In an ecosystem, organisms interact with each other with their environment, in this case, the notion of a biome becomes a very wide geographical area and is larger than an ecosystem itself.
Biomes themselves are named and grouped according to climate and the plants and animals that live in them.
If you want to travel around the world, you can visit dry deserts that have lots of cacti, cold poles with minimal plants, to humid tropical rain forests. These different areas of the Earth are called biomes.
Below is complete information about the definition of a biome along with other important information. Listen well yes.
Definition of biome
1. In General
A biome is a large area of land classified according to climate, and the plants and animals that make their homes there. A biome contains many ecosystems within the same area.
Land-based biomes are called terrestrial biomes. Water-based biomes are called aquatic biomes. Temperature, amount of precipitation and common organisms characterize the world’s biomes.
The definition of a biome is a part of a large variety of geographical units in the earth. In the biome, it is seen based on the number of differences that exist in the types of vegetation from the climate and the environment in which flora and fauna live, which has no boundaries.
b. Wikipedia
The definition of a biome is an area that has the same geographical / climatic characteristics and includes communities of animals, plants, bacteria, soil organisms, and viruses.
The scope of the biome includes several ecosystems along with large and distinct regional elements of the biosphere.
A biome is characterized by the presence of a distinctive plant and animal community.
Within the Earth itself, biomes can be grouped into seven main types of biomes, namely tropical rain forests, grasslands, savannas, deciduous forests, deserts, tundra, and taiga.
The vegetation that takes place in each environment has its own uniqueness.
The uniqueness of plant vegetation is a form of plant adaptation to a unique growth environment.
Function of Biome
the determination of biome in a particular area is done not without reason, specifically in the biological aspects related to the diverse classification of flora & fauna.
Well, here are some functions of determining biomes that you need to know, namely:
Facilitate data collection activities for various types of flora and fauna species.
Facilitate the process of grouping various types of flora and fauna that have just been discovered / known.
As a method to find out the types of flora and fauna by observing the way of life of these living things in adapting to their environment.
Help so that the arrangement of certain populations can run easily and smoothly.
Characteristic of Bioma
As mentioned above, biomes are created due to differences in geographical location between regions, the intensity of sunlight, and also rainfall.
From this review, it can be seen that the biome has the following characteristics:
Can be recognized by looking at the main vegetation.
Occupies a very wide area / area.
It is a collection of various types of population.
Created as a result of the interaction between the environment and organisms that live in the environment itself.
In a biome, there are producers, consumers, and decomposers (decomposers).
The community life is quite stable, unless something happens that can cause the community to become unstable/disturbed.
The name of the biome is generally given by looking at / adjusting to the dominating vegetation.
Factors Affecting the Biome
Referring to the understanding related to biomes, we can conclude that the existence of a biome with all its characteristics can be caused by several factors.
Here are some factors that have a great influence on the state of the biome, among them are:
Geographical location.
Rainfall.
Climatic conditions / conditions.
The intensity of light from the sun.
Kinds of Biomes
After knowing the various reviews related to the definition of the biome above, then you need to know the types of the biome itself in the review below.
1. Grassland Bioma
Grasslands can be found in tropical / subtropical areas. The rainfall in this biome is 250-500 mm/year.
Steppes or savannas are generally located in the border area between the tropics and subtropics. For example, in Southern Russia, Hungary, South America, Central Asia, and Australia.
The following are the characteristics of the prairie or steppe biome, namely:
Has poor porosity and drainage due to irregular rain.
During the day, the air temperature is 45 degrees C. At night, the air temperature can reach 0 degrees C.
Evaporation (evaporation) is easier than precipitation.
The humidity is very low.
The predominant plant on this type of biome is grass. No wonder when experts refer to it as grassland biome. Stepa itself is a term for grassland for Russian society.
While the animals that can be found in this place are zebras (Africa), bison (America), lions, kangaroos (Australia), wild dogs, wolves, and cheetahs.
2. Desert Biome
The desert is known for its area of minimal rainfall. The average rainfall in the desert can be said to be very low, which is below 20 cm/ year.
Extreme temperatures that can occur in desert areas can reach 60 degrees C. It is not surprising that the soil structure is very fragile.
Even so, there are still animals and plants that can survive in this desert biome.
Examples of plants that can live in the desert biome are succulents, cacti, eucalypts, and plants with other stiff leaves.
And for the animals themselves there are camels, scorpions, spiders, snakes, lizards, and several types of insects.
3. Tropical Forest Biome
The definition of a tropical forest biome is one type of forest that is very fertile and can only be found in the tropics. The diversity of plants that live in this biome is also very high.
You can find this type of biome along the Amazon River – Orinoco, Central America, and most of Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and the Congo Basin in Africa.
The following are the characteristics of the tropical forest biome, namely:
Has a temperature range of 25 degrees C – 31 degrees C.
Has a high rainfall throughout the year, namely 200 – 225 cm/ year.
There is no significant change in temperature from one month to another.
Illuminated with sunlight all year round.
There are lots of big trees that make the area in the forest seem always dark.
Has very fertile soil.
The plants that you can find in this biome include woody plants with a height of 20-40 m, epiphytes, rattan, bird’s nest nails, orchids, and others.
And for the animals are squirrels, monkeys, various types of birds, lions, tigers, jaguars, and other animals.
4. Savannah Biome
In general, this one savanna is almost the same as a prairie. But what distinguishes between the two is the presence of trees that grow in spreads, such as palms and acacias.
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This type of biome is located in the tropics and subtropics.
The following are the characteristics of the savanna forest biome, namely:
Has a rainfall of 250 – 700 mm/ year. There is a uniqueness associated with the rainfall, that is, when the rainfall in the savannah is low (250 – 500 mm/ year), then the savannah will become a bush. However, when the rainfall is high (500 – 700 mm/ year), the savannah will turn into a rainforest.
The dry months last from December to February. The wet month takes place in May.
The intensity of the rain is irregular.
Drainage / water flow takes place quickly.
High porosity / permeation.
Animals that can live in this type of biome are zebras, lions, giraffes, elephants, and buffaloes.
The most famous sabana is in East Africa, specifically Tanzania, which is in the Serengeti Plateau.
5. Taiga Biome
The taiga biome is a biome dominated by leafy, needle-like plants.
You can find this type of biome between the subtropics and the poles, such as Russia, Scandinavia, Alaska, Siberia, and Canada.
The following are the characteristics of the taiga forest biome, namely:
Has a fairly high temperature difference in summer and winter.
The growth of trees takes place in the summer, which is between 3-6 months.
Has a rainfall of 250 mm/ year.
Summer only lasts 3 months, the rest is winter.
Plants that can live in the taiga area are dominated by coniferous plants such as albus, pine, juniper, spruce, elder, and spruce.
As for the animals that live in this biome, such as wolves, black bears, squirrels, and several types of birds.
6. Deciduous Forest Biome
Autumn is one of the seasonal characteristics that you can only find in some subtropical countries / four seasons.
So it is not surprising that the deciduous forest biome can only be found in subtropical areas, such as Korea, China, Japan, Australia, the eastern part of the United States, and England.
The number of trees that live in this biome is not much and not too close. The various plants will wither / drop their leaves when winter arrives.
The following are the characteristics of the deciduous forest biome, namely:
Has a high rainfall throughout the year, namely 700 – 1,000 mm/ year.
It has four seasons, namely spring, winter, summer, and autumn.
Has a wide variety of low plant types.
The trees that live in this forest have leaves that are not too wide.
The animals that can live in this forest are deer, wolves, bears, and woodpeckers.
7. Mangrove Biome
You can find mangrove biomes along the coast in tropical and subtropical regions.
One of the functions of this mangrove forest is to minimize the effects caused by seawater abrasion.
In Indonesia itself, mangrove forests are located along the east coast of Sumatra, the west and south coasts of Kalimantan, the Segara Anakan area, and Wonorejo Surabaya.
