Nouns – In terms of communication, Sinaumed’s definitely agrees that the existence of language plays a very important role, especially in everyday life. Yep, without language, humans all over the earth will certainly find it difficult to communicate and interact with other humans.
Not only to communicate, even to express ideas is difficult so that this civilization is impossible to build. In fact, a number of linguists say that language is a communication tool that is owned by every member of society in any part of the world and is in the form of sound symbols produced by human speech organs.
In its development, both spoken language and written language, the existence of types of words is also growing as well. These types of words are not just verbs (verbs) or adjectives (adjectives), but there are lots of them.
One type of word that is often encountered and taught in school besides verbs (verbs) or adjectives (adjectives) is noun alias noun. Examples of even nouns are easy enough to name because of their many existences. Then, what is that noun? What are the types of nouns in Indonesian? So, so that Sinaumed’s understands these things, let’s look at the following review!
What Is a Noun?
Nouns alias nouns are a type of word that is often found in literary works and official writings in Indonesian. Actually, all languages in this world also have nouns , it’s just that the pronunciation is different, even if it’s in the regional language. Just a little trivia , even in certain languages, nouns can be subdivided based on gender.
Based on the Third Edition of the Indonesian Standard Grammar , the existence of these nouns alias nouns can be seen from 3 different perspectives, namely from a semantic perspective, a syntactical perspective, and a form aspect . If from a semantic point of view, this noun alias noun can refer to concepts, understanding, objects, animals, to humans. Examples are doctors, rats, jars , and nationality can be examples of nouns.
Furthermore, in terms of syntax, this noun alias noun fulfills certain characteristics, namely:
- In a sentence where the predicate is a verb (verb), the noun (noun) will occupy the function of subject, object, or complement. Example: The government will strengthen the development of . The words “government” and “development” are nouns.
- Nouns cannot be ignored with the word “no”. If you want to use the word denial, then use the word “not”.
- Nouns can be followed by adjectives, either directly or through the word “which”. For example: the words “clothes” and “fan” can be called nouns, because they can be combined with adjectives to become “fancy clothes” and “new fan”; or it can be interspersed with words that make it “fancy dress” and “new fan”.
Finally, nouns (nouns) when viewed in terms of their shape, will fulfill the following characteristics.
- Consists of only one morpheme.
- Can be derived into the form of affixation (addition), repetition, and compounding.
Meanwhile, there are many linguists who argue about the definition of a noun, one of which is Muslich. According to Muslich (2007), reveals that this noun is any word that can be explained or expanded by “which + adjective”.
In short, nouns, which are also known as nouns, are a type of word in Indonesian that describes the name of a thing or anything that can be noun.
Getting to Know Various Points of View Regarding Nouns
Still based on the book Indonesian Standard Grammar Third Edition , the existence of nouns alias nouns can be seen from three aspects of their features, namely in terms of semantics, syntax, and form. Well, here is the description.
1. Nouns in terms of their semantic behavior
a) Nouns Contain Universal Semantic Features
As the name implies, this noun must have a general meaning. This means that all people as language users already understand the meaning of the word. For example in the word “cow”. In Indonesian, the word “cow” has the meaning of ‘ a livestock with four legs, with two eyes, body color that has black and white, brown, to brown-white patterns, and can produce milk’.
According to Chaer (2012), nouns that contain universal semantic features can also be related to the culture of language users. An example is the word “slave”. In Indonesian culture, the word has the meaning of ‘a person who is employed for something and is not paid’. Meanwhile, in Malay language culture, the word “slave” actually gives meaning as ‘a child or someone who is not yet an adult, both male and female’. Therefore, in this universal semantic feature it will always be related to how the meaning of the word is from the user of the language.
b) Nouns Containing Natural Semantic Features
In this case, the noun alias noun will be related to the normal activities of that word. For example, the word “watermelon”, which is a noun, has natural semantic features in the form of size, weight, color, and round shape. Yep, there is no elongated watermelon, even if it is in a box shape it does. Therefore, this natural semantic feature will not experience any deviation from the natural nature of the noun itself.
