 780 in Khwarezmia which is today Khiva, Uzbekistan.
Khwarezmia which was in the Province of Khurasan during the rule of the Abbasids which is now Xorazm, a province of Uzbekistan. He died around 850 in Baghdad.
His title was ”Abu ‘Abdullah”. The historian al-Tabari named him Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwārizmī al-Majusi al-Karbalai. About al-Khawārizmī”s religion, Toomer writes: Another name for him was given by al-Tabari, “al-Majusi”, which indicates he was a follower of Zoroastrianism. This may happen to people who come from Iran. However, later in the book Al-Jabar he showed himself as a Muslim.
For most of his life, he worked as a lecturer at the School of Honor in Baghdad which was founded by the Abbasid Caliph Ma’mun Ar-Rashid. This place was where he studied natural sciences and mathematics, including studying translations of Sanskrit and Greek texts. In the Kitab al-Fihrist Ibn al-Nadim , a brief history is found, along with his writings. Al-Khwarizmi took up most of his work between 813-833.
After Islam entered Persia, Baghdad became a center of learning and commerce, and scientists from China and India traveled to this city, which he also did. He worked in Baghdad at the School of Honor founded by the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma’mun, where he studied natural sciences and mathematics, including studying translations of Sanskrit and Greek manuscripts.
His first book is Al-Kitab al-Mukhtashar fil Hisab al jabr w’al Muqabala . This book is the first book that discusses the systematic solution of linear equations and quadratic equations, so he is called the Father of Algebra. Al-Khwarizmi also played an important role in introducing Arabic numerals through the work Kitab al-Jam’u wa-l-tafrīq bi-ḥisāb al-Hind which was later adopted as standard numbers used in various languages and later introduced as the Decimal Position Numbering System in the world. West in the 12th century. He revised and adapted Ptolemy’s Geography as well as working on writings on astronomy and astrology.
His contribution as the author of the book of algebra has not only had a major impact on mathematics, but also on language. The word “algebra” itself comes from the word al-Jabr, one of two operations in mathematics to solve quadratic notation, which is listed in his book. The word algorithm is taken from the word algorithmi, the Latinization of its name. His name is also absorbed in Spanish, guarismo, and in Portuguese. Algarismo itself has the meaning of “digit”.
His major works in mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, cartography, served as foundational and later innovations in algebra, trigonometry, and in other fields he studied. His logical and systematic approach to solving linear (Linear) and quadratic notation provides accuracy in algebraic disciplines, the name taken from the name of one of his books in 830 AD, al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala or: ” Summary Book for Calculations by Complementing and Balancing”.
This book is the first book which was later translated into Latin in the 12th century. His book, Calculations with Hindu numerals, written in 825, sets out the ability of the diffusion of Indian numerals into the Middle East and later Europe. His book translated into Latin, Algorithmi de numero Indorum, shows the word algorithm in Latin.
Some of his contributions are based on Persian and Babylonian Astronomy, Indian numerals, and Greek sources. His systematic and corrective of Ptolemy’s data on geography is a tribute to Africa and the Middle East. Another of his major books, Kitab al-ard “Views of the Earth”, which shows coordinates and basic locations known to the world, boldly evaluates the length values of the Mediterranean Sea and the locations of cities in Asia and Africa previously given by Ptolemy.
Later, he chaired the construction of the world map for Caliph Al-Ma’mun and participated in the project of determining the layout on Earth, together with 70 other geographers to create a map that was later called “know the world”. When his work was copied and transferred to European and Latin languages, it had a tremendous impact on the advance of basic mathematics in Europe. He also wrote about the astrolabe and sundials.
Works of Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi
The works of Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi are not only in the field of mathematics, but also about astronomy. The following are works from him.
Book I: Algebra
Al-Kitab al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala or the Book that Summarizes Complementary and Balancing Calculations, is a mathematics book written in 830. This book summarizes algebraic definitions. When translated into Latin it is known as Liber algebrae et almucabala by Robert of Chester (Segovia, 1145) and also by Gerardus of Cremona.
In the book, solving linear and quadratic equations is given by simplifying the equation to one of the six standard forms (here b and c are positive integers) square equals root (ax2 = bx) square equals constant number (ax2 = c) root equals constants (bx = c)squares and roots equals constants (ax2 + bx = c) squares and constants equals roots (ax2 + c = bx) constants and roots equals squared (bx + c = ax2) by dividing the coefficients of the square and uses two operations: al-jabr or recovery or equipment and al-muqabala or balancing. Al-jabr is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares from notation by using the same values on both sides.
For example, x2 = 40x – 4×2 simplifies to 5×2= 40x. Al-muqābala is the process of assigning a quantity of the same type to the side of the notation.
For example, x2 + 14 = x + 5 simplifies to x2 + 9 = x.
Several authors of algebra have published works under the name Kitāb al-ǧabr wa-l-muqābala , including Abū Ḥanīfa al-Dīnawarī, Abū Kāmil, Abū Muḥammad al-‘Adlī, Abū Yūsuf al-Miṣṣīṣī, Ibnu Turk, Sind bin ‘Alī, Sahl bin Bišr, and Šarafaddīn al-Ṭūsī.
Book 2: Dixit Algorizmi
Another book by al-Khawārizmī is on arithmetic, which survives in Latin, but is lost from the original Arabic. The translation was carried out in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who also translated the astronomical tables in 1126.