The following are the characteristics of the mangrove forest biome, namely:
The water and soil have a high salt content.
The soil type is muddy soil.
The oxygen content in the water and the soil is low.
Plants that can live in mangroves are mangroves, bogem trees, and firewood trees. As for the animals, there are crocodiles, fish, monitor lizards, and several types of birds.
8. Tundra Biome
Tundra is a term which means a plain without trees. It is clear that the tundra biome is a biome that is not inhabited by trees like other types of biomes. This is because the tundra biome is located in an area with extreme temperatures such as the polar regions.
The vegetation in this tundra area is only in the form of moss and crust moss. The presence of tundra biome can be found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
The following are the characteristics of the tundra biome, namely:
Has a very long winter duration, which is about 9 months.
It has very low rainfall, ie 100-250 mm/year.
The life span of the plants here is 3 months, exactly during the summer.
Most of the soil is source rock with little weathering.
The highest temperature there is only 10 degrees C and cold temperatures reach -35 degrees C.
Plants that can live in the tundra biomass are mosses, crustaceans, and grasses.
As for the animals that you can find in this area, namely penguins (south pole), polar bears (north pole), walruses, sea lions, polar dogs, wildebeest, thick hairy bison, and several types of birds.
9. Sea Ice Bioma
Sea ice biome is a biome that is located in sea ice / above frozen seawater that floats.
The formation of the sea ice biome is the result of the interaction of all marine organisms from the polar oceans.
10. Moss Forest Biome
You can find many moss forest biomes on the slopes of the mountains / mountains. A moss forest that is created in an area that is at the boundary of water vapor condensation.
The most common plant found in moss forest biome types is moss. Moss growth that takes place on the surface of soil, rocks, and trunks of woody trees.
This moss forest has various trees covered by moss. The moss forest biome has very high humidity as well as low temperatures.
This condition causes dew to form and almost rains throughout the day.
11. Seasonal Forest Biome
The seasonal forest biome consists of drought-resistant trees. These types of trees are included in trophophytic plants that can adapt to dry or wet conditions.
During the dry season, the leaf form of plants in the forest biome this season is withered. On the other hand, during the rainy season, seasonal forest biome plants have dense leaves.
The naming of the seasonal forest is adapted from the name of the tree type, such as teak forest and angsana forest.
You can find many types of seasonal forest forests in Indonesia, especially in Central Java and East Java.
Meanwhile, the types of fauna that are often found in the forest this season are deer, tigers, and wild boars.
Also learn: Topographic Maps
Examples of Aquatic Biomes
Aquatic biomes are related to bodies of water.
The following are some examples of aquatic biomes, namely:
1. Marine Biome
Marine biomes include the world’s oceans, the largest aquatic biomes, which are characterized by the presence of salt water. The oceans have various layers associated with the penetration of sunlight.
2. Freshwater Biome
The freshwater biome contains water where the salt concentration is very low and includes wetlands, ponds, lakes, and rivers.
Lakes and ponds experience thermal mixing. This biome can accommodate waterfowl, fish, crustaceans, algae, and microorganisms.
The river will continue to move towards the lake or ocean. Their current speed affects the types of species that live in them and also the clarity of the water.
3. Coral Reef Biome
Coral reefs are found in shallow parts of some tropical oceans. Made from the remains of various classifications of coral animals, this one reef accumulates over time and provides habitat for many underwater species.
The Great Barrier Reef of Australia is a great example of a coral reef biome.
4. Wetland Biome
Wetlands are shallow bodies of water such as swamps and mud. They provide habitat for many plants as well as animals.
On this type of biome has a stable water flow on freshwater wetlands.
5. estuary Biome
An estuary is where an ocean meets fresh water. Plants that can tolerate changes in salinity are referred to as holophytes. Estuaries offer important breeding sites for crustaceans as well as a variety of waterfowl.
An example for a large estuarine biome is that of the Florida Everglades.
Echinodermscome from the words echinos and derma. Echinos means thorn, derma means skin. Thus, echinoderms are animals that have spines on their skin. Live in marine habitats. The outside of the body is very hard, composed of lime / chitin. It has five arms radially and symmetrically.
Has the ability autotomy, namely the ability to cut off a body part (usually the arm) if it feels threatened and can grow it back into its original shape. Including triploblastic coelomate animals, which have a true body cavity composed of 3 layers of tissue, namely ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
The movement of Echinoderms uses an amburacral system, namely arm movements occur due to changes in water pressure in the water vessel system. In addition to moving, the amburacral system in echinoderms is also used to catch prey and breathe. The following is the mechanism of movement of the amburacral system carried out by Echinoderms:
At the top of the body of Echinoderms there is a hole called the madreporite which is equipped with a filter (pore).
The water enters the madreporite hole into the ring channel and will be dispersed into the tube foot radial channel
Water is sprayed on the tube feet to create hydraulic pressure so the tube feet can stick out.
This causes the ampulla to attach to other substrates and allows Echinoderms to move and move.
The digestive system consists of the mouth (below the body), esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus (located above the body). The nervous system consists of a ring of nerves that surrounds the mouth and has 5 branches on each arm. The sexes are separated and reproduction is done by external fertilization (fertilization occurs outside the body).
After fertilization occurs, a zygote will form and develop into ciliated larvae (bipinnaria) that can swim and become adults if they are in a suitable habitat.
Classification, Body Structure, and Examples of Echinoderms
Based on their characteristics, Phylum Echinoderms are divided into 5 classes, namely:
1. Asteroidea (starfish)
Body shape like a star. Lives in coastal habitats. It has five short, blunt spiked arms on the surface of its body. The locomotion is an ambulacral leg. The body is divided into the oral side or the lower side (where the mouth) and the aboral side or the upper side (where the anus).
The outermost surface layer is composed of a layer of ciliated epidermal cells and has an endoskeleton underneath. Examples of Asteroidea are Culcita (skinned starfish), Linkia laevigata (blue starfish), Pentaceros (horned starfish), Astrias vulgaris (large starfish), and Ctenodiscus (mud starfish).
Astrias vulgaris Image source: gulfofme.com
2. Ophiuroidea
Often referred to as the snake star because it has long arms and moves like a snake. Its habitat is in deep and shallow sea waters, especially behind rocks or buried in sand. Has a madreporite which is located on the bottom (mouth) and does not have an anus, so that the rest of the food is expelled through the mouth. Examples of Ophiuroidea are Ophiothrix fragillis and Ophiopholis aculeata.
Micro brittle starfish and Caulerpa racemosa
3. Crinoid
Shaped like a lily (sea lilies) and has five forked arms. Its life attaches to the substrate and forms colonies so that it looks like a marine garden. Under unfavorable conditions, Crinoidea will escape from the substrate and move to another place. Lacking madreporite, mouth and anus are located in the oral cavity. In the aboral there is a calyx, which is a chalk slab shaped like a cup. An example of Crinoidea is Antedon sp. and Holopus sp.
Crinoid on the reef of Batu Moncho Island, Indonesia
4. Echinoidea
Often referred to as sea urchins. Lives in sand and rocks. It has no arms, is circular in shape, slightly flattened, and the body surface is surrounded by many spines. The mouth and 5 teeth are in the oral part, while the anus, genital opening, and are in the aboral part. Examples of Echinoidea are Diadema saxsatile (sea urchins) and Echinothrix sp. (sea urchin).
Echinometra viridis
5. Holothuroidea
Often referred to as sea cucumber. Lives in sand or lime. It has a soft body, smooth spines, and is shaped like an elongated sac. The mouth is anterior, while the anus is posterior. Examples of Holothuroidea are Holothuria scabra, and Thyone byereus (sea cucumber).
A sea cucumber (Actinopyga echinites), displaying its feeding tentacles and tube feet
Echinoderms Reproduction
Echinoderms reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexually, by external fertilization (fertilization is outside the body of the parent) and produces bilaterally symmetrical larvae that attach to the substrate to grow into new echinoderms. Asexually, namely by dividing body parts or fragmentation and regeneration of lost body parts.
