Difference between a Microprocessor and a Microcontroller
Introduction
In today’s world of electronics, devices that can perform complex computations are more prevalent than ever before. There are two types of electronic devices that can perform complex computations namely microprocessors and microcontrollers. Although both sound similar, they are entirely different from each other.
What is a Microprocessor?
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit that serves as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations on data inputs at high speeds. Microprocessors are designed to execute general-purpose computing instructions and can be found in personal computers, servers, laptops, and smartphones. They are optimized for high-speed calculations, precision, and processing a large number of instructions.
What is a Microcontroller?
On the other hand, a microcontroller is a self-contained system that includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output peripherals such as UART, PWM, and DACs. While a microprocessor functions as a stand-alone component, the microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit (IC). It is designed to execute specific tasks such as controlling a motor or sensing the environment. Microcontrollers are prominent in devices such as cars, household appliances, toys, and home automation systems.
What are the Differences?
So, what are the main differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller?
Firstly, a microprocessor is used for general-purpose computing, while a microcontroller is designed for specific applications. Microprocessors do not have the necessary input/output peripherals required by embedded systems, but microcontrollers are designed with these peripherals, making it easier to interface with the outside world.
Secondly, a microprocessor requires external components, including memory and input/output devices, to function. Microcontrollers, however, have these components built-in, making them more cost-effective and smaller in size.
Finally, Microcontrollers are less expensive, less power-consuming compared to microprocessors. They consume less power than general-purpose microprocessors since they do not require additional components to operate.
Conclusion
In conclusion, microprocessors and microcontrollers are unique electronic devices designed for different purposes. Microprocessors are powerful general-purpose computing devices suited for applications such as personal computers and high-performance servers. Microcontrollers, on the other hand, are low-cost, low-power devices designed for use in embedded systems that require specific input/output peripherals. Knowing the differences between the two is vital when choosing the right device for any application.
Table difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller
| Microprocessor | Microcontroller |
|---|---|
| General purpose | Application-specific |
| Primarily performs arithmetic and logical operations | Performs a variety of tasks including managing I/O operations, controlling motor speed, and processing data from multiple sensors |
| Requires external components to perform tasks such as memory, input/output devices, and interrupts | Built-in memory, input/output ports, and interrupts |
| Designed for high processing power | Low power consumption and designed for embedded systems |
| Used in desktops, laptops, servers, and mobile devices | Used in automotive, industrial automation, and consumer electronics |