| Nouns in terms of Semantic Behavior | Noun Examples |
| Nouns that contain universal semantic features | Balloon |
| Nouns that contain natural semantic features | Pencil |
2. Nouns in terms of syntax
a) Nouns as Phrase Formers
As the core of the phrase, the noun will occupy the main part, while the delimiter is at the front or back of the noun. This delimiter can be in the form of other types of words, starting from numerals, adjectives, verbs, and others. For example, the noun “building”. If it is combined with the adjective “luxurious”, then it can form a noun phrase in the form of ‘luxury building’. Now, in the noun phrase ‘luxury building’, the noun “building” will act as the core of the phrase, while the adjective “luxury” will act as its attribute.
- Nouns Followed by Nouns
In forming this phrase, nouns can be followed by nouns as well. So, both the core of the phrase and its attributes will also be nouns or nouns. Example: dove, balancer, blue book
- Noun Followed by Verb
In this phrase former, nouns can be followed by verbs (verbs), so that the core of the phrase will be a noun, while the attribute will be a verb. For example: desk , mindset , term savings , family planning .
- Nouns Followed by Adjectives
In this phrase former, a noun can be followed by an adjective (adjective), so that the core of the phrase will be a noun, while the attribute will be an adjective. For example: adult frog , new term , odd opinion , good eats .
- Nouns Beginning with Prepositions
In forming this phrase, nouns can be preceded by prepositions (prepositions). For example: in the office , from the room , at that time , and others.
- Nouns Before Adjectives
In forming this phrase, nouns can be preceded by adjectives. For example: sky blue , blood red , green leaves , and others.
b) Nouns as Clause Formers
According to Badru, within the framework of the syntactic level of clause structure, nouns can actually occupy empty places. That is, it can fulfill functions as a subject, predicate, object, complement, or description.
- Noun Occupies Subject Function
If a noun occupies the subject function, then its location is usually at the beginning of the sentence, whether it’s a noun (noun) or a noun phrase. Example: “Thus, the painting can be moved according to the wishes of the Chairman”.
In the word “painting” which is a noun, can fulfill the function as a subject. While the word “thus” is actually not a subject, but a conjunction between sentences. Even though it is located at the beginning of the sentence, the conjunction cannot fulfill the function of the subject.
- Nouns Occupy Predicate Functions
Example: Her mother is a pharmacist .
In that sentence, the phrase “a pharmacist” is a noun phrase which also occupies a predicate function.
- Nouns Occupy Object Functions
Example: Group 5 needs money .
In this sentence, the word “money” which is a noun, occupies the object function. What’s more, the word “need” is also a transitive verb that functions as a predicate.
- Nouns Occupy Complementary Functions
Example: Tape is the result of cassava fermentation .
In this sentence, the phrase fermented cassava is a noun phrase which is not an object function, but a complementary function. What’s more, the phrase cannot be passivated.
- Nouns Occupy Description Functions
Example: We just returned from Semarang .
In this sentence, the phrase from Semarang , which is a noun phrase, occupies the function of the actor’s adverb because it explains the actor in the subject function.
Types of Nouns in Indonesian
1. Basic Nouns
Basically, basic nouns are nouns whose form characteristics do not have affixes or affixes. In this case, basic nouns can be divided into 2, namely special basic nouns and general basic nouns.
a) Special Basic Nouns
Namely nouns that consist of one morpheme with certain meaning characteristics. This characteristic of meaning refers to place names, geographical names, people’s names, and day names. According to the Third Edition of the Indonesian Standard Grammar book, there are several sub-categories of special basic nouns, namely:
- Nouns represented by above, in, below , and face , will refer to places such as above, below , and inside . The existence of this prepositional phrase can also be combined with other nouns, so it becomes under the table, on the roof, in the room, and so on.