Hello Livestock Friends, This time Sinaumedia will share an article entitled 4 benefits of Biology in the Livestock Sector. Let’s see the following article.
What are the benefits of biology in the livestock sector ? Oh, before we discuss that, let’s define what is a Animal husbandry.
Definition of Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry is the activity of breeding and raising livestock to obtain the benefits and results of these activities. Animals that are widely bred include cows, chickens. goats, sheep and pigs. Livestock products include meat, milk, eggs, and clothing (such as wool). In addition, livestock manure when processed into manure can fertilize the soil and animal labor can be used as a means of transportation and to plow the land.
The definition of animal husbandry is not limited to maintenance alone, the difference between maintaining and animal husbandry lies in the goals set. The purpose of animal husbandry is to seek profit by applying management principles to the factors of production that have been optimally combined.
From the brief explanation above we can find out what livestock is. Then what are the activities or activities carried out by farmers on a farm?
Manufacturing and Feeding
Environmental condition control
Cattle breeding or mating
Livestock Manure Waste Management
Disease Prevention
etc
Why do we need to know about livestock activities? so that we can understand at what point biological science can be applied in the livestock sector .
Benefits of Biology in General
Biology is the science that studies all aspects of living things. Starting from the chemical substances that make up life forms to where and how these life forms live. Biology is closely related to other sciences such as chemistry, physics, and even the social sciences.
Biology in the field of science is a basic science so that it can provide understanding and benefits for those who study it. Then, what are the benefits of biology in general for our lives?
Can understand the characteristics of an organism.
Can create superior seeds so that food availability can be overcome.
Can prevent the occurrence of disease or abnormalities in a particular organism.
Take an active role in solving problems that can interfere with health.
4 Examples of the Benefits of Applying Biology in Animal Husbandry
In the world of animal husbandry, branches of biological sciences such as animal physiology, genetics, reproductive biology, biochemistry are very often used.
1. Genetic Science for Animal Breeding
In the field of animal husbandry, genetics is applied to produce superior livestock breeds. Animal husbandry scientists select superior traits possessed by livestock through a controlled and programmed mating process. The real result that we can enjoy today is the existence of broiler chickens that can be harvested within 35 days.
development of broiler chickens from year to year
In ancient times, to get the body weight of harvested chicken weighing 1.5 kg, it took 6 months of maintenance. But now, in just 35 days, the farmers can get the harvest weight of 1.5 kg. It could even be more.
Today we can say thank you to the science of genetics which has succeeded in realizing these superior quality broiler chicks.
2. Embryology and Reproductive Biology for Reproduction
Ever heard of the term injecting marriage? or embryo transfer? nowadays both of these are commonplace on farms. Injecting mating and embryo transfer are examples of the application of embryology and reproductive biology in animal husbandry. By injecting breeding, farmers can save on production costs because the number of males kept is less.
injection mating on cows
The injection mating technique is a process by inserting the sperm of male farm animals into the womb of female animals. The chance of getting a pregnancy is about 5-25%. This breakthrough was carried out in the field of animal husbandry to be able to improve superior offspring, as well as change the genetics and phenotype of cells in livestock. To get prospective offspring with superior quality, it is necessary to pay attention to such as nutritional feed before and after insemination, the age of the prospective parent, the time of insemination, the reproductive organs of the prospective parent and also a good and correct insemination process.
Both of these techniques are often used for livestock breeding. Semen or semen of superior quality males from a livestock research center can be used to mate with females throughout Indonesia without having to carry the males on trucks to go anywhere.
Once again, let’s say thank you to biology.
3. Physiology
Physiology or physiology (pronounced fa-al) is one of the branches of biology that studies the functioning of living systems. The term “physiology” is borrowed from the Dutch, physiologie, which is formed from two Ancient Greek words: , physis, meaning “origin” or “nature” and , logia, meaning “study”. The term “faal” is taken from Arabic, meaning “sign”, “function”, “work”. Physiology uses a variety of methods to study biomolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms as a whole carry out their physical and chemical functions to support life.
closed environment fro raising broiler
By knowing how the living system processes of livestock organisms work, farmers can meet the important needs for optimal livestock growth and development. Farmers can also make decisions to engineer certain environmental conditions to stimulate the desired biological processes to occur in the livestock’s body. for example modifying the temperature or lighting of the cage to increase the productivity and comfort of livestock ( animal welfare ).
4. Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions or molecular interactions in living cells. If it is associated with agriculture, especially regarding plants, it means the study of chemical reactions or molecular interactions that occur in plants.
Biochemistry is the science that deals with the various molecules in cells or living organisms as well as their chemical reactions. Biochemists study the molecules and chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes that take place in all organisms. See the article on molecular biology for diagrams and descriptions of the relationships between biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules.
Biochemistry is the basis of animal nutrition science.
Biochemistry plays an important role in animal husbandry, because the processes that take place in the maintenance of body functions and livestock productivity are dominated by biochemistry. Animal productivity will be maximum if the digestive process takes place optimally. The new digestive process takes place optimally if the enzymes needed are available in the right types and amounts.
Biochemistry is also the basis of the science of preparing animal feed rations. By understanding the enzymatic reactions that occur in the digestive tract of livestock, it can increase the efficiency of the reaction, for example by giving feed additives in the form of cellulose breaking enzymes to broiler feed that contains relatively high fiber.
The final word…
Those are examples of 4 benefits of Biology in the Livestock Sector. Actually there are many other biological benefits that can be discussed. In the future, this article will continue to be improved by adding more new examples, but for now, only 4 are enough. See you again in the next article and greetings farms !!!
Branches of biology, including ecology, genetics, taxonomy, zoology, mammology, herpetology, ichitology, carcinogenesis, and others will be discussed in this article.
Biology is the study of living things. As we know, the study of living things is very broad because living things consist of various types and different characteristics. Of course, this makes the study of biological sciences have a very broad scope.
Therefore, biology is divided into several branches to be more specific and detailed when studying a type of living thing. Well, this time we will discuss about several branches of biology to add to your insight.
Biology Science Branches
Biology is a branch of science that studies living organisms and their lives, which includes the sciences of evolution, genetics, plants, animals, identification, to taxonomy.
There are many branches of science studied in the field of biology. These biology branches are divided based on the object of study. The following is a list of scientific branches studied in the scope of biology.
1. Agronomy
Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and utilizing plants for food, fuel, fiber, and environmental applications such as reclamation.
Agronomy is the study of plant cultivation with optimum production and sustainable sustainability.
2. Anatomy
Anatomy is a branch of biology that studies the body structure of living things. The term anatomy is used for the study of the structure of the human and animal bodies, while plant structure is studied in plant anatomy..
The study of the structure in the body of living things (organ and organ system level)
3. Andrology
Andrology is a medical specialty that deals with men’s health, specifically to problems related to the male reproductive system and urinary system.
Andrology is the opposite of gynecology which deals with women’s health issues. Andrology has been studied since the late 1960s. The study of male reproduction (processes, hormones, abnormalities, etc.)
4. Astrobiology
Astrobiology is a branch of Biology that examines the possibility of life on other planets and other celestial bodies.
This science has developed since the discovery of other planets whose conditions are similar to Earth. Predictions about the existence of life on Mars, Earth’s neighbour, have been a matter of concern for years.
This thought became the idea of a variety of science fiction works. The films ET and Star Wars are some of the works of science fiction that feature extraterrestrial beings known as aliens.
The study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe
5. Bacteriology
Bacteriology is a branch of microbiology that studies bacteria, including studying the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria and various other aspects related to bacteria.
The study of the life of bacteria and their role in life.
6. Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is defined as the application of computer science and informatics engineering in the field of biology. Bioinformatics is generally known as an application or algorithm used to interpret complex biological data into easy-to-understand biological information.