In Latin manuscripts, it is usually anonymous, but generally begins with the words: Dixit algorizmi ” As al-Khawarizmi said “, or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ” al-Khwarizmi on Hindu artistic figures “, a new name given to his work by Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The original book may have been named Kitāb al-Jam’a wal-tafriq bi-hisab al-Hind “ Book of Addition and Subtraction based on Hindu Calculations ”.
Book 3: Planetarium Reconstruction
15th century map based on Ptolemy for comparison. His third well-known book is the Kitab al-Ard “Book of Views of the World” or “Appearance of the Earth” translated by Geography, which was completed in 833 is the revision and refinement of Ptolemy’s Geography, consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical places following developments general.
There is only one copy of the book Surat al-Ard, which is kept in the Strasbourg University Library. The Latin translation is housed in the Biblioteca Nacional de España in Madrid. The full title of the book is The Approach to the World, with Cities, Mountains, Seas, All Islands and Rivers, written by Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi based on the geographical studies written by Ptolemy and Claudius.
The book begins with a list of latitudes and longitudes, including “Weather Zones”, which lists the effects of latitudes and longitudes on the weather. Paul Gallez, said that it is very useful to determine our position in a bad condition to make a practical approach. In neither the Arabic nor the Latin copies, nothing has survived from this book. Therefore, Hubert Daunicht reconstructed the map from a list of coordinates. He tried to find an approach similar to the map.
Book 4: Astronomy
Zij al-Sindhind’s book “Astronomical Tables” is a work consisting of 37 symbols on astronomical calendar calculations and 116 tables with calendarical, astronomical and astrological data as well as currently recognized data. The original Arabic version was lost, but another version by the Spanish astronomer Maslama al-Majriti survived in Latin, translated by Adelard of Bath (26 January 1126). Four other manuscripts in Latin remain in the Bibliothèque publique (Chartres), the Bibliothèque Mazarin (Paris), the Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid) and the Bodleian Library (Oxford).
Book 5: The Jewish Calendar
Al-Khwarizmi also wrote about the Jewish Calendar ” Guidelines for the Jewish Calendar “. The calendar describes the 19-year cycle of intercalation, the laws governing what day of the week the month of Tishri begins; takes into account the interval between the Jewish Era (creation of Adam) and the Seleucid era; and gave laws about the longitude of the sun and moon using the Jewish Calendar. This book is the same as that found by al-Biruni and Maimonides.
Other Works of Muhammad Bin Al-Khwarizmi
Several Arabic manuscripts in Berlin, Istanbul, Tashkent, Cairo and Paris contain approaches to material that may have come from al-Khwarizmī. The Istanbul manuscript contains a sundial, which is mentioned in the Fihrist. Other works, such as the determination of the direction of Mecca is one of spherical astronomy.
Furthermore, two works contain morning ( Ma’rifat sa’at al-mashriq fī kull balad ) and azimuth determination of height ( Ma’rifat al-samt min qibalal-irtifā’ ).
He also wrote 2 books on using and assembling astrolabes. Ibn al-Nadim in the Kitab al-Fihrist (an index of the Arabic language) also mentions the Kitab art or sundial books and the Kitab al-Tarikh or history books. However, the last 2 mentioned are missing.
Mathematics
Mathematics from Ancient Greek means “knowledge, thought, study, study”. Previously it was also stated that arithmetic is a field of science, which includes the study of topics such as number arithmetic and number theory. Formulas and structures related to algebra, figures and spaces in which they are located or geometry and its magnitudes and changes or calculus and analysis. There is no general agreement on its exact scope or epistemological status.
Mathematics has always flourished, for example in China in 300 BC, in India in 100 AD and in Arabia in 800 AD, until the Renaissance, when new mathematical discoveries interacted with new scientific discoveries leading to a rapid increase in the rate of discovery. mathematics. Continuing today, mathematics is used around the world as an important tool in a variety of fields, including natural sciences, engineering, medicine/medical sciences, and social sciences such as economics, and psychology.
Applied mathematics, the branch of mathematics concerned with the application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries, and sometimes leads to the development of entirely new disciplines, such as statistics and game theory.
Mathematics is widely used in science for modeling phenomena. This allows the extraction of quantitative estimates from the experimental laws. For example, the motions of planets can be predicted with high accuracy using Newton’s laws of gravity combined with mathematical calculations. The independence of the mathematical truth of any experiment implies that the accuracy of such an estimate depends only on the adequacy of the model to describe reality.
So, when there are some imprecise estimates, it means that the model has to be corrected or changed, it doesn’t mean that the math is wrong. For example, Mercury’s apse or perihelium precession cannot be explained by Newton’s laws of gravity, but it is accurately described by Einstein’s general relativity. This experimental validation of Einstein’s theory shows that Newton’s law of gravity is only an approximation (which is still very accurate in everyday life).
Mathematics is important in many fields, including natural sciences, engineering, medicine, finance, computer science, and social sciences. Several areas of mathematics, such as statistics and game theory, were developed in direct correlation with their applications, and are often grouped under the name applied mathematics.
Other areas of mathematics were developed independently of any application, so they are called pure mathematics, but practical applications are often found later. A good example is the prime factorization problem, which refers to Euclid, but had no practical application prior to its use in the RSA crypto system, namely for computer network security.
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Author: Yufi Cantika Sukma Divine