- The nouns represented by Semarang and Bekasi mean referring to geographical names.
- Nouns represented by points and stems mean to state the classification of words based on their idiomatic form of reference.
- The nouns represented by Sabda and Meta mean referring to people’s names.
- The nouns represented by uncle and brother mean to refer to people with kinship.
- The nouns represented by Wednesday and Saturday , refer to the name of the day.
b) Common Basis of Nouns
Namely nouns that consist of only one morpheme with a general meaning characteristic. This characteristic of meaning refers to the place, the description of the tool, the description of time, and the description of the method. Examples: pictures, years, laws, sticks, and others.
| No. | Basic Noun | Example |
| 1. | Special Basic Noun | Tuesday |
| 2. | Common Basic Nouns | December 6, 2022 |
2. Derivative Nouns
Namely nouns derived through the process of affixation (addition), repetition, and compounding.
a) Affixation Process (Addition)
Noun affixation is the process of forming nouns by adding certain affixes to the base word. In this process, it can form derived nouns from different types of words. So, here is the affixation process for nouns and examples of sentences.
| No. | Affixation of Derivative Nouns | Example |
| 1. | Noun Affixation | Chairs can be moved according to our wishes |
| 2. | Affixation of the nouns pel-, per-, and pe- | ascetic – ascetic, merchant – trade, fighter – struggle. |
| 3. | Affixation of the noun | sender – the person who sent; jovial – one who is cheerful in nature; eraser – tool for erasing |
| 4. | Noun Affixation -an | asinan – something that is salted. |
| 5. | Affixation of the noun peng-an | green – greenery. |
| 6. | Affixation of the noun | lazy – laziness. |
| 7. | Affixation of -el, -er, -em, and -in- | coir – fibers, yellow – yellowish, teeth – teeth. |
| 8. | Affixation of noun per-an | promise – agreement, transfer – displacement |
| 9. | Noun Affixation -wan/-wati | Wan’s work , wara wati . |
b) Repetition Process (Reduplication)
Namely the process of deriving nouns by repetition, either in whole or in part. In terms of noun reduplication, it is divided into 4 types, namely complete repetition, repetition of copied sounds, partial repetition, and repetition accompanied by affixations.
| No. | Repetition of Derivative Nouns | Example |
| 1. | Whole Repetition | buildings |
| 2. | Voice Copy Repeat | gestures |
| 3. | Partial Repetition | young people |
| 4. | Repetition With Affixes | clothes |
| 5. | Affixed Basic Repetition | Foliage |
c) Compounding
Namely the process of merging one noun form with another noun and producing a new word eye. In this compound noun, it can be divided based on the morphological form and the relationship of its components.
- Basic Compound Nouns
That is a compound noun whose components consist of basic words. Example: order, down payment, and others.
- Affixed Compound Nouns
That is a compound noun in which one or two of its components has an affix or affix. Example: retail traders , infectious diseases , and others.
- Compound Noun
That is a combination of free form and bound form. In this noun, one of them is a bound element so that it cannot stand alone. Example: non-communist, pre-planned, and others.
50+ Examples of Nouns in Indonesian
- Blue
- Table
- Chair
- Fan
- Window
- Door
- Floor
- Wall
- Red
- Green
- Leaf
- Pole
- Pattern
- Man
- Opinion
- Law
- March
- June
- July
- Farida
- Younger brother
- Older brother
- Cotton
- Tissue
- Comb
- Counter
- Pencil
- Ruler
- Mug
- Plate
- Nail
- Hammer
- Raffia
- Cable
- Light
- Cupboard
- Cardboard box
- Pin
- Blanket
- Pillow
- Glass
- Ventilation
- Scissors
- Jar
- Bag
- Fence
- Wood
- Bamboo
- Gate
- Asphalt
- Tree
- Cat
- Bird
- Guava
- Jasmine
- Chopsticks
- figure
- Face mask
- Drug
- Doctor