The science that studies the use of information technology to study and store biological data, such as the genome
7. Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biology is a branch of biology that studies the evolution, or rather the origin of species that share a common ancestor, and the decline of species, as well as their changes, additions, and diversifications over time.
The science that studies the evolution, origin, and descent of living organisms over time
human evolution – source : britannica.com
8. Marine biology
Marine biology or biological oceanography is a branch of biology that studies the ecosystem of living things in the oceans. There are many reasons to study marine biology. The sea provides a source of food, medicine, basic materials, recreation and tourism.
The science that study of ecosystems, plants, and marine animals
9. Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that refers to the study of life at the molecular scale.
The study of the structure of living organisms at the molecular level.
10. Synthetic biology
Synthetic biology is a branch between biology and engineering. This field combines disciplines from within this domain, such as biotechnology, genetic engineering, molecular biology, molecular engineering, systems biology, membrane science, biophysics, chemical and biological engineering, electronics engineering, computer engineering, control engineering and evolutionary biology.
Synthetic biology applies these disciplines to build artificial biological systems for research, engineering, and medical applications.
The study of biological constructions not found in nature
11. Theoretical biology
Theoretical biology is an interdisciplinary field that uses mathematical techniques and tools to model natural and biological processes.
This field is sometimes referred to as mathematical biology or biomathematics to emphasize the mathematical side, or theoretical biology to emphasize the biological side.
Theoretical biology focuses more on developing theoretical principles for biology whereas mathematical biology focuses on using mathematical tools to study biological systems, although the two terms are sometimes interchanged.
The study of modeling mathematics for biological phenomena.
12. Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a branch of biology that studies the use of living things (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) and products from living things (enzymes, alcohol, antibiotics, organic acids) in the production process to produce goods and services that can be used by humans. .
product Biotechnology
Today, the development of biotechnology is not only based on biology alone, but also on other applied and pure sciences, such as biochemistry, computers, molecular biology, microbiology, genetics, chemistry, mathematics, and so on. In other words, biotechnology is an applied science that combines various branches of science in the process of producing goods and services.
The study of the application of biology to produce products to improve human well-being.
13. Biogeography
Biogeography is a branch of geography that studies biodiversity based on space and time. Biogeography studies and seeks to explain the distribution of organisms on the earth’s surface.
This branch of Biology aims to reveal about the life of an organism and what influences it. One of the basics of studying biogeography is that every animal and plant appeared or evolved only once in the past. A certain place of origin of a species is called the center of origin.
The study of the distribution (collection, distribution) of species on earth, including their history
14. Biophysics
Biophysics is a branch of physics that examines the application of various devices and physical laws to explain various biological or biological phenomena. Biophysics has developed very rapidly since the early 1980s with the establishment of various existing physical theories.
The study of biological processes through the methods used in physical sciences
15. Biochemistry
Biochemistry is a field of science that studies knowledge about the structure, function and interactions of biomolecules that make up cells, mechanisms of enzyme catalysis reactions, energetics and reactions of cell metabolism, signal transduction processes related to biological and physiological functions of cells at the molecular level and genetic information.
This field of science is also supported by strengthening the understanding of biomolecular isolation techniques from various biological natural resources, purification, and characterization of biomolecules that support the utilization and development of biological natural resources into biotechnology products.
The study of chemical reactions in living things, especially at the cellular level.
16. Quantum biology
Quantum biology is the study of the science of the application of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to biological objects and their problems. Many biological processes involve the conversion of energy into forms that can be used for chemical transformations and are quantum mechanical
The study of the application of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to biological objects and problems
17. Botany
Botany is the study of organisms in the kingdom Plantae, otherwise known as plants. The word botany comes from the adjective botanic, which in turn comes from the ancient Greek word botane, referring to plants, grasses, and meadows. Botany also has another, more specific meaning; it can refer to the biology of a particular plant species (e.g. botany of flowering plants) or to plant life in a specific area (e.g. rainforest botany).
red colored plant
People who study botany are also known as botanists. Botany along with plant studies also includes the study of fungi and algae; hence these three major groups of organisms are included under the International Botanical Congress.
Branch of botany: Botany is the scientific study of plants, or multicellular organisms, that carry out photosynthesis. As a branch of biology, botany is sometimes referred to as plant science or plant biology.
18. Briology
Briology (from the Greek bryon) is a branch of botany concerned with the scientific study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Briologists are people who have an interest in observing, recording, classifying or researching bryophytes.
This field is often studied together with lichenology because of its similar morphology and ecology, although in fact bryophytes and lichens are not classified in the same kingdom.
19. Dendrology
Dendrology is a branch of biology that studies trees and other woody plants, such as lianas and shrubs. This branch of science is mainly studied in the field of botany and its application, forestry. In this science, morphology and anatomy are mainly studied to obtain the basics of tree recognition.
The study of trees and plants other woody plants, such as lianas.
20. Ecology
Ecology can also be interpreted as a branch of science that studies the interaction of living things or groups of living things with their environment.
The term ecology is often considered a foreign term that is rarely heard by the public. In fact, most people think of ecology as the same as ecosystems, when in fact they are different.
Ecology was introduced by a biologist from Germany named Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel or commonly known as Ernst Haeckel.
Ecology comes from the Greek words oikos and logos. Oikos means habitat, while logos means knowledge.
So if explored further, ecology has a meaning as a science that studies the relationship between fellow organisms and the relationship between organisms and their environment. The meaning also varies, because some experts have different meanings.
21. Embryology
Embryology or embryo science is the field of science that studies how single cells divide and change during development to form multicellular organisms. This process is called embryogenesis. Embryology can be divided into several types:
Descriptive embryology describes what happens during embryogenesis.
Comparative embryology in organisms differs regarding the occurrence of changes that occur during the evolutionary process.
Experimental embryology manipulates embryos in the laboratory to observe cellular and biochemical processes.
22. Entomology
Entomology is a branch of biology that studies insects. This term comes from two Latin words. Entomon means insect and logos means science. As part of the earth’s ecosystem community, insects have become a determinant of the existence and development of ecosystems on earth.
23. Enzymology
Enzymology is a field of study that deals with a specific group of proteins called enzymes.
These proteins accelerate specific chemical reactions in a biological system, and these reactions are essential to the growth, development, adaptation, and survival of the organism.
The absence, accumulation, or dysfunctionality of an enzyme has drastic effects on the living organism, some of which are reflected as metabolic disorders.
24. Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare
The study of the distribution pattern of disease.
25. Eugenetics
Eugenetics can be defined as the improvement of the human race by multiplying healthy individuals and removing those who are disabled or sick. Healthy individuals can be produced from the marriage of healthy individuals as well.
26. Zoology
Zoology or animal science is a branch of biology that studies animals. Scientific zoological studies have been started since the 16th century AD. The object of study includes the structure, function, behavior, and evolutionary processes of animals.
27. Endocrinology
Endocrinology is a branch of biology that studies the endocrine system/hormon. The endocrine system is a system in which hormones are produced and regulated by organs and glands.
Organs that are included in the endocrine system, diseases and health disorders that can occur in endocrine glands and organs can affect the overall metabolic function of the body.
Endocrinology is the study of behavior or psychic activity that is related to or occurs due to changes in the endocrine system.
28. Ethnobiology
Ethnobiology is a a branch of biology that is considered capable of explaining local knowledge and traditional conservation practices and their dynamics.
The dynamic nature of local knowledge that is able to adapt to environmental conditions makes local knowledge develop and have a place in the social life of the community.
The depth of appreciation of traditional communities towards conservation principles is reflected in their cultural and social systems that have respect for nature.
This principle is also reflected in the knowledge system and the adaptability of the community in the use of technology that is in accordance with the conditions of the natural resources and ecosystems in which the community lives.
Ethnobiology is The study of how living things are treated or used by human culture
29. Phycology
Phycology or algology, is a subdiscipline of botany that studies algae or algae. Phycology also studies some prokaryotic organisms known as Cyanobacteria.
Phycology is The study of algae/algae
30. Physiology
Physiology is one of the branches of biology that studies living systems. The term physiological comes from the Greek words physis and logos which means nature and story.
The scientific method used in physiology aims to study the physical and chemical functions of biomolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism as a whole.
The study of physiology began when the anatomist William Harvey described the existence of blood circulation in the 17th century AD. Physiology later became a scientific discipline through a textbook entitled Institutiones Medicae (1708) written and taught by Herman Boerhaave in Leiden. Physiology does not care about the types of living things being studied.
31. Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy is based on science that focuses on stabilizing or correcting impaired function of the movement organs/body functions that are disturbed, which is then followed by the process/method of motion therapy and/or with equipment.
Physiotherapy is The study of the treatment of patients with paralysis or muscle disorders
32. Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is a term derived from the Greek words pharmacos which means medicine and logos which means knowledge. So literally, pharmacology can be interpreted as a science that studies drugs and how they work on biological systems.
33. Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy is a science that studies plant or animal parts that can be used as natural medicines through various kinds of tests such as pharmacodynamic tests, toxicological tests and biopharmaceuticals.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medication or medicines from natural sources such as plants, animals, or microbes
34. Phylogeny
phylogeny is the study of the relationships among groups of organisms associated with the evolutionary processes that are thought to underlie them. The term “phylogeny” is borrowed from the Dutch, phylogenie, which comes from a combination of Ancient Greek words meaning “tribal origin, race”.
Phylogeny is not entirely the same as cladistics (phylogenetic systematics), but uses a lot of methods and concepts used in it. Cladistics is widely used to formulate phylogenetic relationships in the form of tree diagrams, but in phylogeny it is also studied the comparative anatomy of various organisms.
Today’s phylogeny uses the support of genetics and molecular biology. Systematics (classification) biology also uses input from this branch of science.
The study of the relationships among organisms associated with evolution
35. Photobiology
Photobiology is the scientific study of the effects of radiation, visible light and infrared on living organisms. This covers topics such as photography, vision, bioluminescence, circadian rhythms, and photodynamic therapy.
The study of the interactions of light and living organisms
36. Genetics
Genetics (adoption from Latin and Dutch: genetica; from Greek: , genno, meaning “to give birth”) is a branch of biology that studies the inheritance of genes in organisms and sub-organisms.
In short it can also be said that genetics is the science of genes and all its aspects. The term “genetics” was introduced by William Bateson in a personal letter to Adam Chadwick and he used it at the 3rd International Conference on Genetics in 1906.
The field of genetic studies starts from the subcellular (molecular) area to the population. In more detail, genetics seeks to explain:
information-carrying material to be inherited (genetic material),
how the information is expressed (genetic expression), and
how the information is transferred from one individual to another (genetic inheritance).
Genetics is branch of biology that The study of about heredity
37. Histology
Histology is The study of plant and animal tissues.
Xylem – plant tissue
Histology or microscopic anatomy is a branch of biology that studies the structure of cells and tissues in detail using a microscope. Histological activities were carried out on thinly cut tissue preparations
Histology is very useful in studying the physiological functions of cells in the body, both humans, animals, and plants, and in the form of histopathology is useful in establishing the diagnosis of diseases involving changes in physiological functions and deformation of organs.
For example, in the field of medicine, the presence of a tumor requires the results of a tissue sample (sample). In agriculture, inspection of the condition of the transport network can support the diagnosis of tobacco leaf blight.
38. Hematology
The study of blood. Hematology is one of the biological studies that specializes in studying blood and its disorders. Some of the diseases treated by the field of hematology medicine include anemia, blood clotting disorders, infectious diseases, hemophilia, and leukemia.
Hematology is a branch of medical biology that studies the blood and blood-forming organs. The origin of the word comes from the Greek word haima which means blood.
39. Herpetology
Herpetology is a branch of zoology that studies the life of amphibians and reptiles.
In fact, the object of this scientific study is “cold-blooded” (poikilothermic) vertebrates with four legs (tetrapods). Thus the term “herpetofauna” (often abbreviated as “herpet” or “herps”) does not include fish; although herpetologists and ichthyologists often cooperate, both in the field and in the exchange and dissemination of ideas.
40. Immunology
Immunology is the biological branch of biomedical science that includes the study of the immune system in all organisms.
Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the physiological function of the immune system in states of health and disease; immune system damage in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivity, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of immune system components in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Immunology has applications in various medical disciplines, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.
41. Ichthyology
Ichthyology is a branch of zoology that studies fish life. Ichtiology in the field of biology for aspects of knowledge and fisheries for its applied aspects, especially in the fields of cultivation and pathology. There are approximately 25,000 species of fish which constitute the largest part of vertebrates.
42. Cardiology
Cardiology is a branch of medical science that specifically studies disorders of the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiology is often seen as a sub-specialty in the field of internal organs health. This branch focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular conditions ranging from congenital disorders to heart diseases including heart failure and coronary heart disease.
43. Carcinology
Carcinology is the branch of zoology that studies crustaceans, a group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, prawns, krill, copepods, barnacles, and crabs.
44. Limnology
Limnology is a branch of biology that studies inland aquatic ecosystems. The study is mainly freshwater. The scope of the study sometimes includes brackish waters. Limnology is a comprehensive study of life in inland waters, so it is classified as part of ecology.
45. Mamalogy
Mamalogy is the science of zoology that studies mammals. a class of vertebrate animals characterized by a four-chambered heart, warm blooded, blond hair, and a complex nervous system. Mamalogy is also known as “mastology”, “theriology”, and “therology”.
46. Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.
47. Microbiology
Microbiology is a branch of biology that studies microorganisms. The object of study is usually all creatures that need to be seen with a microscope, especially bacteria, fungi, microscopic algae, protozoa, and Archaea.
48. Malacology
Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca, the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopuses and squid, and numerous other kinds, many of which have shells.
49. Morphology
morphology, in biology, the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts. The term refers to the general aspects of biological form and arrangement of the parts of a plant or an animal.
50. Neurology
Neurology is a branch of biology dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle.
51. Nematology
Nematology is the branch of biology that concerned with the study of nematodes, or roundworms. Although nematological investigation dates back to the days of Aristotle or even earlier, nematology as an independent discipline has its recognizable beginnings in the mid to late 19th century.
52. Neurophysics
Neurophysics (or neurobiophysics) is the branch of biophysics dealing with the development and use of physical methods to gain information about the nervous system. Neurophysics is an interdisciplinary science using physics and combining it with other neurosciences to better understand neural processes.
The methods used include the techniques of experimental biophysics and other physical measurements such as EEG mostly to study electrical, mechanical or fluidic properties, as well as theoretical and computational approaches. The term “neurophysics” is a portmanteau of “neuron” and “physics”.
53. Organology
Organology is the science of musical instruments and their classifications. It embraces study of instruments’ history, instruments used in different cultures, technical aspects of how instruments produce sound, and musical instrument classification.
54. Oncology
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.
55. Ontogeny
Ontogeny describes the origin and development of organisms from the fertilized egg to its adult form. Ontogeny is studied in developmental biology and attributed by Ernst Haeckel to phylogeny.
56. Ornithology
Ornithology is the branch of zoology that studies birds. Several aspects of ornithology differ from those closely related to discipline, which relates to high vision and an aesthetic approach to birds.
57. Osteology
Osteology is a branch of anatomy that deals with human and animal bones, including bone disorders and diseases. Bone consists of hard bone and cartilage. All bones are covered by a connective tissue membrane called the periosteum.
58. Pathology
Pathology is a branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues (biopsy samples), bodily fluids, and in some cases the whole body (autopsy).
59. Palaentology
Palaentology
Paleontology, also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene epoch. It includes the study of fossils to classify organisms and study their interactions with each other and their environments.
60. Paleobotany
Paleobotany is the scientific study of ancient plants, using plant fossils found in sedimentary rocks. These fossils can be impressions or compressions of the plants left on the rock’s surface, or “petrified” objects, such as wood, which preserve the original plant material in rocklike form.
61. Paleozoology
Palaeozoology, also spelled as Paleozoology, is the branch of paleontology, paleobiology, or zoology dealing with the recovery and identification of multicellular animal remains from geological contexts, and the use of these fossils in the reconstruction of prehistoric environments and ancient ecosystems.
62. Parasitology
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life.
63. Protozoology
Protozoology is the study of protozoa, the “animal-like” protists. The Protozoa are considered to be a subkingdom of Protista. They are free-living organisms that are found in almost every habitat.
64. Primatology
Primatology is a branch of zoology that studies the life (biology) of primates other than humans (apes, monkeys, and their relatives).
This science is considered important today because of the increasing attention to the preservation of animals that are classified as primates.
In addition, based on DNA sequencing it is known that the genetic composition of humans and some primates is not much different (even up to more than 99% in bonobos).
Thus, theoretically the study of primates can be easily analogous to humans. An example is the case of the HIV or Ebola virus which is strongly suspected to be transmitted from primates to humans. Research in the field of animal behavior also takes a lot of primate objects in relation to understanding the learning process.
Primatology is studied as a special science in the field of biology or forestry (especially its conservation aspects). Veterinary medicine also studies this science at an advanced level.
65. Pulmonology
Pulmonology is a medical science that focuses on treating health problems in the respiratory system, such as the lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Doctors who specialize in pulmonology are known as pulmonologists (pulmonologists).
66. Radiology
The study of medical imaging to diagnose and cure disease. Radiology is a medical science that uses radiation to scan the inside of the body, to detect and treat disease.
67. Genetic engineering
The study of manipulation genetic traits. Genetic engineering is described as the science in which the characteristics of an organism are intentionally modified by genetic manipulation. It usually uses DNA and certain gene transformations to create new variations.
68. Sanitation
The study of environmental health
69. Cytology
Cell biology or cytology is a branch of biology that specifically studies cells by using optical lenses and microscopes.
70. Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of grouping organism based on certain things. Initially, taxonomy only referred to the categorization of living organism. However, in a broader and more general sense, taxonomy can also refer to the categorization of things or concepts, as well as the principles underlying that categorization.
71. Teratology
Teratology is the study of abnormalities in physiological development, which is often also referred to as the study of congenital abnormalities in humans.
72. Virology
Virology is a branch of biology that studies sub-organisms, especially viruses. In its development, in addition to viruses, viroids and prions were also found. These two groups are currently still in the field of virology studies.
73. Virophysics
The study of mechanics and dynamics of interactions between viruses and cells
The central nervous system is one part of the nervous system in humans that holds all control and regulation of the work of the nervous network to the nerve cells.
The parts of this nervous system are the cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord and spinal cord.
Understanding the Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that coordinates the activities of all body parts of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except radially symmetrical sponges and animals such as jellyfish.
Together with the peripheral nervous system it has a fundamental role in behavioral control. The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain in the cranial cavity and the spine in the spinal cavity.
The brain is protected by the skull, while the spinal cord is protected by the spine.
Central Nervous System Structure
1. Brain
The brain is the most important organ of the human body which is composed of millions of nerve cells. The surface of the human brain is folded, making the human brain capable of storing more neurons than the smooth surface of the brain as in most animals.
The human brain consists of 3 parts, namely the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Here’s the explanation:
a. Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Cerebrum is part of the nervous system that contains cerebrospinal fluid around it which is useful for feeding the brain and can protect it from shock. In the cerebrum there are also many blood vessels that can be useful for supplying oxygen.
Serebum is able to formulate all complex activities, such as when you are studying, playing or thinking. When reading a topic or study material, for example, the cerebrum determines what information is important and must be remembered.
In addition, the cerebrum also regulates human emotions. The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres, namely the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. These two hemispheres have an important role in our learning process.
The right hemisphere has the ability to solve visual problems, while the left hemisphere works more rationally and analytically.
b. Cerebellum
This section functions as a center for coordinating movements between muscles that occur consciously, balanced and in body position. In other words, the cerebellum is the balance center of the body.
In this part of the hindbrain there is also a pons varoli or varol bridge. Pons varoli is responsible for connecting or delivering impulses back and forth from the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
c. Thalamus and Hypothalamus
The thalamus is the part of the brain that receives sensory information from the sense organs which is transmitted to the cerebrum. From the cerebrum, the translated information will enter the thalamus first before leaving the brain to be conveyed to the targeted organ.
While the hypothalamus is the part of the brain that is the center of homeostasis regulation or environmental regulation in our body. The hypothalamus is what regulates your body temperature to keep it stable.
d. Mesencephalon (Middle Brain)
The midbrain, commonly called the mesencephalon, is positioned parallel to and closer to the eyes and ears. Because the two sense organs are closer, the task of the mesencephalon is related to our hearing and vision.
The mesencephalon is able to translate sound information from both ears, even though the center of vision in the brain is the cerebrum, but this mesencephalon also has a role in eye reflexes.
For example, when there is disturbing dust or there is a blinding light, it is this mesencephalon that you unconsciously work to close your eyes.
2. The spinal cord
The spinal cord is connected to the brain. The base is called the spinal cord or medulla oblongata, and the part that extends into the spinal cavity is called the spinal cord, which serves to connect stimuli to and from the brain.
This section functions as a reflex center, because in the spinal cord there are sensory, motor and connecting nerves. The function of these nerves is to conduct impulses from the brain.
3. Medula Oblongata
medula oblongata
This section functions to regulate body temperature, control vomiting and regulate several reflex movements such as coughing, sneezing and blinking and besides that this brain part also functions as the respiratory center.
Well, that’s a discussion of the Central Nervous System along with its structure, function and description. Hope it is useful!
A complete explanation of what xylem is, starting from its definition, function, characteristics, tissue structure, and its constituent components in detail.
What is Xylem
What is xylem? Xylem is a transport tissue found in plants. The function of xylem is to transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Xylem vessels are referred to as wood vessels. Xylem tissue is a complex network which consists of various kinds of cells.
In general, woody vascular tissue consists of two dead cells that have thick walls and contain lignin. In addition to functioning as a transport network, it turns out that the wooden vessels also function as a reinforcing network.
Xylem Function
The function of the Xylem / wooden vascular network is as a means of transportation or means of transport. This tissue functions to transport water, minerals, and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. Furthermore, all the content will be distributed to all parts of the plant. These substances will be absorbed in the soil by the roots and will then be transported throughout the plant body.
Characteristics of Xylem
The vascular tissue of wood has its own characteristics that distinguish it from phloem tissue . The characteristics of xylem are as follows:
Have thick cell cold
The cells are tracheid type
Wood vessels are composed of various types of cells
The xylem contains lignin
Wood vessels are composed of dead cells
Wood vessels are composed of trachea, wood vessel fibers, tracheids, and also wood parenchyma
Xylem Structure
What is the structure of the xylem? You need to know that the components of the wooden vessels consist of the trachea, tracheids, and the wood vessel parenchyma . We will provide a full explanation below.
1. Trachea
The trachea is a component of the xylem tissue which has thick walls consisting of tubes . The tubes are coated by lignin and secondary cellulose so that they have a tough and hard texture.
In general, the trachea can only be found in closed seed plants or what we also know as angiosperms. Meanwhile, for plants with open seeds, you can only find them in melinjo.
2. Tracheids
What are tracheids? Tracheids are components that make up wooden vessels that have a small diameter when compared to the diameter found in the trachea. For the size of the diameter is approximately 30 mm. Tracheids can be found in all types of seed plants (spermatophyta)
3. Xylem parenchyma
The third structure of the xylem is the vascular parenchyma. The vascular parenchyma is part of the living cells. Wood vessel parenchyma can be found in both primary and secondary. For secondary xylem, there are two types of parenchyma, namely wood vessels and pith radius.
Parenchyma cells are the part that serves as a food reserve in the form of starch. This substance will usually be buried until later times of growth and will then begin to decrease along with the activities of the cambium.
A complete explanation of what sensory and motor neuron cells are, starting from their understanding, function, structure, types, parts, pictures, and anatomy.
Definition of Neuron Cells
What are neurons? Neurons are cells that include the main working unit in the human nervous system. Neuron cells are also called as nerve cells. The function of neurons is to deliver “stimulating” impulses originating from the ‘sensory’ receptors to the brain and vice versa. In addition, these cells are also responsible for reflex movements.
These cells will form a nervous system in humans. You need to know that nerve cells are not the same as cells in general. This is because there are neurites that make the nerves look like they have a tail. These cells also have parts that you can generally find in animal cells and other parts.
Types of Neurons
The next information you should also know is about the types of neurons. Based on their function, neurons are divided into three types, namely sensory neurons, motor neurons, and also intermediate neurons or connector cells.
1. Sensory Neurons
Sensory neurons are a type of nerve cell that plays a role in delivering impulses from receptors in the body to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Sensory nerve cells are also referred to as sensory nerve cells.
2. Motor Neurons
Motor neurons are a type of cell that plays a role in transmitting impulses originating from central nervous cells to muscle or glandular cells. Then the body will respond to these stimuli by moving or can produce a secretory product. Normally, motor neuron cells have short dendrites and long axons.
3. Connector Neuron
The third type of nerve cell is called a connector or intermediate nerve cell. These nerve cells are useful for connecting sensory nerve cells with motor nerve cells or relating to other nerve cells in the central nervous system. The axos, nerve fibers, and dendrites in these cells combine in a single sheath to form nerves. Meanwhile, the cell bodies will gather in a place which then forms a nerve ganglion.
Neuron Cells Structure
Neuron cells have several parts. There are at least 9 neuron cell part that you should know. We will explain the parts of neurons below:
1. Dendrit
Dendrites are branches originating from the cell body that look like branching protrusions. Dendrites function to receive and deliver stimuli originating from the cell body.
2. Cell Body
The largest neuron cell structure is the cell body in which there are many important components. Inside the cell body, you will find the cytoplasm, the cell nucleus or nucleus, and the daughter nucleus or nucleolus. The function of the cell body is to receive stimuli originating from the dendrites and then forward them to the neurite or axon.
In the cytoplasm there are Nissi grains which play an important role in protein synthesis. These Nissi grains contain RNA so that they are able to carry out their duties. But keep in mind that the cell body is only found in central nervous cells, namely the brain and spinal cord as well as the ganglion (a collection of nerves outside the central nervous system).
3. Nucleus
The nucleus of the cell is the nerve that plays a role in regulating the activities in the nerve cell (neuron). Inside the nucleus of the cell are DNA and chromosomes . The function of both is to regulate the nature of the offspring derived from these cells.
4. Neurite (Axon)
The axon is a long-shaped nerve cell fiber which is actually an extension of the cytoplasm of the cell body. If you pay attention, neurites are almost the same as dendrites, but there is only one neurite and they are longer in size. In addition, neurites also have a larger shape compared to dendrites.
Inside the axon, you will find fine threads. These fine threads are known as neurofibrils. What is the role of the axon? Axons are responsible for transmitting impulses from the cell body to effectors such as muscles and glands.
Although axons are only a few micrometers in diameter, they can be 1 to 2 meters long. The axon functions to transmit impulses from the nerve cell body to other nerve cells.
5. myelin sheath
Then what about the myelin sheath? This section is the membrane that covers the axon. The myelin sheath has a lot of fat and is segmented. The indentations in the two segments are called nodes of Ranvier . The myelin sheath is surrounded by cells called Schwann cells.
6. Schwann cells
As we have already explained that Schwann cells are cells that surround the myelin sheath. This cell was discovered by a scientist from Germany named Theodore Schwann. Schwann cells play an important role in producing fat and wrapping neurites many times to form the myelin sheath.
The function of the Schwann cell is to speed up the passage of impulses. In addition, these cells also help in providing food that is beneficial to neurites and helps in neurite regeneration.
7. Nodus Ranvier
The nodes of Ranvier are anatomical neurites that are not covered by a myelin sheath. Indeed, the myelin sheath is useful for protecting the axon and wrapping it up. However, this sheath does not cover all parts of the neurite and the part that is not called nodes of Ranvier. The function of the nodes of Ranvier is as a jump so that it can accelerate the nerves to the brain and vice versa.
The nodes of Ranvier are about 1 micrometer in diameter. Someone who was instrumental in finding the nodes of Ranvier is Antoine Ranvier. With the nodes of Ranvier, nerves can jump from one node to another. The benefit is to make impulses reach their destination faster. Then why are the nodes of Ranvier not covered by myelin sheath? If the myelin sheath wraps around the nodes of Ranvier, then the nerve impulses cannot jump to the nodes of Ranvier so that no response occurs.
8. Oligodendrosit
Oligodendrocytes are supporting cells that play a role in providing insulation for nerve cells that form the myelin sheath around the axon. The function of oligodendrocytes is to form the same myelin sheath in the central nervous system and act as a supporter. This supporting cell has several longitudinal projections in it and each of these extensions wraps around a piece of the axon between neurons to form a myelinated segment.
9. Synapse
The structure of the next neuron is called a synapse. Synapses are gaps that are the meeting point between one neuron and another. Each synapse will provide a connection between neurons so that there will be an exchange of information between the neurons. The information will be exchanged in the form of chemicals called neurotransmitters.
At the end of the neutite in each cell there is a pocket. This sac is known as the axon bulb. This pocket will later produce the neurotransmitters we mentioned earlier.
Thus the information we can provide about nerve cells which includes the meaning, function, structure, and types. Hope it is useful.
You has been chewing rice for a long time, If you’ve ever done it, surely over time the rice you chew tastes sweet, right? Do you know the reason why the rice can taste sweet? This happens because rice is starch, aka complex carbohydrates, which are the products of plant photosynthesis to store excess glucose.
Well, when we start chewing rice in our mouths, there is a function of the amylase enzyme from our saliva which breaks down starch in rice into maltose, a simpler carbohydrate group. The way the maltose enzyme works is what has a sweet taste when we chew starch like rice.
This is what distinguishes rice from sugar. When we eat sugar, the sweet taste of sugar is immediately felt when the sugar enters our mouth. The sweet taste can be felt immediately because sugar is composed of simple carbohydrate compounds.
While rice, which is a complex carbohydrate, requires the help of the enzyme amylase to create a sweet taste. Eh, but what is an enzyme? What are the functions of enzymes that you know? So that you understand what enzymes are and how they work, let’s just talk about it, let’s go!
Get to know the function of enzymes and the factors that influence how enzymes work
Some of you may have been asked to explain how enzymes work, the structure of enzymes and the factors that affect the work of enzymes, right? So, so you don’t get confused, you should pay attention to the following discussion about enzymes:
enzyme. source: genome.gov
Relationship of Enzymes, Substrates, and Products
Enzymes are protein compounds produced by the cells of living things. That’s why humans, animals, and plants have a protein called this enzyme in their bodies. In general, the function of this enzyme is to assist and speed up metabolic processes in the body, which in biology is referred to as a biocatalyst. There are two types of metabolic processes in our body, namely catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is a metabolic process that breaks down complex substances into simpler ones, while anabolism is a metabolic process that forms complex substances from simple ones.
Well, the way enzymes work in our bodies has a role in both these metabolic processes. When an enzyme acts, the initial substance before the reaction occurs is called the substrate and the resulting substance is called the product. For example, in the process we eat rice earlier. The starch in rice is the substrate, while maltose is the product.
Enzyme Nomenclature
There are many properties of the enzyme, not only amylase that breaks down starch. There are so many enzymes in our body. The function of each enzyme is also different. For example, in addition to the amylase enzyme mentioned earlier, there is also a lipase enzyme whose function is to break down fats and proteases that break down proteins.
To make it easy to remember, each enzyme name is adjusted to its substrate and is given the -ase suffix. So, if the substrate is starch, the enzyme is called amylase. If the substrate is fat or lipid, the enzyme is called lipase. If it’s protein, it’s a protease, while if it’s fructose, it’s fructose. Now, if the substrate is cellulose, you can guess what the name of the enzyme is, right? Yup! Cellulase. Easy, right, memorizing it?
Just as we have a place to live, the enzymes in our body also have a place to live in our body. The residence of these enzymes is adjusted to the function of their respective enzymes. There are intracellular enzymes and there are extracellular enzymes.
Intracellular enzymes are enzymes that reside in living cells. An example is catalase. This catalase enzyme can break down toxins such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water molecules (H2O) and oxygen (O2) which are harmless to our bodies. Because of this function, the enzyme catalase can mostly be found in liver, heart, kidney, bone marrow, and blood cells.
Well, if extracellular enzymes are enzymes that live outside the cell. These extracellular enzymes are usually produced by the glands of our body. For example, the amylase enzyme is produced by the salivary glands in our oral cavity. So, this amylase enzyme works outside the body’s cells or extracellularly.
Enzyme Components and Structure
Do you know how enzymes can speed up metabolic reactions in living things? To be able to carry out metabolic processes, the body requires a lot of energy. With the presence of enzymes, energy requirements can be reduced because enzymes can accelerate the occurrence of metabolic reactions.
Before we know how enzymes work, we must first know the parts of enzymes. In terms of shape, enzymes have two sides. There is an active site, where the substrate is bound, and there is an inactive or allosteric site. Then the enzyme is composed of two different components. There are apoenzymes made of protein and there are prosthetic groups made of non-protein material.
Apoenzyme is the main component of the enzyme that will react with the substrate. Actually, with only apoenzyme enzymes can work, but the reaction will be very slow, aka long. So the enzyme must be equipped with a second component, aka a prosthetic group. This prosthetic group can be made of two types of ions, namely organic ions and inorganic ions.
If the prosthetic group is an organic ion, the prosthetic group is called a coenzyme. For example, there are vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin H, NAD, and FAD. That’s why vitamins are important for our bodies. Because some of the vitamins we consume help enzymes to work. Well, this coenzyme functions to move chemical groups, atoms, and electrons from one molecule to another, so that the metabolic process becomes smoother.
But if the prosthetic group is an inorganic ion, then the prosthetic group is called a cofactor. Some of the cofactors present in enzymes are calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). Well, the cofactor usually pairs with the apoenzyme to form a new structure called the holoenzyme. When this holoenzyme is formed, it goes up one level, so the enzyme can work optimally.
How Enzymes Work
When there is a substrate to be broken down, such as starch, for a reaction to occur, the enzyme and the substrate must complement each other, such as a lock and key. We think of this lock as an enzyme and this key as a substrate. So, if you want both to work, the lock and key must be paired. Meanwhile, if the key is wrong, yes, the lock won’t open, right?
how enzyme work source : khan academy
Likewise with enzymes and substrates. The shape of the substrate must match the active site of the enzyme. If the enzyme does not match the substrate, for example, if we use the amylase enzyme as a protein substrate, the two will not match. If the substrates don’t match, they can’t complement each other because there won’t be a reaction between them. But if the substrate is right, for example starch meets amylase, the enzyme will work.
In order for the amylase enzyme to break down starch into maltose, the enzyme requires a chloride ion (Cl) cofactor. This ion is like the power button in the enzyme. If the ions are attached, then the amylase enzyme will immediately turn on, work immediately, or the cool language is activated. If it is activated, the amylase enzyme can help break down starch into maltose.
Well, an enzyme must have a substrate pair. But the substrate can come in various forms. One starch is different from the other, in the form of amylopectin and in the form of amylose. If the shape of the incoming substrate does not match the enzyme, the active site of the enzyme can change to match the substrate, aka flexible.
But still, yes, even if the active site of an enzyme can change, the enzyme and its substrate must match, in order for it to work. Like amylase and starch earlier. Whatever the form of starch, if you meet the amylase enzyme, yes, they will match each other.
Enzyme Properties
Enzymes must have pairs with suitable substrates because enzymes have specific properties. This means that even though there are many substrates, the enzyme will choose a suitable substrate for it, aka already paired. In addition to specific properties, enzymes also have several other properties. The second property is that enzymes can work back and forth. In addition to turning the substrate into a product, enzymes can also turn the product into a substrate again, according to the body’s needs. Then as long as the enzyme is not damaged, the enzyme can be used over and over again. So actually the body only needs enzymes in small amounts. Well, whether or not enzymes work smoothly depends on several factors, such as temperature, pH, inhibitors, and activators.
you can also see how enzyme work on this video :
Well, now you understand what enzymes are and how enzymes work, right,
Normal adult human blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg. Blood pressure expresses the pressure that the blood experiences when blood is pumped by the heart around the body.
Blood pressure can change with age, body condition, and activity.
In general, human blood pressure is classified into three groups.
Normal blood pressure
High blood pressure
Low blood pressure
Normal human blood pressure
Normal blood pressure for children and adults has different values.
The way to read blood pressure values is to look at the first and second numbers. 120 (the first number) indicates systolic blood pressure. Systolic pressure expresses the pressure when the heart pumps blood around the body.
80 mmHg (second number) indicates diastolic blood pressure. Diastolic pressure expresses the pressure when the heart muscle relaxes, before pumping blood.
A person who has a blood pressure value above normal blood pressure is diagnosed with hypertension and if the blood pressure is below normal blood pressure is said to have hypotension.
Blood pressure table
High blood pressure (hypertension)
Hypertension occurs when blood pressure is above normal blood pressure. Blood pressure is above 130/80 mmg.
Hypertension can lead to diseases such as stroke and heart disease, and fatal diseases of other organs such as kidneys. Besides being able to trigger deadly diseases, hypertension is also difficult to identify.
Things that can trigger hypertension include: Obesity, likes to consume salty foods, age, rarely exercise, smokers, and heredity.
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
Hypotension occurs when blood pressure is below normal blood pressure. Occurs when blood pressure is below 90/60 mmHg.
Symptoms usually experienced by people with low blood pressure, such as nausea, dizziness, fatigue, thirst, unclear vision, rapid and shallow breathing, lack of concentration, and fainting.
Blood pressure that is too low can lead to heart and brain damage.
Things that can cause hypotension include: dehydration, anemia, hormonal imbalances, heart problems, hormonal imbalances, and so on.
Maintain normal blood pressure
In order for blood pressure to remain normal, we can do the following things.
In their efforts to acquire new individuals or reproduce, plants, like other living things, also carry out the process of reproduction. There are several reproductive technologies that can be applied to plants, including plant tissue culture techniques. What is this?
Plant tissue culture is a method that aims to multiply plants by taking a part of the plant, such as a cell or a group of cells, tissues, or organs. This tissue culture technique utilizes the principle of vegetative propagation of plants.
In practice, the previously extracted plant parts are grown in sterile conditions on a medium containing nutrients and growth regulators or hormones. Parts of the plant will be able to multiply and develop into plants that have complete organs, namely roots, stems, and leaves.
In tissue culture techniques, several components are needed such as explants and culture media that contain the nutrients that plants need for their growth. Eksplan is a plant tissue that contains young tissue or tissue that is meristematic only a few millimeters in size which will later be cultured on culture media.
Examples of tissue commonly used as explants are stem tips, leaf tips, and root tips. Culture media is a place where plant cells grow in the form of agar in a sterile tube and contain the nutrients that plants need. Some examples of plants that have been used as objects for culture are mango, sugar cane, banana and orchid.
There are several advantages of developing plant tissue cultures, including:
In a short time you can produce the required plant seeds in large quantities.
The nature of the plants produced is in accordance with the characteristics of the parent plant being cultured.
Can be bred without waiting for the plant to mature.
